1

An SOC-Based Battery Management System for

Microgrids
Zhixin Miao, Senior Member, IEEE, Ling Xu, Student Member, IEEE, Lingling Fan, Senior Member, IEEE
and Vahid R. Disfani, Student Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper investigates modeling and control of applications of battery energy storage systems in grid power
a battery management system used in a microgrid for both balance at grid-connected modes are demonstrated.
grid-connected and autonomous modes. The paper has three
salient contributions: 1) An aggregated battery circuit model An ideal DC voltage source is assumed for a battery in [6]–
with the open circuit voltage as a nonlinear function of the [8]. In reality, a battery has operation limits. For example, the
state of the charge (SOC) is derived and modeled in PSCAD. SOC cannot be lower than a threshold; the Depth of Discharge
2) Closed-loop feedback control strategies of the battery system (DOD) may affect the life time of a battery [11]. Therefore,
are developed for the microgrid under both operation modes. At there is a need to model a battery accurately and develop
the grid-connected mode, power control is employed while at the
autonomous mode, voltage and frequency control is employed control strategies based on the comprehensive battery model
for the battery to act as a synchronous generator by providing with battery status information collected.
voltage and frequency support. 3) An upper level SOC based Detailed battery models have been developed in the litera-
management system is also developed. Since SOC cannot be ture. In [14], a battery model is described by partial differential
directly measured, an estimation scheme is derived based on
power and voltage measurements from the battery. The overall
equations. [2] adopted the same model to simulate a wind
management system is demonstrated to be effective by five case farm with a Lead-acid battery system. A Li-ion battery has
studies at different microgrid operation modes. been a suitable choice for high power application due to
Index Terms—Battery Model, State of Charge (SOC), Li-Ion
breakthroughs on materials [11]. Reference [15] describes a
battery, Energy Storage Systems (ESS), Battery Management detailed Li-ion battery model with parameters and has verified
System the validity through experiments. Though the battery studied in
[15] is for a low voltage level, serial and parallel connections
could make a high voltage and high power battery matrix
I. I NTRODUCTION possible, which could be used in power system [16].
The objective of this paper is to develop control strategies
M ICROGRID is an important technology to integrate
distributed energy resources, including wind turbines,
solar photovoltaic panels and energy storage devices such as
for a battery system to improve operation of a microgrid. The
control strategies will not only provide system requirements
battery [1]–[5]. A microgrid can either operate at the grid but also take safe operation of a battery into consideration. An
connected or autonomous modes [6], [7]. aggregated battery model suitable for high power application
At autonomous modes, voltage and frequency should be will be derived base on the cell model presented in [15]. A
supported by a microgrid itself, usually through synchronous comprehensive model for a microgrid, with a battery system,
generators. For a microgrid without synchronous generators, an induction machine and passive loads will be built in
the system voltage and frequency would be difficult to main- PSCAD/EMTDC. Control strategies will be developed and
tain without the support of the ac grid. One solution is to use verified through simulation studies.
a voltage source converter (VSC) interfaced energy sources The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the aggre-
to provide voltage and frequency control [8]. In [8]–[10], gated battery model is derive. Next, SOC-based battery man-
battery systems are employed to restore system voltage and agement system (BMS) and its components will be introduced
frequency quickly (several cycles). In practice, applications of in Section III. Section IV presents case studies to demonstrate
battery storage system for grid frequency regulation have been the effectiveness of the BMS. Section V concludes the paper.
deployed [11] with the maximum capacity of 20 MW.
At grid-connected modes, VSCs of battery systems can
work at power control mode. Depending on the state of II. BATTERY M ODEL
charge (SOC) of battery and active power requirement by the
microgrid, a battery may operate at either charging or dis- An accurate electrical battery cell model is represented in
charging conditions. The VSC connected between the battery [15] for 4.1-V, 850-mAh TCL PL-383562 Li-ion batteries.
and the microgrid regulates power flow only. In [12] and [13], In this paper, an aggregated model based on the cell model
presented in [15] will be developed. Fig 1 illustrates how
Z. Miao, L. Xu, L. Fan, and V. R. Disfani are with Depart- series and parallel connections of battery cells create battery
ment of Electrical Engineering at University of South Florida, Tampa,
FL (Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; and branches and battery module. Note that a battery module
[email protected]). consists of M branches and each branch consists of N cells.
 




 2




M branches Vsoc=SOC N*RSe / M N*RTr_s /M

N*RTr_l /M





 


RSelf_Discharg
 

N*Voc(S
IBatt /M
VBatt

Ccapacity
M*CTr_s /N M*CTr_l /N

+ I 
IBatt
N battery cells
V
In each branch
_
Fig. 3. Equivalent Circuit of a Battery Module containing M parallel Battery
Branches.
Fig. 1. Aggregation of battery cells to create a battery module.

III. SOC- BASED BATTERY M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM

A. Battery Branch Model The management system proposed in this paper is a hierar-
A branch is formed by connecting N battery cells in series chical control system containing three modules named SOC
together in order to increase the voltage of the battery. Since Computation Module, Battery Mode Identification System
the current flowing through the battery branch equals to that (BMIS), and Closed-Loop Feedback Controller (CLFC). The
of the battery cells due to their series connection, it is correct function of BMIS is to determine the appropriate reference
to assume that the left part of the equivalent circuit of battery values as well as the mode in which the battery be operated
branch and battery cell are exactly the same. On the right considering SOC. Fig. 4 shows the configuration of proposed
part of equivalent circuit, it is obvious that the branch voltage battery management system. The BMS receives power order
is N times greater than the voltage of a battery cell, so the and microgrid connection status from the upper operation
value of VOC of the branch is N times greater than that of a center. The BMS also receives measurements from the battery
battery cell. Moreover, as the resistors and capacitors of the to compute SOC. SOC is passed to BMIS to decide if limits
battery cells are connected in series, we can replace them with are reached and which action should be taken. The BMIS then
their equivalent values. Fig. 2 depicts the equivalent circuit passes the decision making to the closed-loop feedback control
describing the model of a battery branch. system which generates PWM gate signals to the converters.

N*RSeries N*RTr_s N*RTr_l MGCC Microgrid



Vsoc=SOC

 

  Power Orders &

RSelf_Discharg

Islanding Status
 
N*Voc(SOC)

VBatt
Ccapacity

IBatt

CTr_s /N CTr_l /N Battery Management System

SOC Computation
IBatt
Module
SOC

Battery Mode
Identification
System
Modes &
Fig. 2. Equivalent Circuit of a Battery Branch created by N series-connected Referenece
Values
Battery Cells. Closed-Loop
Feedback
Control
Gate Signals
B. Battery Module Model
Control Converter AC Power (P&Q)
The next step for aggregation of battery cells to create a Parameters
DC Power (+/-)
battery module is to connect M battery modules in parallel in
Batteries
order to increase the size of battery. In parallel connection Measured
Values

of battery branches, the voltage across the battery module Measured Voltage
and Power
is equal to the voltage of branches. On the other hand, the
current flowing through the module is M times greater than Fig. 4. Proposed BMS Configuration
the current in battery branches and battery cells. Therefore,
the Current-Controlled Current Source located in left part
of the equivalent circuit must be modified. Due to parallel
connection of branches to create battery module, the values A. SOC Computation Module
of resistors and capacitors are changed compared to those in SOC is a measure of the amount of charge stored in a bat-
battery branch equivalent circuit. All these modifications are tery, which can be expressed as the percentage of the capacity
illustrated in 3. of the battery and shows energy is left in an energy storage
The model developed in this paper for the battery module system. The responsibility of SOC computation module is
aggregated from the battery cells has been simulated and tested to obtain the SOC based on the battery measurements. This
via PSCAD/EMTDC and the results have demonstrated the signal is used by BMS to decide accurately about the operation
accuracy of model represented. modes and reference signals. BMS also frequently sends the
 3

signal of SOC to Microgrid Control Center (MGCC) or in Yes

response to its inquiry to inform it how much energy is already
stored in the battery, which enables MGCC to use this signal No Islanding?
Battery
Disconnected
in its optimization procedures. An SOC computation method
Grid Connected
using coulomb counting technique is employed by the BMS. PQ Control
No Islanding? No
Pref=Pord
Since the charge stored in a battery is integration of the current Qref=Qord Yes

injected to the battery, we have: Yes

Islanding Mode
VF Control
Q(t) = Q(t − 1) + ∆Q(t) (1) No Islanding? Yes
Vref=1 pu
SOC<SOCmin
Fref=60 Hz

where No Yes

PB (t)
∆Q(t) = IB (t)∆t = ∆t (2) SOC<SOCmin Islanding?
VDC (t)
Yes
where QB (t), IB (t), PB (t) and VDC are the charge stored No
Charging Mode
in, current and power injected to, and dc-link voltage of the
Pref=Pord
battery module, respectively. Yes
Qref=Qord Fully Charged?

SOC can be derived by (3) where SizeB identifies battery

No
size in kW h.
1 1 PB (t)
SOC(t) = SOC(t − 1) + ∆t (3) Fig. 5. Functions of Battery Mode Identification System.
3.6 SizeB VDC (t)

C. Closed Loop Feedback Controller (CLFC)

B. Battery Mode Identification System
The main objective of the Closed Loop Feedback Controller
Based on SOC and the islanding status of microgrid, BMIS is to control VSC in order to achieve the goals defined by
determines the appropriate battery operation mode. Three BMIS. Two different control systems realize microgrid ex-
modes of operation are defined in the BMS proposed in pectations: power control and voltage-frequency control loops.
this paper; a) grid-connected discharging mode or PQ control According to BMIS output, CLFC enables either power control
mode, b) grid-connected charging mode, and c) islanding loop or voltage-frequency control loop.
mode or VF control mode. As shown in Fig. 5, in case that 1) Power Control Loop: The power control loop gets en-
the microgrid is connected to the main grid, MGCC expects abled when the battery control is in grid-connected or charging
the battery to follow the power orders dictated to BMS. BMS mode and its duty is to regulate the active and reactive power
follows the power order as long as the SOC is greater than output from the battery/converter to the microgrid. The CLFC
its minimum limit. Otherwise, the battery must be charged proposed is also capable to regulate dc- and ac-link voltages.
via injecting a predetermined power to the battery and its Fig. 6 depicts the power control loop with the capability
mode changes to the charging mode until the SOC meets its of switching to ac- and dc- link voltage regulating mode.
maximum limit. In order to make sure that SOC never meets Moreover, to realize the control loops a decoupled d-q direct
100%, a function is applied to reduce the power injected to the current control strategy developed in [17], [18] is utilized.
battery when SOC is more than 90% (4); otherwise charging
current is equal to its predetermined value.
V dc
100 − SOC(%) V dc*  
Icharging = Ipredef ined (4) PI
100 Pdc*  
V dc
PI
As sudden changes in the current injected to the battery Pdc i d* vdc 
vd*1 *
vD* 1 v a 1, b 1, c 1 C
PI
Q 
likely cause damages to the battery, increasing and decreasing Q * ac
ac 
 


 e jTe vE* 1  PWM

PI PI
ramp rates are considered to determine the reference values. *  vcq  vq*1
V * i q Te Voltage R
After the battery gets charged, the battery will go back to ac
PI ZL
angle
calculation
discharging mode. On the other hand, when the microgrid is Vac  L
vd  jTe
vD ,E va , b , c
disconnected from the main grid (islanding mode), microgrid  
e 

AC Voltage
management expects the battery to participate in voltage and Magnitude
Calculation
ZL
frequency regulation process. In this case, BMS changes the id iD , E ia ,b,c
operation mode of the battery to islanding mode as long as iq e jTe 

the SOC does not exceed its limits. Fig. 5 also illustrates
how BMS works when the microgrid is in islanding mode. As
soon as the microgrid connects again to the main grid, BMS Fig. 6. BMS Power Control Loop.
changes the battery control mode to discharging or charging
mode according to the value of SOC. Variables in the abc system in the above circuits can be
 4

transformed into a synchronous reference frame. The voltage IV. C ASE S TUDY
and current relationship is shown in (5), where ωs is the angu-
lar frequency of AC system, vd , vq , vd1 , and vq1 represent the In order to investigate the responses of the behavior of
d and q components of the point of common coupling (PCC) Battery Management System, five case studies are conducted
voltage (Va , Vb , Vc )and VSC output voltage(Va1 , Vb1 , Vc1 ), through PSCAD/EMTDC. The first two cases are designed to
respectively, and id and iq represent the d and q components make sure BMIS is capable to identify the most appropriate
of the current flowing between the AC system and the VSC. mode of operation as well as accurate signal references while
the battery is fully discharged and completely charged, respec-
( tively. In the third case study the microgrid is disconnected
vd1 = −(Rid + L di
dt ) + ωs Liq + vd
d

di (5) from the main grid. Battery is expected to be able to maintain

vq1 = −(Riq + L dtq ) − ωs Lid the voltage and frequency during islanding mode even if the
demand or generation of the power network changes. The
DC voltage control is based on the balance of active power forth case study is conducted to study the capability of the
flow between the battery and the main grid as shown in (6).
BMS during the islanding mode while microgrid demand
Apparently, the DC voltage can be regulated by the d axis and/or generation varies. The fifth study is also designated
current through a PI controller. to demonstrate how BMS operates when the battery gets
dvdc vdc vd id idc2 completely discharged during islanding mode.
vdc (C + idc2 ) = vd id → = − (6)
dt dt vdc C C
2) Voltage and Frequency Control Loop: The voltage- A. System Topology
frequency control loop, as illustrated in Fig. 7, is enabled in the
A microgrid consisting of a 1-MW bio-diesel machine
mode of islanding and regulated the AC Voltage and frequency
connected to a 210-kWh battery module is considered as
of Point of Common Coupling (PCC) on their nominal values
shown in Fig. 8 with the power system parameters listed
since there is no synchronous generator to do so. Despite the
in Table I in details. The battery module is an aggregation
fact that the basic control principles used in this paper are
of 60,000 pieces of 4.1-V, 850-mAh TCL PL-383562 Li-
generally based on the decoupled current control represented
ion battery cells introduced in [15] and its characteristics are
in [7], [19], (5) can be rewritten as (7) in steady-state study
presented in Table II. The parameters corresponding to the
of the system where the resistance R is neglected [9], [10]:
induction generator is also shown in Table III. The microgrid
( is connected to a strong AC grid via a 69/13.8 kV transformer.
Vd1 = ωs LIq + Vd A 13.8 kV distribution line based on the IEEE Standard 399-
(7)
Vq1 = −ωs LId 1997 [21] is also included in the model.

PI controllers can be used to control the d and q axis

components of the PCC voltage respectively. Fig. 7 depicts the PCC

frequency-voltage control loop. The PCC three-phase voltage

is measured and transformed into a d − q reference frame (vd IM
and vq ). Three-phase current flowing between the loads and Distribution Line
Transformer 1
Main Grid

the inverter is measured and transformed to id and iq . With the Load 1

comparisons of the dq voltages to their respective references,
the resulting errors are sent to the PI controllers to generate
the required output voltage of the VSC. AC .
Battery
DC
Transformer 2
YGBUHI
LT 3, Load 2
YG -
V/ GT
LG +] oscillator YDEF Fig. 8. A microgrid with a battery system.
DEF
V/ -
YT -
3,
TABLE I
YTBUHI P OWER S YSTEM PARAMETERS

Fig. 7. BMS Voltage and Frequency Control Loop. Quantity Value

AC grid voltage 69kV (L-L RMS)
Transformer 1 13.8kV/69kV, 2MVA, leakage 8%pu
The frequency of the AC voltage which supplies passive Transformer 2 13.8kV/3.3kV, 1MVA, leakage 10%pu
loads is also controlled by the VSC. An internal oscillator is Load 1 550kW+550kVar at 13.8kV
used to generate the angle θ, which is used as the input of Load 2 500kW+350kVar at 13.8kV
Distribution line 1187ft, (0.052+j0.0436)ohm
dq to abc transformation and ensures the frequency of output
voltage is kept at 60 Hz if PWM scheme applied [20].
 5

TABLE II

(a) SOC(%)
15
BATTERY C HARACTERISTICS
10
5
Quantity Value 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Size 210 kWh
0.15

(b) Vsoc(V)
Rated DC Voltage 8.2 kV
Number of Cells in 2000 0.1
each Branch (M) 0.05
Number of Branches (N) 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Maximum Charging power 840 kW

(c) P(MW)
Increasing Ramp Rate 210 kW/s 0.5
0
Decreasing Ramp Rate 210 kW/s −0.5
Full Charge SOC 95% −1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Full Discharge SOC 5%
1.5

(d) Q(MW)
TABLE III 1
I NDUCTION M ACHINE PARAMETERS 0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

(e) P(dc)(MW)
Quantity Value
0.5
Rated RMS phase voltage 5kV 0
Rated RMS phase current 66.6A −0.5
−1
Base angular frequency 60Hz 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Stator resistance 0.066pu time(second)

First cage resistance 0.298pu

Second cage resistance 0.018pu Fig. 9. Case Study 1: (a) SOC, (b) Vsoc , (c) actual (solid) and reference
Stator unsaturated leakage reactance 0.046pu (dashed) active power delivered to microgrid, (d) reactive power delivered to
Unsaturated magnetizing reactance 3.86pu microgrid, (e) battery DC power output.
Rotor unsaturated mutual reactance 0.122pu
Second cage unsaturated reactance 0.105pu (a) Idc(kA)
Polar moment of inertia 1.0s 0.1
Mechanical damping 0.0001pu 0
−0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(b) V(dc)(kV)

8
B. Grid-Connected Mode 7.5
7
In order to evaluate the capability of the BMS in identifying 6.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
operation modes, two case studies are designed. In these case
(c) V(pcc)(pu)

1.1
studies, the battery is ordered to deliver active and reactive
1
power as much as 500 kW and 1 MVar to the microgrid,
0.9
respectively. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

1) Case Study 1- Discharging to Charging: According to

(d) Id(pu)

0
the Fig 9, the simulation starts when the SOC of the battery −0.2
is 13%. SOC meets its minimum limit (5%) at t = 25.53 sec. −0.4

Consequently, BMIS turns the operation mode from discharg- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

ing mode to charging mode in order to prevent the battery

(e) Iq(pu)

−0.3
against Depth of Discharge damages. BMIS also changes the
−0.4
operation mode from discharging mode to charging mode and −0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
the active power reference toward predefined charging power time(second)
(840 kW) respect to the decreasing ramp rate (210 kW/s).
After 7 seconds, the reference power becomes constant and Fig. 10. Case Study 1: (a) battery DC Current, (b) DC Voltage Link, (c)
PCC AC Voltage, (d) current d-axis, (e) current q-axis.
the battery absorbs 840 kW active power from the microgrid.
An increase in SOC demonstrates that the battery is getting
charged. Fig 9 also illustrates that the simulation results Vsoc
operation mode to discharging mode. It also changes the active
exactly matches the computed SOC. The reactive power output
power order by applying a ramp until it reaches 500 kW after
of the battery is regulated on the ordered value (1 MVar) and
4 seconds. The CLFC completely follows the power order
the DC power output follows the variations of AC active power
produced by BMIS, and keeps the reactive power output at
delivered to the microgrid. Fig.10 presents the output current
1 MVar.
and voltage of the battery, the PCC voltage and the dq-axis
currents from the converter.
2) Case Study 2: In this case study, transition from the C. Autonomous Mode
charging mode to the discharging mode is examined. Fig. 11 In the next three case studies, the capabilities of the BMS
presents the simulation results. At the starting time, the SOC is is examined in islanding mode. When the microgrid is dis-
equal to 90.18%. After 44.72 seconds, as soon as the battery connected from the main grid, BMIS is expected to change
charge exceeds 95% of its full capacity, BMIS changes the the battery operation mode to islanding mode in order for the
 6

100
(a) SOC(%)

(a) Frequency(Hz)
60.5
90
60
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 59.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0.5 2

(b) P(MW)
(b) Pref

0 0
−0.5
−1 −2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

(c) SOC(%)
100
(c) P(MW)

0.5
98
0
−0.5 96
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

(e) Q(MVar) (d) PCC Voltage(pu)

−1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1
1.5
(d) P(MW)

0.8
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0.5 6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4
time(second)
2
0
−2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fig. 11. Case Study 2: (a) SOC, (b) power order, (c) active power delivered time(second)
to microgrid, (d) reactive power delivered to microgrid.

CLFC to regulate frequency and AC voltage of the microgrid. Fig. 12. Case Study 3: Islanding transient: (a) microgrid frequency, (b) active
power output of the battery, (c) SOC, (d) AC voltage of PCC, (e) reactive
BMS is also expected to provide a smooth transition from the power output of the battery.
grid connected mode to the islanding mode.
1) Case Study 3: In this case study, the microgrid is discon-
(a) Torque(pu)

−0.5
nected from the main grid. The battery is almost completely
charged. Transients are observed during the transition period. −1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fig. 12 illustrates how the microgrid frequency is regulated
back to 60 Hz within less than one second. The mechanical
(b) Speed(pu)

1.04

torque of the induction generator is fixed and it is under speed 1.02

control. Therefore, the battery is required to provide power 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
balance for the isolated system. It is shown that the battery
increases its output power from 0 kW to 600 kW. The PCC 1
(c) P(MW)

voltage experiences a 0.25-pu drop once the islanding happens 0.5

according to Fig. 12. Afterward, battery operation adjust the 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
AC voltage to 1 pu in less than one second by injecting 2 MW
(d) Q(MVar)

reactive power to the microgrid. Fig. 13 presents the behavior 0.5

0
of the induction generator. The mechanical speed comes back −0.5
−1
to 1.013 pu within 5 seconds while the torque takes 10 seconds 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
to settle back to -0.8 pu. Note there is no change in steady- time(second)

state power output from the induction generator.

Fig. 13. Case Study 3: Induction generator behavior during the islanding
2) Case Study 4: This case study examines how resilient the transient: (a) mechanical torque, (b) mechanical speed, (c) active power output
battery-integrated microgrid is to respond a loss in generation of the IG, (d) reactive power output of the IG
or demand during islanding operation. Load 1 which absorbs
active and reactive powers equal to 550 kW and 550 kVar is
disconnected from the microgrid at 30th second of simulation its minimum limit after 2.5 seconds. At this point, the battery
and reconnects after 10 seconds. Fig. 14 presents the volt- is disconnected from the microgrid and its active and reactive
age and frequency of the microgrid during these events and power changes to zero. As illustrated in Fig. 15, since there
demonstrates that BMS is capable to balance power in a grid is no source to regulate the voltage and frequency of the
using voltage/frequency control. As expected, the active and microgrid, the voltage collapses. Fig. 16 demonstrates that the
reactive power outputs of the battery reduce by approximately mechanical torque of induction generator as well as its active
600 kW and 600 kVar to adjust the frequency and AC voltage. and reactive power fall down to zero after some fluctuations
3) Case Study 5: In this case study, it is assumed that the due to dynamic characteristics of the induction machine.
islanding operation of the battery has taken such a long time
that the SOC is reaching its minimum limit. In this situation V. C ONCLUSION
the BMS is expected to disconnect the battery from the In order to increase the reliability of a microgrid, it is
microgrid to prevent the battery from serious DOD damages. beneficial to use Energy Storage Systems. Batteries, as the
The simulation starts from SOC equal to 5.9% which meets most common types of ESS, must be controlled by a smart
 7

(a) Frequency (Hz)

(a) SOC(%)
60.5 6

60 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(b) Frequency(Hz)
59.5
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
60.5
60
(b) P (MW)

0.6
0.4 59.5
0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
−0.2

(c) P(MW)
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 1
(c) PCC Voltage (pu)

0
1.01 −1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(d) Battery Switch

1
1.5
0.99 1
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 0.5
0
−0.5
2.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(d) Q (MVar)

(e) Voltage(pu)
2
1.5 1
1 0.5
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 0
time(second) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(f) Q(MVar)
3
Fig. 14. Case Study 4: Load loss in the islanding mode: (a) microgrid 2
1
frequency, (b) active power output of battery, (c) AC voltage of PCC, (d) 0
−1
reactive power output of battery. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time(second)

Fig. 16. Case 5: Minimum SOC limit reached in the islanding mode.
(a) Torque(pu)

0
Induction generator behavior: (a) mechanical torque, (b) mechanical speed,
−0.5 (c) active power output, (d) reactive power output.
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A PPENDIX
(b) Speed(pu)

1.05

1
TABLE IV
0.95 PI C ONTROLLER PARAMETERS OF F IG . 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kp Ki
(a) P(MW)

1
P control loop 2 10
0.5 Q control loop 2 10
0 DC voltage control loop 1 20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AC voltage control loop 1 20
Id control loop 1.5 100
(b) Q(MVar)

1.5
1 Iq control loop 1.5 100
0.5
0
−0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time(second) TABLE V
PI C ONTROLLER PARAMETERS OF F IG . 7
Fig. 15. Case Study 5: Minimum SOC limit reached in the islanding mode:
Kp Ki
(a) SOC, (b) microgrid frequency, (c) active power output of battery, (d)
battery switch status, (e) AC voltage of PCC, (f) reactive power output of Vd control loop 3 2
battery. Vq control loop 3 10

R EFERENCES
management system. In this paper, an SOC-based Battery
Management System (BMS) has been proposed to control [1] F. Peng, Y. W. Li, and L. Tolbert, “Control and protection of power
electronics interfaced distributed generation systems in a customer-
the battery considering the islanding status of the microgrid driven microgrid,” in IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting, Jul.
as well as the instantaneous amount of charge stored in the 2009, pp. 1 –8.
batteries. Three modes of operation were defined for the [2] S. Teleke, M. Baran, A. Huang, S. Bhattacharya, and L. Anderson,
“Control strategies for battery energy storage for wind farm dispatching,”
battery to be operated. A detailed circuit-based aggregated IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 725 –732, Sep. 2009.
battery model suitable for high power application is developed [3] J.-Y. Kim, J.-H. Jeon, S.-K. Kim, C. Cho, J. Park, H.-M. Kim, and
in this paper to test the BMS. The functionalities of the K.-Y. Nam, “Cooperative control strategy of energy storage system and
microsources for stabilizing the microgrid during islanded operation,”
BMS proposed in this paper are tested through case studies in IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3037 –3048, Dec.
PSCAD/EMTDC and the dynamic behavior of the microgrid 2010.
and its components are examined. The simulation results [4] N. Hatziargyriou, H. Asano, R. Iravani, and C. Marnay, IEEE Power
Energy Mag.
demonstrate the effectiveness of the control strategies through [5] N. Hatziargyriou, “microgrids [guest editorial],” Power and Energy
the SOC-based Battery Management System. Magazine, IEEE, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 26 –29, may-june 2008.
 8

[6] C. Smallwood, “Distributed generation in autonomous and nonau- Lingling Fan (SM’08) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical
tonomous micro grids,” in IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference, 2002, engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1994 and 1997,
pp. D1 –D1 6. respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University
[7] F. Katiraei, M. Iravani, and P. Lehn, “Micro-grid autonomous operation of West Virginia, Morgantown, in 2001.
during and subsequent to islanding process,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., She is an Assistant Professor at the University of South Florida, Tampa FL
vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 248 – 257, Jan. 2005. since 2009. She was a Senior Engineer in the Transmission Asset Management
[8] H. Karimi, H. Nikkhajoei, and R. Iravani, “Control of an electronically- Department in Midwest ISO, St. Paul,MN (20012007) and an Assistant
coupled distributed resource unit subsequent to an islanding event,” IEEE Professor at North Dakota State University (20072009). Her research interests
Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 493 –501, Jan. 2008. include control and optimization with applications in wind energy systems,
[9] G. Li, M. Yin, M. Zhou, and C. Zhao, “Modeling of VSC-HVDC and HVDC systems and Phasor Measurement Unit based system identification.
control strategies for supplying both active and passive systems,” in
IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006.
[10] H. Chen, “Research on the control strategy of VSC based HVDC system
supplying passive network,” in IEEE Power Energy Society General
Meeting, Jul. 2009, pp. 1 –4.
[11] G. L. Soloveichik, “Battery technologies for large-scale stationary en-
ergy storage,” Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineer-
ing, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 503–527, 2011.
[12] M. Bragard, N. Soltau, S. Thomas, and R. De Doncker, “The balance
of renewable sources and user demands in grids: Power electronics for
modular battery energy storage systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3049 –3056, Dec. 2010.
[13] S. Vazquez, S. Lukic, E. Galvan, L. Franquelo, and J. Carrasco, “Energy
storage systems for transport and grid applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3881 –3895, Dec. 2010.
[14] M. Ceraolo, “New dynamical models of lead-acid batteries,” IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1184 –1190, Nov. 2000.
[15] M. Chen and G. Rincon-Mora, “Accurate electrical battery model
capable of predicting runtime and i-v performance,” IEEE Trans. Energy
Convers., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 504 – 511, Jun. 2006.
[16] J. Dogger, B. Roossien, and F. Nieuwenhout, “Characterization of li-
ion batteries for intelligent management of distributed grid-connected
storage,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 256 –263,
Mar. 2011.
[17] C. Schauder and H. Mehta, “Vector analysis and control of advanced
static var compensators,” IEE Proceedings Gen., Trans. and Dist., vol.
140, no. 4, pp. 299 –306, Jul. 1993.
[18] R. Pena, J. Clare, and G. Asher, “Doubly fed induction generator using
back-to-back pwm converters and its application to variable-speed wind-
energy generation,” Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings -, vol.
143, no. 3, pp. 231 –241, may 1996.
[19] P. Piagi and R. Lasseter, “Autonomous control of microgrids,” in IEEE
Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006. Vahid R. Disfani received his B.S. degree from Amirkabir University of
[20] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2006, and his M.S. degree from Sharif University
Converters, Applications, and Design, 3rd Ed. Wiley, 2002. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2008.
[21] “IEEE recommended practice for industrial and commercial power Currently, he is pursuing a Ph.D. degree at University of South Florida,
systems analysis,” IEEE Std 399-1997, p. I, 1998. Tampa, FL. His research interests include Smart Grid, integration of renewable
energy resources to microgrids, and electricity markets.

Zhixin Miao S’00-M’03-SM’09) received the B.S.E.E. degree from the

Huazhong University of Science and Technology at Wuhan China in 1992,
the M.S.E.E. degree from the Graduate School, Nanjing Automation Research
Institute at Nanjing China in 1997, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from West Virginia University, Morgantown, in 2002.
Currently, he is with the University of South Florida (USF), Tampa. Prior
to joining USF in 2009, he was with the Transmission Asset Management
Department with Midwest ISO, St. Paul, MN, from 2002 to 2009. His research
interests include power system stability, microgrid, and renewable energy.

Ling Xu received the B.S. degree from Huazhong University of Science

and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2007, the M.S. degree from University
of Alabama in 2009.
Currently, he is pursuing a Ph.D. degree at University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL. His research interests include power electronic control in power
systems, modeling and simulation of renewable energy system.