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Chapter 1

1. THINK In this problem we’re given the radius of Earth and asked to compute its
circumference, surface area, and volume.

EXPRESS Assuming Earth to be a sphere of radius

RE = ( 6.37 × 106 m )(10 −3 km m ) = 6.37 × 103 km,

we find that the corresponding circumference, surface area, and volume are

4π 3
C = 2π RE , A = 4π RE2 , V= RE .
3
These geometric formulas are given in Appendix E.

ANALYZE Using the formulas, we find (a) the circumference to be

C = 2π RE = 2π (6.37 × 103 km) = 4.00 ×10 4 km,

(b) the surface area to be

A = 4π RE2 = 4π ( 6.37 × 103 km ) = 5.10 × 108 km 2 ,

2

and (c) the volume to be

4π 3 4π
( 6.37 × 103 km ) = 1.08 × 1012 km3 .
3
V= RE =
3 3

LEARN From the formulas, we see that C  RE , A  RE2 , and V  RE3 . The ratios of
volume to surface area and surface area to circumference are V /A = RE /3 and
A / C = 2RE .

2. The conversion factors are: 1 gry = 1/10 line, 1 line = 1/12 inch, and 1 point = 1/72
inch. The factors imply that

1 gry = (1/10)(1/12)(72 points) = 0.60 point.

Thus, 1 gry2 = (0.60 point)2 = 0.36 point2, which means that 0.50 gry 2 = 0.18 point 2 .

3. The metric prefixes (micro, pico, nano, …) are given in Table 1.1.2.

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 2 CHAPTER 1

(a) Since 1 km = 1 × 103 m and 1 m = 1 × 106 μm,

ssm
1 km = 103 m = (103 m )(106 μ m m ) = 109 μ m.
mtt
The given measurement is 1.0 km (two significant figures), which implies our result
should be written as 1.0 × 109 μm.

(b) We calculate the number of microns in 1 centimeter. Since 1 cm = 10–2 m,

1 cm = 10 −2 m = (10 −2 m )(106 μ m m ) = 10 4 μ m.
bb99
We conclude that the fraction of one centimeter equal to 1.0 μm is 1.0 × 10–4.

(c) Since 1 yd = (3 ft)(0.3048 m/ft) = 0.9144 m,

1.0 yd = ( 0.91 m ) (106 μ m m ) = 9.1× 105 μ m.

88@
4. (a) Using the conversion factors 1 inch = 2.54 cm exactly and 6 picas = 1 inch, we
obtain
@
 1 inch   6 picas 
0.80 cm = ( 0.80 cm )    ≈ 1.9 picas.
 2.54 cm   1 inch 

(b) With 12 points = 1 pica, we have

ggm

 1 inch   6 picas  12 points 

0.80 cm = ( 0.80 cm )     ≈ 23 points.
 2.54 cm   1 inch  1 pica 
maa

5. THINK This problem deals with conversion of furlongs to rods and chains, all of
which are units for distance.

EXPRESS Given that 1 furlong = 201.168 m, 1 rod = 5.0292 m, and

1 chain = 20.117 m, the relevant conversion factors are
iill..cc

1 rod
1.0 furlong = 201.168 m = (201.168 m ) = 40 rods
5.0292 m

and

1 chain
1.0 furlong = 201.168 m = (201.168 m ) = 10 chains.
oom

20.117 m

Note the cancellation of m (meters), the unwanted unit.

m

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 CHAPTER 1 3

ANALYZE Using the above conversion factors, we find the distance d (a) in rods to be

(
d = 4.0 furlongs = 4.0 furlongs ) 1 40furlong
rods
= 160 rods

and (b) in chains to be

(
d = 4.0 furlongs = 4.0 furlongs ) 110furlong
chains
= 40 chains.

LEARN Since 4 furlongs is about 800 m, this distance is approximately equal to 160
rods (1 rod ≈ 5 m) and 40 chains (1 chain ≈ 20 m). So our results make sense.

6. We make use of Table 1.1.

(a) We look at the first (“cahiz”) column: 1 fanega is equivalent to what amount of
cahiz? We note from the already completed part of the table that 1 cahiz equals a
1
dozen fanega. Thus, 1 fanega = cahiz, or 8.33 × 10–2 cahiz. Similarly, “1 cahiz =
12
1
48 cuartilla” (in the already completed part) implies that 1 cuartilla = cahiz, or
48
2.08 × 10–2 cahiz. Continuing in this way, the remaining entries in the first column
are 6.94 × 10−3 and 3.47 × 10 −3 .

(b) In the second (“fanega”) column, we find 0.250, 8.33 × 10–2, and 4.17 × 10–2 for
the last three entries.

(c) In the third (“cuartilla”) column, we obtain 0.333 and 0.167 for the last two
entries.

1
(d) Finally, in the fourth (“almude”) column, we get = 0.500 for the last entry.
2

(e) Since the conversion table indicates that 1 almude is equivalent to 2 medios, our
amount of 7.00 almudes must be equal to 14.0 medios.

(f) Using the value (1 almude = 6.94 × 10–3 cahiz) found in part (a), we conclude that
7.00 almudes is equivalent to 4.86 × 10–2 cahiz.

(g) Since each decimeter is 0.1 meter, then 55.501 cubic decimeters is equal to 0.055 501 m3
7.00 7.00
or 55 501 cm3. Thus, 7.00 almudes = fanega = (55 501 cm3) = 3.24 × 104 cm3.
12 12

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 4 CHAPTER 1

7. We use the conversion factors found in Appendix D:

ssm
1 acre ⋅ ft = (43 560 ft 2 ) ⋅ ft = 43 560 ft 3 ,

Since 2 in. = (1/6) ft, the volume of water that fell during the storm is
mtt
V = (26 km 2 )(1/6 ft) = (26 km 2 )(3281 ft/km)2 (1/6 ft) = 4.66 ×107 ft 3 .

Thus,
bb99
4.66 × 107 ft 3
V = = 1.1 × 103 acre ⋅ ft.
4.3560 × 10 ft acre ⋅ ft
4 3

8. From Fig. 1.1, we see that 212 S is equivalent to 258 W and 212 – 32 = 180 S is
equivalent to 216 – 60 = 156 Z. The information allows us to convert S to W or Z.
88@
(a) In units of W, we have

 258 W 
50.0 S = ( 50.0 S )   = 60.8 W.
 212 S 
@
(b) In units of Z, we have

 156 Z 
50.0 S = ( 50.0 S )   = 43.3 Z.
 180 S 
ggm

9. The volume of ice is given by the product of the semicircular surface area and the
thickness. The area of the semicircle is A = πr2/2, where r is the radius. Therefore, the
maa

volume is
π
V = r 2 z,
2

where z is the ice thickness. Since there are 103 m in 1 km and 102 cm in 1 m, we have

 103 m   10 2 cm 
r = ( 2000 km )     = 2000 × 10 cm.
5
iill..cc

 1 km   1 m 

In these units, the thickness becomes

 10 2 cm 
z = 3000 m = ( 3000 m )   = 3000 ×10 cm,
2

 1m 
oom

π
( 2000 × 10 cm ) (3000 × 10 cm ) = 1.9 × 10 22 cm3 .
2
which yields V = 5 2

2
m

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WhatsApp: https://wa.me/+12342513111 Telegram: https://t.me/solumanu
CHAPTER 1 5

10. Since a change of longitude equal to 360° corresponds to a 24 hour change, then
one expects to change longitude by 360° / 24 = 15° before resetting one’s watch by 1.0 h.

11. (a) Presuming that a French decimal day is equivalent to a regular day, then the
ratio of weeks is simply 10/7 or (to 3 significant figures) 1.43.

(b) In a regular day, there are 86 400 seconds, but in the French system described in
the problem, there would be 105 seconds. The ratio is therefore 0.864.

12. A day is equivalent to 86 400 seconds and a meter is equivalent to a million

micrometers, so

( 3.7 m ) (106 μ m m )
= 3.1 μ m s.
(14 day )(86 400 s day )
13. The time on any of these clocks is a straight-line function of that on another,
with slopes ≠ 1 and y-intercepts ≠ 0. From the data in the figure we deduce

2 594 33 662
tC = tB + , tB = tA − .
7 7 40 5

These are used in obtaining the following results.

(a) We find

33
tB′ − tB = ( tA′ − tA ) = 495 s,
40

when tA′ − tA = 600 s.

2 2
(b) We obtain tC′ − tC = (tB′ − tB ) = ( 495 ) = 141 s.
7 7

(c) Clock B reads tB = (33 / 40)(400) – (662 / 5) ≈ 198 s when clock A reads tA = 400 s.

(d) From tC = 15 = (2 / 7)tB + (594 / 7), we get tB ≈ –245 s.

14. The metric prefixes (micro (μ), pico, nano, …) are given in Table 1.1.2.

 100 y   365 day   24 h   60 min 

(a) 1 μ century = (10 −6 century )      = 52.6 min.
 1 century   1 y   1 day   1 h 

(b) The percent difference is therefore

52.6 min − 50 min

= 4.9%.
52.6 min

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 6 CHAPTER 1

15. A week is 7 days, each of which has 24 hours, and an hour is equivalent to 3600
ssm
seconds. Thus, two weeks (a fortnight) is 1 209 600 s. By definition of the micro
prefix, this is roughly 1.21 × 1012 μs.

16. We denote the pulsar rotation rate f (for frequency):

mtt
1 rotation
f = .
1.557 806 448 872 75 ×10 −3 s

(a) Multiplying f by the time interval t = 7.00 days (which is equivalent to 604 800 s, if we
bb99
ignore significant figure considerations for a moment), we obtain the number of rotations:

 1 rotation 
N = −3  ( 604 800 s ) = 388 238 218.4,
 1.557 806 448 872 75 ×10 s

which should now be rounded to 3.88 × 108 rotations since the time-interval was
88@
specified in the problem to three significant figures.

(b) We note that the problem specifies the exact number of pulsar revolutions (one
million). In this case, our unknown is t, and an equation similar to the one we set up
@
in part (a) takes the form N = ft, or

 1 rotation 
1×106 =  −3  t,
 1.557 806 448 872 75 × 10 s
ggm
which yields the result t = 1557.806 448 872 75 s (though students who do this
calculation on their calculator might not obtain those last several digits).

(c) Careful reading of the problem shows that the time uncertainty per revolution is
maa

±3 ×10 −17 s. We therefore expect that as a result of one million revolutions, the
uncertainty should be ( ± 3 × 10 −17 )(1× 106 ) = ±3 ×10 −11 s.

17. THINK In this problem we are asked to rank five clocks based on their
performance as timekeepers.

EXPRESS We first note that none of the clocks advance by exactly 24 h in a 24 h

iill..cc

period but this is not the most important criterion for judging their quality for
measuring time intervals. What is important here is that a clock advance by the same
(or nearly the same) amount in each 24 h period. The clock reading can then easily
be adjusted to give the correct interval.

ANALYZE The chart below gives the corrections (in seconds) that must be applied
to the reading on each clock for each 24 h period. The entries were determined by
oom

subtracting the clock reading at the end of the interval from the clock reading at the
beginning.
m
CHAPTER 1 7

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.

CLOCK –Mon. –Tues. –Wed. –Thurs. –Fri. –Sat.
A −16 −16 −15 −17 −15 −15
B −3 +5 −10 +5 +6 −7
C −58 −58 −58 −58 −58 −58
D +67 +67 +67 +67 +67 +67
E +70 +55 +2 +20 +10 +10

Clocks C and D are both good timekeepers in the sense that each is consistent in its daily
drift; thus, C and D are easily made “perfect” with simple and predictable corrections.
The correction for clock C is less than the correction for clock D, so we judge clock C to
be the best and clock D to be the next best. The correction that must be applied to clock
A is in the range from 15 s to 17 s. For clock B it is the range from –5 s to +10 s, and for
clock E it is in the range from –70 s to –2 s. After C and D, A has the smallest range of
correction, B has the next smallest range, and E has the greatest range. From best to
worst, the ranking of the clocks is C, D, A, B, E.

LEARN Of the five clocks, the readings in clocks A, B, and E jump around from one
24 h period to another, making it difficult to correct them.

18. The last day of the 20 centuries is longer than the first day by

( 20 century )( 0.001 s century ) = 0.02 s.

The average day during the 20 centuries is (0 + 0.02)/2 = 0.01 s longer than the first
day. Since the increase occurs uniformly, the cumulative effect T is

T = ( average increase in length of a day )( number of days )

 0.01 s   365.25 day 
=   ( 2000 y )
 day   y 
= 7305 s

or roughly two hours.

19. When the Sun first disappears while

lying down, your line of sight to the top of
the Sun is tangent to the Earth’s surface at
point A shown in the figure. As you stand,
elevating your eyes by a height h, the line
of sight to the Sun is tangent to the Earth’s
surface at point B.
 8 CHAPTER 1

Let d be the distance from point B to your eyes. From the Pythagorean theorem, we
ssm
have

d 2 + r 2 = ( r + h )2 = r 2 + 2rh + h 2
mtt
or d 2 = 2rh + h 2 , where r is the radius of the Earth. Since r  h , the second term can
be dropped, leading to d 2 ≈ 2rh . Now the angle between the two radii to the two
tangent points A and B is θ, which is also the angle through which the Sun moves
about Earth during the time interval t = 11.1 s. The value of θ can be obtained by
bb99
using

θ t
= .
360° 24 h
This yields
88@
(360°)(11.1 s)
θ= = 0.046 25°.
(24 h)(60 min/h)(60 s/min)

Using d = r tan θ , we have d 2 = r 2 tan2 θ = 2rh , or

@
2h
r= .
tan2 θ

Using the above value for θ and h = 1.7 m, we have r = 5.2 × 106 m.
ggm
20. (a) We find the volume in cubic centimeters
3
 231 in3   2.54 cm 
193 gal = (193 gal )    = 7.31 × 10 cm
5 3
maa

 1 gal   1in. 

and subtract this from 1 × 106 cm3 to obtain 2.69 × 105 cm3. The conversion gal → in.3
is given in Appendix D (immediately below the table of Volume conversions).

(b) The volume found in part (a) is converted (by dividing by (100 cm/m)3) to 0.731
m3, which corresponds to a mass of
iill..cc

(1000 kg m 3 )( 0.731 m 3 ) = 731 kg

using the density given in the problem statement. At a rate of 0.0018 kg/min, this can
be filled in

731 kg
= 4.06 ×105 min = 0.77 y
oom

0.0018 kg min

after dividing by the number of minutes in a year (365 days)(24 h/day) (60 min/h).
m
CHAPTER 1 9

21. If ME is the mass of Earth, m is the average mass of an atom in Earth, and N is
the number of atoms, then ME = Nm or N = ME/m. We convert mass m to kilograms
using Appendix D (1 u = 1.661 × 10−27 kg). Thus,

ME 5.98 × 10 24 kg
N = = = 9.0 × 10 49.
m ( 40 u ) (1.661 × 10 kg u )
−27

22. The density of gold is

m 19.32 g
ρ= = 3
= 19.32 g/cm3 .
V 1 cm
(a) We take the volume of the leaf to be its area A multiplied by its thickness z. With
density ρ = 19.32 g/cm3 and mass m = 27.63 g, the volume of the leaf is found to be

m
V = = 1.430 cm 3 .
ρ

We convert the volume to SI units:

3
 1m 
V = (1.430 cm ) 3 −6
 = 1.430 ×10 m .
3

 100 cm 

Since V = Az with z = 1 × 10-6 m (metric prefixes can be found in Table 1.1.2), we

obtain

1.430 × 10 −6 m 3
A= −6
= 1.430 m 2 .
1 × 10 m

(b) The volume of a cylinder of length  is V = A where the cross-sectional area is

that of a circle: A = πr2. Therefore, with r = 2.500 × 10–6 m and V = 1.430 × 10–6 m3,
we obtain

V
= = 7.284 × 10 4 m = 72.84 km.
πr 2

23. THINK This problem consists of two parts. In the first part, we are asked to find
the mass of water, given its volume and density; the second part deals with the mass
flow rate of water, which is expressed as kg/s in SI units.

EXPRESS From the definition of density, ρ = m / V , we see that mass can be calculated
as m = ρV , the product of the volume of water and its density. With 1 g = 1 × 10–3 kg and
1 cm3 = (1 × 10–2 m)3 = 1 × 10–6 m3, the density of water in SI units (kg/m3) is
 10 CHAPTER 1

 1 g   10 kg   cm 
−3 3
ssm
ρ = 1 g/cm 3 =  3     = 1 × 10 kg m .
3 3

 cm   g   10 −6 m 3 

To obtain the flow rate, we divide the total mass of the water by the time taken to
mtt
drain it.

ANALYZE (a) From m = ρV , the mass of a cubic meter of water is

m = ρV = (1×103 kg/m 3 )(1 m 3 ) = 1× 103 kg.

bb99
(b) The total mass of water in the container is

M = ρV = (1× 103 kg m 3 )(5700 m 3 ) = 5.70 ×106 kg,

and the time elapsed is t = (10 h)(3600 s/h) = 3.6 × 104 s. Thus, the mass flow rate R is
88@
M 5.70 × 106 kg
R= = = 158 kg s.
t 3.6 × 10 4 s
@
LEARN In terms of volume, the drain rate can be expressed as

V 5700 m 3
R′ = = = 0.158 m 3 /s ≈ 42 gal/s.
t 3.6 × 10 s
4
ggm
The greater the flow rate, the less time is required to drain a given amount of water.

24. The metric prefixes (micro (μ), pico, nano, …) are given in Table 1.1.2. The
surface area A of each grain of sand of radius r = 50 μm = 50 × 10–6 m is given by
maa

A = 4π(50 × 10–6)2 = 3.14 × 10–8 m2 (Appendix E contains a variety of geometry

formulas). We introduce the notion of density, ρ = m / V , so that the mass can be
found from m = ρV, where ρ = 2600 kg/m3. Thus, using V = 4πr3/3, the mass of each
grain is

kg  4π ( 50 × 10 m )
−6 3
 4π r 3  
iill..cc

m = ρV = ρ  =
  2600 3 
= 1.36 × 10 −9 kg.
 3   m  3

We observe that (because a cube has six equal faces) the indicated surface area is 6
m2. The number of spheres (the grains of sand) N that have a total surface area of 6
m2 is given by
oom

6 m2
N = −8
= 1.91 × 108.
3.14 × 10 m 2
m
CHAPTER 1 11

Therefore, the total mass M is M = Nm = (1.91×108 )(1.36 ×10 −9 kg ) = 0.260 kg.

25. The volume of the section is (2500 m)(800 m)(2.0 m) = 4.0 × 106 m3. Letting d
stand for the thickness of the mud after it has (uniformly) distributed in the valley,
then its volume there would be (400 m)(400 m)d. Requiring these two volumes to be
equal, we can solve for d. Thus, d = 25 m. The volume of a small part of the mud
over a patch of area of 4.0 m2 is (4.0)d = 100 m3. Since each cubic meter corresponds
to a mass of 1900 kg (stated in the problem), then the mass of that small part of the
mud is 1.9 × 105 kg.

26. (a) The volume of the cloud is (3000 m)π(1000 m)2 = 9.4 × 109 m3. Since each
cubic meter of the cloud contains from 50 × 106 to 500 × 106 water drops, then we
conclude that the entire cloud contains from 4.7 × 1018 to 4.7 × 1019 drops. Since the
4
volume of each drop is π(10 × 10–6 m)3 = 4.2 × 10–15 m3, then the total volume of
3
water in a cloud is from 2 ×103 to 2 ×10 4 m3.

(b) Using the fact that 1 L = 1×103 cm 3 = 1× 10 −3 m 3 , the amount of water estimated
in part (a) would fill from 2 × 106 to 2 × 107 bottles.

(c) At 1000 kg for every cubic meter, the mass of water is from 2 ×106 to 2 ×107 kg.
The coincidence in numbers between the results of parts (b) and (c) of this problem
is due to the fact that each liter has a mass of one kilogram when water is at its
normal density (under standard conditions).

27. We introduce the notion of density, ρ = m / V and convert to SI units: 1000 g = 1 kg

and 100 cm = 1 m.

(a) The density ρ of a sample of iron is

3
 1 kg   100 cm 
ρ = ( 7.87 g cm ) 
3
  = 7870 kg/m .
3

 1000 g  1 m 

If we ignore the empty spaces between the close-packed spheres, then the density of
an individual iron atom will be the same as the density of any iron sample. That is, if
M is the mass and V is the volume of an atom, then

M 9.27 × 10 −26 kg
V= = = 1.18 × 10 −29 m 3 .
ρ 7.87 × 10 kg m
3 3
 12 CHAPTER 1

(b) We set V = 4πR3/3, where R is the radius of an atom (Appendix E contains

ssm
several geometry formulas). Solving for R, we find

 3 (1.18 × 10 −29 m 3 ) 
13
13
 3V 
= 
mtt
R=  = 1.41 × 10 −10 m.
 4π   4π 
 

The center-to-center distance between atoms is twice the radius, or 2.82 × 10–10 m.

28. If we estimate the “typical” large domestic cat mass as 10 kg and the “typical”
bb99
atom (in the cat) as 10 u ≈ 2 × 10–26 kg, then there are roughly (10 kg)/( 2 × 10–26 kg) ≈
5 × 1026 atoms. This is close to being a factor of a thousand greater than Avogadro’s
number. Thus this is roughly a kilomole of atoms.

29. The mass in kilograms is

88@
 100 gin   16 tahil   10 chee   10 hoon   0.3779 g 
( 28.9 piculs )      ,
 1 picul   1 gin   1 tahil   1 chee   1 hoon 
@
which yields 1.747 × 106 g or roughly 1.75 × 103 kg.

30. To solve the problem, we note that the first derivative of the function with
respect to time gives the rate. Setting the rate to zero gives the time at which an
extreme value of the variable mass occurs; here that extreme value is a maximum.
ggm

(a) Differentiating m(t ) = 5.00t 0.8 − 3.00t + 20.00 with respect to t gives

dm
= 4.00t −0.2 − 3.00.
maa

dt

The water mass is the greatest when dm /dt = 0 or at t = (4.00 / 3.00)1/0.2 = 4.21 s.

(b) At t = 4.21 s, the water mass is

iill..cc

m(t = 4.21 s) = 5.00(4.21)0.8 − 3.00(4.21) + 20.00 = 23.2 g.

(c) The rate of mass change at t = 2.00 s is

dm g 1 kg 60 s
=  4.00(2.00)−0.2 − 3.00  g/s = 0.48 g/s = 0.48 ⋅ ⋅
dt t = 2.00 s s 1000 g 1 min
oom

= 2.89 × 10 −2 kg/min.
m
CHAPTER 1 13

(d) Similarly, the rate of mass change at t = 5.00 s is

dm g 1 kg 60 s
=  4.00(5.00)−0.2 − 3.00  g/s = −0.101 g/s = −0.101 ⋅ ⋅
dt t = 2.00 s s 1000 g 1 min
= −6.05 × 10 −3 kg/min.

31. The mass density of the candy is

m 0.0200 g
ρ= = 3
= 4.00 ×10 −4 g/mm 3 = 4.00 ×10 −4 kg/cm 3 .
V 50.0 mm

If we neglect the volume of the empty spaces between the candies, then the total
mass of the candies in the container when filled to height h is M = ρ Ah, where
A = (14.0 cm)(17.0 cm) = 238 cm 2 is the base area of the container that remains
unchanged. Thus, the rate of mass change is given by

dM d ( ρ Ah ) dh
= = ρ A = (4.00 ×10 −4 kg/cm 3 )(238 cm 2 )(0.250 cm/s)
dt dt dt
= 0.0238 kg/s = 1.43 kg/min.

32. The total volume V of the real house is that of a triangular prism (of height h =
3.0 m and base area A = 20 × 12 = 240 m2) in addition to a rectangular box (height
h´ = 6.0 m and same base). Therefore,

1 h 
V = hA + h′A =  + h′  A = 1800 m 3 .
2 2 

(a) Each dimension is reduced by a factor of 1/12, and we find

3
 1
Vdoll = (1800 m )   ≈ 1.0 m 3 .
3

 12 

(b) In this case, each dimension (relative to the real house) is reduced by a factor of
1/144. Therefore,
3
 1 
Vminiature = (1800 m 3 )  −4
 ≈ 6.0 × 10 m .
3

 144 
 14 CHAPTER 1

33. THINK In this problem we are asked to differentiate between three types of tons:
ssm
displacement ton, freight ton, and register ton, all of which are units of volume.

EXPRESS The three different tons are defined in terms of barrel bulk, with
1 barrel bulk = 0.1415 m 3 = 4.0155 U.S. bushels (using 1 m 3 = 28.378 U.S. bushels).
mtt
Thus, in terms of U.S. bushels, we have

 4.0155 U.S. bushels 

1 displacement ton = (7 barrels bulk)   = 28.108 U.S. bushels
 1 barrel bulk 
bb99
 4.0155 U.S. bushels 
1 freight ton = (8 barrels bulk)   = 32.124 U.S. bushels
 1 barrel bulk 
 4.0155 U.S. bushels 
1 register ton = (20 barrels bulk)   = 80.31 U.S. bushels.
 1 barrel bulk 

ANALYZE (a) The difference between 73 “freight” tons and 73 “displacement” tons is
88@
ΔV = 73(1 freight ton − 1 displacement ton) = 73(32.124 U.S. bushels − 28.108 U.S. bushels)
= 293.168 U.S. bushels ≈ 293 U.S. bushels.
@
(b) Similarly, the difference between 73 “register” tons and 73 “displacement” tons is

ΔV = 73(1 register ton − 1 displacement ton) = 73(80.31 U.S. bushels − 28.108 U.S. bushels)
= 3810.746 U.S. bushels ≈ 3.81×103 U.S. bushels.
ggm

LEARN With 1 register ton > 1 freight ton > 1 displacement ton, we expect the
difference found in (b) to be greater than that in (a). This is indeed the case.
maa

34. The customer expects a volume V1 = 20 × 7056 in3 and receives V2 = 20 × 5826
in.3, the difference being V =V − V = 24 600 in.3, or

3
 2.54 cm   1 L 
ΔV = ( 24 600 in. ) 
3
  3 
= 403 L,
 1 inch   1000 cm 
iill..cc

where Appendix D has been used.

oom
m
CHAPTER 1 15

35. The first two conversions are easy enough that a formal conversion is not
especially called for, but in the interest of practice makes perfect, we go ahead and
proceed formally:

 2 peck 
(a) 11 tuffets = (11 tuffets )   = 22 pecks .
 1 tuffet 

 0.50 Imperial bushel 

(b) 11 tuffets = (11 tuffets )   = 5.5 Imperial bushels .
 1 tuffet 

 36.3687 L 
(c) 11 tuffets = ( 5.5 Imperial bushel )   ≈ 200 L .
 1 Imperial bushel 

36. Table 7 can be completed as follows:

(a) It should be clear that the first column (under “wey”) is the reciprocal of the first
9 3
row — so that = 0.900, = 7.50 × 10–2, and so forth. Thus, 1 pottle = 1.56 ×
10 40
10 wey and 1 gill = 8.32 × 10–6 wey are the last two entries in the first column.
–3

(b) In the second column (under “chaldron”), clearly we have 1 chaldron = 1

chaldron (i.e., the entries along the “diagonal” in the table must be 1’s). To find out
how many chaldron are equal to one bag, we note that 1 wey = 10/9 chaldron = 40/3
1 1
bag, so chaldron = 1 bag. Thus, the next entry in that second column is =
12 12
8.33 × 10–2. Similarly, 1 pottle = 1.74 × 10–3 chaldron and 1 gill = 9.24 × 10–6 chaldron.

(c) In the third column (under “bag”), we have 1 chaldron = 12.0 bag, 1 bag = 1 bag,
1 pottle = 2.08 × 10–2 bag, and 1 gill = 1.11 × 10–4 bag.

(d) In the fourth column (under “pottle”), we find 1 chaldron = 576 pottle, 1 bag =
48 pottle, 1 pottle = 1 pottle, and 1 gill = 5.32 × 10–3 pottle.

(e) In the last column (under “gill”), we obtain 1 chaldron = 1.08 × 105 gill, 1 bag =
9.02 × 103 gill, 1 pottle = 188 gill, and, of course, 1 gill = 1 gill.

(f) Using the information from part (c), 1.5 chaldron = (1.5)(12.0) = 18.0 bag. And
since each bag is 0.1091 m3, we conclude 1.5 chaldron = (18.0)(0.1091) = 1.96 m3.
 16 CHAPTER 1

37. The volume of one unit is 1 cm3 = 1 × 10–6 m3, so the volume of a mole of them is
ssm
6.02 × 1023 cm3 = 6.02 × 1017 m3. The cube root of this number gives the edge length:
8.4 ×105 m. This is equivalent to roughly 8 × 102 km.
mtt
38. (a) Using the fact that the area A of a rectangle is (width) × (length), we find

Atotal = ( 3.00 acre ) + ( 25.0 perch )( 4.00 perch )

 ( 40 perch )( 4 perch ) 
= ( 3.00 acre )   + 100 perch
2

 1 acre 
bb99
= 580 perch 2 .

We multiply this by the perch2 → rood conversion factor (1 rood/40 perch2) to

obtain the answer: Atotal = 14.5 roods.

(b) We convert our intermediate result in part (a):

88@
2
 16.5 ft 
Atotal = ( 580 perch ) 
2
 = 1.58 ×10 ft .
5 2

 1 perch 
@
Now, we use the feet → meters conversion given in Appendix D to obtain
2
 1m 
Atotal = (1.58 ×10 ft ) 
5 2
 = 1.47 × 10 m .
4 2

 3.281 ft 
ggm

39. THINK This problem compares the U.K. gallon with the U.S. gallon, two non-
SI units for volume. The interpretation of the type of gallons, whether U.K. or U.S.,
affects the amount of gasoline one calculates for traveling a given distance.
maa

EXPRESS If the consumption rate is R (miles/gallon), then the amount of gasoline

(gallons) needed for a trip of distance d (miles) would be

d (miles)
V (gallons) = .
R (miles/gallon)
iill..cc

Since the car was manufactured in the U.K., the consumption rate is calibrated based
on the U.K. gallon, and the correct interpretation should be “40 miles per U.K.
gallon.” In the U.K., one would think of the gallon as the U.K. gallon; however, in the
U.S., the word “gallon” would naturally be interpreted as U.S. gallon. Note also that
since 1 U.K. gallon = 4.546 090 0 L and 1 U.S. gallon = 3.785 411 8 L, the relationship
between the two is
oom

 1 U.S. gallon 
1 U.K. gallon = (4.546 090 0 L)   = 1.200 95 U.S. gallons.
 3.785 411 8 L 
m
CHAPTER 1 17

ANALYZE (a) The amount of gasoline actually required is

750 miles
V′ = = 18.75 U.K. gallons ≈ 18.8 U.K. gallons.
40 miles/U.K. gallon

This means that the driver mistakenly believes that the car should need 18.8 U.S.
gallons.

(b) Using the conversion factor found above, this is equivalent to

 1.200 95 U.S. gallons 

V ′ = (18.75 U.K. gallons )   ≈ 22.5 U.S. gallons.
 1 U.K. gallon 

LEARN A U.K. gallon is greater than a U.S. gallon by roughly a factor of 1.2 in
volume. Therefore, 40 mi/U.K. gallon is less fuel efficient than 40 mi/U.S. gallon.

40. Equation 1.3.1 gives (to very high precision!) the conversion from atomic mass
units to kilograms. Since this problem deals with the ratio of total mass (1.0 kg)
divided by the mass of one atom (1.0 u, but converted to kilograms), then the
computation reduces to simply taking the reciprocal of the number given in Eq. 1.3.1
and rounding off appropriately. Thus, the answer is 6.0 × 1026.

41. THINK This problem involves converting cord, a non-SI unit for volume, to an
SI unit.

EXPRESS Using the (exact) conversion 1 in. = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m for length, we
have

 0.0254 m 
1 ft = 12 in. = (12 in.)   = 0.3048 m.
 1 in. 

Thus, 1 ft 3 = (0.3048 m)3 = 0.0283 m 3 for volume (these results also can be found in
Appendix D).

ANALYZE The volume of a cord of wood is V = (8 ft)(4 ft)(4 ft) = 128 ft 3 . Using
the conversion factor found above, we obtain

 0.0283 m 3 
V = 1 cord = 128 ft 3 = (128 ft 3 )  3  = 3.625 m ,
3

 1 ft 

which indicates that

 1 
1 m3 =   cord = 0.276 cord ≈ 0.3 cord.
 3.625 
 18 CHAPTER 1

LEARN The unwanted units ft3 all cancel out, as they should. In conversions, units
ssm
obey the same algebraic rules as variables and numbers.

42. (a) In atomic mass units, the mass of one molecule is (16 + 1 + 1)u = 18 u. Using
Eq. 1.3.1, we find
mtt
 1.660 540 2 × 10 −27 kg 
18 u = (18 u )  −26
 = 3.0 ×10 kg.
 1u 

(b) We divide the total mass by the mass of each molecule and obtain the
bb99
(approximate) number of water molecules:

1.4 × 10 21
N≈ −26
≈ 5 × 10 46.
3.0 × 10

43. A million milligrams comprise a kilogram, so 2.3 kg/week is 2.3 × 106 mg/week.
88@
Figuring 7 days a week, 24 hours per day, 3600 second per hour, we find 604 800 seconds
are equivalent to one week. Thus, (2.3 × 106 mg/week)/(604 800 s/week) = 3.8 mg/s.

44. The volume of the water that fell is

@
2
 1000 m   0.0254 m 
V = ( 26 km 2 ) ( 2.0 in.) = ( 26 km 2 )   ( 2.0 in.)  
 1 km   1 in. 
= ( 26 ×106 m 2 ) ( 0.0508 m )
= 1.3 × 106 m 3 .
ggm

m
We write the mass per unit volume (density) of the water as: ρ = = 1×103 kg m 3.
V
maa

The mass of the water that fell is therefore given by m = ρV:

m = (1 × 103 kg m 3 ) (1.3 × 106 m 3 ) = 1.3 × 109 kg.

45. The number of seconds in a year is 3.156 × 107. This is listed in Appendix D and
results from the product
iill..cc

(365.25 day/y) (24 h/day) (60 min/h) (60 s/min).

(a) The number of shakes in a second is 108; therefore, there are indeed more shakes
per second than there are seconds per year.

(b) Denoting the age of the universe as 1 u-day (or 86 400 u-sec), then the time
during which humans have existed is given by
oom

106
= 10 −4 u-day,
1010
m
CHAPTER 1 19

 86 400 u-sec 
which may also be expressed as (10 −4 u-day )   = 8.6 u-sec.
 1 u-day 

46. The volume removed in one year is V = (75 × 10 4 m 2 ) (26 m) ≈ 2 × 107 m 3 ,

3
 1 km 
which we convert to cubic kilometers: V = ( 2 × 10 m ) 
7 3
 = 0.020 km .
3

 1000 m 

47. THINK This problem involves expressing the speed of light in astronomical units
per minute.

EXPRESS We first convert meters to astronomical units (AU), and seconds to

minutes, using

1000 m = 1 km, 1 AU = 1.50 ×108 km, 60 s = 1 min.

ANALYZE With these conversion factors, the speed of light can be rewritten as

 3.0 × 108 m   1 km   1 AU   60 s 
c = 3.0 × 10 m/s = 
8
     = 0.12 AU min.
  1000 m   1.50 × 10 km   1 min 
8
 1s

LEARN When we express the speed of light c in AU/min, we readily see that it takes
about 8.3 (= 1/0.12) minutes for sunlight to reach Earth (i.e., to travel a distance of 1
AU).

48. Since one atomic mass unit is 1 u = 1.66 ×10 −24 g (see Appendix D), the mass of
one mole of atoms is about m = (1.66 ×10 −24 g)(6.02 ×10 23 ) = 1 g. On the other hand,
the mass of one mole of atoms in the common Eastern mole is

75 g
m′ = = 10 g.
7.5

Therefore, in atomic mass units, the average mass of one atom in the common
Eastern mole is

m′ 10 g
= = 1.66 ×10 −23 g = 10 u.
N A 6.02 × 10 23
 20 CHAPTER 1

49. (a) Squaring the relation 1 ken = 1.97 m, and setting up the ratio, we obtain
ssm
1 ken2 1.972 m 2
= = 3.88.
1 m2 1 m2
mtt
(b) Similarly, we find

1 ken3 1.973 m 3
= = 7.65.
1 m3 1 m3
bb99
(c) The volume of a cylinder is the circular area of its base multiplied by its height.
Thus,

π r 2 h = π ( 3.00 ) ( 5.50 ) = 156 ken3 .

2

(d) If we multiply this by the result of part (b), we determine the volume in cubic
88@
meters: (155.5)(7.65) = 1.19 × 103 m3.

50. According to Appendix D, a nautical mile is 1.852 km, so 24.5 nautical miles
would be 45.374 km. Also, according to Appendix D, a mile is 1.609 km, so 24.5
@
miles is 39.4205 km. The difference is 5.95 km.

51. The density of the sand ρsand in a sample is the mass per unit volume — that is,
the ratio of the total mass msand of the sand grains to the total volume Vtotal of the
ggm
sample:

msand
ρsand = .
Vtotal
maa

The total volume Vtotal of a sample is

Vtotal = Vgrains +Vvoids .

Substituting for Vvoids into e = Vvoids/Vgrains and solving for Vgrains lead to
iill..cc

Vtotal
Vgrains = .
1+ e

From ρ = m / V , the total mass msand of the sand grains is the product of the density
of silicon dioxide and the total volume of the sand grains:
oom

msand = ρSiO2Vgrains .
m
CHAPTER 1 21

Substituting this expression into ρsand = msand / Vtotal and then substituting for Vgrains
from

Vtotal
Vgrains =
1+ e

lead to

ρSiO Vtotal ρSiO

ρsand = 2
= 2
.
Vtotal 1 + e 1+ e

Substituting ρSiO2 = 2.600 × 103 kg/m 3 and the critical value of e = 0.80, we find that
liquefaction occurs when the sand density is less than

2.600 ×103 kg/m 3

ρsand = = 1.4 ×103 kg/m 3 .
1.80

A building can sink several meters in such liquefaction.

52. (a) 4 000 000 000 m = 4.0 ×109 m = 4.0 Gm; (b) 4 000 000 000 000 m = 4.0 ×1012
m = 4.0 Tm; (c) 5.0 Tm; (d) 5.0 Em.

53. We write

(3.0 townships) = 3.0(36 mi2 /township)(640 acres/mi 2 )(4840 yd 2 /acre)(9 ft 2 /yd 2 )

= 3.0 ×109 ft 2 .

54. (a)
 4 fingers 
(length of a foot) = (4 palms)   (0.75 in. finger width)(2.54 cm/in.)
 1 palm 
= 30 cm.
(b)
 6 palms   4 fingers 
(height of a man) = (4 cubits)    (0.75 in. finger width)(2.54 cm/in.)
 1 cubit   1 palm 
= 182 cm ≈ 180 cm.

55. Equivalent age = 16 ln(13) + 31 = 72 y.

 22 CHAPTER 1

56. (a) (67 ×106 y)/(230 × 106 y/galactic year) = 0.29 galactic year
ssm
(b) (2.2 × 109 y)/(230 × 106 y/galactic year) = 9.6 galactic years
mtt
(c) (4.55 × 109 y)/(230 × 106 y/galactic year) = 19.8 galactic years

57.

(13.772 ×109 y)(3.16 × 107 s/y)

= 8.07 × 1060
bb99
−44
5.39 × 10 s

58. We convert Verne’s given distance to kilometers and then divide by the
circumference of Earth:

(2.00 ×10 4 leagues)(4.000 km/league)

= 1.996 ≈ 2.00.
88@
2π (6378 km)

59. An arc length s along a circle is related to the circle’s radius r and the angle θ
@
subtended by s:

s = rθ .

Thus, a sea mile at a given latitude is the product of Earth’s radius at that latitude
and an angle
ggm

 1   π rad 
θ = 1 arc minute =  degree  = (1/60)°  .
 60   180° 
maa

To find the difference in a sea mile at the equator and at the pole, we write

 π rad 
sequator − spole = ( requator − rpole )(1/60)°  
 180° 
 π rad 
= (6378 × 103 m − 6356 ×103 m)(1/ 60)°  
iill..cc

 180° 
= 6.400 m.

60. The angle θ is the angle through which Earth rotates between the two light paths
shown in the figure. During a full day, which is approximately 24 h, Earth rotates
through an angle of 360°. Thus, in time t = 38 min, Earth rotates through
oom

 1 h   360° 
θ = (38 min)    = 9.50°.
 60 min   24 h 
m
CHAPTER 1 23

From the figure, this is also the angle between the Earth radii r to the two tangent
points A and B. The figure shows a right triangle: One leg is r and the hypotenuse is
r + H. We can then write

r
cos θ = .
r+H
The mean radius of Earth is r = 6.37 × 106 m. We can now write the cosine function
as

6.37 × 106 m
cos 9.50° = ,
(6.37 × 106 m) + H

which gives us

H = 8.86 ×10 4 m = 89 km.

61. (a) We use chain-link calculations. For the hours, we write

 courses   h  wk   sem 
 ( 4 y ) = 1440 h ≈ 1.4 ×10 h.
3
4 3  15 2
 wk  course  sem  y 

(b) For the seconds, we write

(1440 h ) 
60 min   60 s 
 = 5.184 ×10 s
6

 1 h   1 min 
≈ 5.2 ×106 s.

With the answer that large, we can only hope that the seconds whiz by.