Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Laboratory Manual

Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BENGALURU - 560056
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Course: 22CVL404 - FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB

IV Semester B.E. in Civil Engineering

Academic Year: 2022 – 2023
Scheme: NEP - 2022

(For Internal Use Only)

Laboratory Manual Compiled by

M. Naveen Kumar
Asst. Professor,

Name

USN

Section

Batch

Lab. Faculty In charge

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Course Title FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB

Course Code 22CVL404
Category Professional Core Course Lab (PCCL)
No. of Hours/Week Total
Teaching Credits
Scheme and Credits L T P SS Total
Hours
0 0 2 0 2 22 1
CIE Marks: 50 SEE Marks: 50 Total Max. Marks: 100 Duration of SEE: 03 Hours

Course Learning Objectives:

To study the measurement of flow of fluid in a pipe, notches and weirs, calibration of measuring devices
and their applications and study the performance of Pumps and Turbines.

Expt. No. of
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
No Sessions
1 Verification of Bernoulli‟s equation.
2 Determination of Hydraulic coefficients of a vertical orifice.
3 Calibration of Rectangular and 900 V-notch.
4 Calibration of Broad- crested weir and Ogee weir.
5 Calibration of Venturimeter and Orificemeter.
10
6 Determination of Darcy‟s friction factor for a straight pipe (PVC and GI).
7 Determination of vane coefficients for a fixed flat, inclined and semi-circular vane.
8 Performance characteristics of a Pelton Turbine.
9 Performance characteristics of a Kaplan turbine and Francis Turbine.
10 Performance characteristics of a Single stage and Multi-stage Centrifugal Pump.

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course the student will be able to
1 Explain the principles of flow measuring devices by conducting the experiments.
2 Illustrate the calibration of velocity and discharge measuring equipments.
3 Demonstrate the performance of Hydraulic machines.

Suggested Text Book(s):

1 A Text Book of Fluid mechanics & Hydraulic Machines‟- R.K. Rajput, S. Chand & Co, New Delhi,
2006 Edition.
2 „Principles of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines‟- N. Narayana Pillai, Universities Press (India),
Hyderabad, 2009 Edition.
3 „Text Book Of Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines‟- R.K. Bansal, Laxmi Publications, New
Delhi, 2008 Edition.
4 Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines- Dr. P. N. Modi and Seth, McGraw Hill Publications.

Question paper pattern:

The candidate has to conduct one experiment which carries 70 % of the total marks and viva-voce for 30 %
of the total marks.

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CO-PO Mapping
CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 ✔ ✔ ✔
CO2 ✔ ✔ ✔
CO3 ✔ ✔ ✔

Assessment of CIE for the Practical component:

 On completion of every experiment in the laboratory, the students shall be evaluated and
marks shall be awarded on the same day.
 Each experiment report can be evaluated for 10 marks.
 Marks of all experiments are added and scaled down to 30 marks.
 The laboratory test (including viva) after completion of all the experiments shall be
conducted for 20 marks.
 Marks of 30 and 20 added will be CIE marks for the laboratory component.
 The minimum marks to be secured in CIE to appear for SEE shall be 20 in the practical
component.

Note:
 Students are required to fill up the observation and tabular columns in the laboratory
manual immediately after the laboratory class get evaluated, get it signed by the
laboratory in charge faculty member on the same day, before leaving the laboratory class.
 Attendance for all classes is compulsory and absenteeism to the laboratory classes should
be marked on evaluation sheet as “A – Absent” and marks for the experiment should be
deducted from evaluation.
 Marks of each and every experiment should be awarded during the same class.
 Before external evaluation examination, laboratory record should be duly signed by the
Head of the department.

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Laboratory Evaluation Sheet:

Attendance: Observation Calculations Record Total Signature
Sl. Viva /
Date List of Experiments P – Present Calculations / Graph / submission Marks of Faculty
No. Questions
A - Absent /Conduction Results on time (10) with date

1 Bernoulli‟s equation

2 Vertical Orifice

3 Notches & Weirs

4 Venturimeter & Orificemeter

5 Darcy‟s Friction Factor

6 Impact of Jet on Vanes

7 Pelton Turbine

8 Francis Turbine

9 Kaplan Turbine

10 Centrifugal Pump

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Experiment No: 1 – Flow through Vertical Orifice.

Objective:

To determine hydraulic orifice coefficients (i.e., Cd, Cv, Cc & Cr).

Theory:

 An opening in a vessel / tank, through which the liquid flows out is known as an
orifice. So as long as the level of the liquid on the upstream side is above the top of
the orifice.
 An orifice may be provided in the vertical side of the vessel / tank or in the base.
 Jet of water –The continuous stream of a liquid that come out or flows out of an
orifice.
 Vena-contracta –
 The liquid passes out of an orifice in the form of a jet.
 The jet goes on contracting from the mouth of the orifice.
 After a distance of about half the orifice diameter, the jet begins to expand.
 The least expanded section of the jet is known as vena-contracta.
 Hydraulic / orifice co-efficients – Co-efficient of contraction (CC), Co-efficient of
velocity (CV), Co-efficient of discharge (Cd), and Co-efficient of resistance (Cr).
o Co-efficient of contraction (CC): The ratio of the jet at vena-contracta (AC) to the

area of the orifice (AO). i.e., CC =

 The value of CC varies from 0.613 to 0.69, depending upon the shape, size of
orifice and head of liquid under which the flow takes place.
 In practice, the average value is taken as 0.64.
o Co-efficient of velocity (CV): The ratio of actual velocity (Vact) of the jet at vena-

contracta to the theoretical velocity (Vth). i.e., CV = =

√

 The value of CV varies from 0.95 to 0.99, depending upon the shape of orifice
and head of liquid under which the flow takes place.
 For sharp – edged orifices, the value of CV is taken as 0.98
o Co-efficient of discharge (Cd): The ratio of actual discharge (Qact) through an

orifice to the theoretical discharge (Qth). i.e., Cd = = CV x CC

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 The value of Cd varies from 0.62 to 0.65, depending upon the shape of orifice
and head of liquid under which the flow takes place.
o Co-efficient of resistance (Cr): The ratio of loss head, hf (or loss of kinetic
energy) in the orifice to the head of water, H (or actual kinetic energy) available at

the exit of the orifice. i.e., Cr =

 The loss of head in the orifice takes place, because the walls of the orifice offer
some resistance to the liquid, as it comes out.

Lab. Setup:

Apparatus:

 Sump tank – 120 cm x 42 cm x 40 cm.

 Supply tank -
 Pump capacity – ½ HP.
 Measuring tank - 41 cm x 33 cm.
 Orifice – 12 mm & 16 mm diameter.
 An arrangement to measure co-ordinate of jet.

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Procedure:

 Note down the dimensions of a given orifice and fix the orifice in position.
 Note down the cross-sectional area of measuring tank.
 Note down the initial reading of the supply tank, horizontal scale and vertical scale by
adjusting the tip of the pointer to lie at the centre of orifice.
 Allow the water to flow through the orifice under a constant head „H‟.
 Select a point on the jet and note down its co-ordinates „X‟ and „Y‟ from the vena-
contracta and centre of the orifice respectively.
 For the same supply, collect water in the measuring tank for a known interval of time
„t‟ and note down the depth of water collected „R‟.
 Repeat the procedure for different discharges or different head constants.
 Tabulate the readings and calculate the co-efficients.

Observations:

 Diameter of orifice, D0 = _________ mm = _________ m.

 C/S area of orifice, A0 = x D02 = _________________m2.

 C/S area of measuring tank, AT = ________X_________= ____________ m2.

 Rise of water level in measuring tank, R = _________= mm __________ m.

 Initial horizontal scale reading at vena-contracta, Xi = ________= mm _______ m.

 Initial vertical scale reading at centre of orifice, Yi = ________= mm _______ m.

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

 Unit weight of water, γω = 9.81 kN/m3.

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Table 1. Observation tabular column: Vertical Orifice

Head, Scale reading (mm)

Trail Time for which water is
No. H (mm) collected, t (s)
Xf Yf

Calculations:

 Coefficient of Discharge, Cd =

Here, Qact (m3/s) =

Qth (m3/s) = A0 √

 Coefficient of Velocity, CV =
√

 Coefficient of Contraction, CC =

 Coefficient of Resistance, Cr = 1 – CV2

 Loss of head in orifice flow, hf (m) = H (1– CV2)

 Power lost at the orifice, PLOSS (kW) = γω Qact hf

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Table 2. Calculations tabular column: Vertical Orifice

Scale reading (m)

Trail PLOSS
H (m) t (s) Qth (m3/s) Qact (m3/s) Cd CV CC Cr hf (m)
No. (kW)
X Y

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Viva Questions: Vertical Orifice

1) A vertical sharp-edged orifice 120 mm in diameter is discharging water at the rate of 98.2
lps, under a constant head of 10 m. a point on the jet, measured from the vena-contracta
of the jet has a coordinates 4.5 m horizontal and 0.54 m vertical. Find hydraulic
coefficients for the orifice.
2) An oil tank discharges oil through an orifice of 1 cm diameter located at 2 m before the
free surface of oil. The oil mass discharges is 20 kg/min. the oil jet issued horizontally
falls down 30 cm in horizontal distance of 1.5 m. Determine CV, Cd and CC. Take specific
gravity of oil = 0.88.
3) Water discharges freely at a rate of 98 lps through a 120 mm diameter vertical sharp
edged orifice under a constant head of 10 m of water. A point on the jet measured from
the vena contracta has coordinates (+4.5 m, -0.54 m). Find the hydraulic coefficients.
4) The head of water over an orifice of diameter 100 mm is 5 m. the water coming out from
the orifice is collected in a circular tank of diameter 2 m. the rise of water level in circular
tank is 450 mm in 30 seconds. Also the coordinates at a certain point on the jet, measured
from vena-contracta are 1000 mm horizontal and 52 mm vertical. Find the hydraulic
coefficients.
5) A tank has two identical orifices in one of its vertical sides. The upper orifice is 1.5 m
below the water surface and the lower one is 3 m below the water surface. Find the point
at which two jets will intersect, if the coefficient of velocity is 0.92 for both the orifices.
6) A tank has two identical orifices 50 mm in diameter in one of its vertical sides and are
situated one above the other. The upper orifice is 4 m below the water surface and the
lower one is 6 m below the water surface. The coefficient of contraction and velocity are
0.64 and 0.98 for both the orifices. Find:
a. The combined rate of discharge from the two orifices.
b. The distances of point of intersection of the two jets from vertical side.
7) A tank has two identical orifices provided in one of its sides at depths H1 and H2 below
the free surface of water in the tank. Determine the position of the point of intersection of
the two jets. If H1 = 2 m and H2 = 5 m and CV = 0.98 for each orifice, locate the point of
intersection of the two jets.

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Experiment No: 2 – Flow over Notches.

Objective:

To determine Co-efficient of discharge of a given notch.

Type of Notch based on their shape:

 Rectangular notch.
 Triangular notch.
 Trapezoidal notch.
 Stepped notch.

Lab. Setup:

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Apparatus:

 Sump tank – 120 cm x 42 cm x 40 cm.

 Pump capacity – ½ HP.
 Measuring tank - 41 cm x 33 cm.
 Notches: Rectangular & Right angled triangular shape.

Procedure:

 Measure the length of the notch and the cross-sectional area of the measuring tank.
 Allow the water into the flume provided with notch.
 Stop the supply of water into the flume when the water level in the flume is at the sill
of the notch and note down the initial reading by piezometer.
 Allow the water to flow over the weir under a constant head.
 Note down final piezometer reading
 For the same discharge, collect the water in the measuring tank for a known interval
of time „t‟.
 Note down the depth of water collected „R‟ in that time.
 Repeat the steps for different discharges or different constant heads.
 Tabulate the readings and calculate the co-efficients.
 Plot a curve between Log Qact and Log H, find the values of K and n from the graph.

Observations:

 Length of the rectangular notch, L = _________ mm = ________m.

 Central angle of triangular notch, θ = ______0.

 C/S area of measuring tank, AT = ________X_________= __________ m2.

 Rise of water level in measuring tank, R = ______= mm _______ m.

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

 Initial head of water at the sill level for rectangular notch, Hi = _____ mm = _____m.

 Initial head of water at the sill level for triangular notch, Hi = _____ mm = ______m.

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Observation tabular column: Flow over Notches.

Final Head, Time for which

Trail
Notch water is collected,
No. Hf (mm) t (s)

2
Rectangular Notch

2
Triangular Notch

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Calculations:

 Head of water over the notch, H (m) = (Hi ~ Hf) x 10-3

 Coefficient of Discharge, Cd =

Here, Qact (m3/s) =

 For rectangular notch: Qth (m3/s) = 2/3 L √ H3/2

 For triangular notch: Qth (m3/s) = 8/15 tan (θ/2) √ H5/2

 The above equations is not accurate due to the varied assumptions and approximations
made while deriving it, therefore it is necessary to establish experimentally a
calibration equations for the notch, having general form, Q = K Hn
 Where, K and n are constants for a given notch.
 This equation can be linearlised by taking logarithm on either side so that,

Log Q = Log K + n Log H

 A plot of Log Q v/s Log H will yield a straight line whose intercept on the Log Q axis
will be equal to k and whose slope corresponds to the exponent n.

 Rectangular notch constant, K = Cd 2/3 L √

 Triangular notch constant, K = Cd 8/15 tan (θ/2) √

 Index value, n =

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Results:

 Experimental results:

Co-efficient of Constant, Index value,

Notch Shape
Discharge, Cd K n

Rectangular

Triangular

 Graphical results:
(Plot a curve between Log Qact and Log H, compute the values of K and n from
the graph)

Constant, Index value,

Notch Shape
K n

Rectangular

Triangular

Conclusions:

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Table 2. Calculations tabular column: Flow over Notches.

Trail
Notch H (m) t (s) Qact (m3/s) Qth (m3/s) Cd K Log Qact Log K Log H n
No.

1
Rectangular Notch

1
Triangular Notch

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Viva Questions: Notches and weirs

1) Find the discharge of water flowing over rectangular notch of 3 m length when the
constant head of water over a notch is 40 cm. Take Cd = 0.60.
2) A rectangular weir 5 m long is used to measure the rate of flow of water. The head of
water over the weir is 100 mm. If the available height of water fall is 35 m, find the
power of the water fall. Take Cd as 0.6.
3) Find the discharge over a triangular notch of angle 60 when the head over the triangular
notch is 0.2 m. Assume Cd = 0.60.
4) During a laboratory experiment, 0.05 m3 of water flowing over a right angled notch was
collected in one minute. If the head of the sill is 50 mm. Calculate the coefficient of
discharge.
5) A rectangular channel 1.5 m wide has a discharge of 0.2 m3/s which is measured by a
right angled V-notch-weir. Find the position of apex of the notch from the bed of channel,
if the maximum depth of water is not to exceed 1 m. Take Cd = 0.62.
6) Find the discharge through a trapezoidal notch which is 1.2 m wide at the top and 0.50 m
at the bottom and is 0.4 m in height. The head of water on the notch is 0.3 m. Assume Cd
for rectangular portion = 0.62 while for triangular portion = 0.60.
7) Water is flowing in a rectangular channel 1 m wide and 0.75 m deep. Find the discharge
over a rectangular weir of 0.6 m crest length. The head over the crest is 200 mm, Cd =
0.62. Take velocity of approach into considerations and neglect end contraction.
8) A rectangular notch of crest width 400 mm is used to measure flow of water in a
rectangular channel 600 mm wide and 450 mm deep. If the water level in the channel is
225 mm above the weir crest, find the discharge in the channel. For the notch assume Cd
= 0.63 and take velocity of approach into account.
9) Find the discharge through a trapezoidal notch which is 1 m wide at the top and 0.40 m at
the bottom and is 30 cm in height. The head of water on the notch is 20 cm. Given Cd for
rectangular portion = 0.62 and Cd for triangular portion = 0.60.
10) A cippoletti weir with a crest width of 400 mm discharging water, the head over the crest
being 250 mm. If the channel to approach is 600 mm wide and 450 mm deep, find the
discharge. Take Cd = 0.62.
11) Determine the discharge over a stepped notch of the following dimensions: Top portion :
100 cm 15 cm, Middle portion : 80 cm 10 cm, Bottom portion : 60 cm 8 cm. Take
Cd = 0.62.
12) Water flows over a rectangular weir 1.2 m wide at a depth of 15 cm and afterwards passes
through a triangular right angled weir. Taking coefficient of discharge for rectangular
weir 0.62 and for triangular weir 0.59. Find the depth over the triangular weir.
13) Water flows over a right angled triangular weir first and then over a rectangular weir of 1
m crest length. The Cd values for triangular and rectangular weirs are 0.6 and 0.7
respectively. If the depth of water over a triangular weir is 350 mm. Find the head over
the rectangular crest.

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14) A rectangular channel 2 m wide has a discharge of 250 lps which is measured by a right
angled V-notch. Find the position of the notch from the bed of the channel if maximum
depth of water is not to exceed 1.3 m. Take Cd = 0.62.
15) A rectangular notch 40 cm long is used for measuring a discharge of 30 lps. An error of
1.5 mm was made while measuring the head over the notch. Calculate the percent error in
the discharge. Take Cd = 0.6.
16) A discharge of 0.06 m3/s was measured over a right angled notch while measuring the
head over the notch, an error of 1.5 mm was made. Determine the percentage error in the
discharge, if the coefficient of discharge for the notch is 0.6
17) A discharge of 100 lps is to be measured by a triangular notch of crest angle 60 . What
would be the head over the crest? If the accuracy of reading the head is 1 mm, what error
in discharge can be expected? Take Cd = 0.6.
18) A sharp-edged rectangular notch 30 cm long and a right angled triangular notch are to be
used alternatively for gauging a discharge estimated to be about 20 litres per second. Find
the each case percentage error in computing the discharge that would be introduced by an
error of 1 mm in observing the head over the notch. Take Cd for the rectangular notch and
triangular notch equal to 0.623 and 0.610 respectively.
19) A broad-crested weir of 50 m length has 50 cm height of water above its crest. Find the
maximum discharge. Take Cd = 0.60. Neglect velocity of approach. Also, if the velocity
of approach is to be considerations, find the maximum discharge when the channel has a
cross sectional area of 50 m2 on the upstream side.
20) A suppressed rectangular weir is constructed across a channel of 0.77 m width with a
head of 0.39 m and the crest 0.6 m above the bed of channel. Estimate the discharge over
it. Consider the velocity of approach and assume Cd = 0.623.
21) A venturimeter is used to calibrate the V-notch in the laboratory. The water discharged
from the venturimeter flows over the 90 V-notch with 185.4 mm head. The inlet and
throat diameters of the venturimeter are respectively 250 mm and 125 mm. The pressure
difference between inlet and throat is 20 cm of water. Cd for venturimeter is 0.97. Find Cd
for V-notch.
22) A submerged weir spans the entire width of a rectangular channel 6 m wide, the crest of
the weir being 1 m above the bottom of the channel. Estimate the discharge when the
depth of water is 1.5 m on the upstream side and 1.15 m on the downstream side of the
weir. Allow for velocity approach. Take coefficient of discharge equal to 0.58 and 0.80
for the free and the orifice portions respectively.
23) Find the discharge over a broad crested weir 10 m, if the head of water over the crest is
1.5 m. Take Cd = 0.70.
24) A reservoir discharges 50000 cum of water per day over a broad crested weir, the head of
water being 400 mm. Calculate the length of the weir required. Take Cd = 0.61.
25) A channel of sectional area 40 m2, discharging 35 m3/s of water is to be provided with a
broad crested weir. If the crest of weir is 1.5 m below the upstream water level, find the
length of the crest. Take Cd = 0.80.

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Experiment No: 3 – Flow over weirs.

Objective:

To determine Co-efficient of discharge for a given weir.

Theory:

 The structure used to dam up a stream or river, over which the water flows, is called a
weir.
 The most popular form is the rectangular weir.
 The edge of rectangular weir is straight and horizontal and expands over the full width
of the channel in which it is placed, then this weir is called weir without end
contraction or suppressed weir because the sides of the channel wall will suppress any
end effect, neglecting of course the wall friction.
 If the weir width is less than the width of the channel, it is known as weir with end
contraction.
 The upper surface or edge of the weir over which the water flows is known as crest or
sill of the weir.
 The overflowing sheet of water over the weir is called nappe or vein.
 If the nappe discharges into air, the weir is said to have a free discharge.
 If the nappe discharges takes place above sill or weir crest, the weir is said to have a
drowned or submerged weir in which case it may totally drowned or partially
drowned.
 If a sharp crested weir is used for long time, its crest will be dulled or damaged,
therefore weir with thick crest should be used where discharge is to be measured for
long periods. Such a weir is known as Broad-crested weir.

Broad-Crested Weir

 A weir having a wide crest is called broad-crested weirs.

 Such weirs generally form a part of a dam and are called spillway or a similar
structure for the measurement of water.
 If the width of crest weir, 0.625 H < B < 2.5 H is called narrow-crested weir.
 If the width of crest weir, 2.5 H B 10H is called broad-crested weir.
 There are two types of broad-crested weirs, namely
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 Broad-crested weir with a sharp corner at the upstream end.

 Broad-crested weir with a round corner at the upstream end.
 There may be possibility of cavitations in case of broad-crested weir with a
sharp corner at the upstream end and hence it is avoided in most of the cases.
 The co-efficient of discharge for a broad-crested weir varies from 0.85 to 1.00.

Ogee Weir

 It is special type of weir employed as a spillway of a dam.

 The discharge flowing over the spillway is measured by making the spillway profile
according to the shape of the lower free nappe of a duly ventilated sharp crested weir.
 This lower free nappe generally rises slightly as it originates from the crest of a sharp
crested weir and then falls making a parabolic form.
 Now if the space between the sharp crested weir and lower nappe is filled with
concrete or masonry, the weir so formed will be termed an Ogee weir.
 In case of sharp crested rectangular weir, the nappe rises by an amount equal to
0.115H above the crest and then falls.
 The major advantage of this weir is that there is no development of negative pressure.

Figures / Lab. Setup:

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Procedure:

 Measure the length of the weir and the cross-sectional area of the measuring tank.
 Allow the water into the flume provided with weir.
 Stop the supply of water into the flume when the water level in the flume is at the sill
of the weir and note down the initial point gauge reading by adjusting the tip of the
point gauge to touch the free surface of water.
 Allow the water to flow over the weir under a constant head.
 Note down final point gauge reading by adjusting the tip of the point gauge to touch
the surface of water.
 For the same discharge, collect the water in the measuring tank for a known interval
of time „t‟.
 Note down the depth of water collected „R‟ in that time.
 Repeat the steps for different discharges or different constant heads.
 Tabulate the readings and calculate the co-efficient.
 Plot a curve between Log Qact and Log H, find the values of K and n from the graph.

Apparatus:

 Sump tank – 145 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm.

 Pump capacity – 1 HP.
 Measuring tank – 0.25 m2.
 Weirs: Broad-crested weir & Ogee weir.

Observations:

 Length of the Broad-crested weir, L = _________ cm = ________m.

 Length of the Ogee weir, L = _________ cm = ________m.

 C/S area of measuring tank, AT = ________ m2.

 Rise of water level in measuring tank, R = ______= cm _______ m.

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

 Initial head of water at the crest level for broad crested weir, Hi = ____ cm =_____m.

 Initial head of water at the crest level for ogee weir, Hi = ____ cm =_____m.

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Observation tabular column: Flow over Weirs.

Final Head,
Trail Time for which water
Weir
No. is collected, t (s)
Hf (cm)

1
Broad-Crested Weir

2
Ogee Weir

Calculations:

 Head of water over the weir, H (m) = (Hi ~ Hf) x 10-2

 Coefficient of Discharge, Cd =

Here, Qact (m3/s) =

 For broad-crested weir: Qth (m3/s) = 1.705 L H3/2

 For ogee weir: Qth (m3/s) = 2.204 L H3/2

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 The above equations is not accurate due to the varied assumptions and approximations
made while deriving it, therefore it is necessary to establish experimentally a
calibration equations for the weir, having general form, Q = K Hn
 Where, K and n are constants for a given weir.
 This equation can be linearlised by taking logarithm on either side so that,

Log Q = Log K + n Log H

 A plot of Log Q v/s Log H will yield a straight line whose intercept on the Log Q axis
will be equal to k and whose slope corresponds to the exponent n.

 Broad-crested weir constant, K = Cd 1.705 L

 Ogee weir constant, K = Cd 2.204 L

 Index value, n =

Results:

 Experimental results:

Co-efficient of Constant, Index value,

Weir
Discharge, Cd K n

Broad crested

Ogee

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 Graphical results:
(Plot a curve between Log Qact and Log H, compute the values of K and n from
the graph)

Constant, Index value,

Weir
K n

Broad crested

Ogee

Conclusions:

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Table 2. Calculations tabular column: Flow over Weirs.

Trail
Weir H (m) t (s) Qact (m3/s) Qth (m3/s) Cd K Log Qact Log K Log H n
No.

1
Broad-Crested Weir

2
Ogee Weir

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Experiment No: 4 – Flow measuring devices: Venturimeter and Orificemeter.

Objective:

To determine Co-efficient of discharge for a given flow measuring device.

Theory:

Venturimeter

 Venturimeter is a device used to measure discharge through pipes.

 It consists of a convergent cone, a throat and divergent cone.
 Convergent cone is one which converges from diameter of pipe to diameter of throat.
 Throat is a small tube in which diameter is kept constant throughout its length.
 Divergent cone is one which diverges from diameter of throat to diameter of pipe.
 The length of divergent cone is always kept more than convergent cone to avoid
excessive energy loss.
 There is a restriction on the diameter of the throat in order to avoid the pressure to fall
below the vapour pressure and its cavitation effect.
 Normally the diameter of throat varies from ⅓ to ¾ times the diameter of the pipe.

Orificemeter

 An orificemeter is simple device used for measuring the discharge through pipes.
 An orificemeter works on the principle as that of venturimeter (i.e., by reducing the
cross-sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference between the two
sections before and after orifice is developed and the measurement of the pressure
difference enables the determination of the discharge measurement of pipes.
 However, an orificemeter is a cheaper arrangement for discharge measurement
through pipes and its installation requires a smaller length as compared with
venturimeter.
 As such where the space is limited, an orificemeter may be used for measurement of
discharge through pipes.

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Lab. Setup:

Apparatus:

 Sump tank – 90 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm.

 Pump capacity – ½ HP.
 Measuring tank – 0.12 m2.
 Flow rate measuring devices: Venturimeter (25 mm x 12.5 mm) and Orificemeter (25
mm x 12.5 mm).

Procedure:

 Note down the inlet diameter, throat diameter of the venturimeter and cross-sectional
area of the measuring tank.
 Connect the two ends of the digital manometer to the inlet and throat of the
venturimeter.
 Press „TARE‟ switch of the digital manometer and makes the indicator reads „0‟.
 Start the centrifugal pump and open the inlet valve.
 Open the corresponding ball valve of the venture or orifice meter pipe line.
 Adjust the outlet valve to give steady reading and note down the differential head
reading of the manometer.

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 For the same discharge collect the water in measuring tank and note down depth of
water collected in a time interval.
 Repeat the same procedure for different set of digital manometer readings for
different discharges.
 Tabulate the readings and calculate the co-efficients.
 Plot a curve between Log Qact and Log H, find the values of K and n from the graph.

Observations:

Horizontal Venturimeter:

 Inlet diameter of pipe of the venturimeter, D1 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of inlet of pipe of the venturimeter, A1 = x D12 = __________ m2.

 Diameter of pipe of the venturimeter at throat, D2 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of pipe of the venturimeter at throat, A2 = x D22 = __________ m2.

Orificemeter:

 Inlet diameter of pipe of the orificemeter, D1 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of inlet of pipe of the orificemeter, A1 = x D12 = __________ m2.

 Diameter of orificemeter, D0 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of orificemeter, A0 = x D02 = __________ m2.

 C/S area of measuring tank, AT = _______________ m2.

 Rise of water level in measuring tank, R = ______= cm _______ m.

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

 Initial differential head loss of water, Hi = _______ m of water, from Digital

Manometer.

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Observation tabular column:

Final differential head loss

Trail Time for which water
Device from digital manometer, Hf
No. is collected, t (s)
(m of water)

2
Venturimrter

2
Orificemeter

Calculations:

 Coefficient of Discharge, Cd =

Here, Qact (m3/s) =

 For venurimeter, Qth (m3/s) = √

√

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 For orificemeter, Qth (m3/s) = √

√

 Venurimeter constant, K = Cd √
√

 Orificemeter constant, K = Cd √
√

 Index value, n =

Results:

 Experimental results:

Co-efficient of Constant, Index value,

Device
Discharge, Cd K n
Venturimeter
Orificemeter

 Graphical results:
(Plot a curve between Log Qact and Log H, Compute the values of K and n from
the graph)

Device Constant, K Index value, n

Venturimeter
Orificemeter

Conclusions:
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Table 1. Calculations tabular column: Flow measurement by Horizontal Venturimeter & Orificemeter.
Trail
Device No. H (m) t (s) Qact (m3/s) Qth (m3/s) Cd K Log Qact Log K Log H n

1
Horizontal Venturimrter

2
Orificemeter

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Viva Questions: Venturimeter & Orificemeter

 Horizontal Venturimeter:
1) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100 mm is
used to measure the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 0.18 N/mm2 and the vacuum
pressure at the throat is 280 mm of mercury. Find the rate of flow. The value of Cd = 0.98.
2) For the venturimeter of 150 mm 75 mm, determine the reading of the mercury
manometer, if the pipe carries a discharge of 35.32 litres/s of oil relative density 0.80.
Take Cd = 0.97.
3) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter = 200 mm and throat diameter = 100 mm is
employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential manometer
connected to the inlet is 180 mm of mercury. If the coefficient of discharge is 0.98.
Determine the rate of flow.
4) An oil of specific gravity 0.80 is flowing through a venturimeter. The diameters at inlet
and at throat are 20 cm and 10 cm. Determine the rate of flow of oil. If the differential
manometer shows a reading 25 cm. Take Cd for venturimeter as 0.98.
5) A venturimeter is installed in a pipeline 30 cm in diameter. The throat pipe diameter ratio
is water flows through installation. The pressure in the pipe line is 137.7 kN/m2 and

vacuum in the throat is 37.5 cm of mercury. If 4 % of differential head is lost between the
gauges. Find flow in the pipe line.
6) The inlet and throat diameters of a horizontal venturimeter are 30 cm and 10 cm
respectively. The liquid flowing through the meter is water. The pressure intensity at inlet
is 13.734 N/cm2 while the vacuum pressure head at the throat is 37 cm of mercury. Find
the rate of flow. Assume 4 % of the differential head is lost between the inlet and throat.
Find also the value of Cd for the venturimeter.
7) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20 cm and throat 10 cm is used to measure
the flow of oil (G = 0.8). The discharge id 60 lps, find the reading of oil-mercury
differential manometer. Cd = 0.98.
 Vertical Venturimeter:
1) A 200 mm 100 mm venturimeter is provided in vertical pipe carrying water, flowing in
the upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet and throat
gives a reading of 220 mm. Find the rate of flow. Assume Cd = 0.98

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2) A 300 mm 150 mm venturimeter is provided in vertical pipe line carrying oil of

specific gravity 0.9, flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section
and entrance section of the venturimeter is 300 mm. The differential U tube manometer
shows a deflection of 250 mm.
Calculate: i) The discharge of oil, ii) Pressure difference between entrance and throat
section. Coefficient of meter = 0.98 and specific gravity of mercury = 13.6.
 Inclined Venturimeter:
1) The following data relate to an inclined venturimeter: Diameter of pipe line = 400 mm,
Inclination of the pipe line with respect to horizontal = 30 , Throat diameter = 200 mm,
Distance between mouth and throat = 600 mm, Specific gravity of oil flowing through the
pipe line = 0.7, Specific gravity of heavy liquid (U tube) = 13.6, Reading of the
differential manometer = 50 mm, The coefficient of venturimeter = 0.98. Determine the
rate of flow in the pipe line.
2) Determine the rate of flow of water through a pipe of 300 mm diameter placed in an
inclined position where a venturimeter is inserted, having a throat diameter of 150 mm.
The difference of pressure between main and throat is measured by a liquid of specific
gravity 0.7 in an inverted U tube which gives a reading of 260 mm. The loss of head
between the main and throat is 0.3 times the kinetic head of the pipe.

Orifice meter:

1) The following data relate to an orifice meter: Diameter of the pipe = 240 mm, Diameter
of orifice = 120 mm, Specific gravity of oil = 0.88, Reading of the differential manometer
= 400 mm of mercury, coefficient of orifice meter = 0.65. Determine the rate of flow.
2) Water flows at the rate of 0.015 m3/s through a 100 mm diameter orifice used in a 200
mm pipe. What is the difference of pressure head between upstream section and the vena
contracta section? Take CC = 0.60 and CV = 1.0.
3) Water is flowing through a pipe line of 50 cm diameter at 30 C. An orifice is placed in
the pipe line to measure the flow rate. Orifice diameter is 20 cm, if the manometer reads
30 cm of mercury, calculate the flow rate and velocity of the fluid through the pipe. ρW at
30 C = 987 kg/m3, ρHg at 30 C = 13600 kg/m3, orifice coefficient = 0.60.

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Experiment No: 5 – Head Loss due to Friction in Pipes

Objective:

To determine Co-efficient of friction for the given pipe.

Theory:

 Whenever liquid flows through a pipe, there will be loss of energy due to force of
friction, changes of cross-section, nature of discharge, presence of obstruction, etc.
 All these losses are measured in terms of kinetic head of liquid.
 The losses that occur in a pipe flow are broadly classified into two groups.
 Major loss – It is the loss due to friction. It is measured by Darcy-Weisbach‟s and
Chezy‟s equation.
 Minor loss – the following are the minor losses which normally occur in a pipe flow.
 Loss of head due to entrance of pipe.
 Loss of head due to exit of pipe.
 Loss of head due to sudden expansion.
 Loss of head due to sudden contraction.
 Loss of head due to a bend.
 Loss of head due to pipe fittings.
 Loss of head due to presence of an obstruction.

Lab. Setup:

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Apparatus:

 Sump tank – 75 cm x 50 cm x 45 cm.

 Pump capacity – 1HP.
 Measuring tank – 0.12 m2.
 Flow head measuring device: Digital differential head manometer.

Procedure:

 Select the pipe for which the Co-efficient of friction is to be determined and note
down its diameter and tapping length.
 Note down the cross-sectional area of the measuring tank.
 Connect the digital differential manometer between the gauge points.
 All the ball valves, except the valves of the pipe for which the Co-efficient of friction
is to be determined are kept closed.
 Start the pump and keep the outlet valve of pump open.
 Adjust the outlet valve to give steady digital differential manometer reading and note
down the readings.
 For the same discharge collect the water in measuring tank and note down depth of
water collected in a time interval.
 Repeat the same procedure for different set of digital differential manometer reading
for different discharges.
 Tabulate the readings and calculate the co-efficients.

Observations:

 Length between pressure tapings, L = _______ m.

 Inner diameter of G.I. pipe, D1 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of G.I. pipe, A1 = x D12 = _____________ = _____________m2.

 Inner diameter of G.I. pipe, D2 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of G.I. pipe, A2 = x D22 = _____________ = _____________m2.

 Inner diameter of G.I. pipe, D3 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of G.I. pipe, A3 = x D32 = _____________ = _____________m2.

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 Inner diameter of P.V.C. pipe, D4 = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of P.V.C. pipe, A4 = x D42 = _____________ = _____________m2.

 C/S area of measuring tank, AT = 0.125 m2.

 Rise of water level in measuring tank, R = ______= cm _______ m.

 Density of water, ρω = 1000 kg/m3.

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

 Initial Pressure gauge reading, Pi (kg/cm2),

 Section (1) - (1), P1 (kg/cm2) = ______________

 Section (2) - (2), P2 (kg/cm2) = ______________

Observation tabular column: Head loss due to Friction.

Pipe Final Digital Pressure gauge reading,

Trail Pf (kg/cm2) Time for which water
Material
No. is collected, t (s)
& dia. Section (1) - (1), P1 Section (2) – (2), P2
1
G.I. Pipe 27
mm dia.

1
G.I. Pipe 19
mm dia.

1
G.I. Pipe 15
mm dia.

1
P.V.C. Pipe
27 mm dia.

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Calculation tabular column: Head loss due to Friction.

Pipe hf
Trail
Material (m of t (s) Qact (m3/s) V (m/s) f Avg. f
No.
& dia. water)

1
G.I. Pipe 27 mm dia.

1
G.I. Pipe 19 mm dia.

1
G.I. Pipe 15 mm dia.

1
P.V.C. Pipe 27 mm dia.

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Calculations:

 Initial Pressure gauge reading, Pi (kg/cm2) = (P1 @ Section (1) - (1) P2 @ Section (2) - (2))

 Final Pressure gauge reading, Pf (kg/cm2) = (P1 @ Section (1) - (1) P2 @ Section (2) - (2))

 Pressure gauge reading, P (kg/cm2) = (Pi ~ Pf)

 Head loss due to friction, hf (m of water) = (Pi ~ Pf) x 10

 Actual discharge, Qact (m3/s) =

 Velocity of flow in pipe, V (m/s) =

 Co-efficient of friction, f =

Results:

 The Co-efficient of friction (f) for

 G.I. Pipe 27 mm diameter = ______________

 G.I. Pipe 19 mm diameter = ______________

 G.I. Pipe 15 mm diameter = ______________

 P.V.C. Pipe 27 mm diameter = ______________

Conclusions:

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Viva Questions: Venturimeter & Orificemeter

1) A pipe of 350 mm diameter and length 75 m water is water flowing at a velocity of 2.8
m/s. Find the head loss due to friction using Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy‟s formula, C =
55. Take kinematic viscosity of water as 0.012 stokes.
2) Find the diameter of a pipe of length 2000 m when the rate of flow of water through the
pipe is 200 litres/s and the head lost due to friction is 4 m. Take C = 50 in Chezy‟s
equation.
3) Glycerine of viscosity 8.35 Poise flows through a 15 cm diameter, 40 m long pipe of cast
iron at a velocity of 3.25 m/s. Find head loss in the pipe. Take density of glycerine = 1260
kg/m3.
4) A smooth cast iron pipe 200 mm in diameter conveys crude oil at a velocity of 3 m/s.
Find the loss of head per 100 m length of pipe. Take kinematic viscosity of crude oil as
0.5 stokes.
5) A pipe of 300 mm diameter and 800 m length oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing at the
rate of 0.45 m3/s. Find head loss due to friction and power required to maintain the flow.
Take kinematic viscosity of oil as 0.3 stokes.
6) A pipe line AB of diameter 300 mm and of length 400 m carries water at the rate of 50
litres/s. The flow takes place from A to B where point B is 30 m above A. Find the
pressure at A if the pressure at B is 19.62 N/cm2. Take f = 0.008.
7) A pipe 250 mm in diameter 1500 m long is laid at a slope of 1 in 200 for first half length
and at slope of 1 in 150 for the remaining length. The pressure at the upper and lower
ends of the pipes are 100 kPa and 50 kPa respectively. Find the rate of flow. Take f =
0.008.
8) A pipe of 20 cm in diameter and 1500 m long carries water from one end to other end.
The pressure measured at inlet and outlets of the pipe line are 12 kPa and 2 kPa.
Determine the rate of flow through the pipe in litres/min. If f = 0.008 for the pipe line in

equation hf = .

9) An oil of specific gravity 0.9 and viscosity 0.06 poise is flowing through a pipe of
diameter 200 mm at the rate of 60 litres/s. Find the head loss due to friction for a 500 m
length of pipe. Find the power required to maintain this flow.
10) A 300 mm diameter pipe gradually tapers to 150 mm diameter in a length of 10 m. If the
discharge through pipe is 0.15 m3/s. Determine the loss of head due to friction, if f = 0.01.

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11) A pipe 50 mm diameter is 6 m long and the velocity of flow of water in the pipe is 2.4
m/s. What loss of head and the corresponding power would be saved if the central 2 m
length of pipe was replaced by 75 mm diameter pipe, the change of section being sudden?
Take 4f = 0.04 for pipes of both diameters.
12) A pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely into
the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is
15 cm diameter and then its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 30 cm. the height of water
level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe. Considering all loses, determine the
rate of flow. Assume pipe friction factor 4f = 0.04 in Darcy-Weisbach formula for both
the sections of the pipe.
13) A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges
freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank,
the pipe is 150 mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300 mm. the height
of water level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe. Consider all the minor
losses. Determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
14) The difference in water surface levels in two tanks, which are connected by three pipes in
series of lengths 450 m, 255 m and 315 m and diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm
respectively, is 18 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if co-efficient of friction are
0.0075, 0.0078 and 0.0072 respectively. Consider: (i) Minor losses and (ii) neglecting
Minor losses.
15) The difference in water surface levels in two tanks, which are connected by three pipes in
series of lengths 300 m, 170 m and 210 m and diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm
respectively, is 12 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if co-efficient of friction are
0.005, 0.0052 and 0.0048 respectively. Consider: (i) Minor losses also (ii) neglecting
Minor losses.
16) Three pipes of 400 mm, 200 mm and 300 mm diameters have lengths of 400 m, 200 m
and 300 m respectively. They are connected in series to make a compound pipe. The ends
of this compound pipe are connected with two tanks whose difference of water levels is
16 m. if co-efficient of friction for these pipes is same and equal to 0.005, determine the
discharge through the compound pipe neglecting first the minor losses and then including
them.
17) A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges
freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank,

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the pipe is 150 mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300 mm. the height
of water level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe. Consider all the minor
losses. Determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe. Draw
Hydraulic gradient line and Total energy line.
18) Water is to be supplied to the inhabitants of a college campus through a supply main. The
following data is given:
Distance of the reservoir from the campus = 3000 m.
Number of inhabitants = 4000.
Consumption of water per day of each inhabitants = 180 litres.
Loss of head due to friction = 18 m
Coefficient of friction for the pipe = 0.007.
If one half of the daily supply is pumped in 8 hours, determine the size of the supply
main.

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Experiment No: 6 – Impact of jet on Vanes

Objective:

(i) To determine the force produced by a water jet when it strikes a flat vane, inclined
vane and hemi-spherical vane.
(ii) To compare the results measured with the theoretical values calculated from the
momentum flux in the jet.
(iii) To determine Co-efficient of impact for different vanes and to compute efficiency of
the vane.

Theory:

 Whenever a jet strikes a vane, it exerts a force on the vane which is hydrodynamic
force, exerted by the jet on the vane is called impact of jet on vanes.
 The amount of hydrodynamic force exerted depends on the diameter of the jet, shape
of the vane, fluid density and flow rate of water.
 The impulse momentum principle based on Newton‟s second law of motion is used to
calculate the hydrodynamic force of jet on the vane.
 The knowledge of this force is essential for working out the work done by the jet on
series of vanes in case of turbines and pumps.

Laboratory setup:

 It is closed circuit water re-circulating system consisting of sump tank, pumpset, jet /
vane chamber, rotameter for flow measurement, direct reading and digital force
indicator.
 The water is drawn from the sump tank by centrifugal pump and delivers vertically to
the nozzle through rotameter.
 The rotameter is a direct indicating flow rate instrument which gives the discharge in
LPM which is determined by the top – position of the float.
 The flow control valve is also provided for controlling the water into the nozzle.
 The nozzle is issued out of the nozzle as jet.
 The jet is made to strike the vane, the force of which is transferred directly through
the load cell to the force indicator in kgf.

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 The provision is made to change the size of nozzle / jet and the vane of different
shapes.

Laboratory setup Operation:

 Fix the required diameter the jet and the vane of required shape in position.
 Connect the power cable to single phase, 220 V, 10 Amps with earth connections.
 Make sure that the digital force indicator is ON.
 Press „TARE‟ switch of the digital force indicator and make the indicator reads „0‟.
 Keep the delivery valve closed and switch ON the pump.
 Close the front transparent cover tightly.
 Open the delivery valve and observe the flow rate of water as read on the rotameter.
 Observe the force as indicated in the force indicator.
 Note down the diameter of jet, shape of vane, flow rate and force and tabulate the
results.
 Switch OFF the pump after the experiment is over and close the delivery valve.

Lab. Setup and Vanes:

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Apparatus:

 Pump capacity – 1 HP, Single Phase, 230 V with Starter.

 Flow rate of water by direct reading by Rotameter in LPM.
 Jet force by direct reading digital force indicator through load cell in Kgf.
 Vanes: Flat, Inclined and Hemi-spherical vanes.
 Jet diameter – 4, 5 and 6 mm (interchangeable).
 Jet pressure by pressure gauge in (kg/cm2).
 Jet chamber – fixed with toughened glass windows with leak proof rubber gaskets.

Observations:

 Diameter of jet, Dj = ______ mm = ________m.

 C/S area of jet, A = x Dj2 = _____________ = _____________m2.

 Density of water, ρω = 1000 kg/m3.

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

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Calculation tabular column: Impact of jet on Vanes

Trail Rotameter - Jet Pressure Actual Force,

Vane type
No. Discharge, Qact (LPM) gauge (kg/cm2) Fact (kgf)

2
Flat Vane

(Δ = 900)

2
Inclined Vane

(Δ = 1200)

2
Hemi-Spherical vane

(Δ = 1800)

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Calculations:

 Velocity of the jet, V (m/s) =

Here, Qact (m3/s) = actual discharge obtained from the Rotameter in LPM

 For flat vane

 Theoretical force, Fth (kg) =

 For inclined vane

 Theoretical force, Fth (kg) = sin2ϴ

Here, ϴ (0) = angle deflected jet makes with the axis of the jet striking

 For Hemi-Spherical vane

 Theoretical force, Fth (kg) =

 Co-efficient of impact, Ci =

 Efficiency of vane, η (%) = Ci x 100

Results:

 The efficiency of the vane

 Flat vane, η = __________ %

 Inclined vane, η = __________ %

 Hemi-Spherical vane, η = __________ %

Conclusions:

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Table 2: Calculation tabular column: Impact of jet on Vanes

Vane Trail
Qact (m3/s) V (m/s) Fact (kgf) Fth (kgf) Ci Avg. Ci η (%)
type No.

1
2
Flat Vane
(Δ = 900)

3
4

5
1
Inclined Vane

2
(Δ = 1200)

4
5
1
Hemi-Spherical
vane (Δ = 1800)

3
4
5

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Viva Questions: Impact of Jet on Vanes

1) Water if flowing through a pipe at the end of which a nozzle is fitted. The diameter of the
nozzle is 100 mm and the head of water at the centre nozzle is 100 m. Find the force
exerted by the jet of water on a fixed vertical plate. The co-efficient of velocity as 0.95.
2) A jet of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s strikes a fixed plate in
such a way that the angle between the jet and the plate is 60⁰. Find the force exerted by
the jet on the plate (i) in the direction normal to the plate and (ii) in the direction of the
jet.
3) A jet of water of diameter 50 mm strikes a fixed plate in such a way that the angle
between the plate and the jet is 30⁰. The force exerted in the direction of the jet is 1471.5
N. Determine the rate of flow of water.
4) A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 40 m/s, strikes a curved fixed
symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction
of the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120⁰ at the outlet of the curved plate.
5) A jet of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 30 m/s, strikes a curved fixed
plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30⁰ to the horizontal. The jet leaves the plate at
an angle of 20⁰ to the horizontal. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate in the
horizontal and vertical direction.
6) A jet of water of diameter 10 cm strikes a flat plate normally with a velocity of 15 m/s.
the plate is moving with a velocity of 6 m/s in the direction of the jet and away from the
jet. Find (i) the force exerted by the jet on the plate (ii) work done by the jet on the plate
per second (iii) power of the jet in kW (iv) efficiency.
7) A 75 mm diameter jet having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal of which
is inclined at 45⁰ to the axis of the jet. Find the normal pressure on the plate: (i) when the
plate is stationary, and (ii) when the plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s and away
from the jet. Also determine the power and efficiency of the jet when the plate is moving.
8) A jet of water of diameter 75 mm strikes a curved vane at its centre with a velocity of 20
m/s. the curved vane is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet
is deflected through an angle of 165⁰. Assuming the plate smooth find (i) force exerted on
the plate in the direction of jet, (ii) power of the jet, and (iii) Efficiency of the jet.
9) A jet of water of diameter 100 mm having a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane,
which is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. the jet makes an angle of 20⁰ with the
direction of motion of vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 130⁰ to the direction of
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motion of vane at outlet. Calculate: (i) vane angles, so that the water enters and leaves the
vane without shock. (ii) work done per second per unit weight of water striking (iii)
effficiency.
10) A jet of water having a velocity of 40 m/s strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a
velocity of 20 m/s. the jet makes an angle of 30⁰ with the direction of motion of vane at
inlet and leaves at an angle of 90⁰ to the direction of motion of vane at outlet. Draw the
velocity triangles at inlet and outlet and determine the vane angles at inlet and outlet so
that the water enters and leaves the vane without shock.
11) A jet of water of diameter 50mm, having a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane which
is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet leaves the vane at
an angle of 60⁰ to the direction of motion of vane at outlet. Determine: (i) the force
exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion. (ii) work done per second (iii)
efficiency of the jet
12) A jet of water having a velocity of 15 m/s, strikes a curved vane which is moving with a
velocity of 5 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet at inlet. The vane is so shaped that
the jet is deflected through 135⁰. The diameter of jet is 100 mm. assuming the vane to be
smooth, find (i) force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion (ii) power
exerted on the vane and (iii) efficiency of the vane

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Experiment No: 7 - Pelton Wheel Turbine

Objective:

To determine the efficiency of Pelton wheel turbine under constant head and to draw
the characteristics curves of Pelton wheel turbine.

Theory:

 A Pelton wheel is impulse type turbine.

 It is employed to where very high head of water is available.
 It converts pressure energy of water into kinetic energy which further rotates the
wheel/runner of the turbine.
 The wheel/runner essentially consists of a disc made of cast-iron or steel fitted to the
shaft.
 On the periphery of the wheel are attached the blades or buckets.
 The buckets are made of cast-iron or hard bronze and are in the form of a double
hemispherical cup.
 The water to the wheel is delivered by one or more nozzles.
 The water after passing through the nozzle strikes the bucket at its centre in a
tangential direction and flows axially in both directions over the two cups.
 Due to impulse of water the wheel rotates.

Laboratory setup:

 The experimental setup consists of a centrifugal pumpset supplies the water from the
sump tank to the turbine through gate valve and notch tank with 600 V-notch and then
to the sump tank, the whole unit arranged in such a way that the unit works on
recirculating water system.
 Loading of the turbine is achieved by electrical loading (AC) connected to lamp-bank
loading with switches for the measurement of brake power.
 Measurement of turbine speed (digital rpm indicator), head on turbine (pressure
gauge) and head over notch by point gauge are provided.

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Lab. Setup:

Apparatus:

 Electrical supply – 3 Ph, 440 V, AC, 30 A with Neutral & Earth.

 Pump capacity – 12.5 HP, 3Ph, 440 V, 50 Hz, AC
 Turbine – Mean dia. = 250 mm, No. of buckets = 20, Dia. of jet = 18mm, Runway
sped = 2000 rpm, head = 80 m (max.)
 Loading – Electrical Loading (AC Alternator)
 Provisions –
 Supply water control by Butterfly valve.
 Flow rate measurement by 600 V-notch, Cd = 0.62.
 Head on turbine by pressure gauge (0 – 10 kg/cm2).
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 Turbine speed by digital rpm indicator.

 Electrical load, change by loading switches – 10 No. (Max. Load : 2 kW).

Operations:

1. To obtain runway speed characteristics:

 Keep the butterfly valve opening and spear rod setting at maximum.
 Keep electrical load on the turbine at zero.
2. To obtain constant head characteristics:
 Keep the butterfly valve opening and spear rod setting at particular position (say:
1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25).
 For different electrical load on the turbine, note down the speed, head over V-
notch.
 Tabulate the readings.
 The above readings are utilised for drawing percentage of full load v/s efficiency.
3. Performance under unit head – unit quantities:
 In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying conditions
and to facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same
type but having different outputs, speeds and working under different heads, it is
often convenient to express the test results in-terms of certain unit quantities.

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Observations:

 Pressure gauge reading,1 kg/cm2 = 10 m head of water.

 Discharge co-efficient of V-notch, Cd = 0.60.
 Central angle of V-notch, θ = 600.
 Density of water, ρω = 1000 kg/m3.
 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

Formulae for calculations:

 Actual discharge by 600 V-notch, Qact (m3/s) = Cd 8/15 tan (θ/2) √ h5/2

 Hydraulic input to the turbine, WP (kW) =

 Brake horse power of the turbine, SP (kW) = x x x

Here, n = No. of revolutions of Energy meter disc, usually 5 or 10.

E.M. Constant = 750 revolutions / kWhr
t = time taken for „n‟ revolutions in seconds.
0.75 = transmission & friction losses.

 Turbine efficiency, η (%) = x 100

 Unit quantities – under unit head,

 Unit Speed, NU =
√

 Unit Power, PU =

 Unit Discharge, QU =
√

√
 Specific Speed, NS =

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Working Proportions of Pelton wheel turbine:

 Velocity of the jet at inlet (m/s), V1 = CV√

Here, CV → Co-efficient of velocity (0.98 to 0.99)
H → Net head on the turbine (m) = (Hg – hf)
Hg → Gross head (m)

hf → Head loss due to friction (m) =

f→ friction factor depends on pipe material

L → Length of the penstock (m)
V → Velocity of flow in the penstock (m/s)
d → Diameter of penstock (m)
g → Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
 Velocity of the wheel (m/s), u = Cu√
Here, Cu → Co-efficient of speed (0.43 to 0.48)
 The deflection angle of the jet through the bucket, Δ = 1650

 The mean or pitch diameter of the Pelton wheel turbine (m), u =

Here, N → Specific Speed of the turbine (rpm)

 Jet ratio (m) = = 12 (for most cases)

 Number of buckets on the runner, Z = 15 + ½ (m)

 Number of jets =

 Size of the bucket: Width = 5 d and depth = 1.2 d

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Draw velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of vane.

 Velocity of wheel, u = u1 = u2 =

 Velocity triangle at inlet will be a straight line.

Vr1 = V1 – u1, Vw1 = V1, α = 0, θ = 0
 Velocity triangle at outlet,
Vr1 = Vr2 , Vw2 = Vr2 cos ϕ – u2 = (V1 - u) cos ϕ – u
 Force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of motion,
FX = ρω Aj V1 (Vw1 + Vw2) ......... ( β < 900)

 Work done by the jet on the runner per second,

FX x u = ρω Aj V1 (Vw1 + Vw2) x u ..... N-m/s (Watts)

 Power given to the runner by the jet = ............ kW

 Work done/s per unit weight of water striking/s,

( ) ( )
= =

 The energy supplied to the jet at inlet in the form of kinetic energy = ½ mV2
 Kinetic energy of the jet /s = ½ ( ) V12

 Hydraulic efficiency, ηH (%) = x 100 = x 100

o For max. Hydraulic efficiency, ηHmax (%) =

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1. To obtain constant Head characteristics:

 Keep the butterfly valve opening and spear rod setting at particular position (say: 1,
0.75, 0.5 and 0.25).
 For different electrical load on the turbine, note down the speed, head over V-notch.

Table 1: Observations tabular column: Constant Head Characteristics

Energy meter
Head
Turbine Generator reading, n = 5
Spear over
Head, P revolutions
rod V-
(kg/cm2) Electrica
Position Speed, Voltage Current notch,
l Load Time, t (sec)
N (rpm) (V) (Amp) h (cm)
(Watts)
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

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Formulae for calculations:

 Actual discharge over 600 V-notch, Qact (m3/s) = Cd 8/15 tan (θ/2) √ h5/2

 Hydraulic input to the turbine, WP (kW) =

 Brake horse power of the turbine, SP (kW) = x x x

Here, n = No. of revolutions of Energy meter disc, usually 5 or 10.

E.M. Constant = 750 revolutions / kWhr
t = time taken for „n‟ revolutions in seconds.
0.75 = transmission & friction losses.

 Turbine efficiency, η (%) = x 100

 Unit quantities – under unit head,

 Unit Speed, NU =
√

 Unit Power, PU =

 Unit Discharge, QU =
√

√
 Specific Speed, NS =

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To draw operating characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine:

 A constant speed is maintained by varying the discharge (by changing spear position)
as the load changes
 From the measured discharge (Qact), head (almost constant), power developed (P) and
overall efficiency (η0) are calculated.
 Curves are plotted between overall efficiency (η0), power developed (P) and discharge
(Qact).
 The operating characteristic curves are also known as constant speed characteristic
curves.
 Figure shows the variation of overall efficiency (η0) and power developed (P) with
respect to discharge (Qact).

Plot Constant Head & Constant Speed Characteristics:

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Table 2. Calculations tabular column: Pelton Wheel Turbine – Constant Head Characteristics
Spear rod Position:

Energy
Turbine Generator V-Notch Turbine Unit Quantities under Unit Head
Meter
Net Electric Speed, Unit Unit Unit Specific
Voltage Current SP Discharge, WP η
Head, al Load N Speed, Power, PU Discharge, Speed, NS
(V) (Amp) (kW) Qact(m3/s) (kW) (%)
H (m) (Watts) (rpm) NU (rpm) (kW) QU (m3/s) (rpm)
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

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Viva Questions: Pelton Wheel Turbine

1) A pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at the rate
of 700 litres/s under a head of 30 m. the buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160⁰.
Calculate the power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine. Assume co-efficient of velocity as 0.98.
2) A pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications: Shaft power = 11772
kW, Head = 380 m, Speed = 750 rpm, Overall efficiency = 86 %, Jet diameter is not to
exceed one-sixth of the wheel diameter. Determine: (i) wheel diameter (ii) the number of
jets required (iii) Diameter of the jet. Take KV1 = 0.985 and KU1 = 0.45
3) The penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the pelton wheel with a gross head of 500
m. One-third of the gross head is lost in friction in the penstock. The rate of flow of water
through the nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2 m3/s. the angle of deflection of the
jet is 165⁰. Determine the power given by the water to the runner and also hydraulic
efficiency of the pelton wheel. Take KV = 1.0 and KU = 0.45.
4) A pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m and is running at 1000 rpm. The
net head on the pelton wheel is 700 m. if the side clearance angle is 15⁰ and discharge
through nozzle is 0.1 m3/s, find: (i) Power available at the nozzle and (ii) Hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine.
5) A pelton wheel is working under a gross head of 400 m. the water is supplied through
penstock of diameter 1 m and length 4 km from reservoir to the pelton wheel. The co-
efficient of friction for the penstock is given as 0.008. The jet of water of diameter 150
mm strikes the buckets of the wheel and gets deflected through an angle of 165⁰. The
relative velocity of water at outlet is reduced by 15% due to friction between inside
surface of the bucket and water. If the velocity of the buckets is 0.45 times the jet velocity
at inlet and mechanical efficiency as 85% determine: (i) Power given to the runner, (ii)
Shaft power, (iii) Hydraulic efficiency and Overall efficiency.
6) A 137 mm diameter jet of water issuing from a nozzle impinges on the buckets of a
pelton wheel and the jet is deflected through an angle of 165⁰ by the buckets. The head
available at the nozzle is 400 m. assuming co-efficient of velocity as 0.97, speed ratio as
0.46, and reduction in relative velocity while passing through buckets as 15%, find: (i) the
force exerted by the jet on buckets in tangential direction, (ii) The power developed.

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7) Two jets strike the buckets of a Pelton wheel, which is having shaft power as 15450 kW.
The diameter of each jet is given as 200 mm. if the net head on the turbine is 400 m, find
the overall efficiency of the turbine. Take KV = 1.0.
8) Determine the power given by the jet of water to the runner of a pelton wheel which is
having tangential velocity as 20 m/s. the net head on the turbine is 50 m and discharge
through the jet of water is 0.03 m3/s. the side clearance angle is 15⁰ and take KV = 0.975.
9) A pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60 m when running at 200 rpm. The Pelton
wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets = 0.45 times the
velocity of the jet, overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient of the velocity is equal to
0.98.
10) A pelton turbine produces 25 MW while running at 750 rpm under an effective head of
1770 m. Calculate (i) least diameter of jet, (ii) mean diameter of runner, and (iii) number
of buckets. Take Co-efficient of velocity = 0.98, speed ratio = 0.46, overall efficiency =
85 %.
11) A pelton turbine produces 15 MW while running at 500 rpm under an effective head of
400 m. if the diameter of the jet is not to exceed one-tenth of the wheel diameter,
calculate the number and diameter of the jets, diameter of wheel and quantity of flow.
Take Co-efficient of velocity = 0.98, speed ratio = 0.46, overall efficiency = 88 %.
12) A pelton turbine works under a head of 400 m and rotating at 12 rps. Calculate the power
produced, hydraulic, overall efficiency, diameter of runner, diameter of jet and jet ratio
when the discharge through the machine is 300 lps and the jet is deflected by 1700. Take
Co-efficient of velocity, CV = 0.97, speed ratio, Φu = 0.46, blade velocity coefficient, K =
0.90.

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Experiment No: 8 - Francis Wheel Turbine

Objective:

To determine the efficiency of Francis wheel turbine under constant head and to draw
the characteristics curves of Francis wheel turbine.

Lab. Setup:

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Apparatus:

 Electrical supply – 3 Ph, 440 V, AC, 30 A with Neutral & Earth.

 Pump capacity – 10HP, 3Ph, 440 V, 50 Hz, AC
 Turbine capacity – 2.5 HP
 Impeller diameter – 150 mm
 Runway speed – 2000 rpm (max)
 Venturimeter – Casted, solid body, 100 mm dia. at inlet & 60 mm dia. at throat.
 Discharge control – Butter fly valve
 Guide vane opening – Hand wheel with 100%, 75%, 50% & 25% openings
 No. of guide vanes – 8 (adjustable)
 Loading – Electrical dynamometer (AC Alternator) belt driven, 2 kW, Single phase,
220 V, 13 amps, 50 Hz at 1500 rpm, transmission efficiency – 85%, Generator
efficiency – 70%, Resistance load bank 200 Watts each 10 Nos.
 Panel mounting & Instrumentations –
 Pump starter, Main rotary switch, Switches & Indicator lamps.
 Head on turbine by pressure gauge (Bourdon type) - (0 – 10 kg/cm2).
 Turbine speed by digital RPM indicator with sensor.
 Digital voltmeter, 0 – 750 V, A.C.
 Digital ammeter, 0 – 20 A, A.C.
 Electrical load, change by loading switches – 10 No. (Max. Load : 2 kW).

Laboratory setup:

 The experimental setup consists of a centrifugal pumpset supplies the water from the
sump tank to the turbine through gate valve with venturimeter with U tube manometer
containing mercury and then to the sump tank through draft tube, the whole unit
arranged in such a way that the unit works on recirculating water system.
 Loading of the turbine is achieved by electrical loading (AC) connected to electrical
dynamometer loading with resistance bank (heaters) with switches, fan to dissipate
heat for the measurement of brake power.
 Measurement of turbine speed (digital rpm indicator), head on turbine (pressure
gauge) and head over notch by point gauge are provided.

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Theory:

 A Francis turbine is an inward mixed flow reaction turbine (i.e., water under pressure,
enters the runner from the guide vanes towards the centre in radial direction and
discharges out of the runner axially).
 The Francis turbine operates under medium heads and also requires medium quantity
of water.
 Water is brought down to the turbine through a penstock and directed to a number of
stationary orifices fixed all around the circumference of the runner. These stationary
orifices are commonly called as guide vanes or wicket gates.

Observations:

 Pressure gauge reading, 1 kg/cm2 = 10 m head of water = 760 mm of mercury.

 Unit weight of water, γω = 9.81 kN/m3.
 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.
 Generator efficiency, ηg = 70 % = 0.7
 Transmission efficiency, ηT = 90 % = 0.9
 Specific gravity of Heavy liquid in manometer (Mercury), GH = 13.6
 Specific gravity of Light liquid in penstock (Water), GL = 1.00
 Horizontal Venturimeter:
 Inlet diameter of pipe of the venturimeter, D1 = 100 mm = 0.1m.
 C/S area of inlet of pipe of the venturimeter, A1 = x D12 = 0.007855 m2.

 Diameter of pipe of the venturimeter at throat, D2 = 60 mm = 0.06 m.

 C/S area of pipe of the venturimeter at throat, A2 = x D22 = 0.002826 m2.

 Venturimeter Co-efficient of discharge, Cd = 0.98

 Venturimeter constant, K = Cd √ = 0.013144

√

 Differential head of water, h (m) = X ( - 1)

h (m) = X ( - 1) = 12.6 x X = _________m of water.

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Formulae for calculations:

 Differential head of mercury, X (m of Hg) = (LLX – RLX) x 10-3

 Actual discharge by Venturimeter, Qact (m3/s) = K √ = 0.013144 √
 Hydraulic input to the turbine, WP (kW) =

 Brake horse power of the turbine, SP (kW) =

 Turbine efficiency, η (%) = x 100

 Unit quantities – under unit head,

 Unit Speed, NU =
√

 Unit Power, PU =

 Unit Discharge, QU =
√

√
 Specific Speed, NS =

Plot Constant Head & Constant Speed Characteristics:

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Working Proportions of Francis wheel turbine:

 The ratio of the width (B) of the runner to the diameter (D) of the runner is
represented by n, i.e., n = .... (0.10 < n < 0.45)

 The ratio of the velocity of flow (Vf) at the inlet tip of the vane to the spouting

velocity (√ ) is represented by ψ, i.e., ψ = .... (0.15 <ψ< 0.30)

√

 The ratio of the velocity of wheel (u) at the inlet tip of the vane to the spouting
velocity (√ ) is represented by ψ, i.e., Ku= .... (0.60 <Ku< 0.90)
√

 Discharge of the Francis wheel turbine, Q = π D1 B1 Vf1 = π D2 B2 Vf2

Where, D1, B1 & Vf1 are diameter, runner & velocity of flow at inlet and D2,
B2 & Vf2 corresponding values at outlet.
If the thickness of the vanes are taken into consideration, then the area through
which flow takes place is given by Q = (π D1 – n t) B1 Vf1

 The head on turbine, H = +

 Radial discharge at outlet: The angle made by the absolute velocity with the tangent
on the wheel is 900 and component of whirl velocity is zero.
(i.e., at outlet: β = 900 & VW2 = 0, at inlet: α = 900& VW1 = 0)
 If there is no loss of energy when water flows through the vanes,

Then, H - = (VW1 u1 ± VW2 u2)

 Workdone / sec on the runner by the jet = ρ Aj V1 ( VW1 u1±VW2 u2)

Here, Velocity of wheel, u1 = and u2 =

 Work done / sec / unit weight of water / s = (VW1 u1 ± VW2 u2)

 Hydraulic efficiency, ηH = = (VW1 u1 ± VW2 u2)

For radial discharge at outlet, ηH = (VW1 u1)

Draw Velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of the vane:

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Table 1: Observations tabular column: Francis Wheel turbine

Percentage of Guide Vane Opening:

Turbine Manometer, X Draft

Generator
(mm) tube

Electri
Speed, Left Right
cal Head, P Vacuum
N Voltage Current limb, limb,
Load (kg/cm2) (mm of
(rpm) (V) (Amp) LLX RLX
(Watts) Hg)
(mm) (mm)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

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Table 2. Calculations tabular column: Francis Wheel Turbine

Percentage of Guide Vane Opening:
Turb
Turbine Generator Venturimeter Unit Quantities under Unit Head
ine
Unit
Electric Speed, Net Volt Curre Head of Unit Unit Specific
SP Discharge, WP η Discharge
al Load N Head, age nt water, h Speed, Power, Speed, NS
(kW) Qact (m3/s) (kW) (%) , QU
(Watts) (rpm) H (m) (V) (Amp) (m) NU (rpm) PU (kW) (rpm)
(m3/s)
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

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Viva Questions: Francis Wheel Turbine

1) A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce 148.25 kW

power. It is working under a head of 7.62 m. the peripheral velocity = 0.26√ and the

radial velocity of flow at inlet = 0.96√ . The wheel runs at 150 rpm and the hydraulic
losses in the turbine are 22 % of the available energy. Assuming radial discharge,
determine: (i) The guide blade angle, (ii) The wheel vane angle at inlet, (iii) Diameter of
the wheel at inlet, and (iv) Width of the wheel at inlet.
2) The following data is given for a Francis turbine. Net head = 60 m, Speed = 700 rpm,
Shaft power = 294.3 kW, ɳO = 84%, ɳh = 84%, Flow ratio = 0.20, Breadth ratio = 0.1,
Outer diameter of the runner = 2 inner diameter of the runner. The thickness of the
vanes occupy 5 % of circumferential area of the runner, Velocity of flow is constant at
inlet and outlet and discharge is radial at outlet. Determine: (i) The guide blade angle, (ii)
The runner vane angle at inlet and outlet, (iii) Diameters of the runner at inlet and outlet,
and (iv) Width of the wheel at inlet.
3) Estimate the main dimensions for Francis turbine to suit the following data: head 100 m,
power 2.5 MW, speed 500 rpm, hydraulic efficiency 0.9, overall efficiency 0.85, flow
ratio 0.15, ratio of wheel width to wheel diameter at inlet 0.1, outer width twice the inner
width and the diameter at outlet is 0.5 times the diameter at inlet. Velocity of flow is
constant.
4) A Francis turbine develops 15 MW under a head of 200 m. The specific speed is 100,
overall efficiency = 0.85 and the velocity of flow is constant is equal to 10 m/s. The
hydraulic efficiency = 0.88, the ratio of width to diameter of wheel at inlet = 0.1 and the
area occupied by the thickness of the blades = 5 % of area of water way. Estimate the
area, guide blade angle, peripheral velocity and velocity of whirl at inlet. Assume axial
discharge.
5) A conical draft tube having inlet and outlet diameters 1.5 m and 1.75 m respectively
discharges water outlet with a velocity of 3 m/s. The total length of draft tube is 6.5 m and
1.5 m is immersed in water. If the frictional losses in the draft tube is 0.25 times velocity
head at outlet, calculate the pressure head at the runner outlet and efficiency of the draft
tube.

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Experiment No: 9 - Kaplan Wheel Turbine

Objective:

To determine the efficiency of Kaplan wheel turbine under constant head and to draw
the characteristics curves of Kaplan wheel turbine.

Lab. Setup:

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Apparatus:

 Electrical supply – 3 Ph, 440 V, AC, 30 A with Neutral & Earth.

 Pump capacity – 10 HP, 3Ph, 440 V, 50 Hz, AC
 Turbine capacity – 1 - 2 HP
 Propeller diameter, D – 150 mm
 No. of blades – 4
 Hub diameter, d – 60 mm
 Runway speed – 2000 rpm (max)
 Venturimeter – Casted, solid body, 100 mm dia. at inlet & 60 mm dia. at throat.
 Discharge control – Butter fly valve
 Guide vane opening – Hand wheel with 100%openings
 Loading – Electrical dynamometer (AC Alternator) belt driven, 2 kW, Single phase,
220 V, 13 amps, 50 Hz at 1500 rpm, transmission efficiency – 85%, Generator
efficiency – 70%, Resistance load bank 200 Watts each 10 Nos.
 Panel mounting & Instrumentations –
 Pump starter, Main rotary switch, Switches & Indicator lamps.
 Head on turbine by pressure gauge (Bourdon type) - (0 – 10 kg/cm2).
 Turbine speed by digital RPM indicator with sensor.
 Digital voltmeter, 0 – 750 V, A.C.
 Digital ammeter, 0 – 20 A, A.C.
 Electrical load, change by loading switches – 10 No. (Max. Load: 2 kW).

Laboratory setup:

 The experimental setup consists of a centrifugal pumpset supplies the water from the
sump tank to the turbine through gate valve and discharges water through
draft tube and then notch tank with rectangular notch and then to the sump tank, the
whole unit arranged in such a way that the unit works on recirculating water system.
 Loading of the turbine is achieved by electrical loading (AC) connected to electrical
dynamometer loading with resistance bank (heaters) with switches, fan to dissipate
heat for the measurement of brake power.
 Measurement of turbine speed (digital rpm indicator), head on turbine (pressure
gauge) and head over notch by hook gauge are provided.

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Performance under unit head – unit quantities:

 In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying conditions

and to facilitate comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same
type but having different outputs, speeds and working under different heads, it is
often convenient to express the test results in-terms of certain unit quantities.

Theory:

 If the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known
as axial flow turbine.
 Head at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy and
during the flow of water through the runner a part of pressure energy is converted into
kinetic energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine.
 For the axial flow reaction turbine, the shaft of the turbine is vertical.
 The lower end of the shaft is made larger which is known as „hub‟ or „boss‟.
 The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence act as a runner for axial flow turbine.
 The vanes are fixed to the hub and they are adjustable, the turbine is known as a
Kaplan turbine.
 Kaplan turbine is suitable where a large quantity of water at low head is available.
 The main parts of Kaplan turbine are:
o Scroll casing
o Guide vane mechanism
o Hub with vanes or runner of the turbine
o Draft tube
 The water from penstock enters the scroll casing and then moves to the guide vanes.
 From the guide vanes, the water runs through 900 and flows axially through the runner.
 The discharge through the runner is given by, Q = (DO2 – DB2) x Vf1

Where, DO – Outer diameter of the runner

DB – Diameter of the boss
Vf1 – Velocity of the flow at inlet
 The inlet and outlet velocity triangles are drawn at the extreme edges of the runner vane.

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Observations:

 Pressure gauge reading, 1 kg/cm2 = 10 m head of water = 760 mm of mercury.

 Unit weight of water, γω = 9.81 kN/m3.
 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.
 Generator efficiency, ηg = 70 % = 0.7
 Transmission efficiency, ηT = 90 % = 0.9
 Length of the rectangular notch, L = 0.5 m
 Coe-efficient of discharge for rectangular notch, Cd = 0.62
 Rectangular Notch constant, K = Cd 2/3 L √ = 0.915419

Formulae for calculations:

 Actual discharge over rectangular notch, Qact (m3/s) = K

 Hydraulic input to the turbine, WP (kW) =

 Brake horse power of the turbine, SP (kW) =

 Turbine efficiency, η (%) = x 100

 Unit quantities – under unit head,

 Unit Speed, NU =
√

 Unit Power, PU =

 Unit Discharge, QU =
√

√
 Specific Speed, NS =

Working principles of Kaplan turbine:

 The peripheral velocity at inlet and outlet are equal, u1 = u2 =

 Velocity of flow at inlet and outlet are equal, Vf1 = Vf2

 Area of flow at inlet = Area of flow at outlet = (DO2 – DB2)

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Plot Constant Head & Constant Speed Characteristics:

Draw velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of vane.

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Table 1: Observations tabular column: Kaplan Wheel turbine

Percentage of Guide Vane Opening:

Turbine Rectangle Draft

Generator
Notch tube
Load
(kg) /
Speed,
Wattage Head, P Head over Vacuum
N Voltage Current
of bulb (kg/cm2) notch, (mm of
(rpm) (V) (Amp)
(Watts) / h (cm) Hg)
Switch
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

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Formulae for calculations:

 Head over turbine, H (m) = P x 10

 Actual discharge over rectangular notch, Qact (m3/s) = K

 Hydraulic input to the turbine, WP (kW) =

 Brake horse power of the turbine, SP (kW) =

 Turbine efficiency, η (%) = x 100

 Unit quantities – under unit head,

 Unit Speed, NU =
√

 Unit Power, PU =

 Unit Discharge, QU =
√

√
 Specific Speed, NS =

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Table 2. Calculations tabular column: Kaplan Wheel Turbine

Percentage of Guide Vane Opening: 100 %
Turb
Turbine Generator Rectangular Notch Unit Quantities under Unit Head
ine
Unit Specific
Electric Speed, Net Volt Curre Head of Unit Unit
SP Discharge, WP η Discharge Speed,
al Load N Head, age nt water, h Speed, Power,
(kW) Qact (m3/s) (kW) (%) , QU NS
(Watts) (rpm) H (m) (V) (Amp) (m) NU (rpm) PU (kW)
(m3/s) (rpm)
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

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Viva Questions: Kaplan Wheel Turbine

1) A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops 11772 kW shaft power. The
outer diameter of the runner is 3.5 m and hub diameter 1.75 m. the guide blade angle at
the extreme edges of the runner is 35⁰. The hydraulic and overall efficiencies of the
turbines are 88 % and 84 % respectively. If the velocity of whirl is zero at outlet,
determine: (i) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet at the extreme edges of the runner,
and (ii) Speed of the turbine.
2) A Kaplan turbine develops 24647.6 kW power at an average head of 39 m. assuming a
speed ratio of 2, flow ratio of 0.6, diameter of the boss equal to 0.35 times the diameter of
the runner and an overall efficiency of 90%, calculate the diameter and speed?
3) The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine, working under a head of 12 m, is 0.35 times the
diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the vane angle of the
extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 15⁰ and the flow ratio 0.6, find: (i) Diameter of the
runner (ii) Diameter of the boss, and (iii) Discharge through the runner.
4) A Kaplan turbine runner has outer and inner diameters as 5 m and 2.5 m respectively. It
develops 30 MW when working under a head of 30 m, hydraulic efficiency of 90 % with
an overall efficiency of 85 % and running at 150 rpm. Find the discharge through the
turbine and the runner blade angles at inlet and outlet, at the hub and at the tip of the
blades.
5) A Kaplan turbine produce 25 MW operating under a head of 40 m. The blade tip diameter
is 2.5 times the hub diameter and the overall efficiency is 0.9. If the speed ratio and flow
ratio are 2.0 and 0.6 respectively, calculate the diameter and speed of the turbine.

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Experiment No: 10 - Multi Stage Centrifugal Pump Test Rig (4 – Stage)

Objective:

To determine the efficiency, specific speed and to draw the characteristics curves of
multi stage centrifugal pump under constant speed.

Lab. Setup:

Apparatus:

 Electrical supply – 3 Ph, 440 V, AC, 30 A with Neutral & Earth.

 Motor capacity –7.5 kW, 3 Ph, 415 V, 50 Hz, 14 A, 2880 rpm, η = 87 %.
 Sump tank – Stainless steel, 1000 mm x 850 mm x 600 mm
 Multi stage Pump (4 stage) capacity – 5.5 kW, 2875 rpm, suction – 37 mm dia,
delivery – 31 mm dia.
 Discharge control – Butter fly valve
 Measuring tank – 500 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm, Area of cross-section = 0.25 m2.
 Panel mounting & Instrumentations –
 Pump starter, Main rotary ON/OFF switch, lamps &fuses.
 Energy meter for measurement of power input to the motor.
 Digital RPM indicator to indicate the speed of the pump / motor.
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 Vacuum gauge to measure suction head.

 Three nos. Pressure gauge – measurement of individual stage delivery head.
 Digital Pressure Transducer – indicating of total delivery head.

Lab. Setup:

Theory:

 A pump is a device which converts mechanical energy to hydraulic energy.

 A centrifugal pump is one which converts mechanical energy to hydraulic energy by
the centrifugal action of the impeller.
 Important components of a centrifugal pump are an impeller, suction pipe with a foot
valve and strainer, a delivery pipe with a delivery valve and a casing.
 The purpose of conducting the experiment is to find the design head and design speed
of the pump for which the characteristics curves are essential.
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 The selection of pump for any particular application is done by understanding their
characteristics.
 The principle of operation of multi-stage centrifugal pump is covered under
rotodynamic pump category.
 In this pump, the liquid is made to rotate in a closed volute chamber. Thus creating
centrifugal action, which gradually builds the pressure gradient towards outlet
resulting a continuous flow.
 These pumps are of simple construction can be directly coupled to electric motor and
more suitable for handling clear, semi viscous as well as turbid liquids.
 The hydraulic head per stage at low flow rates is limited and hence it is not suitable
for high heads, in case of single stage centrifugal pumps.
 But, as the pump in this case in a multi stage construction the pressure gradually
builds up in successive stages almost equally in each stage. Thus achieving
considerably higher heads.
 Main parts of Centrifugal Pump:
 Impeller
 Casing
 Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer
 Delivery pipe.
 Heads of Centrifugal Pump:
 Suction head
 Delivery head
 Static head
 Manometric head
 Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pump:
 Manometric efficiency
 Mechanical efficiency
 Overall efficiency

Observations:

 Pressure gauge reading, 1 kg/cm2 = 10 m head of water = 760 mm of mercury.

 Unit weight of water, γω = 9.81 kN/m3.

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.

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 Motor efficiency, ηM = 87 % = 0.87

 Cross-sectional area of collecting tank, AT = 0.25 m2.

 Rise of water level in measuring tank, R = _________= mm __________ m.

Formulae for calculations:

 Actual discharge, Qact (m3/s) =

 Manometric head, HM (m of water) = HS + HD = [PSG x 10-3 x 13.6 + PDG[4] x10]

 Input Power to the Motor,

PI (kW) = x 3.6 x 106

Here, 3.6 x 106 ---- is conversion factor from kWh to Watts

T (sec) – time required to change in decimal digit
 Output power (delivered by the pump), PO (kW) =γω Qact HM
 Power available at shaft, SP (kW) = Input Power to the Motor, PI x ηMotor

 Overall efficiency, ηO (%) = x 100

Draw velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of vane.

 As the water enters the impeller radially, which means the absolute velocity of water at
inlet is in the radial direction and hence angle α = 900 and VW1 = 0.
 Work done / sec / unit weight of water / s = (VW2 u2)

 Discharge, Q = Area x Velocity of flow = π D1 B1 Vf1 = π D2 B2 Vf2

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Table 1: Observations tabular column: Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump

Measuri Energy
Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump
ng tank meter
Trial
Delivery head (kg/cm2) Time for
No.
Suction head Stage – Stage – Stage – Stage – time change in
(mm of Hg) t (sec) 0.1 digit T
1 2 3 4 (sec)

Plot: Operating Characteristics Curves of a Centrifugal Pump

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Table 2. Calculations tabular column: Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump

`Measuring Tank Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump Energy meter Pump

Trial
No.
t (sec) Qact, (m3/s) HS (m) HD (m) HM (m) PO (kW) T (sec) PI (kW) SP (kW) ηO (%)

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Viva Questions: Centrifugal Pumps

1) The internal and external diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 200 mm and
400 mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles of the impeller
at inlet and outlet are 20⁰ and 40⁰ respectively. The water enters the impeller radially and
velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit weight of
water.
2) A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118 m3/s at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 25
m. the impeller diameter is 250 mm, its width at outlet is 50 mm and manometric
efficiency is 75 %. Determine the vane angles at the outer periphery of the impeller.
3) A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and
running at 1000 rpm against a total head of 40 m. The velocity of flow through the
impeller is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. the vanes are set back at an angle of 40⁰ at
outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm and width at outlet is 50 mm.
Determine: Vane angle at outlet, Work done by impeller on water/second and
Manometric efficiency of the pump.
4) The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump is 400 mm and outlet width 50
mm. The pump is running at 800 rpm and is working under against a head of 15 m. The
vanes angle at outlet is 40⁰ and manometric efficiency is 75 %. Determine: Velocity of
flow at outlet, Velocity of water leaving the vane, Angle made by the absolute velocity at
outlet with the direction of motion at outlet and Discharge.
5) The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is running
at 1000 rpm are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The discharge through the pump is
0.04 m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and is equal to 2 m/s. The diameter of suction
pipe and delivery pipes are 150 mm and 100 mm respectively and suction and delivery
heads are 6m and 30 m of water respectively. If the outlet vane angle is 45⁰ and power
required to drive the pump is 16.186 kW. Determine: Vane angle at outlet, The overall
efficiency of the pump and the manometric efficiency of the pump.
6) Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which delivers 0.04m3/s of water to a
height of 20 m through a 150 mm diameter pipe and 100 m long. The overall efficiency of

the pump is 70 % and coefficient of friction f = 0.15 in the formula, hf =

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7) The diameters of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 300 mm and
600 mm respectively. Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if it works
against a head of 30 m.
8) The diameter of impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 300 mm and 600
mm respectively. The velocity of flow at outlet is 2 m/s and the vanes are set back at an
angle of 45⁰ at the outlet. Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if the
manometric efficiency is 70 %.
9) A centrifugal pump with 1.2 m diameter runs at 200 rpm and delivers 1880 litres/s, the
average lift being 6 m. the angle which the vanes make at exit with the tangent to the
impeller is 26⁰ and radial velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s. Determine the manometric
efficiency and the least speed to start pumping against a head of 6 m, the inner diameter
of the impeller being 0.6 m.
10) A 3 stage centrifugal pump has impellers 400 mm and 20 mm wide at outlet. The vanes
are curved back at the outlet at 45⁰ and reduce the circumferential area by 10 %. The
manometric efficiency is 90 % and the overall efficiency is 80 %. Determine the head
generated by the pump when running at 1000 rpm delivering 50 liters/s. What should be
the shaft power?
11) A 4 stage centrifugal pump has 4 identical impellers, keyed to the same shaft. The shaft is
running at 400 rpm and the total manometric head developed by the multistage pump is
40 m. The discharge through the pump is 0.2 m3/s. The vanes of each impeller are having
outlet angle as 45⁰. If width and diameter of each impeller at outlet is 50 mm and 600mm
respectively, find the mamometric efficiency.
12) Find the number of pumps required to take water from a deep well under a total head of
89 m. all the pumps are identical and running at 800 rpm. The specific speed of each
pump is given as 25 while rated capacity of each pump is 0.16 m3/s.

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Specific Gravity of Water (GW)

Temp
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
⁰C
0 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9999 0.9998

10 0.9997 0.9996 0.9995 0.9994 0.9991 0.9991 0.9900 0.9988 0.9985 0.9984

20 0.9982 0.9980 0.9978 0.9978 0.9973 0.9971 0.9968 0.9965 0.9963 0.9960

30 0.9957 0.9954 0.9951 0.9947 0.9944 0.9941 0.9937 0.9934 0.9930 0.9926

40 0.9922 0.9919 0.9915 0.9911 0.9907 0.9902 0.9898 0.9894 0.9890 0.9885

50 0.9881 0.9876 0.9872 0.9867 0.9862 0.9857 0.9852 0.9848 0.9842 0.9838

60 0.9832 0.9827 0.9822 0.9817 0.9811 0.9806 0.9800 0.9795 0.9789 0.9784

70 0.9778 0.9772 0.9767 0.9761 0.9755 0.9749 0.9743 0.9737 0.9731 0.9724

80 0.9718 0.9712 0.9706 0.9699 0.9693 0.9686 0.9680 0.9673 0.9667 0.9660

90 0.9653 0.9647 0.9640 0.9633 0.9626 0.9612 0.9605 0.9605 0.9598 0.9591

Viscosity of Water (values given in milli poises)

Temp
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
⁰C
0 17.94 17.32 16.74 16.19 15.68 15.19 14.73 17.29 13.87 13.48

10 13.10 12.74 12.39 12.06 11.75 11.45 11.16 10.88 10.60 10.34

20 10.09 9.84 9.61 9.38 9.16 8.95 8.75 8.55 8.36 8.18

30 8.00 7.83 7.67 7.51 7.36 7.21 7.06 6.92 6.79 6.66

40 6.54 6.42 6.30 6.18 6.08 5.97 5.87 5.77 5.68 5.58

50 5.49 5.40 5.32 5.24 5.15 5.07 4.99 4.92 4.84 4.77

60 4.70 4.63 4.56 4.50 4.43 4.37 4.31 4.24 4.19 4.13

70 4.07 4.02 3.96 3.91 3.86 3.81 3.76 3.66 3.66 3.63

80 8.57 3.53 3.48 3.44 3.40 3.36 3.32 3.28 3.24 3.20

90 3.17 3.13 3.10 3.06 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87

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Assessment of CIE for the Practical component:

 On completion of every experiment in the laboratory, the students shall be evaluated and
marks shall be awarded on the same day.
 Each experiment report can be evaluated for 10 marks.
 Marks of all experiments are added and scaled down to 30 marks.
 The laboratory test (including viva) after completion of all the experiments shall be
conducted for 20 marks.
 Marks of 30 and 20 added will be CIE marks for the laboratory component.
 The minimum marks to be secured in CIE to appear for SEE shall be 20 in the practical
component.

Note:
 Students are required to fill up the observation and tabular columns in the laboratory
manual immediately after the laboratory class get evaluated, get it signed by the
laboratory in charge faculty member on the same day, before leaving the laboratory class.
 Attendance for all classes is compulsory and absenteeism to the laboratory classes should
be marked on evaluation sheet as “A – Absent” and marks for the experiment should be
deducted from evaluation.
 Marks of each and every experiment should be awarded during the same class.
 Before external evaluation examination, laboratory record should be duly signed by the
Head of the department.

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