Section 1: Motion, forces and energy

Making measurements
1
(a) C 100 1
(b) D 1 000 000 1
2
Any one from:
The length is incorrect
• because the reading should not be taken at an angle or because the 1
reading should be taken with the eye positioned perpendicular to the ruler
• because there is parallax error
• and this can be eliminated by having the ruler touch the edge of the
magnet.

The correct length is 50 mm. 1

3
(a) The volume is 21 ml or 21 cm3. 1
The reading must be taken from the bottom of meniscus. 1
(b) volume = 29 – 21 = 8 cm3 1

(c)(i) volume = 2.0 × 2.0 × 2.0 1

volume = 8.0 cm3 1

(c)(ii) The two values are the same. 1

4
(a)(i) 19 mm 1

(a)(ii) 12 + 10 + 11 + 12 1
average diameter = 1
4
average diameter = 11.25 mm = 11 mm (2 sf)

(b)(i) 22.0 1
( =) 1.1 (s)
20
1
31.1
( = 1.555 =) 1.6 (s)
20

(b)(ii) The period increases as the length increases. 1

(b)(iii) The period is accurate / precise / closer to true value when calculated using 20 1
oscillations.

Measuring the period directly with a single oscillation will be inacurate because 1
of error caused by the reaction time (to start and stop the stopwatch).

Scalars and vectors

1 scalar 1
direction 1
2 One mark for each.

Quantity Scalar Vector

 Acceleration ✓
Distance ✓
Electric field strength ✓ 1
Energy ✓ 1
Force ✓ 1
Gravitational field strength ✓ 1
Mass ✓ 1
Momentum ✓ 1
Speed ✓ 1
Temperature ✓ 1
Time ✓ 1
✓ 1
Velocity
1
Weight ✓

3
(a) magnitude of force = 25 + 15 = 40 N 1
direction of the force: to the right. 1
(b) magnitude of velocity = |42 – 20| = 22 m/s 1
direction of velocity: to the left. 1
(c) v2 = 102 + 202 1
1
magnitude of velocity = 500 = 22.4 m/s (allow 22 m/s)
1
angle of velocity relative to the 20 m/s vector = tan-1(10/20) = 27
(d) F2 = 3.02 + 2.02 1
1
magnitude of force = 13 . = 3.6 N
1
angle of force relative to the 3.0 N vector = tan-1(2.0/3.0) = 34
4
Correct scale drawing.
1
1
1

Sides labelled.
Value for the resultant force F in the range 3.4 N to 3.8 N
Angle in the range 32 to 36.

Speed and velocity

1
(a)(i) time 1
(a)(ii) speed 1
(b)(i) Measure the distance between A and B using a ruler (or tape measure). 1
(b)(ii) distance 0.60 1
average speed = = 1
time 2.4
average speed = 0.25 m/s
2
(a)(i) Car C is the fastest car. 1
It takes the shortest time (to cover the same distance of 2.0 km). 1
(a)(ii) distance = 2000 m and time = 3.0 × 60 = 180 s 1
distance 2000 1
average speed = = 1
time 180
average speed = 11 m/s (2 sf)

(b)(i) distance = speed × time = 34 × 20 1

distance = 680 m 1

(b)(ii) distance 10 1
time = = 1
speed 34
time = 0.294 s or 0.29 s (2 sf)

3
(a) C −4.0 m/s 1
(b) Speed only has magnitude (size), or speed is a scalar quantity. 1

Whereas velocity has both magnitude and direction, or velocity is a vector 1

quantity.

Distance–time graphs
1
(a) The object is stationary (at rest). 1
The slope or gradient is zero or the line is horizontal. 1
(b) The object has constant speed. 1
This is shown by the constant gradient (slope) of the line. 1
(c) The object is accelerating or its speed increases with time. 1
This is shown by the increasing gradient of the line with time. 1
2
(a) Slowest between time t = 10 s to t = 20 s 1

(b) distance 10 1
speed = = 1
time 5.0
speed = 2.0 m/s

(c) The gradient of the line is the same as the speed of 2.0 m/s. 1
3
(a) total distance = 100 – 25 = 75 m 1

(b) 100 − 50 1
speed v = gradient = 1
20 − 10
v = 5.0 m/s

Acceleration
1
(a) B 9.8 m/s2 1
(b)(i)

1
1

Graph starting from the origin.

Straight line of constant gradient.

(b)(ii) The straight line starts at a non-zero value. 1

The line has the same slope or gradient (because the object has the same 1
acceleration).

(b)(iii) The graph will show a curve (with gradient decreasing with time). 1
2
(a) Constant deceleration (or decreasing speed) from time = 0 s to time = 4.0 s. 1
Constant speed (or zero acceleration) after 4.0 s.
1
(b) total distance = area under the graph 1
total distance = ½ × 6.0 × 4.0 + (2.0 × 5.0) 1
total distance = 12 + 10 1
total distance = 22 m 1

(c) v 1
acceleration = gradient or a =
t
1
2.0 − 8.0 1
acceleration = = - 1.5 (The minus sign denotes deceleration.)
4.0 − 0.0
magnitude of deceleration = 1.5 m/s2
3
(a) v 1
a=
t
1
190 − 100
a=
3.6 1
acceleration = 25 m/s2

(b) Weight (vertically downwards) 1

Air resistance or drag or friction (vertically upwards) 1

(c) The velocity remains constant throughout the motion of the rocket. 1
The acceleration of the rocket is zero. 1

Mass and weight

1
(a) A balance 1
(b) C Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object at rest relative to the 1
observer.
(c) gravitational; mass 1

2
(a) Gravitational field strength g is the force acting on an object per unit mass.
(b) Acceleration of free fall. 1
(c) F 1
g=
m
(d)
m /kg F/N
45 440 1
120 1200 1
0.20 2.0 1

3
(a) m = 1.2/1000 or 0.0012 kg 1
F 0.030
g= = 1
m 0.0012
1
g = 25 N/kg

(b) No, the space probe could not be on the surface of the Earth because the 1
value for g is not 9.8 N/kg.

Density
1
(a) m 1
=
V
1
where m is mass and V is the volume.

(b)(i) 2.0 g 1
(b)(ii) 10 g 1
(b)(iii) 1000 g 1
(c) mass = 0.0027 kg and volume = 1.0 × 10-6 m3 1
m 0.0027
= = 1
V 1.0 10−6
1
density = 2700 kg/m3
2
(a) m 1
V=

1
96 1
V=
8.0
volume = 12 cm3

(b) m = V 1
m = 550 × 0.020 1
mass = 11 kg 1
(c) V = 3.2 × 15 = 48 cm3 1
m 36
= = 1
V 48
3 1
density = 0.75 g/cm

3
(a) volume = 4.0 × 2.0 × 2.5 = 20 cm3 1

(b) m 156 1
= = 1
V 20
density = 7.8 g/cm3
1
The metal is steel.

Determining density
1
Measure the length L of a side of the cube using a ruler. 1
Calculate the volume of the cube using the expression volume = L3. 1
Measure the mass m of the wooden block using a balancing scale. 1
m 1
Calculate the density  using the equation  = .
V

2
mass of oil = 156 – 120 = 36 g 1
m 36
= = 1
V 42
1
density = 0.86 g/cm3 (2 sf)

3
Measure the mass m of the bolt using the digital balance. 1

Pour some water into the measuring cylinder and record the volume as V1. 1
Then, carefully place the bolt, tied to a string, into the water (without splashing),
and record the new volume as V2.

The volume V of the bolt is given by V = V2 – V1. 1

m 1
Calculate the density  using the equation  = .
V

4
(a) The wax will float on water. 1
This is because its density is less than that of water. 1

(b) C between 1.00 g/cm3 to 1.45 g/cm3 1

Forces
1
 All four ticks correct. 1

Forces can change the Place a tick here if

object’s …. correct
colour
shape ✓
size and shape ✓
direction of travel ✓
speed ✓
weight

2
(a) A force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact 1
(b) 60 N 1

(c) The resultant force is zero. 1

This is because there is no acceleration. 1

3
(a) Correct directions of the weight and drag. 1

(b) Correct directions of the weight and drag. 1

4
(a) resultant force = 10 – 10 = 0 N. 1
The object will remain at rest or have constant velocity. 1

(b) resultant force = 12 – 5 = 7 N; downwards. 1

 The object will accelerate downwards. 1

resultant force = 1.7 – 0.5 – 1.1 = 0.1 N; to the right. 1

The object will accelerate to the right. 1

Springs
1
Measure the initial length of the rubber band using a ruler. 1
Measure the final length of the rubber band and the extension is the difference 1
between these two lengths.

2
(a) The straight-line through the origin implies 1
that the extension is directly proportional to the extension. 1

(b) Straight-line through the origin with smaller gradient. 1

3
(a) C force constant 1
(b) F 1
k= and x = 0.20 m (Note 20 cm = 0.20 m)
x
1
12
k=
0.20 1
k = 60 N/m

4
(a) Straight line drawn from origin up to 20 cm and then a curve passing through 1
the last two data points.

(b) 3.0 1
k=
15
1
k = 0.20 N/cm

(c) 4.0 1
gradient = = 0.20 (N/cm) 1
20
The k value and the gradient are the same. (gradient = force constant).

(d) (20, 4.0). 1

Understanding the equation F = ma

1
(a) F = (resultant) force, m = mass and a = acceleration 1
(b) F F 1
a= and m =
m a

(c) D kg m/s2
(d) For a given car, the mass is constant. 1
 Since force  acceleration, doubling the resultant force will double the 1
acceleration.
(e) To the right. 1
2
(a) F 150 1
a= =
m 900
1
a = 0.17 m/s2 (2 sf)

(b) F = 150 - 6 0 = 90 N 1
F 90
a= = 1
m 900
1
a = 0.10 m/s2 (2 sf)

3
(a) weight = mg = 0.050 × 9.8 = 0.49 N 1
resultant force = 0.70 – 0.49 = 0.21 N 1

(b) F 0.21 1
a= =
m 0.050
1
a = 4.2 m/s2

Circular motion
1
(a) The velocity changes. 1
This is because even though the speed remains constant, the direction of 1
travel changes.

(b) The direction of the velocity shown as a tangent at the position of the car. 1

(c) The velocity and force are at right angles (to each other with the force pointing 1
towards the centre of the circle).

Object Name of force providing the

centripetal force
Moon orbiting a planet. gravitational force 1
Stone tied to a string that is swung in a tension
circular path. 1
Car going around a roundabout. friction 1

3
(a) The force increases as the speed is increased. 1
(b) • decreases 1
• increases 1

Moments and centre of gravity

1
A A rocket flying in a straight-line space. 1
2
(a) Centre of gravity is the point where the weight of the object appears to act. 1
(b) clockwise moment: force Y; anticlockwise moment: 400 N 1
(c) The resultant force is zero. 1
The resultant moment is zero. 1
(d) moment = 400 × 0.35 1
moment = 140 N m 1
(e) 140 N m, allow ‘the same’. 1
3
(a) (clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment) F × 20 = 12 × 30 1
12  30 1
F= 1
20
F = 18 N
(b) (clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment) 12 × 20 = 42 × x 1
12  20 1
x= 1
42
x = 5.7 cm (2 sf)
4
(a) moment resultant moment = 0 or clockwise moment = anticlockwise 1
(b) Any one correct moment from: 1.0 × 42 or 2.0 × 17 or F × 23
F × 23 = (1.0 × 42) + (2.0 × 17)
76
F=
23
F = 3.3 N (2 sf)
5
(a) Any sensible precaution, e.g wait until the plate stops swinging before drawing 1
the vertical line.
(b) Point O is the intersection of all three lines. 1
6
(a) Downward arrows drawn for each figure. 1

(b) The bottle shown in C will topple over. 1

This is because the line of action of the weight falls beyond the pivot point or 1
the base area of the object.
Momentum
1
(a) momentum = mass × velocity 1
(b) momentum = 60 × 5.0 1
momentum = 300 kg m/s 1
(c) The momentum will have the opposite sign but the same magnitude, so – 300 1
kg m/s. (Note: momentum is a vector quantity.)
2

(a) Momentum is conserved, or total initial momentum at start = total final

momentum 1
50 + 0 = p + 9.0 1
p = 41 kg m/s 1

(b) momentum = mv, therefore 9.0 = 0.45 × v 1

9.0
speed = v = = 20 m/s 1
0.45
(c) p 1
F= 1
t
1
9.0 − 0
force =
0.12
force = 75 N
3
(a) impulse = force × time 1
(b) impulse = change in momentum 1
impulse = 7000 – 5000 = 2000 kg m/s 1
4
Momentum is conserved in the collision. 1
Since mass is doubled, the common speed must be half of the initial speed to 1
keep the same momentum.
The common speed is therefore 1.0 m/s. 1

Energy
1

Description Name of energy store

1
Energy in cooking oil. chemical energy
Energy of hot water to make tea or coffee. internal (thermal) energy 1
1
Energy in the food we eat. chemical energy 1
Energy in the nuclei of radioactive atoms. nuclear energy 1
1
Energy of a space probe hurtling through kinetic energy and 1
space. gravitational potential energy
Energy stored between an electron and a electrostatic energy
nucleus.
2 1
(a) kinetic energy → internal (thermal) energy 1
(b) D sound 1
(c) All three forms of energy correctly indicated. 2
Award a maximum of 1 mark for any incorrect energy choice present.
Diagram as below - allow sound and internal (thermal) interchanged on the
diagram.

3
(a) h 1
sin30 = 1
1.5
h = 1.5sin30 = 0.75 m
(b) Ep = mgh 1
Ep = 0.80 × 9.8 × 0.75 1
Ep = 5.9 J (2 sf) 1
(c) Ek = ½ mv2 1
Ek = ½ × 0.80 × 2.02 1
Ek = 1.6 J 1
(d) Energy cannot be destroyed, but can only be transferred between energy 1
stores. (Thus, the two values should have been the same.)

However, part of the gravitational energy (4.3 J) is also transferred into internal
(thermal) energy store because of friction between the block and ramp which 1
increases the temperature of these two items.

Energy resources
1
(a) turbine 1
generator 1

(b) Renewable 1
Any one from: biofuel / geothermal / hydroelectrical / solar / tidal / water 1
waves / wind

(c)
 biofuels  electromagnetic waves from the Sun 1
 fossil fuels ✓  geothermal resources
 nuclear fuels ✓
2
(a) A sensible suggestion, e.g. The turbines may affect local habitat. 1

(b) Tidal is renewable. 1

Tidal does not emit greenhouse gases. 1
(Allow other sensible ideas)
3
(a)
Energy resource Energy store
biofuel chemical energy
fossil fuel (coal, gas and oil) chemical energy 1
Geothermal internal (thermal) energy 1
Hydroelectricity (gravitational) potential energy 1
Nuclear fuel nuclear energy 1
Solar nuclear energy 1
Tidal kinetic energy 1
Water waves kinetic energy 1
Wind kinetic energy 1
1

(b) The tank can be insulated (so less thermal energy is transferred to the 1
surroundings).
4
(a) Geothermal; nuclear; tidal 3

(b)(i) Any one from: Abundant fuel (hydrogen) / no greenhouse gases 1

(b)(ii) Sun 1

(c) useful power output 1

efficiency = 100%
total power input
1
1.2
35 = 100 1
total power input
100
total power input = 1.2 = 3.4 GW (2 sf)
35

(d) useful energy output 1

efficiency = 100%
total energy input
1
30000
efficiency = = 100 % 1
375000
efficiency = 8.0 %

Work done and power

1
C The weight of vase and height of shelf from the floor. 1
2
(a) Energy 1
(b) A 1J=1Nm 1
(c)
 F/N d/m work done / J Energy transferred
/J 2
100 50 5000 5000
2
50 160 8000 8000
2
45 6.0 270 270

3
(a) Power is equal to the rate of work done. 1

(b) B 1 J/s 1

(c)(i) E 1
P= and E = 200 – 50 =150 kJ
t
1
150 000
P= 1
7.5
power = 20 000 W

(c)(ii) Internal (thermal) energy. 1

4
(a) 200 J (per second) 1

(b) energy transferred = 200 × (30 × 60) 1

energy transferred = 360 000 J 1

5
(a) weight = mg = 30 000 × 9.8 = 294 000 N 1

(b) work done = Fd = 294 000 × 20 1

work done = 5 880 000 J 1

(c) 5 880 000 1

total input power = 60
1
total input power = 98 000 W

Pressure
1
(a) F 1
p=
A
(b) 1 N/cm2 = 10 000 N/m2 or 1 m2 = 10 000 cm2 1
pressure in N/m2 = (pressure in N/ cm2 ×10 000) = 15 000 N/m2 1

(c) The solid cone exerts the least pressure. 1

This is because of contact area with the table is the largest. 1

(d) A sharp knife has smaller area of contact with the bread, or fruit. 1
1
 Hence, for a given force on the knife, a greater pressure is exerted by the
sharper knife.

2
(a) F 520 1
p= = 1
A 140
p = 3.7 N/cm2 (2 sf)

(b) Standing on one leg will halve the contact area with the soft sand. 1
Hence the pressure will increase or double. 1

3
force = weight = mg = 9000 × 9.8 = 88 200 N 1
𝐹 88 200
𝑝 = 𝐴 = 0.52
1
p = 170 000 N/m2 (2 sf)
1

Pressure in fluids
1
(a) The pressure experienced by the sphere will increase as the sphere is pushed
deeper into the water.
(b) The liquid with density 1.2 g/cm3. 1
This is because the pressure increases as the density of the liquid increases. 1

2
(a) p = gh 1
p = 1000 × 9.8 × 6.2
1
p = 61 000 (2 sf) 1

(b)(i) p = gh 1
p = 1000 × 9.8 × 1000
1
p = 9.8 × 106 Pa (2 sf) 1

(b)(ii) 9.8 106 + 1.0 105 1

= 99  100
1.0 105
1
Yes, it is correct that the pressure is almost 100 times greater.

(b)(iii) A straight-line graph. 1

Passing through the origin (because the vertical axis is change in pressure). 1