UNIT I: India and the Contemporary World-II

CHAPTER-1
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
TOPIC-1 French Revolution and Making of Nationalism in Europe
Concepts Covered:
 The French Revolution and The Idea of The Nation

 Transport and communication system were approved.

Revision Notes  Taxation and censorship were imposed and military
Idea of the Nation services were made mandatory.
 The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe during Rise of Conservatism and Revolutionaries
 The middle class believed in freedom and equality
the nineteenth century.
of all individuals before the law. Liberalism was used
 It marked the downfall of feudalism and the beginning
to end aristocracy and clerical privileges. After the
of Renaissance which literally means ‘Rebirth’. defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, the European
 The feeling of nationalism was illustrated by a French government adopted the idea of Conservatism.
artist named Frédéric Sorrieu. In 1848, he prepared a  Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed
series of four prints visualising his dream of a world the importance of tradition, established institutions
made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’, as he and customs, and preferred gradual development to
called them. quick change.
 After 1815, several liberals began working in secret
 The painting depicted his dream of a world free of
societies all over Europe to propagate their views and
the absolutist institutions and the establishment of train revolutionaries. Revolutionaries were seen as a
democratic and social republics. It also illustrated the threat to the restored monarchies, and hence, were
Statue of Liberty holding a torch of Enlightenment and repressed.
the Charter of the Rights of Man.  Giuseppe Mazzini, a famous Italian revolutionary
 The concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and was born in 1805 in Genoa. He was the part of a
nationalism dominated the social and political scene of secret society called Carbonari and founded two
Europe in the 19th century. underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles,
French Revolution: Beginning and Salient Features and Young Europe in Berne.
[Board, 2017]  In 1831, Mazzini was sent into exile for attempting
 Till 1789 France was under absolute monarchy. a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed in the
 However, the French Revolution in 1789 was an unification of the small kingdoms and principalities
influential event that marked the age of revolutions in Italy. These societies were joined by like-minded
in Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German
the formation of a constitutional monarchy, thereby, states.
a remarkable reduction in the royal and feudal KEY TERMS
privileges.
 It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of
Nationalism: An ideology which emphasises faithfulness,
national identity and national pride, which can aptly devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds
be called as Nationalism. that such obligations out-weigh other individual or group
interests.
 The revolution transferred the sovereignty from the
Feudalism: A social system existing in medieval Europe in
monarch to the people. which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them
 The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen protection and land in return.
(the citizen) were adopted. Renaissance: The revival of European art and literature
 The Estates General was renamed as the National under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th
Assembly, which was elected by the body of active centuries.
citizens. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: These words are regarded
 French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, as the most famous slogan of the French Revolution. Men
Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s with a promise of and women are born and remain free and equal in rights.
liberating the people from their despotic rulers. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the common
Napoleon (1769-1821) [Board, 2019] good.
Absolute Monarchy: A monarchy in which the monarch
 Ruled France from 1799 to 1815.
holds the supreme or absolute powers. A monarchy that is
 Assumed absolute power in 1799 by becoming the First
not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution.
Consul.
Constitutional Monarchy: It is a system of government
 Introduced the Civil Code in 1804 which also came to
in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally
be known as the Napoleonic Code.
organized government.
 The Code established equality before the law and
La patrie: It is a French word used for fatherland.
abolished all privileges based on birth.
Le citoyen: It is the French word used for the citizens.
 It also abolished the feudal system and freed peasants
from serfdom.
 2 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

Napoleonic Code: The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by 1807: Mazzini was born in Genoa.
Napoleon, is known as the Napoleonic Code. This Code 1814-15: Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
did away with all the privileges based on birth, established 1815: Napoleon defeated by the European powers.
equality before the law and secured the right to property. 1821: Greek struggle for independence began.
Liberalism: It is a political and moral philosophy which is
based on liberty, equality before the law and consent of the 1831: Mazzini sent into exile for attempting a revolution in
governed. Liguria.
Conservatism: It is a political and social philosophy promoting
traditional social institutions in the context of culture and COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
civilisation. Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and
Giuseppe Mazzini: A famous Italian revolutionary who was
born in 1805 in Genoa. He was part of a secret society called the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to
Carbonari and founded two underground societies called French Revolution and Making of Nationalism in Europe.
Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. Points Related to the Goals:
1. The emergence of modern Indian nationalism was
KEY FACTS influenced by similar ideals, especially during the struggle
The French Revolution was primarily caused due to the against British colonial rule.
financial crisis and it began with the Storming of the Bastille, 2. Indian nationalist leaders like Gandhi and Nehru
14th July 1789. mobilised masses and articulated the vision of a free and
In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island united India, drawing inspiration from global movements
of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he remained for independence and democracy.
until he died on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51. 3. India’s struggle for independence culminated in the
partition of British India and the subsequent formation of
KEY DATES the modern Indian nation in 1947.
1789: French Revolution. 4. The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, reflects the
1797: N apoleon invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars began. principles of democracy, secularism, and social justice,
1799 to 1815: Napoleon ruled France. laying the groundwork for the nation’s governance.
1804: Napoleonic Code was introduced, that did away with
all the privileges based on birth. It upheld equality
before the law.

TOPIC-2 The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848)

Concepts Covered:
 The upheavals that took place in France  Romantic imagination and national feeling.

all-German National Assembly.

Revision Notes zzThe issue of extending political rights to women
National Feeling became a controversial one.
zzLiberalism and Nationalism became associated with zzConservative forces were able to suppress liberal
the revolution in many regions of Europe such as movements in 1848, but could not restore the old order.
the Italian and German states, the provinces of the zzAfter 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its
Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. association with democracy and revolution.
zzThe first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. KEY TERMS
The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power The Greek War of Independence: It was a successful war
during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now waged by the Greeks to win independence for Greece from
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. the Ottoman Empire.
zzThe Greek War of Independence was another event which Romanticism: A cultural movement that rejected science
mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite and reason and introduced heart and emotions. The
in Europe. [Board, 2020]
concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared
zzCulture played an important role in creating the idea
collective heritage and a common cultural past for arousing
of the nation. Art, poetry, stories and music helped
nationalism.
express and shape nationalist feelings.
zzRomanticism was a cultural movement which sought to
develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments. KEY DATES
zzLanguage too played an important role in developing 1830: The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830;
nationalist sentiments. Period of Economic Crisis in Europe.
zzRussian language was imposed everywhere. 1832: Greece gained independence.
zzThe 1830s saw a rise in prices, bad harvest and 1834: Zollverein or the Customs Union was formed in Prussia
poverty in Europe. Besides the poor, Scan this to abolish tariff barriers.
unemployed and starving peasants
and even educated middle classes 1848: Revolutions in Europe; Artisans, industrial workers and
revolted. peasants revolt against economic hard-ships; middle
zzIn 1848, a large number of political classes demanded constitutions and representative
associations came together in Revolution of governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles,
Frankfurt and decided to vote for an 1830 and 1848 Czechs, etc., demanded nation-states.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 3

TOPIC-3 Nation States – Unification of Italy, Germany and Britain

Concepts Covered:
 The making of Germany and Italy,  The strange case of Britain.

Britain has a different history of how it consolidated as

Revision Notes 
a nation-state without uprisings and revolutions.
 After 1848, nationalist sentiments were often mobi-  The British Isles was inhabited by ethnic English,
lised by conservatives for promoting state power and Welsh, Scot or Irish. The English nation grew more in
achieving political domination over Europe. The unifi- power and wealth, and it began to exert influence over
cation of Italy and Germany came about through this the other nations of the islands.
process.  The concept of nation states, with England as the centre,
came in 1688 after the Parliament snatched power
Unification of Germany (1866-1871) from the monarchy. In 1707, the Act of Union between
zzIn 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the
England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the
different regions of the German confederation into a ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
nation-state under an elected parliament.
 To ensure the growth of British identity, Scotland’s
zzIn Prussia, nation-building acts were repressed by the
cultural and political institutions were suppressed. The
combined forces of the monarchy and the military
British imposed control over Ireland as well. Ireland
and were supported by the large landowners called
was deeply divided into two groups, Catholics and
Junkers.
Protestants. The English favoured the Protestants and
zzPrussia took over the leadership of the movement.
zzOtto von Bismarck, Chief Minister of Prussia, was the helped them establish their dominance over a largely
architect in the process of nation-building. Catholic Ireland.
zzPrussia emerged victorious after fighting three wars
over seven years against the combined forces of Austria, zzIn 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the
Denmark and France and the process of unification of United Kingdom after a failed Irish revolt. The symbols
Germany was completed.
zzOn 18th January, 1871, the new German Empire headed of new Britain were the English language, the British
by the German Emperor Kaiser William I was declared in flag [Union Jack] and the British national anthem (God
the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
Save Our Nobel King).
zzThe unification of Germany established Prussian
dominance in Europe. KEY TERMS
zzThe new German Empire focused on modernising the Nation-state: A state that establishes itself as a separate
currency, banking, legal and judicial systems. political and geographical entity and functions as a complete
Unification of Italy [SQP 2020-21] and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in
19th century Europe as a result of the development of
zzItaly was divided into seven states.
nationalism.
zzOnly Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian
Prussia: A former kingdom in north-central Europe including
princely house.
present-day northern Germany and northern Poland.
zz North Italy was under Austrian Habsburgs.
zzThe central part was under the Pope. Otto von Bismarck: He was the architect of a Prussian
zzThe southern regions were under the Bourbon Kings consolidation that was also a form of German unification.
of Spain. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfuly
zzDuring the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a coherent pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in
programme for uniting the Italian Republic and formed
preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades.
a secret society called Young Italy.
zzThe failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and Emperor Kaiser William I: He was King of Prussia from 2
1848 prompted King Victor Emmanuel II from Sardinia- January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871
Piedmont to unify the Italian states. until his death in 1888.
zzChief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, Count Cavour, led
Victor Emmanuel II: He was King of Sardinia from 1849 until
the movement for the unification of Italy.
17 March, 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy
zzIn the year 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont with an alliance
with France defeated the Austrian forces. and became the first king of an independent, united Italy
zzIn 1860, Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into since the 6th century.
southern Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, The Union Jack: It is the de facto national flag of the United
and drove out the Spanish rulers. Kingdom.
zzIn 1861, Victor Emmanuel was declared as the king of
united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.
 4 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

KEY DATES KEY DATES

1707: The Act of Union was passed. 1859: Sardinia-Piedmont formed an alliance with France
1801: Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United and defeated the Austrian forces. Large number of
Kingdom after a failed Irish revolt. people under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi
1848: Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different joined the movement.
regions of the German confederation into Nation- 1860: Sardinia-Piedmont’s forces marched into South Italy
state. and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and drove out the
1855: The Kingdom of Sardinia participated from the sides Spanish rulers.
of British and French in the Crimean War. 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was declared as the King of United
1858: Cavour formed an alliance with France. Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.
1859-1870: Unification of Italy. 1866-1871: Unification of Germany.
1871: The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the
German Emperor.

TOPIC-4 Visualising The Nation: Nationalism and Imperialism

Concepts Covered:
 Personification of nation into female

Revision Notes zzThis rivalry for colonies resulted in a series of war,

resulting in the outbreak of the First World War.
Visualising the Nation:
zzThere emerged an upsurge in the nationalist
zzNation was personified in the female form by the
artists of the 19th century. movements against imperial domination globally,
zzFemale allegories such as that of liberty, justice and inspired by the struggle for independent nation-states
republic were invented. and collective national unity.
zzIn Germany, Germania became the allegory of the
nation. zzThese movements against imperilaism led to the
zzIn France, the idea of a people’s nation was Christened development of unique forms of nationalism in
Marianne. She was characterised by the ideas of Liberty
colonies.
and Republic.
zzMarianne’s fasces or a bundle of rods with an axe in zzThe European idea of nation-states became widely
the middle was used to symbolise strength in unity. accepted, but with its own adaptation and evolution
The red Phrygian cap signified freedom of a slave.
It was also known as the Liberty Cap. French people within different regions and cultures.
wore these caps a few days before the storming of the KEY TERMS
Bastille.
Female allegories: They were invented by artists in the
zzThese symbols were usually popular images from
nineteenth century to represent the nation.
everyday life that uneducated masses could easily
identify with. Allegory: It is a poem, story, play, etc. in which characters
and events represent qualities or ideas relating to morals,
zzDuring revolutions, artists represented a nation as
religion or politics. There is hidden meaning implied to be
a person. This personification gave life to an abstract
interpreted by the readers.
concept like a nation.
Nationalism and Imperialism: Imperialism: The policy of extending a country’s power
zzThrough the 18th and the mid 19th century, Europe was
and influence through colonisation, use of military force or
marked by a lot of chaos and turmoil. After 1871, there other means.
was a significant change in the concept of nationalism
in Europe. KEY PERSONALITIES
zz Nationalist groups in Europe had become increasingly Marianne and Germania: Marianne and Germania
incompatible with each other and were constantly in were the female allegories of France and German nations
conflict. The major European powers, namely Russia, respectively. These were an allegory of nation in the same
Germany, England and Austro-Hungary began taking way as Bharat Mata, a female figure is imagined in India.
advantage of nationalism in Europe to materialise their The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of
aims for Imperialism. [SQP, 2020-21], [Board, 2018] Liberty and the Republic—the red cap, the tricolour and the
cockade. The Statues of Marianne were made and erected at
zzThe European powers sighted the much-disturbed
public places and a picture of Marianne printed on postage
Balkan region to fulfil their imperialist goals. The stamps. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because
Balkan region consisted of the following countries that tree stands for heroism. She holds a sword in her hand.
of our times – Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, KEY FACT
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Marianne is displayed in many places in France and holds a
Serbia and Montenegro. place of honour in town halls and law courts.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 5

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and 2. Anti-imperial movements globally emerged as nationalist
the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to struggles for independence, shaping diverse forms of
Visualising The Nation: Nationalism and Imperialism. nationalism.
Points Related to the Goals: 3. Nationalist symbols, such as those representing the British
1. Nationalism in Europe intertwined with imperialism, Empire, reflected imperial pride and dominance.
leading to catastrophic events like the disaster of 1914. 4. Nations came to be viewed as large-scale solidarities
based on collective identities.


CHAPTER-2
NATIONALISM IN INDIA

TOPIC-1 The First World War; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, Differing Strands within the
Movement
Concepts Covered:
 The Effect of the First World War on India  The Idea of Satyagraha  The Rowlatt Act  Non-cooperation Movement
 The notion of Swaraj

zzPeasants’ Movement in Kheda district (Gujarat) in

Revision Notes 1918.
Effects of First World War zzMill Workers’ Movement in Ahmedabad in 1918.
 The Rowlatt Act (1919):
zzThe First World War led to a huge increase in defence
expenditure. This was financed by war loans and zzThe Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative
by increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised and Council in 1919. The Indian members did not support
income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue. the Act, but it was passed nevertheless. The Act gave
Prices of items increased during the war years. The enormous powers to the British Government to repress
prices doubled between 1914 and 1918. The common political activities. It allowed the detention of political
people were the worst sufferers because of the price prisoners without trial for two years.
rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was zzOn 6th April 1919 Gandhiji launched a nationwide
another cause of widespread anger amongst people. satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. The call for
 Crop failure in many parts of India resulted in an a strike on 6th April got a huge response. People came
acute shortage of foods. Influenza epidemic further out in support in various cities, shops were shut down
aggravated the problem. According to the 1921 census, and workers in railway workshops went on strike.
about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines The British administration decided to clamp down on
and epidemic.
the nationalists. Several local leaders were arrested.
The Idea of Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
 Jallianwala Bagh Incident:
zzMahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915.
zzOn 10th April, 1919, two nationalist leaders-Dr Saifuddin
His heroic fight for the Indians in South Africa was Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal were arrested in Punjab
well-known. His noble method of mass agitation under the infamous Rowlatt Act. Martial Law was
known as satyagraha had yielded good results. imposed in Amritsar and the command of the area was
zzThe idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth given to General Dyer.
and the need to search for truth. In April 1917, Gandhi zzThe infamous (shocking) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants
took place on 13thApril 1919 when the peaceful gathering
to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
was attended by men, women and children to protest
 The method of satyagraha was based on the idea that
if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no against these arrests. It was enclosed from all sides
need to use any physical force to fight the oppressor. with narrow entry points. Scan this
Gandhiji believed that a satyagrahi could win a battle zzGeneral Dyer blocked the exit points
through non-violence, i.e., without being aggressive or and opened fire on the crowd.
revengeful. Hundreds of people were killed in
that incident. Public reaction to the
 Some early satyagraha movements organised by Khilafat
incident took a violent turn in many Movement and
Gandhiji: north Indian towns. Non-Cooperation
 [Delhi Set–2 2023] Movement
zzPeasants’ Movement in Champaran (Bihar) in 1917.
 6 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

 Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat issue allowed the Police and brutally beaten up.
Mahatma Gandhi to bring the Hindus and Muslims KEY TERMS
on a common platform. Ottoman Turkey was badly Satyagraha: The policy of passive political resistance was
defeated in the First World War. There were rumours inaugurated by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi during his
about a harsh peace treaty likely to be in the Ottoman stay in South Africa. It is based on the ideals of truth and
Emperor; who was the spirit of the Islamic world (the
non-violence.
Khalifa). A Khilafat comiittee was formed in Bombay
in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee Rowlatt Act: It was an Act which gave the British government
had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and enormous power to repress political activities. It allowed
Shaukat Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to that government could arrest anybody without a trial for two
take up the cause to build a united mass action. At the years.
Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement: Began in January 1921, the
resolution was passed to launch a Non-Cooperation main aim of this movement was not to cooperate with the
Movement in support of Khilafat and also for swaraj. British. It included surrendering of government titles, boycott
[Board, 2020], [SQP, 2020-21] of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Councils,
 Non-Cooperation Movement: In his famous book Hind
school and foreign goods; and a full Civil Disobedience
Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi declared that British Campaign would be launched.
rule was established in India with the cooperation Begar: It is a practice where the worker is forced to render
of Indians and had survived only because of this service to the ‘master’ free of charge or at a nominal charge.
cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British The Peasant’s Movement: It was a social movement involved
rule in India would collapse within a year and swaraj with the agricultural policy, aiming to protect peasants’
would be established. Gandhiji believed that if Indians rights.
begin to refuse to cooperate, the British rulers will have Inland Emigration Act of 1859: Under the Inland Emigration
no other way than to leave India. Act of 1859, without permission, plantation labourers were
 Some of the proposals of the Non-Cooperation: not allowed to leave tea gardens.
zzSurrender the titles which were awarded by the British
Government. KEY DATES
zzBoycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts, 1885: The first meeting of the Indian National Congress in
Legislative Councils and Schools. Bombay.
zzBoycott of foreign goods.
1905: The Partition of Bengal officially came into existence.
zzLaunch a full civil disobedience campaign, if the
government persisted with repressive measures. 1906: Formation of the Muslim League.
 Differing Strands within the Movement: The Non- 1914-1918: The war years-prices increased in double.
Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. 1914 - 1918: The First World War.
Various social groups participated in this movement, 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returns to India.
each with its own specific aspiration. All of them
April 1917: Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire
responded to the call of swaraj, but the term meant
different things to different people. the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
 Awadh: The Peasants’ movement in Awadh was led by
plantation system.
Baba Ramchandra. He was a Sanyasi who had earlier Feb 1918: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha Mill
worked in Fiji as an indentured labourer. The peasants Workers’ Movement in Ahmedabad
were against the high rents and many other cesses, March 1918: Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha
which were demanded by talukdars and landlords. The Movement in Kheda District (Gujarat).
peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of
1919: The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative
the and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
Council.
 Tribal Peasants: Tribal peasants gave their own
interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of March, 1919: Khilafat Committee was founded in Bombay.
swaraj. The tribals were prevented from entering the 6th April, 1919: Gandhiji launched a nationwide Satyagraha
forests to graze cattle or to collect fruits and firewood. against the proposed Rowlatt Act.
The new forest laws were a threat to their livelihoods. 13th April, 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place.
The government forced them to do the begar on road
construction. September, 1920: Congress Session held in Calcutta decided
zzMany rebels from the tribal areas became violent
to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of
and often carried guerrilla warfare against the British Khilafat, as well as, for Swaraj.
Officials. December 1920: Congress Session at Nagpur—a compromise
 Swaraj in the Plantations: The plantation workers was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was
were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without adopted.
permission; as per the Inland Emigration Act of 1859. October 1920: Setup of Oudh Kisan Sabha headed by J. L.
When the news of Non-Cooperation Movement spread Nehru.
to the plantations, many workers began to defy the January 1921: Start of the Non-Cooperation- Khilafat
authorities. They left plantations and headed towards Movement.
their homes. But they got stranded on the way because 1922: Chauri Chaura incident at Gorakhpur.
of a railway and steamer strike. They were caught by
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 7

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-3 Understands the idea of a nation and the emergence of the modern Indian Nation with respect to The
First World War; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, Differing Strands within the Movement.
Points Related to the Goals:
1. Growth of modern nationalism in India is linked to the anti-colonial movement.
2. Sense of unity emerged during the struggle against colonialism.
3. Oppression under colonial rule provided a shared bond among diverse groups.
4. Different classes and groups experienced colonialism differently, leading to varied notions of freedom.
5. Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, attempted to unite these groups within one movement, though not without conflicts.
6. Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements in the aimed to develop the national movement.
7. This period was characterised mass processions and protests.
8. The idea of a nation played a crucial role in the emergence of the modern Indian nation by providing a shared sense of
identity, unity, and purpose during the struggle for independence and in the post-independence period of nation-building.
It continues to shape India’s socio-political landscape and serves as a foundation for the country’s democratic ethos and
pluralistic society.

TOPIC-2 Towards Civil Disobedience; The Sense of Collective Belonging

Concepts Covered:
 The advent of the Simon Commission  Features of the Civil Disobedience Movement  The famous Dandi March
was quite brutal. Even women and children were
Revision Notes beaten up. About 100,000 people were arrested.
 Simon Commission
 Round Table Conference: When things began to
zzThe British Government constituted a Statutory take a violent turn, Mahatma Gandhi called-off the
Commission under Sir John Simon. The Commission movement. He signed a pact with Irwin on 5th March,
was made to look into the functioning of the 1931. This was called the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. As per the
constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Pact, Gandhiji agreed to participate in the Round Table
But since all the members in the Commission were Conference in London. In lieu of that, the government
British, the Indian leaders opposed the Commission. agreed to release the political prisoners. Gandhiji went
zzThe Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It to London in December 1931. The negotiations broke
was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. All down and Gandhiji had to return with disappointment.
parties joined the protest. In October 1929, Lord Irwin When Gandhiji came back to India, he found that most
announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India of the leaders were put in jail. Congress had been
but its timing was not specified. He also offered to declared illegal. Many measures were taken to prevent
hold a Round Table Conference to discuss the future meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. Mahatma
Constitution. Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 Salt March (Beginning of Civil Disobedience By 1934, the movement had lost its momentum.
Movement)  Farmers: For the farmers, the fight for Swaraj was a
zzMahatma Gandhi believed that salt could be a powerful struggle against high revenues. When the Movement
symbol to unite the whole nation. Most of the people; was called off in 1931; without the revenue rates being
including the British scoffed at the idea. Abolition of revised; the farmers were highly disappointed.
the Salt Tax was among many demands which were  Businessmen: The Indian merchants and industrialists
raised by Gandhiji through a letter to Viceroy Irwin. could grow their Business during the First World
zzThe Salt March or Dandi March was started by Gandhiji War. They were against those colonial policies which
on 12th March, 1930. He was accompanied by 78 restricted their business activities. They wanted
volunteers. They walked for 24 days to cover a distance protection against imports and a Rupee-Sterling
of 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi. Many more Foreign Exchange ratio which would discourage
joined them on the way. On 6th April, 1930, Gandhiji imports. The Indian Industrial and Commercial
ceremonially violated the law by taking a fistful of salt. Congress was formed in 1920 and the Federation of
zzThe Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
Disobedience Movement. Thousands of people broke (FICCI) was formed in 1927. These were the results of
the salt law in different parts of the country. People attempts to bring the common business interests on a
demonstrated in front of government salt factories. common platform. For the Businessmen, Swaraj meant
Foreign cloths were boycotted. Peasants refused to an end to oppressive colonial policies. They wanted
pay revenue. Village officials resigned. Tribal people an environment which could allow the Business to
violated forest laws. flourish. They were apprehensive of militant activities
 Response of British Rulers: The Colonial Government and of growing influence of Socialism among the
began to arrest the Congress leaders. This led to violent younger members of the Congress.
clashes in many places. The Government’s repression
 8 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

 Industrial Workers: The Industrial workers showed resolution demanding the immediate transfer of power
a lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience to Indians and quit India.
Movement. Since, industrialists were closer to the zzOn 8 August 1942 in Bombay, the All India Congress
Congress, workers kept a distance from the Movement. Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a
But some workers selectively participated in the non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale
Movement. Congress did not want to alienate the throughout the country. It was on this occasion that
Industrialists and hence, preferred to keep the workers’ Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech.
demands at bay.
zzGandhi’s electrifying speech galvanised the nation,
 Depressed Classes: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar demands for
prompting widespread participation from across social
separate electorates for dalits. This made a clash classes. Strikes, demonstrations, and nationalistic
between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. When British
fervour gripped the country as ordinary people,
accepted their demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto
students, workers, and women like Matangini Hazra
death as he believed that it would slow down the
and Kanaklata Barua joined the fight.
process of their integration into society. As a result
zzDespite fierce British crackdowns, the movement’s
Ambedkar and Gandhiji signed an agreement known
impact spanned over a year, showcasing the
as Poona pact of September 1932 in which dalits got
unwavering desire for freedom.
reservation in Provincial and Central Legislative
councils. zzIn conclusion, Growing resentment towards British

 Women’s Participation: Women also participated in

rule drew diverse groups and classes together in
the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers. a shared pursuit of freedom. Led by Gandhi, the
However, most of the women was from High-Caste Congress aimed to channel this anger into organised
families in the urban areas and from rich peasant movements, striving to forge a unified national front.
households in rural areas. But for a long time, the zzHowever, participants held diverse aspirations for
Congress was reluctant to give any position of authority what an independent India should look like, leading
to women within the organisation. The Congress was to internal fissures. The Congress constantly sought
just keen on the symbolic presence of women. to reconcile these differences, preventing one group’s
 The Sense of Collective Belonging goals from alienating others, but unity remained
zzNationalist Movement spreads when people belonging fragile.
to different regions and communities begin to develop KEY TERMS
a sense of collective belongingness. The identity of a Dominion status: It meant giving a semi autonomous
nation is most often symbolized in a figure or an image. status to India and not full independence where India would
zzThis image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim still accept the British sovereignty and the British monarch as
Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870 when he wrote ‘Vande the head of the state.
Mataram’ for our motherland. Indian folk songs and Salt March or Dandi March: It was an act of civil disobedience
folk tales sung by bards played an important role in led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India.
making the idea of nationalism. In Bengal, Rabindranath Gandhi-Irwin Pact: It was a political agreement signed by
Tagore and in Madras, Natesa Sastri Made collection of Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5
March, 1931, before the Second Round Table Conference in
folk tales and songs which led the Movement for folk
London.
revival.
zzDuring the Swadeshi Movement, a tri-color (red, green
ICCI: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce
and yellow) flag was designed in Bengal. It had eight and Industry (FICCI), association of Indian business
lotuses representing eight provinces and a crescent organisations, dedicated to promoting the growth and global
moon representing Hindus and Muslims. competitiveness of Indian businesses.
zzMeans of creating a feeling of nationalism was Poona Pact: It was an agreement between Hindu leaders in
through reinterpretation of history. The nationalist India granting new rights to Dalits.
writers urged the readers to take pride in India’s great Nationalism: It is a political, social and economic ideology or
achievements in the past and struggle to change the a movement characterised by the promotion of the interests
miserable conditions of life under British rule. of a nation, as a whole.
Quit India Movement Swaraj: Swaraj means ‘self-rule’ or ‘self-government’. In
the context of India’s independence movement, it meant
zzThe failed Cripps Mission and World War II fuelled
freedom from the colonial rule, both politically and socially.
widespread anger and a demand for immediate British
Swadeshi Movement: It was a movement for national
withdrawal. The Congress, led by Gandhi, passed the independence in India boycotting foreign goods and
revolutionary “Quit India” resolution, igniting a mass encouraging the use of domestic products. It aimed to
non-violent struggle. resist British control and promote self-reliance, indigenous
zzThe Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in businesses, national education, and Indian languages.
Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed the historic ‘Quit India’
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 9

KEY PERSONALITIES December, 1929: Lahore Session of the Congress—Demand

Lord Irwin : He was a senior British Conservative politician of for Purna Swaraj.
the 1930s and the Viceroy of British India from 3 April 1926 January 31, 1930: Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin
– 18 April 1931. stating 11 demands.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: He is the father of the In- dian 12th March, 1930: Salt /Dandi March was started by Gandhiji.
Constitution, was an ambitious leader, journalist, economist
6th April, 1930: Gandhiji ceremonially violated the law by
and social reformer who fought for discrimination against
manufacturing a fistful of salt .
the untouchables.
April, 1930: Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested.
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: He wrote ‘Vande Mataram’
and created the image of Bharat Mata. 5th March, 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact is signed.
Rabindranath Tagore: He was a poet, writer, playwright, December, 1931: Gandhiji went to Second Round Table
composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter. Conference.
Natesa Sastri: He published a massive four- volume 1931: Second Round Table Conference; Gandhi- Irwin Pact;
collection of Tamil folk tales. Census of India.
1932: Suppression of the Congress movement; Third
Round Table Conference. Civil Disobedience Movement is
KEY DATES relaunched.
1920:The Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress was
formed. September 1932: Poona Pact was signed.
1927:The Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce 1934: Civil Disobedience Movement lost its momentum and
and Industries (FICCI) was formed. came to a stop.
1928:Simon Commission arrived in India.
Oct, 1929: Lord Irwin announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion
Status’ for India.

CHAPTER-3
THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD

TOPIC-1 The Pre Modern World and The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
Concepts Covered:
 How traders and travellers led to spread of trade, cultural exchange and diseases  Onset of globalization  Global agricultural
economy  Indentured labour migration from India  Indian entrepreneurs and their role in global trade

Traders and travellers introduced new crops to various

Revision Notes regions, exemplified by the journey of noodles from
The Pre-Modern World [Board, 2023-24] China to possibly becoming spaghetti in Italy.
zzThe origins of certain foods, like potatoes, soya, and
zzGlobalisation refers to an economic Scan this maize, can be traced back to the Americas, discovered
system that has emerged in the last 50 by Christopher Columbus. The introduction of these
years. foods significantly impacted diets, improving nutrition
zzFrom ancient times, travellers, traders, and extending life expectancy.
priests and pilgrims travelled vast zzNotably, the potato became a staple in Europe, and
distances for knowledge, opportunity, The Pre-modern
World its crop failure in Ireland during the 1840s led to
spiritual fulfilment or to escape a devastating famine, highlighting the profound
persecution. [Board, 2023] influence of food on societies.
zzThe Silk Routes are a good example of Pre-modern trade Conquest, Disease and Trade
and cultural links between distant parts of the world. zzIn the sixteenth century, European exploration and
zzThe name ‘Silk Routes’ points to the importance of conquest significantly reshaped the pre-modern
West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. world. The discovery of sea routes to Asia and America
zzTrade and cultural exchange always went hand in facilitated the exchange of goods, knowledge, and
hand. customs. The Indian subcontinent played a crucial role
zzTraders and travellers introduced new crops to the in these trade networks. European entry redirected
lands that they travelled. some flows towards Europe, transforming global trade
zzEurope’s poor began to eat better and live longer with dynamics.
the introduction of the humble potato. zzThe conquest of America by the Portuguese and
zzIreland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on Spanish in the mid-sixteenth century had profound
potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato consequences. European diseases, particularly
crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of smallpox, proved devastating to the original inhabitants
starvation. who lacked immunity. The diseases spread ahead of
zzEuropean sailors found a sea route to Asia and also European conquerors, decimating communities and
successfully crossed the western ocean to America. facilitating conquest.
zzThe exchange of food has played a crucial role in zzPrecious metals from America, especially silver from
long-distance cultural interactions throughout history. Peru and Mexico, enriched Europe and fueled its
10 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

trade with Asia. Legends of South America’s wealth, Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji, Ceylon, and Malaya.
like El Dorado, prompted expeditions. European Recruitment involved deceptive practices by agents,
settlers, immune to diseases, established colonies, and leading to a system often likened to slavery. Upon
plantations in America, worked by African slaves. arrival, labourers endured harsh conditions, inspiring
zzUntil the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were creative forms of self-expression and cultural fusion.
common in Europe. Cities were crowded and deadly Many stayed in their new homes, forming large
diseases were widespread. Religious conflicts were communities.
common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. zzIndian entrepreneurs played a pivotal role in global
Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. trade during the late nineteenth century. Groups
zzUntil the eighteenth century, China and India stood like the Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars
among the world’s wealthiest nations, dominating financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast
Asian trade. However, in the fifteenth century, Asia, establishing intricate money transfer systems
China limited overseas interactions and adopted an and indigenous corporate structures. Hyderabadi
isolationist stance. This withdrawal, coupled with Sindhi traders expanded globally, creating successful
the growing significance of the Americas, led to a emporiums at major ports. Meanwhile, changes in
westward shift in the centre of world trade. Europe British cotton manufacturing led to a decline in Indian
subsequently emerged as the new focal point for global textile exports. The shift towards raw material exports,
trade dynamics. including cotton, indigo, and opium, altered India’s
The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914) trade dynamics. Britain’s trade surplus with India
zzThe formation of a global agricultural economy in facilitated multilateral settlements, balancing its deficits
the 19th century marked a significant shift in food and contributing to the late-nineteenth-century global
production and consumption patterns, primarily economy.
observed in industrial Europe. The abandonment of
self-sufficiency in food by Britain, following the repeal
KEY TERMS
of the Corn Laws, led to cheaper food imports, causing Globalisation: It is generally associated with the economy as
economic upheaval. Vast uncultivated lands and the free movement of capital, goods, technology, ideas and
unemployment resulted from the inability of British people across the globe. Globalisation in a broader sense
agriculture to compete. This triggered mass migrations also includes cultural exchanges between different countries
to cities and overseas. of the world.
zzThe increased demand for food in Britain fueled Silk Route: The route taken by traders to carry silk cargoes
agricultural expansion worldwide, including Eastern from China to the West, which affected the cultures of China,
Europe, Russia, America, and Australia. The growth Central Asia and the West.
necessitated infrastructural developments like railways
and expanded harbours. Capital flowed from financial Colonisation: It occurs when one nation subjugates another,
centres, especially London, and migration surged to conquering it and exploiting its people and resources. It
areas with labour shortages. often involves imposing the colonising nation’s language and
zzBy 1890, a global agricultural economy emerged, cultural values on the colonised people.
reshaping labour movements, capital flows, ecologies, Colonial Powers: A country which possesses, or formerly
and technology. A dramatic transformation occurred possessed, colonies in different parts of the world.
in the sources of food, which were no longer local
but transported from distant regions. This change Cattle Plague or Rinderpest: It was a disease caused by the
was mirrored in the cultivation of commodities like rinderpest virus which primarily infected cattle and buffalo.
cotton and rubber. The specialisation in commodity
production led to a substantial increase in world KEY FACT
trade, with primary products constituting a significant The Corn Laws prevented the import of wheat until the
portion. domestic price exceeded a certain figure. The result was to
zzTechnological advancements, such as railways, keep the price of bread high.
steamships, and the telegraph, played a crucial
role in transforming the nineteenth-century world.
These innovations, driven by social, political, and KEY DATES
economic factors, significantly impacted global 3000 BCE: An active coastal trade linked the Indus Valley
trade and connectivity. The example of refrigerated Civilisation with present day West Asia.
ships revolutionised the meat trade, making it more 15th Century: Existence of Silk Routes.
accessible.
zzIn the late nineteenth century, global trade expansion Mid 16th Century Portuguese and Spanish conquest and
brought prosperity but also darker consequences. colonisation of America.
European conquests reshaped the world economy, 1845-1849: Potato Famine in Ireland. During this famine,
often at the expense of colonised societies. The Berlin
Conference of 1885 saw major European powers around 1,000,000 people died of starvation in Ireland.
dividing Africa, redrawing borders arbitrarily. Belgium, 1880s: Rinderpest (Cattle Plague) had a terrifying impact on
Germany, and the US joined the colonial race. A livelihoods of the African people and the local economy.
poignant example of destructive colonial impact is
rinderpest, a cattle plague in 1890s Africa. 1885: The big European powers met in Berlin to complete
zzIndentured labour migration from India in the the carving up of Africa between them.
nineteenth century reflects the dual nature of that
1890: Global agricultural economy took shape.
era—economic growth alongside immense hardship.
Hundreds of thousands of labourers from regions like 1892: Rinderpest reached Africa’s Atlantic coast.
eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar sought work globally,
facing exploitation. Main destinations included the
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 11

TOPIC-2 The Inter-war Economy and Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
Concepts Covered:
 The First World war as the first modern industrial war  Post-war economic recovery  The Great Depression and its effect on
India  Bretton Woods • Globalisation

US, affecting over 4,000 banks and 110,000 companies.

Revision Notes By 1935, modest recovery began in industrialised
The Inter War Economy [Board, 2023] nations, yet enduring effects persisted. In India, the
zzThe First World War was fought between two power integrated global economy transmitted the crisis,
blocs. On the one side were the Allies – Britain, France severely impacting trade, especially in agricultural
and Russia (later joined by the US); and on the opposite goods. Peasants faced hardships, with jute producers
side were the Central Powers – Germany, Austria- in Bengal experiencing a significant crash in prices. The
Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. This War, lasting over depression sparked unrest in rural India, culminating
four years, marked the first modern industrial war, in Mahatma Gandhi’s civil disobedience movement in
involving destructive technologies like machine guns 1931. Urban areas, however, saw some benefits from
and chemical weapons. Most of the killed and maimed falling prices and increased industrial investment.
were men of working age. These deaths and injuries Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe. zzThe Second World War, lasting six years, witnessed
zzWith fewer numbers within the family, household extensive global conflict with at least 60 million
incomes declined after the war. During the war, casualties, profoundly impacting Europe and Asia.
industries were restructured to produce war-related Unlike prior wars, civilian casualties surpassed military
goods. Entire societies were also reorganised for ones, leaving widespread devastation. Post-war
war – as men went to battle, women stepped in to reconstruction faced formidable challenges.
undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected zzThe US emerged as a dominant force in the Western
to do. Economic links snapped, leading to borrowing world, shaping economic and political landscapes.
and lending among nations. Post-war recovery posed Simultaneously, the Soviet Union’s sacrifices and
transformation into a major power during the war
challenges for Britain, which struggled due to increased
defined its influential role. The immense destruction
debt and global economic shifts. demanded prolonged and intricate reconstruction
zzThe war had led to an economic boom, that is, to a large efforts on both economic and societal fronts.
increase in demand, production and employment. zzPost-War Settlement and Bretton Woods Institutions: Post-
When the war boom ended, production contracted World War II economic lessons emphasised the need for
and unemployment increased. At the same time the stable mass consumption and incomes. To achieve this,
government reduced bloated war expenditures to governments were deemed essential for maintaining
bring them into line with peacetime revenues. These steady employment and intervening to ensure economic
developments led to huge job losses – in 1921 one in stability. The Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 outlined
every five British workers was out of work. Meanwhile, the post-war international economic system, establishing
the US experienced quicker recovery, adopting mass institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
production in the 1920s, particularly in industries like and the World Bank.
zzThese institutions aimed to address external surpluses/
automobiles. The US became an international creditor,
exporting capital and boosting world trade. deficits and finance post-war reconstruction. The
fixed exchange rate system pegged currencies to the
zzIn the 1920s, the US witnessed a shift towards mass
dollar, fostering stable growth in trade and incomes,
production, notably pioneered by car manufacturer particularly for Western industrial nations and Japan.
Henry Ford. Employing assembly line methods, workers The Bretton Woods institutions gradually shifted focus
performed repetitive tasks at a rapid pace, significantly to developing countries, prompting calls for a new
increasing output. Ford’s introduction of the $5 daily international economic order by the Group of 77 (G-
wage aimed at retaining workers and eliminating 77). Developing nations sought control over resources,
unions. Mass production, spreading to Europe, fairer prices, and improved market access.
lowered costs, enabling more affordable goods like cars, zzEnd of Bretton Woods and Rise of Globalisation: Despite
refrigerators, and washing machines. The resulting post-war stability, the 1960s saw challenges with rising
consumer boom fueled economic prosperity, marked U.S. costs, leading to the collapse of fixed exchange
by increased employment, incomes, and investment. rates in the early 1970s. Developing nations faced new
However, this boom proved short-lived, as the world financial dynamics, borrowing from commercial banks
and experiencing periodic debt crises.
entered an unprecedented depression in 1929.
zzUnemployment rose in the industrial world from the
zzThe Great Depression, commencing in 1929, brought
mid-1970s, and multinational corporations (MNCs)
widespread economic devastation globally. Agricultural began outsourcing to low-wage Asian countries.
regions suffered more due to a prolonged fall in China’s economic policies and the fall of Soviet-
prices, exacerbating overproduction issues. Factors style communism in Eastern Europe reintegrated
contributing to the depression included agricultural many nations into the global economy. Low wages
challenges and the abrupt withdrawal of US loans in in countries like China attracted foreign investment,
the mid-1920s. The collapse of banks, businesses, and reshaping the world’s economic geography and
the loss of homes marked the severe impact in the driving rapid transformations in nations such as India,
China, and Brazil.
12 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-7 Develops an understanding of the 8. Economic challenges post-independence widened
economy of a nation, with specific reference to India with income disparities and affected various social groups.
respect to The Inter-war Economy and Rebuilding a World 9. Global economic instability during the inter-war period
Economy: The Post-war Era impacted India’s trade and industrial growth. To tackle
1. Decolonisation led to economic challenges in newly this, economic policies were reshaped to navigate the
independent nations like India and Africa. challenges of the era
2. Loss of colonial trade networks and exploitation impacted 10. Post-WWII economic landscape influenced India’s
economic development. industrialisation and trade policies. An approach towards
3. Nations adopted import substitution industrialisation import substitution and export-oriented strategies
and agrarian reforms to boost their economies. was adopted to boost economic growth. This shift was
4. The nations focused on self-sufficiency and resource evident in India’s efforts to promote domestic industries
management to overcome colonial legacies. by imposing tariffs on imports and providing incentives
5. Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and World Bank) for local manufacturing. Additionally, India sought to
stepped in to address poverty and development needs of enhance its export capabilities by investing in key sectors
former colonies. and fostering international trade relations. These policies
aimed to strengthen India’s economic independence and
6. IMF and World Bank provided financial assistance and
competitiveness in the global market while addressing
development loans to developing countries.
the challenges posed by post-war reconstruction and
7. Developing countries, including India, demanded fairer geopolitical dynamics.
trade practices and control over resources.

CHAPTER-4
PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

TOPIC-1 Print Culture and The Modern World

Concepts Covered:
 The beginning of print technology.  Spread and growth of print technology in Europe.

zzIn 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote

Revision Notes ‘Ninety-Five Theses’ criticising the Catholic Church.
Beginning of Printing [Board, 2019] Printing helped to spread the new ideas of
zzThe earliest kind of print technology was developed
reformation.
in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of Hand zzThe Roman Church imposed severe controls over
Printing. publishers and booksellers.
zzBooks in China were printed by rubbing the paper The Reading Mania
against the inked surface of woodblocks. zzIn England, Penny Chapbooks were carried, by petty
zzChina was the major producer of printed materials. pedlars known as ‘Chapmen sold for a Penny’.
zzThe skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable zzIn France, small books printed on poor quality paper
accuracy and the different style of writing called were called the ‘Bibliothèque Bleue’, and were sold at
Calligraphy. low-price.
zzShanghai was the hub of the new print culture. zzThe periodical press, newspapers and journals carried
zzThe oldest Japanese Buddhist book, the Diamond Sutra information about wars, trade as well as news of
was printed in AD 868. development in other places.
zzIn medieval Japan, poems and prose were regularly zzThe ideas and writings of the scientists and thinkers
published and books were cheap and abundant. like Isaac Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean-Jacques
Print Comes to Europe: Rousseau were printed and read by a large number of
zzFor centuries, silk and spices from China flowed into audience.
Europe through the Silk Route. zzThe French Revolution occurred as printing helped in
zzIn the 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe spreading the ideas of liberty, freedom and nationalism.
through the Silk Route. zzPrimary education became compulsory from the late
zzGutenberg, son of a merchant, mastered the printing 19th century; children became an important category of
technique by 1448. The first book printed by him was readers.
the Bible. One hundred eighty copies of this book were zzA children’s press, devoted to literature for children,
printed in three years. was set up in France in 1857.
zzPrinted books at first closely resembled the written zzPenny magazines were especially meant for women.
manuscripts in appearance and layout. The best-known novelists were Jane Austen, the Bronte
zzLuxury editions were still written by hand on very Sisters and George Eliot.
expensive ‘Vellum’, meant for aristocratic circles. zzIn the 19th century, libraries in England became
The Print Revolution: instruments for educating factory workers, artisans
zzThe Print Revolution transformed the lives of people. and lower-middle-class people.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 13
zzSelf-educated working-class people wrote political
tracts and autobiographies.
KEY DATES
594 CE: Books in China were printed by rubbing paper against
zzBy the late 18th century, the press came to be made out
the inked surface of woodblocks.
of metal. 768-770 CE: Hand printing technology was introduced in
zzRichard M. Hoe of New York made the power-driven Japan.
Cylindrical Press, which was capable of printing 8,000
sheets per hour. This press was particularly used for 868 CE: The first Japanese book, ‘The Diamond Sutra’ was
printing newspapers. printed.
zzIn the late 19th century, the Offset Press was developed. 11th Century: Paper reached Europe from China.
zzIn the 1930s, publishers brought out cheap paperback 1295: Marco Polo brought the knowledge of producing
editions. books with woodblocks to Europe from China.
zzPrinters and publishers continuously developed new 1448 CE: Johann Gutenberg invented the Printing Press.
strategies to sell their products. In the 1920s in England, 1450-1550 AD: Printing Press set up in most countries of
popular works were sold in cheap series, called the
Europe.
Shilling Series. 1517 CE: Religious reformer Martin Luther printed ‘Ninety-
Five Theses’, criticising many of the practices and rituals
KEY TERMS of the Roman Catholic Church, starting the ‘Protestant
Woodblock: It is a form of relief printing and is based on the Reformation’.
principle that parts that are not to be printed are cut out. 1558 CE: The Roman Church began maintaining an index of
Instead colours are pressed on the raised parts, applied like prohibited books.
a relief and this would then be rubbed onto a piece of paper
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
or pushed through the press, in which case, the reliefs would
Curricular Goals: CG-2 Analyses the important phases in
be reversed.
world history and draws insights to understand the present-
Calligraphy: It is an ancient writing technique using flat day world.
edged pens to create artistic lettering using thick and thin CG-9 Understands and appreciates the contribution of India
lines depending on the direction of the stroke. through history and present times, to the overall field of
Diamond Sutra: The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 Social Science, and the disciplines that constitute it with
containing six sheets of texts and woodcut illustrations. respect to Print Culture and The Modern World
Points Related to the Goals:
Print Revolution: The shift from hand printing to mechanical
printing is known as the print revolution. 1. The evolution of print technology played a crucial
role in transforming societies and shaping modern
Hand Printing: Printed, or put on a surface by hand rather communication. The spread of print technology led to
than by machine. significant social and cultural changes, impacting how
Penny Magazines: They were illustrated magazines which information was disseminated and consumed.
were read extensively by working class and women in 19th 2. Print technology facilitated the sharing of information
century Britain. They dealt with teaching proper manners across vast distances, contributing to the exchange
of ideas and the formation of interconnected global
and techniques related to housekeeping for women. networks. It democratised access to knowledge,
Cylindrical Press: A printing press in which a rotating cylinder empowering individuals from diverse backgrounds to
rolls the paper against a printing surface lying on a flat usually engage with literature, news, and educational resources
horizontal reciprocating bed. 3. Print culture in the past and contemporary communication
technologies facilitate the rapid spread of information
globally. Both print culture and modern technologies
KEY PERSONALITIES democratise access to knowledge, empowering
Gutenberg: He was a German goldsmith and inventor, individuals to educate themselves on diverse topics.
credited with the invention of the movable type printing in 4. Print culture and digital platforms enable the formation of
Europe. communities around shared interests and ideas.
5. Print culture historically and modern technologies
Isaac Newton, Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean-Jacques
transform education by providing access to textbooks,
Rousseau: Scientists and thinkers. online courses, and digital resources for learning and skill
Bronte Sisters: They are well known as poets and novelists. development.

TOPIC-2 The Nineteenth Century and Growth of Press in India

Concepts Covered:
 Print Innovations in the 19th Century  Religious Reforms  Print and Censorship
significant readership. The publishing industry found
Revision Notes the production of school textbooks crucial. A dedicated
The Nineteenth Century [Board, 2019] children’s press was established in France in 1857,
zzIn the late nineteenth century, compulsory primary publishing both new and traditional fairy tales. Women
education led to the emergence of children as a became prominent readers and writers, with novels by
14 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

authors like Jane Austen and the Bronte sisters shaping Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar
perceptions of empowered women. Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in
zzWith a gradual reduction in working hours, self- vernacular languages.
educated individuals from the working class wrote New forms of Publication
political tracts and autobiographies. The late eighteenth zzAt the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture was
century witnessed the transition from wooden to metal started.
printing presses, followed by innovations like the zzPainters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass
power-driven cylindrical press and the offset press in circulation.
the nineteenth century. Electrically operated presses
zzCheap prints and calendars were easily available in the
from the early twentieth century onwards accelerated
market.
printing processes.
zzBy the 1870’s, caricatures and cartoons were being
zzPublishers adapted to market demands by serialising
published in journals and newspapers.
novels in the nineteenth-century periodicals and
introducing innovations like the Shilling Series in 1920s zzIn 1860, a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi

England. The twentieth century saw the introduction of wrote books highlighting the experiences of women.
the dust cover or book jacket. In response to the Great zzHindi printing began seriously in the 1870s.
Depression in the 1930s, publishers released inexpensive zzIn Punjab, folk literature was printed from the early
paperback editions to sustain book purchases. 20th century.
India and the World of Print [Board, 2023] zzIn Bengal, the Battala was devoted to the printing of
zzIndia had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten popular books; peddlars took the Battala publications
manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian as well as in to homes, enabling women to read in their leisure time.
various vernacular languages. zzPublic libraries were set up in the early 20th century.
zzIn India, manuscripts were opied on palm leaves and on Print and Censorship
handmade paper. zzLocal protest movements created a lot of popular
zzThe printing press first came to Goa with the Portuguese journals.
Missionaries in the mid-16th century. zzAfter the Revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the
zzIn 1710, Dutch Protestant Missionaries had printed 32 press changed.
Tamil texts. zzIn 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed.
zzFrom 1780, James August us Hickey began to edit the [Board, 2020]
‘Bengal Gazette’, a weekly magazine. zzIn 1907, Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy
zzBy the close of the 18th century, printing of many about Punjab revolutionaries in his newspaper
newspapers and journals started. “Kesari”. This led to his imprisonment in 1908.
Religious Reform
KEY TERMS
zzIn the early 19th century, there were intense debates Manuscript: Book or document written by hand. It can also
around existing religious issues. be termed as the original copy – hand- written or typed but
zzSome groups wanted to reform, while others were not printed.
against them. Vernacular language: It refers to the language or dialect that
zzThis was a time of intense controversies between social is spoken by the inhabiting people of a particular country or
and religious reformers. region.
zzThe reformers were focused on the Hindu orthodoxy Ulama: A body of Muslim scholars who are recognised
over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and
Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. theology.
zzMany newspapers such as “Sambad Kaumudi” in 1821 Vernacular Press Act: Vernacular Press Act, enacted in 1878
by Ram Mohan Roy “Samachar Chandrika” (Hindu in British India was intended to curtail the freedom of the
Orthodoxy), “Jam-e-Jahan Nama” and “Shamsul Indian language press.
Akhbar” from 1822 (Persian newspaper) focused on
this matter. KEY PERSONALITIES
zzIn North India, the ‘Ulama’ used lithographic presses, James Augustus Hicky: He was an Irishman who launched
published Persian and Urdu translations of holy the first printed newspaper in India, Hicky’s Bengal Gazette
scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts Raja Ravi Varma: He was also known as ‘The Father of
to spread their religion. Modern Indian Art. He was an Indian painter of the 18th
zzIn 1867, Deoband Seminary was founded which
century who attained fame and recognition for portraying
published thousands of ‘Fatwas’ telling the Code of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
Conduct of Muslims and explaining the meanings of Kailashbashini Debi : She wrote books highlighting the
Islamic doctrines. experiences of women, about how women were imprisoned
at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic
zzPrint encouraged the reading of religious texts,
labour and treated unjustly by the menfolk they served.
especially in the vernacular languages.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak: He started the newspaper named
zzThe first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas written
Kesari.
by Tulsidas came out from Calcutta in 1810. Naval
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 15

KEY DATES
1710: The Dutch Protestant Missionaries had printed 32 CG-9 Understands and appreciates the contribution of India
Tamil texts . through history and present times, to the overall field of
1780: James August us Hickey began to edit the ‘Bengal Social Science, and the disciplines that constitute it with
Gazette’, a weekly magazine. respect to The Nineteenth Century and Growth of Press in
1810: The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas India.
written by Tulsidas came out from Calcutta. Points Related to the Goals:
1822: Two Persian newspapers ‘Jam-e-Jahan Nama’ and 1. India has a rich tradition of manuscript production and
‘Shamsul Akhbar’ was published. printing, dating back to ancient times, showcasing the
country’s early contributions to the field of print culture.
1867: Deoband Seminary was founded
2. The establishment of public libraries in India, such as those
1878: The Vernacular Press Act was passed in India. by Bangalore cotton millworkers in the 1930s, highlights
1880: Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the nation’s commitment to promoting literacy and
the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially education.
widows. 3. India’s diverse linguistic and cultural heritage influenced
1926: Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, an educationist and the development of vernacular printing, fostering the
literary figure, strongly condemned men for withholding dissemination of knowledge in regional languages and
education from women. promoting cultural diversity.
1907: Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about 4. India’s historical engagement with print culture has
Punjab revolutionaries in his newspaper “Kesari”. influenced social science disciplines by providing insights
into the country’s intellectual history, social movements,
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL and educational reforms.
5. The accessibility of printed materials in India has played
Curricular Goals: CG-2 Analyses the important phases in a significant role in shaping social science research,
world history and draws insights to understand the present- particularly in areas related to nationalism, social reform,
day world. and cultural studies.

UNIT II: Contemporary India-II

CHAPTER-1
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC-1 Development of Resources and Resource Planning

Concepts Covered:
 Judicious use of resources and their conservation,  Resource planning

Revision Notes
What are Resources?
zzEverything available in our Scan this
environment which can be used
to satisfy our needs, provided
it is technologically accessible,
Resources and
economically feasible and culturally Development
acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
zzResources are materials which can be transformed
in such a way that they become more valuable and
zzFor a sustained quality of life and global peace, it is
useful for fulfilling human needs. essential that resources should be distributed equally.
zzNatural endowments in the form of land, water, zzSustainable Economic Development: It means
vegetation and minerals are called natural resources. development should take place without damaging
the environment and development in the present
should not compromise with the needs of the future
generations. [Board, 2020]
16 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

zzRio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992: In June 1992,  Identification and inventory of resources, which
for achieving sustainable development in the 21st involves surveying, mapping and quantitative as
century, more than 100 heads of states participated in well as qualitative estimation and measurement of
the first International Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro resources.
in Brazil. The main focus of this summit was to protect  Implementation of resource development plans, which
the environment and socio-economic development at involves creating a planning structure equipped
the global level. The leaders of the states signed the with appropriate technology, skill and institutional
Declaration on Global Climate Change and Biological setup.
Diversity.
 Matching resource development plan with overall
zzAgenda 21, 1992: At the UNCED, the declaration was
national development plans.
signed by world leaders in 1992. The main objectives
were to combat environmental degradation, poverty, zzResource development and planning reduce

diseases through global co-operation. wastage, keeps the environment pollution free,
zzResource Planning and Conservation: Resource and take care of future needs. The management of
planning is a technique for the proper utilization of resources by humans is known as Conservation of
resources in a manner to satisfy the needs of present resources combined with a judicious and planned
and save the resources for future generations. use of resources. Optimum exploitation is a must, but
zzResource planning involves the following steps: over-exploitation should be checked. [Board, 2022]
[Board, 2016, 17]
KEY TERMS
Natural Resource: A natural resource is something that is found in nature and can be used by people for economic gain.
Earth’s natural resources include sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, soil, stone, minerals, fossil fuels, etc.
Resource Planning: It is a blueprint for judicious utilization of resources.
Conservation of resource: It means judicious use of resources presently and safe-guarding the resources for future use.

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
environment and how that influences the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Development of
Resources and Resource planning
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The goal emphasizes the significance of resource planning, which involves identifying and inventorying resources, aligning
development plans with national plans (India), and implementing appropriate technology and institutional setups.
2. This goal emphasizes the importance of resources for human survival and quality of life, highlighting the consequences of
indiscriminate use, including depletion, unequal distribution, and ecological crises.
3. The goal highlights global efforts for resource conservation, including the Club of Rome’s advocacy, the Brundtland
Commission’s Sustainable Development initiative, and the Earth Summit’s endorsement of Agenda 21.

TOPIC-2 Land and Soil as Resources

Concepts Covered:
 Land Resources, Soil and Types of Soil  Land resource, land degradation and conservation measures  Soil, its types, soil
erosion and Soil conservation

(b) Land put to non- agricultural uses, e.g., buildings,

Revision Notes roads, factories, etc.
Land resources and their uses: Scan this zzOther uncultivated land (excluding fallow land):
 India has a variety of relief features like (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
mountains, plateaus and plains. 43% (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops, groves (not
of the country is covered with plains included in net sown area),
and they provide cultivable land for Resources and (c) Culturable waste land: left uncultivated for more
Development
growing crops. 30% of the country (Part-2) than 5 agricultural years.
is covered by mountains and they zzFallow land:
provide natural resources like forests and wildlife. 27%
(a) Current fallow: Left without cultivation for one or
of the country is covered by plateaus, which contain
less than one agricultural year.
mineral resources, forests and some arable land.
(b) Other than current fallow: Left uncultivated for the
 Land resources are used for the following purposes:
past 1 to 5 agricultural years.
zzForests
zzNet sown area: Net Sown Area is the amount of area
zzLand not available for cultivation:
that is covered with the crop throughout the area but is
(a) Barren and wasteland
only taken into account once.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 17
 The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq  Black soil:
km. Land use data, however, is available only for 93% zzAlso called regur soil, this soil is black.
of the total geographical area. zzThis soil is ideal for growing cotton.
 At present there are about 130 million hectares of zzThis soil is found in the plateaus of Maharashtra,
degraded land in India of which 28% belong to the Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
forest degraded area, 56% of it is water eroded and the and extends in the south-east direction along the
rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposits. Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
 The land use pattern in India is determined by both zzThis soil is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium
physical factors such as topography, climate, soil carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime, but poor in
types; human factors such as population density, phosphorus contents.
technological capability, culture, traditions, etc. zzThe black soil is made up of extremely fine, i.e., clayey
 Human activities that caused degradation of land in material. It is well-known for its capacity to hold
India: [Board, 2015] moisture.
zzDeforestation  Red and yellow soil: [Board, 2015]
zzOvergrazing zzThis soil develops in areas of low rainfall or crystalline
igneous rocks.
zzMining and quarrying
zzIt is found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh and the piedmont
 Other factors that led to degradation of land in India:
zone of the Western Ghats.
zzOver irrigation making land saline and alkaline
zzDue to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and
zzDust generated from cement and ceramic industry
metamorphic rocks, its colour becomes reddish.
zzIndustrial effluents
 Laterite soil:
 Suggestions for conservation of land:
zzThis soil develops in areas of high temperature and
zzAfforestation heavy rainfall.
zzProper control on grazing
zzHumus content in the soil is low.
zzPlanting of shelter belts of plants
zzIt is mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
zzStabilisation of sand dunes by planting thorny bushes
Madhya Pradesh and hilly areas of Assam and Odisha.
zzProper utilization of wasteland; Control on mining
zzIt is good for tea, coffee, cashew nut, etc.
zzDischarge of industrial effluents and wastes after
 Arid soil:
treatment
zzThis soil is generally sandy in texture and saline in
 Soil: It is the most important renewable natural
resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports nature.
different types of living organisms on the earth. zzThis soil lacks humus and moisture.
 Relief, parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and zzThis soil is found in Western Rajasthan, Punjab and
other forms of life and time are important factors in the Haryana.
formation of soil. zzThe lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar.
 Soil also consists of organic material (humus) and  Forest soil:
inorganic materials. zzThis soil is found in hilly and mountainous regions.
 Factors responsible for the formation of the soil: zzThis soil is loamy and silty in valley sides, while coarse
zzParent material grained in the upper slopes.
zzTime  Soil Erosion:
zzClimate zzThe denudation and subsequent washing down of
zzVegetation types topsoil which is covered by agents of nature, e.g., wind,
zzTopography water and glacier are called soil erosion.
zzBiological factors of the region zzNatural forces like wind, glaciers, and water lead to soil
 Soils of India can be classified on the following erosion.
basis: India has varied relief features, landforms, zzSometimes, human activities like deforestation,
climatic realms and vegetation types. These features overgrazing, construction and mining also lead to soil
contributed to the development of various types of erosion.
soils.
 Types of soil erosion:
 Types of soils found in India:
zzGully Erosion: Sometimes running water cuts through
 Alluvial soil:
the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
zzWidely spread in north Indian plains, alluvial soil as a
The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known
whole is very fertile.
as bad land.
zzIt is classified as: Khadar (new alluvial) and Bangar (old
zzSheet Erosion: In the Chambal basin, such lands are
alluvial). [SQP, 2020]
zzThis soil contains adequate proportion of potash,
called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over
phosphoric acid and lime. large areas down a slope. In such cases, the topsoil is
zzThis soil is ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy,
washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.
wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. zzWind Erosion: When wind blows loose soil off flat or
[Board, 2015, 2019] sloping land, it is known as wind erosion.
18 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

zzDefective Farming Methods: Soil erosion is also

caused by defective methods of farming. For example,
KEY TERMS
ploughing in a wrong way, i.e., up and down the slope Land Use Pattern: It is the arrangement for the uses of land
forms channels for the quick flow of water, leading to for different purposes.
soil erosion. Khadar: It has been formed by the deposition of the new
 Measures for soil conservation: [Board, 2023-24] alluvial soil and is found in the low land.
zzContour ploughing : It is a method of cultivation along Bangar: It consists of older alluvial soil which is higher in
the contour lines which helps to slow the flow of water sandy loam content.
downslope. Denudation: It is the wearing away of the terrestrial surface
zzTerrace farming : Slopes are cut in form of steps which by processes including weathering and erosion.
restricts the water flow to a great extent. This type Ravine: A small narrow steep-sided valley that is larger than
of farming is well developed in western and central a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn
Himalayas. by running water.
zzStrip cropping : Process of leaving strips of grasses in
between the crops or alternatively growing different KEY FACTS
crops on same field, which breaks the force of wind. The soil in India is influenced by the altitude, climate and
zzShelter belts of trees : Found mainly on sand dunes
disproportionate rainfall.
and coastal belts, tress are planted in front of crop land
to prevent erosion from wind. Soil is a living system. A single gram of healthy soil contains
zzPlugging of gullies: It is a method of building millions of organisms including earthworms, nematodes,
temporary dams or planting trees to check the flow of mites, insects, fungi and bacteria.
water.
zzAfforestation: It is a method of planting trees in an COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
area which was previously devoid of vegetation. Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the
zzControl of mining activities : Restriction should be laid
inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
upon illegal mining.
environment and how that influences the livelihoods,
culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Land
and Soil as Resources
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The goal emphasizes the importance of land as a
natural resource for various life and economic activities,
emphasizing its finite nature and the need for sustainable
use.
2. This also covers the interaction between humans and
nature through technology, highlighting the role of
humans in transforming materials into resources and
classification criteria.

CHAPTER-2
FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

TOPIC-1 Flora and Fauna of India Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
Concepts Covered:
 Flora and Fauna in India  Biodiversity  Conservation measures adopted by Government of India.

zzBiodiversity or biological diversity refers to the diverse

Revision Notes forms of fauna, flora and micro- Scan this
Flora and Fauna organisms found in an area which
zzIndia boasts incredible biodiversity, with a multitude of work together to balance and support
unique animals and plants, making it one of the world’s life.
most biologically diverse countries. The extent of this zzConservation in the scenario of rapid
Conversation
diversity is vast, with possibly many more species yet decline in wildlife population and Forest and
to be discovered. forestry has become essential. Wildlife in India
zzWhile studying forest and wildlife resources in India, it zzConservation preserves the ecological
becomes evident how integral these resources are to diversity and our life support systems – water, air and
our daily lives. Unfortunately, this rich flora and fauna soil. [SQP, 2023-24]
face increasing stress, primarily due to environmental zzSome estimates suggest that at least 10 per cent of
insensitivity, posing a threat to their sustainability. India’s recorded wild flora and 20 per cent of its
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 19
mammals are on the threatened list. (chinkara), the great Indian bustard (godawan) and
zzFisheries too are heavily dependent on the the snow leopard, etc. have been given full or partial
maintenance of aquatic biodiversity. In the 1960s and legal protection against hunting and trade throughout
1970s, conservationists demanded a national wildlife India.
protection programme. KEY TERMS
zzThe Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in
Conservation: Safeguarding natural resources on earth for
1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.
present and future generations.
zzAn All India list of protected species was also published.
The thrust of the programme was towards protecting Aquatic biodiversity: It is the rich and wonderful variety of
the remaining population of certain endangered plants and animals that live in Aquatic habitats.
species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to The Wildlife Protection Act: It is legislation that has been
their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife. implemented for the protection of wild animals, birds,
zzThe Central Government also announced several and plants with a view of ensuring the ecological and
projects for protecting specific animals, which were environmental security of India.
gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one- Protected species: Certain species that are protected by law,
horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three meaning that it can be illegal to kill, injure or capture birds or
types of crocodiles – fresh water crocodile, saltwater animals or to pick or damage certain wild plants.
crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion, and others. Threatened list species: The species which are vulnerable to
[Board, 2011] endangerment in the near future.
zzMost recently, the Indian elephant, black buck

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
environment and how that influences the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Flora and Fauna of
India Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The goal emphasizes the interdependence of human beings and the ecological system, highlighting how humans are reliant
on the environment for their existence.
2. This goal highlights the importance of biodiversity for human lives, stating that plants, animals, and microorganisms
contribute to the quality of the air, water, and soil that humans need for survival.
3. The goal discusses the conservation of forests and wildlife in India, showcasing the efforts to protect habitats and species,
which directly impact the livelihoods and culture of the region.

TOPIC-2 Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources and Community and Conservation
Concepts Covered:
Classification of Forests and their Conservation  Community and Conservation (Chipko movement, Joint forest Management
and Beej Bachao Andolan)

zzReserved and protected forests are also referred to as

Revision Notes permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose
Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources: of producing timber and other forest produce, and for
zzIn India, much of its forest and wildlife Scan this protective reasons.
zzMadhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent
resources are either owned or managed
forests, constituting 75 per cent of its total forest area.
by the government through the Forest
Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Department or other government Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Maharashtra
Forest and
departments. These are classified under Wildlife have large percentages of reserved forests of its total
the following categories: Resources forest area whereas Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal
(i) Reserved Forests: More than half Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan have a bulk of it under
of the total forest land has been declared reserved protected forests.
forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most zzAll North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a
valuable as far as the conservation of forest and very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests
wildlife resources are concerned. managed by local communities.
(ii) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total Community and Conservation:
forest area is protected forest, as declared by the zzConservation strategies are not new in our country. We
Forest Department. This forest land are protected often ignore that in India, forests are also home to some
from any further depletion. of the traditional communities.
(iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and zzIn some areas of India, local communities are struggling
wastelands belonging to both government and to conserve these habitats along with government
private individuals and communities. officials, recognising that only this will secure their
own long-term livelihood.
20 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

CHAPTER-3
WATER RESOURCES

TOPIC-1 Water Scarcity and Water Conservation; Multi-purpose River Projects

Concepts Covered:
 Water scarcity and its reasons,  Multi-purpose river projects and integrated water resource management

zzIn the 14th century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was
Revision Notes constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to the Siri
 The main source of water on Earth is the hydrological Fort area.
cycle.  Multi-purpose river projects and integrated water

 3/4th of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, but

resource management:
Dams
fresh water accounts for a small proportion. Fresh
zzA dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs,
water is mainly obtained from surface run off and directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir,
ground water which is continually renewed and lake or impoundment.
recharged through the hydrological cycle. zz“Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure.
 Water scarcity: It is caused by over-  Uses of dams: Dams are built
exploitation, excessive use of and Scan this zzTo impound rivers and rainwater that can be used later
unequal access to water among to irrigate agricultural fields.
different social groups. zzFor electricity generation.
 An area having ample water resources zzWater supply for domestic and industrial uses.
‘May have to face’ water scarcity due Hydrological zzFlood control.
to the following reasons: cycle zzRecreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
zzGreater demand for water by large  Dams are referred to as multipurpose projects. Jawaharlal
and growing population and unequal access to it. Nehru proudly proclaimed dams as the temples of
zzWater resources are being over-exploited to expand modern India because of their potential to integrate
agriculture and consequently ground water levels are development of agriculture and the village economy
falling. with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban
zzPost independent India has witnessed intense
economy. [Board, 2014, 2017]
 Damodar Valley Corporation — built on river Damodar
industrialisation and urbanisation, exerting increasing
pressure on fresh water resources. — beneficiary states are Jharkhand and West Bengal.
 Bhakra Nangal — built on river Sutlej — beneficiary
zzMultiplying urban centers with large and dense
states are Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, Himachal
populations have further aggravated the problem of
Pradesh.
water scarcity.
 Hirakud — built on river Mahanadi — beneficiary
 In housing societies or colonies, most of the houses
state is Odisha.
have their own ground water pumping devices to  Kosi — built on river Kosi — beneficiary state is Bihar
meet the water needs. Thus, water resources are being and our neighbouring country Nepal.
overexploited.  Chambal Valley — built on river Chambal —
 The history reveals use of many sophisticated beneficiary states are Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
hydraulic structures from ancient times, such as dams  Reasons for opposing multi-purpose projects:
of stone, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals [Board, 2012]
for irrigation. (i) Poor sediment flow.
 Some ancient hydraulic structures are listed below: (ii) Excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reser-
zzSringaverapura near Allahabad had a sophisticated voir.
water harvesting system, which channelised the flood (iii) Poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
water of the Ganga River. It dates back to 1st century (iv) Difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate.
B.C. (v) Submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading
zzThere are many extensively built dams, lakes and to its decomposition over a period of time.
irrigation systems. The most important lake is (vi) Any time local people had to give up their land,
Sudarshan lake at Junagarh in Gujarat. livelihood and their control over resources for the
zzBhopal Lake is one of the largest artificial lakes built in construction of the dam.
the 11th century A.D.
KEY TERMS
Hydrological cycle: It involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system.
Surface run off: It is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess rainwater, storm water, melt water, or other
sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil.
Dam: It is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or
impoundment.
Multipurpose project: It is a massive project which serves a variety of purposes like flood control, fish breeding, irrigation,
generation of electricity, soil conservation, etc.
Aquatic fauna: It refers an animal that lives in water for most or all of its life.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 21

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
environment and how that influences the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Water Scarcity and
Water Conservation; Multipurpose River Projects
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The goal highlights the inter-relationship between human beings and the physical environment, particularly in the context of
water resources and management.
2. It discusses how human activities, such as over-exploitation of water resources and industrialization, impact the availability
and quality of water, which in turn affects livelihoods and ecosystems.
3. This goal mentions traditional methods of water conservation and management, such as rooftop rainwater harvesting
and ancient irrigation systems, to demonstrate the historical interdependence between human communities and their
environment.
zzIn Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have
fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection shown adequate levels of crop diversification with the
Act. application of chemical fertilizers.
zzThe famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not
KEY TERMS
only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas
but has also shown that community afforestation with Reserved forests: They are the protected forests with the
indigenous species can be enormously successful. natural habitat that has high degree of protection from any
kind of hunting and poaching.
zzIn India joint forest management (JFM) programme
Protected Forest: It is a land that is a reserved forest, and
furnishes a good example for involving local
over which the government has property rights, as declared
communities in the management and restoration of
by a state government under section 29 of the Indian Forest
degraded forests. [Board, 2015] Act 1927.
zzThe programme has been in formal existence since
Unclassed forest: Forests that are owned by both the
1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first government and private individuals or communities.
resolution for joint forest management. Chipko movement: It was a non-violent social and ecological
zzThe clear lesson from the dynamics of both movement by rural villagers, particularly women, in India in
environmental destruction and reconstruction the 1970s, aimed at protecting trees and forests slated for
in India is that local communities everywhere government-backed logging.
have to be involved in some kind of natural resource Joint Forest Management: It is concept of developing
management. But there is still a long way to go relationships between fringe forest groups and forest
before local communities are at the centre stage in department on the basis of mutual trust and jointly
decision-making. defined roles and responsibilities for forest protection and
zzTraditional conservation methods and ecological development.
farming are growing in demand. Farmers’ groups like

TOPIC-2 Rainwater Harvesting

Concepts Covered:
 Rainwater harvesting,  Various methods of rainwater harvesting.

household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system, to

Revision Notes meet their water needs. [Board, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017]
 Rain water harvesting system was a viable alternative of  Roof-top rain water harvesting is the most common
multipurpose projects both socio- economically and practice in Shillong in Meghalaya.
environmentally.  In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream
 In hilly and mountainous regions, Scan this and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent.
people build diversion channels like  Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India
the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Him- which has made roof-top rain water harvesting structures
alayas for agriculture. compulsory. There are legal provisions to punish the
 In arid and semi-arid regions Rainwater defaulters.
of Rajasthan, almost all houses harvesting
 It is commonly practised in Rajasthan to store drinking
traditionally had underground tanks water.
for storing drinking water.  Roof-top rain water harvesting is done through the
 Rain water is also referred to as Palarpani and it is following ways: [Board, 2017]
considered as the purest form of natural water. zzRoof top rain water is collected using a PVC pipe.
 Today, in western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop zzFiltered using sand and bricks.
rainwater harvesting is on the decline as plenty of water
zzUnderground pipe takes water to sump for immediate
is available due to the perennial Rajasthan Canal.
usage.
 In Gendathur, a remote and backward village in
zzExcess water from the sump is taken to the well.
Mysore, Karnataka, villagers have installed in their
22 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

zzWater from the well recharges the underground tanka.

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
zzLater on, they take water from the well.
Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the
KEY TERMS inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
Rain water harvesting: It is gathering, accumulating and environment and how that influences the livelihoods,
storing rainwater for different uses. culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to
Guls or Kuls: In hilly and mountainous regions, people Rainwater Harvesting
build diversion channels like the ‘Guls’ or ‘Kuls’ of Western Points Related to the Goals:
Himalayas for agriculture 1. The goal also addresses the cultural and social implications
Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting: It is the technique through of water scarcity, as seen in the examples of traditional
which rain water is captured from the roof catchments and water harvesting practices in different regions of India.
stored in reservoirs. 2. It emphasizes the need for sustainable water management
to safeguard livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity,
reflecting the interconnectedness of human well-being
and environmental health.

CHAPTER-4
AGRICULTURE

TOPIC-1 Types of Farming and Cropping Pattern

Concepts Covered:
 Various kinds of farming and methods involved.  The spatial distribution of major crops and the relationship between rainfall
regimes and cropping patterns.

like hoe, dao and digging sticks. It depends upon

Revision Notes monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and availability of
 India an Agriculture Economy: Two-thirds of India’s other environmental conditions suitable to the crops
population is engaged in agricultural activities. Hence, grown. It is also called ‘slash and burn agriculture’. It
agriculture is the primary occupation of the people in is also known as Jhumming in North-eastern states
India. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in
Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of Chhatishgarh, and
 Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy: Agriculture
in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
plays a significant role in the Indian economy. Here are
zzIntensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming
some key contributions of the agricultural sector to the
is practised in areas of high population. Under this
Indian economy: type of farming, high doses of biochemical inputs and
zzEmployment: Agriculture is the largest employer in irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
India, providing jobs for over 50% of the country’s zzCommercial Farming: The main characteristic of this
population. This sector directly or indirectly employs type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern
millions of people, including farmers, farm laborers, inputs, e.g., high yielding variety [HYV] seeds, chemical
traders, and processors, among others. fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides to obtain higher
zzGDP Contribution: The agricultural sector in India productivity. The main purpose of this type of farming
contributes around 17% of the country’s Gross is to earn a profit by selling the product. The amount
Domestic Product (GDP). It is the source of income of commercialisation of farming varies from one area to
for millions of households in rural India and the another, depending on climatic conditions, irrigation
mainstay of the Indian economy, particularly in terms facilities and other factors.
of livelihood and food security. Cropping Seasons in India: [Board, 2019]
zzExport earnings: India is one of the leading agricultural (i) Rabi season: It starts with the beginning of winter and
nations in the world, with a host of crops being continues until the beginning of summer (October-
grown in different parts of the country. The surplus December to April-June). The rabi crops include
wheat, barley, gram, and oilseeds. The crops are
production from India is exported to various countries,
grown either with rainwater that has percolated into
earning valuable foreign exchange for the nation.
the ground or using irrigation. These crops are mainly
 Since agriculture is an age-old economic activity in grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal
India, farming varies from subsistence to commercial Pradesh, Uttarakhand, etc.
type. (ii) Kharif season: It starts with the onset of the monsoon
Types of Farming System Practiced in India: and continues until the beginning of winter (June-
July to September-October). The kharif crops include
 At present, in different parts of India, the following
rice, maize, millets, cotton, jute, groundnut, moong,
farming systems are practised: urad, etc. Unlike Rabi crops, Kharif crops require good
zzPrimitive Subsistence Farming: It is practised on rainfall. The output of these crops depends upon the
small patches of land with the help of primitive tools time and amount of rainwater. These crops are mainly
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 23
grown in Assam, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, coastal regions of Odisha, Kerala and Commercialisation of Farming: It is a phenomenon in
Maharashtra. which certain specialised crops began to be grown not for
(iii) Zaid season: This is a short crop season in between consumption in the village but for sale in national and even
the rabi and the kharif season. Crops like watermelon, in international market
muskmelon, cucumber, some vegetables and fodder Slash and Burn Agriculture: It is a widely used method of
crops are the major crops of this season. growing food in which wild or forested land is cleared and
KEY TERMS any remaining vegetation is burned. The resulting layer of
Agriculture: It is the science or practice of farming, ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich
including the cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops layer to help fertilize crops.
and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other
products. High Yielding Variety Seeds: These are specialised seeds
with the potential to produce significant crop yields,
including rice and wheat.

KEY DIAGRAM

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
environment and how that influences the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Types of Farming
and Cropping Pattern
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The goal discusses the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical environment by highlighting the impact
of agriculture on livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity in India.
2. This goal draws interlinkages between various components of the physical environment, such as the influence of climate
on agriculture, the relationship between relief and agricultural practices, and the impact of vegetation on wildlife and
biodiversity.
3. The goal provides insights into the influence of physical geography on agricultural practices, cropping patterns, and the
distribution of different crops based on climate, relief, and vegetation.

TOPIC-2 Major Crops and Technological and Institutional Reforms

Concepts Covered:
 Various government policies for institutional as well as technological reforms since independence.  Major Indian Crops.

sunshine. Major growing zones: Ganga-Satluj plains,

Revision Notes black soil region of the Deccan.
Major Crops: zzMillets: It has high nutritional value, known as coarse
zzCrops in India is grown in various regions based on grains. Important millets include Jowar, Bajra, and
soil, climate, and cultivation practices. Ragi. It is grown in specific regions: Jowar in moist
zzMajor crops include rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, areas, Bajra on sandy soils, Ragi in dry regions.
coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton, and jute. zzMaize: It is used as food and fodder. It is a kharif crop
zzRice: It is a staple food crop in India. India is the with a temperature requirement. It grows well in
second-largest producer globally. It is a Kharif crop old alluvial soil, expanding production with modern
requiring high temperature and humidity. It is grown inputs. Major producers: Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
in plains, coastal areas, and deltaic regions, with Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
irrigation expanding its cultivation.
zzPulses: India is the largest producer and consumer of
zzWheat: It is the second most important cereal crop,
pulses globally. Major pulses include tur (arhar), urad,
main food crop in the north and northwest. It is a Rabi
crop needing a cool growing season and abundant moong, masur, peas, and gram. It is grown in both
24 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

kharif and rabi seasons, contributing to soil fertility high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-
through nitrogen fixation. Major producing states: free days, and bright sunshine. Major producing states:
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,
Pradesh, and Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab,
Food Crops other than Grains [Board, 2019] Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
zzSugarcane: It is a tropical and subtropical crop.  Jute: It is also known as the golden fibre. It grows
It thrives in hot and humid climate. It requires a well in well-drained fertile soils in floodplains with
temperature of 21°C to 27°C and annual rainfall soil renewal every year. High temperature is required
between 75cm and 100cm. Main source of sugar, gur, during growth. Major producing states: West Bengal,
khandsari, and molasses. India is the second-largest Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Meghalaya. It is facing market
producer after Brazil, major states include Uttar challenges due to its high cost compared to synthetic
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka. fibres and packing materials like nylon.
zzOil Seeds: India is the second-largest producer of Technological and Institutional Reforms [Board, 2020]
groundnut globally. Different oil seeds cover around zzAgriculture in India has been practiced for thousands of
12% of total cropped area. Major oil seeds: groundnut, years. Sustained land use without compatible techno-
mustard, coconut, sesamum, soyabean, castor seeds, institutional changes hindered development. Despite
cotton seeds, linseed, sunflower. Edible and used in irrigation sources, many farmers rely on monsoon
cooking, also raw material for soap, cosmetics, and and natural fertility. It poses a challenge for a growing
ointments. population.
zzTea: It is an example of plantation agriculture introduced zzCollectivisation, consolidation of holdings, coopera-
by the British. It grows well in tropical and sub-tropical tion and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given prior-
climates with warm, moist, frost-free conditions. It is ity to bring about institutional reforms in the country
a labour-intensive industry, major producing states: after Independence. ‘Land reform’ was the main focus
Assam, Darjeeling, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. of our First Five Year Plan.
India is the second-largest producer after China. zzThe Government of India embarked upon introducing
zzCoffee: Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in
is produced. Initially introduced on Baba Budan Hills, the 1960s and 1970s. The Green Revolution was based on
now confined to Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil the use of package technology and the White Revolution
Nadu. (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated
zzHorticulture Crops: India is the second-largest to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
producer of fruits and vegetables after China. India zzIn the 1980s and 1990s comprehensive land
produces tropical and temperate fruits. Mangoes, development program for institutional and technical
oranges, bananas, lichi, guava, pineapples, grapes, reforms was initiated.
apples, pears, apricots, walnuts, peas, cauliflower, zzSome important steps include Crop insurance,
onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal, and potato are Grameen banks, cooperative societies, and lower-
significant. Regions like Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, interest loans for farmers.
Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and others are zzGovernment Schemes: Introduction of Kissan Credit
major contributors. Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme
Non Food Crops (PAIS). Special weather bulletins and agricultural
zzRubber: It is an Equatorial crop, also grown in tropical programs on radio and television. The government
and sub-tropical areas. It requires moist and humid announces MSP, remunerative, and procurement
prices that aims to prevent exploitation of farmers by
climate, rainfall above 200 cm, and temperature above
speculators and middlemen.
25°C. Mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Garo Hills of KEY TERMS
Meghalaya. It is an important industrial raw material. Pulses: They are a versatile group of 12 leguminous crops.
Millets: They are a group of highly variable small-seeded
zzFibre Crops: Cotton, jute, hemp, and natural silk are grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or
major fibre crops. Cotton, jute, and hemp derived grains for human food and as fodder.
from crops grown in soil; silk obtained from silkworm Coarse grains: They are a broad sub-group of several short-
cocoons through sericulture. duration warm weather (Kharif) crops like Jowar (Sorghum),
Bajra (Pearl Millet) Maize, Ragi (Finger Millet), etc.
 Cotton: India is considered the original home of the
Oilseed crops: They are a high-value agricultural commodity
cotton plant. India is the second-largest producer for use in refined edible oil products.
globally after China in 2017. Grows well in drier parts Non-food crop: It is a crop grown to produce goods for
of black cotton soil in the Deccan plateau. It requires manufacturing.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 25

KEY FACTS COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Norman Borlaug is known as the Father of the Green Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the
Revolution. inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
environment and how that influences the livelihoods,
The Green Revolution was the notable increase in cereal- culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Major
grains production in Mexico, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Crops and Technological and Institutional Reforms
and other developing countries in the 1960s and 1970s. Points Related to the Goals:
The Bhoodan-Gramdan the movement initiated by Vinoba 1. It also discusses the importance of understanding the
Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution. physical environment in shaping agricultural activities,
which in turn influences the livelihoods and culture of the
people in different regions of India.

CHAPTER-5
MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

TOPIC-1 Minerals and their Mode of Occurence

Concepts Covered:
 Meaning of minerals and its importance,  Mode of its occurrence.
zzThe ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.
Revision Notes But common salt, magnesium and bromine are mainly
 Mineral: An inorganic element or compound that derived from ocean waters.
occurs naturally and has certain physical, chemical, Rocks Containing Minerals:
and crystal properties as well as an organized internal  Compacted substances that comprise the earth’s crust
structure is called a mineral are called rocks.
 Importance of Minerals:  Rocks are the naturally formed aggregate of mineral
zzEverything we use, eat and drink has minerals. particles. It is the minerals that impart their texture,
zzEconomic development of people or nations can be colour, shape, hardness or softness to rocks. For
vastly accelerated by the presence of valuable minerals. example; limestone is a rock which consists of a single
zzThey make our life comfortable and convenient.
mineral.
 Majority of rocks on the earth’s crust are a combination
zzThey are also responsible for all the biological processes
of or an aggregate of different minerals.
on earth.
 Over 2000 minerals have been identified so far; only a
Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
few are abundantly found.
 Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is
used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed KEY TERMS
with other elements. Minerals generally occur in the Minerals: They are substances that are formed naturally in
following forms: the Earth.
zzIn igneous and metamorphic rocks, Ores: The minerals which have a very high percentage of a
Scan this
minerals may occur in the cracks, particular metal and the metal can be profitably extracted
crevices, faults or joints. Examples: tin, from it.
copper, zinc, lead, etc. Crevices: A narrow opening or fissure, especially in a rock.
zzIn sedimentary rocks, a number of Types of Alluvial deposits: They are material deposited by rivers. It
minerals occur in beds or layers. Coal, Occurrence
Minerals
of consists of silt, sand, clay, and gravel, as well as much organic
iron ore, gypsum, potash salt and matter.
sodium salt are the minerals found in sedimentary Bromine: It is the only liquid non-metallic element, which is
rocks. a deep-red fuming substance. This rare element is extracted
zzThe decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of from ocean water and salt lakes.
soluble constituents also forms the minerals. Bauxite is
formed in this way.
KEY FACTS
zzMinerals also occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley All rocks are constantly passing through a recycling process.
floors and the base of hills. Examples; gold, silver, tin, 85% of the Earth’s rocks and minerals are made of crystals.
platinum, etc.
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical environment
and how that influences the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Minerals and their Mode of
Occurrence.
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The goal discusses the extraction of various minerals from the earth’s crust and how these minerals are used in everyday life,
showcasing the inter-relationship between human activities and the physical environment.
26 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

TOPIC-2 Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals and their Conservation

Concepts Covered:
 Various types of metallic and non-metallic minerals  Need for conservation of minerals.

(a) Ferrous (containing iron) are iron ore, manganese

Revision Notes ore, chromite, pyrite, nickel and cobalt.
1. Metallic Minerals: They can be further sub-divided  Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the
into ferrous and non-ferrous. total value of the production of metallic minerals.
KEY DIAGRAM

 Some of the ferrous minerals are: chemical industries. It is also used for making utensils,
(i) Iron Ore electric wires and alloys.
zzIndia is endowed with fairly abundant resources of zzThe Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines
iron ore. in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are
zzMagnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content leading producers of copper.
of iron, up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities. (ii) Bauxite
zzHaematite ore is the most important industrial iron zzIt is an ore from which aluminium is obtained.
ore. It contains 50 to 60% iron. zz Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a
zzThe major iron ore belts in India are: wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
 Odisha-Jharkhand belt zzAluminium is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium has

 Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
good conductivity and great malleability.
zz Deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau,
 Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumkur belt
Maharashtra-Goa belt Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
(ii) Manganese 2. Non-Metallic Minerals:
(i) Mica:
zzIt is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and
zzMica is a mineral that can be clear, black, green, red,
ferro-manganese alloy.
yellow or brown.
zzNearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture
zzMica is the most indispensable minerals used in electric
1 tonne of steel.
and electronic industries.
zzIt is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder,
zzIt has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor,
insecticides and paints. insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.
zzThe main reserves of manganese ore are found in zzIt is used in electrical and electronic industries.
Karnataka, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, zzJharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan are
Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Goa. major producers.
(b) Non-ferrous (containing metals other than iron) (ii) Limestone:
 Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc zzIt is composed of calcium carbonate or calcium and
and gold. These minerals play a vital role in a number magnesium carbonates.
of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries. zzIt is used in the cement industry, smelting of iron and
(i) Copper in chemical industries.
zzMalleable, ductile and good conductor of heat and zzReserves are found in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
electricity. Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka and
zzMainly used in electrical cables, electronics and Himachal Pradesh.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 27
Conservation of Minerals
 Minerals are a non-renewable resource. It takes Non-Metallic Minerals: These minerals do not contain
thousands of years for the formation and concentration metals. Limestone, mica and gypsum are examples of such
of minerals. minerals. The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also
non-metallic minerals.
 Continued extraction of ores leads to the depletion of
Dielectric strength: It is the ability of a dielectric material
minerals. of specified thickness to withstand high voltages without
 So, it’s important to take the necessary steps so that breaking down.
mineral resources can be used in a planned and
sustainable manner. KEY FACTS
 Various ways to conserve the minerals are: Copper was the first metal to be worked by man, along with
(i) Minerals must be used in a planned and sustain- gold and meteoritic iron.
able manner.
The Statue of Liberty is made from 179,000 pounds of
(ii) Recycling of metals. copper.
(iii) Use of alternative renewable substitutes. There are 37 different mica minerals.
(iv) Technology should be advanced to use the low- Along with gold, it’s the only naturally-occurring metal with
grade ores efficiently. a distinct color of its own.
KEY TERMS COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
Metallic Minerals: They are minerals which contain one Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the
or more metallic elements. Metals are hard substances inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
that conduct heat and electricity and have a characteristic environment and how that influences the livelihoods, culture,
lustre or shine. Iron ore, bauxite, manganese ore are some and biodiversity of the region with respect to Metallic and
examples of such minerals. Non-Metallic Minerals and their Conservation
Ferrous minerals: These minerals contain iron content. Points Related to the Goals:
Examples- Iron ore, manganese, etc.
1. It highlights the importance of minerals in various aspects
Non-ferrous minerals: These minerals do not contain iron
content. Examples-Copper, aluminium, etc. of human life, including construction, transportation, and
even in the food we eat, demonstrating the reliance of
Malleable: A mineral that may be flattened or deformed by
hammering without breaking, for example, native copper human livelihoods on the physical environment.
or gold. 2. The goal also touches upon the hazards of mining,
emphasizing the impact of human activities on the
environment the health of miners, and the importance of
their conservation.

TOPIC-3 Conventional Sources of Energy

Concepts Covered:
 Conventional sources of energy and its types.

It was the basis of the Industrial Revolution.

Revision Notes 
 It is used as a raw material in the iron and steel and
Energy Resources:
Scan this chemical industries.
 Energy is the ability to do work. It’s
 It is the main fuel for producing thermal power.
unit is joule. The rate of doing work
 India ranks 7th in the world in coal reserves.
is called Power. The modern unit
of measurement of power is Watt. Conventional  It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.

Energy is required for all activities. It Source Of Four types of coal:

Energy (a) Anthracite: Contains 80% carbon, hard, black and
is needed to cook, to provide light and
heat, to propel vehicles and to drive compact, found only in Jammu and Kashmir. It is the
machinery in industries. highest quality hard coal.
Conventional Sources of Energy: (b) Bituminous: 60-80% carbon, widely used.
 The energy sources which cannot be renewed are (c) Lignite: 60% of carbon, low grade. It is called “brown
known as conventional sources of energy. coal”.
 It includes firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, (d) Peat: <50% carbon and burns like wood.
natural gas and electricity. (ii) Petroleum: Liquid fossil fuel, wells are dug or drilled
 Some of the important conventional sources of energy on land or offshore to bring oil to the surface. This
are: crude oil is transported to refineries where it is changed
into gasoline and petrochemicals. Petroleum refineries
(i) Coal:
serve as ‘nodal industries’ for chemical, fertilizer and
 Coal is the prime source of energy, often called the synthetic textile industries as various products are
“Mother of Industries” or “Black Gold”. obtained during refining petroleum. It provides fuel
28 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

for heating, lighting, running machineries, vehicles,

lubricants and raw materials for manufacturing some
Crude oil: It is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum
plastics, chemicals, etc.
product.
 Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum
Natural gas: It is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as
production areas in India.
a source of energy for heating, cooking, and electricity
(iii) Natural Gas:
generation.
 Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is
Hydro electricity: It is a form of energy that harnesses the
considered an environment-friendly fuel.
power of water in motion—such as water flowing over a
 The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of
waterfall—to generate electricity.
natural gas.
Renewable resource of energy: These energy resources can
 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) is used in vehicles to
be replenished. They may be renewed after use. Example-
replace liquid fuels. solar energy, wind energy, etc.
 Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in
the Krishna-Godavari basin. KEY FACTS
(iv) Electricity: It takes roughly 1 million years to form coal.
(a) Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: Coal is the second most consumed fossil fuel in the world.
 By running water which drives hydro turbines to Most petroleum is found by drilling down through rocks on
generate hydro electricity. land or off-shore on the continental shelf. Petroleum is the
 It is a renewable resource of energy. India has a number most important world fuel source. It supplies 38% of the
of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, world’s energy and is also used to make petrochemicals.
Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project.
(b) By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and KEY DIAGRAM
natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power.
 It uses non-renewable fossil fuels for generating
electricity.
KEY TERMS
Thermal power: Electrical power produced by converting
heat into electricity.
Fossil fuel: Any naturally occurring carbon or hydrocarbon
fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and natural gas, formed
by the decomposition of prehis- toric organisms.

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical environment
and how that influences the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Conventional Sources of Energy
Points Related to the Goals:
1. It discusses the distribution of various minerals in different regions of India, showcasing how human activities are influenced by
the geographical distribution of resources.

TOPIC-4 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Concepts Covered:
 Non-conventional source of energy and its types.

(ii) Wind Energy: India has a wind power potential of

Revision Notes 20,000 MW. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy: Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have
 The potential of non-conventional Scan this important wind farms.
sources of energy is large. They use (iii) Biogas: Shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human
renewable resources for energy wastes are used to produce biogas for domestic
generation. Following are the six consumption in the rural areas.
main non-conventional sources of
Non- (iv) Other non-conventional sources include geothermal
energy: namely, solar energy, wind Conventional
energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy and wave energy.
Source
energy, tidal energy and hydro power.  Conservation of Energy Resources:
(i) Solar Energy: Photovoltaic technology converts zzEnergy is a basic requirement for economic
sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is used development. Every sector of the economy needs
for cooking, pumping, heating of water, refrigerator inputs of energy for its development.
and street lighting. zzMost of the energy resources are limited.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 29
zzDue to industrialisation, modernisation and KEY FACTS
urbanisation, the consumption of energy in all forms
has been steadily rising all over the country. Hydro power costs less than most energy sources. Some
hydro power facilities can quickly go from zero power to
 How can we conserve energy resources?
maximum output, making them ideal for meeting sudden
zzNeed to develop a sustainable path of energy changes in demand for electricity.
development, i.e., energy development but not at the Solar energy is the cheapest source of energy in the world.
cost of environment or needs of future generation.
zzJudicious use of limited energy resources. COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
zzWastage of minerals should be minimised. Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the
zzModern technology should be used for the exploitation inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
of energy resources. environment and how that influences the livelihoods, culture,
zzExport of energy resources should be minimised. and biodiversity of the region with respect to Metallic and
zzUse of substitutes in order to save energy resources. Non-Metallic Minerals and their Conservation
zzEncourage recycling of energy resources. Points Related to the Goals:
KEY TERMS 1. It highlights the importance of minerals in various aspects
Non-conventional sources of energy: They are the sources of human life, including construction, transportation, and
present in the environment in large quantity but are used even in the food we eat, demonstrating the reliance of
for limited purposes only. human livelihoods on the physical environment.
Biogas energy: Biogas is an environmentally- friendly, 2. The goal also touches upon the hazards of mining,
renewable energy source. It’s produced when organic emphasizing the impact of human activities on the
matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by
environment the health of miners, and the importance of
micro-organisms in the absence of oxygen.
Tidal energy: It is a form of power produced by the natural their conservation.
rise and fall of tides caused by the gravitational interaction
between Earth, the sun, and the moon.

CHAPTER-6
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

TOPIC-1 Manufacturing Industries – Introduction, Location and Classification

Concepts Covered:
 Importance and classification of manufacturing industries,  Contribution of manufacturing industries in the development of
the country.

zzThe total contribution of industry to the GDP is 27%

Revision Notes out of which 10% comes from mining, quarrying,
Introduction electricity and gas.
Scan this
¾¾Manufacturing is the production zzThe growth of the manufacturing sector had been 7%
of goods in large quantities after in the last decade. Since 2003, the growth rate has been
processing raw materials into more 9 to 10% per annum. The desired growth rate over the
valuable products. Industries that next decade is 12%.
manufacture finished products Classification of zzThe National Manufacturing Competitiveness
from primary materials are called Industries Council (NMCC) has been set up with the objectives
manufacturing industries. of improving productivity through proper policy
¾¾Importance of Manufacturing interventions by the government and renewed efforts
zzManufacturing industries help in modernizing by the industry.
agriculture; which forms the backbone of our economy.
¾¾Factors which Affect the Industrial Location
zzManufacturing industries also reduce the heavy
dependence of people on agricultural income because zzAvailability of raw materials
of the creation of new jobs in secondary and tertiary zzAvailability of labour
sectors. zzAvailability of capital
zzIndustrial development helps in the eradication of zzAvailability of power
unemployment and poverty. zzAvailability of market
zzExport of manufactured goods expands trade and
zzInfrastructure
commerce and brings in much needed foreign
exchange. zzAvailability of efficient means of transportation
zzA country with a high level of manufacturing activities zzClimate
becomes prosperous. ¾¾Manufacturing Industry and Urbanisation
¾¾Contribution of Industry to National Economy A manufacturing industry promotes the urbanisation
[CBSE, 2023] of its neighbourhood. Already urbanised areas also
zzThe share of manufacturing sector in the GDP (Gross attract industries, since they provide ready facilities
Domestic Product) has stagnated at 17% over the last for transport, banking, labour, consultancy, etc. If an
two decades. urban centre offers sufficient facilities and advantages,
30 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

several industries come up there together to form an viduals, e.g., Oil India Limited.
industrial agglomeration. These industries together form (iv) Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and
an agglomeration economy. operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materi-
Before Independence, most industries in India were als, workers or both. The resources are pooled by each
located in port cities to enable easy overseas trade. share holder and profits or losses are shared propor-
Classification of Industries tionately. AMUL which is a milk cooperative is a good
1. On the basis of raw materials: example. The sugar industry in Maharashtra is anoth-
(i) Agro - Based Industries: Cotton, woollen, jute, silk er example.
textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, etc. 5. Classification of industries on the basis of bulk and
weight of raw materials and finished goods:
(ii) Mineral-Based Industries: Iron and steel, cement, al-
uminium, petrochemicals, etc. (i) Heavy Industries: Iron and steel.
2. According to their main role: (ii) Light Industries: Electronics industry.
(i) Basic or Key Industries: These industries supply KEY TERMS
their products or raw materials to manufacture other Agglomeration economies: They are the benefits that gets
goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting and alu-
accrued when firms and people are placed near one another
minium smelting.
together in cities and industrial clusters.
(ii) Consumer Industries: These industries produce
goods which are directly used by consumers, e.g., Industrial agglomeration: It is defined as a cluster of
sugar, paper, electronics, soap, etc. companies in one or some interconnected industries
3. On the basis of capital investment: concentrated in a certain area, which is united by common
(i) Small Scale Industry: If the invested capital is up to ` interests and complementary.
1 crore, then the industry is called a small scale indus- Basic Industries: There are industries, on which many other
try. industries depend for their manufacturing processes.
(ii) Large Scale Industry: If the invested capital is more Large Scale Industries: Industries which employ a large
than ` 1 crore, then the industry is called a large scale number of labour in each unit.
industry.
4. On the basis of ownership: [CBSE, 2020] Heavy industries: They are very capital-intensive, it means
(i) Public Sector: These industries are owned and op- that they require a lot of machinery and equipment for
erated by government agencies, e.g., SAIL, BHEL, production.
ONGC, etc. Light industries: Any manufacturing or construction industry
(ii) Private Sector: These industries are owned and op- that doesn’t involve heavy and capital intensive products or
erated by individuals or a group of individuals, e.g., production equipment.
TISCO, Reliance, Mahindra, etc.
(iii) Joint Sector: These industries are jointly owned by KEY FACT
the government and individuals or a group of indi- China is known as the world’s manufacturing powerhouse.

KEY DIAGRAM

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
environment and how that influences the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to Manufacturing
Industries – Introduction, Location and Classification
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The goal discusses the importance of manufacturing industries and their role, economic importance, and distribution.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 31

TOPIC-2 Agro-Based & Mineral Based Industries

Concepts Covered:
 Types of agro-based industries,  Types of mineral based industries.

zzThe raw materials and finished products of iron and

Revision Notes steel industries are quite bulky; these industries must
Scan this
Agro Based Industries be located near the mining areas of the required
zzIndustries based on agricultural raw minerals and must be connected by a good transport
materials are called agro based industries. network.
For example, cotton textiles, jute textiles, 2. Aluminium Smelting:
woollen textiles, silk textiles, synthetic Agro Based zzAluminium Smelting is the second most important
Industries
textiles, sugar industry, etc. metallurgical industry in India. It is used to manufacture
Types of Agro Based Industries aircraft, utensils and wires. Bauxite is the raw material
[Board, 2015, APQ, 2023-24] used in the smelters.
1. Textile Industry: zzAluminium has gained popularity as a substitute for
zzThe textile industry contributes 14% to industrial
production in India. steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. It
zz35 million persons are directly employed in the textiles exhibits the following properties:
industry in India. (i) Light in weight
zzIn terms of employment generation, this industry is (ii) Resistant to corrosion
the second largest after agriculture. (iii) A good conductor of heat
zzIt earns approximately 24.6% of the foreign exchange.
(iv) Malleable
zzThe contribution of textiles industry to GDP is 4%.
(v) Becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals
zzThis is the only industry in the country which is self-
reliant and complete in the value chain. 3. Chemical Industries
zzCotton textiles: With first mill established in Mumbai zzThe chemical industry comprises both large and small
1854, the cotton textile mills are heavily concentrated in scale manufacturing units.
the cotton growing belts of Maharashtra and Gujarat. zzRapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and
[Board, 2023] organic sectors.
zzJute textiles: With first mill established near Kolkata 4. Fertilizer Industry
at Rishra in 1855, India dominate in the production of zzThe fertilizer industries are centred around the
raw jute and jute goods. production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea),
zzSilk textile: Karnataka leads in the production of silk in and complex fertilizers which have a combination of
the country. Mainly mulberry, tussar, eri and muga are nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
the four varieties of silk produced in India. zzGujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala
2. Sugar Industry: contribute towards half of the fertilizer production.
zzIn terms of sugar production, India holds the second 5. Automobile Industry
position, but dominate in terms of production of gur zzThis industry deals with the manufacturing of trucks,
and khandsari. buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three- wheelers and
zzThe mills in the recent years started to concentrate in multi-utility vehicles.
the southern and western states due long crushing zzThese industries are located around Delhi, Gurugram,
season in those states. Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,
Mineral Based Industries Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Manufacturing industries that use minerals as raw 6. Information Technology and Electronics Industry
material are called mineral-based industries. The iron zzThe electronics industry covers a wide range of
and steel industry is the basic industry on which all products from transistor sets to television, telephones,
other industries depend. The production and per cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars,
capita consumption of steel is a measure of a country’s computers and many other equipment required by the
economic development. telecommunication industry.
Types of Mineral Based Industries zzThis industry has generated employment in India.
The main raw materials used in the iron and steel industry Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of India.
are iron ore, coal and limestone. The raw materials and
finished products of iron and steel industries are quite KEY TERMS
bulky; these industries must be located near the mining Gross domestic product [GDP]: It is the most commonly
areas of the required minerals and must be connected
used measure for the size of an economy.
by a good transport network.
1. Iron and Steel Industry Heavy industry: It relates to a type of business that typically
zzIt is the basic industry on which all the industries are
carries a high capital cost (capital- intensive), high barriers to
depended. entry, and low transportability.
zzThe main raw materials used in the iron and steel Aluminium smelting: It is the process of extracting aluminium
industry are iron ore, coal and limestone in the ratio from its oxide, alumina.
of 4:2:1.
32 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

TOPIC-3 Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Concepts Covered:
 Industrial pollution and environmental degradation,  Control of environmental degradation

absorbing material are available to reduce the

Revision Notes noise level in industries. Industrial workers can use
Types of Pollution Caused by Industries: earphones and earplugs for individual protection of
Scan this health and hearing.
1. Air pollution: It is caused by the
¾¾ Integration of economic development with environ-
presence of a high proportion of mental concerns will help to mitigate sustainable
undesirable gases, such as sulphur development challenges.
dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke ¾¾ National Thermal Power Corporation or NTPC is a
Types of major electricity generation and distribution company
is emitted by chemical and paper Industrial in India. [Board, 2015]
Pollution
factories, brick kilns, refineries and NTPC has demonstrated how conservation of environment
smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels leads to air and natural resources can happen simultaneously with
industrial growth by:
pollution. It adversely affects human health, animals,
(i) Adopting latest technical knowledge
plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. (ii) Minimising waste generation
2. Water pollution: It is caused by organic and inorganic (iii) Providing green cover
industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. (iv) Reducing environmental pollution
The industries which are mainly responsible for water
(v) Continuous ecological monitoring
pollution are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing,
petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating in- KEY TERMS
dustries. [Board, 2020]
Thermal pollution: It is the rise or fall in the temperature of a
3. Thermal pollution: Pollution of water occurs when hot natural body of water caused by human influence.
water from factories and thermal plants is drained into Noise pollution: It is the propagation of noise with ranging
rivers and ponds before cooling. impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of them
harmful to a degree.
4. Noise pollution: It is the propagation of noise with
Environmental degradation: It is the deterioration of the
harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life. environment through depletion of resources such as quality
It results in irritation, anger, cause hearing impairment, of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat
increased heart rate and blood pressure. destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
¾¾ Steps to Control Environmental Degradation [Board, Sustainable development: Development that meets the
needs of the present generation without comprising future
2020]
generation’s ability to meet their own needs.
¾¾ One of the most important steps for the control of
environmental degradation is treating hot and polluted COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
waste water from industries before releasing it into our Curricular Goals: CG-4 Develops an understanding of the
inter-relationship between human beings and their physical
rivers and lakes. environment and how that influences the livelihoods,
¾¾ Treated waste water can be recycled for reuse in culture, and biodiversity of the region with respect to
Manufacturing Industries – Introduction, Location and
industrial processes.
Classification.
¾¾ Rainwater harvesting can be used to meet the Points Related to the Goals:
requirements of water for industrial processes. 1. This goal focuses on industrial pollution and environmental
degradation and demonstrates the influence of human
¾¾ Legal provisions must be made to regulate the use of
activities on the livelihoods, culture, and biodiversity of
groundwater for industrial use. Smoke stacks, filters, the region. Pollution from industries can affect human
scrubbers, and electrostatic and inertial separators health, animal and plant life, and the overall ecological
balance.
remove a large number of harmful particles from
2. The goal also touches upon the measures to minimize
industrial smoke. The emission of smoke itself from environmental degradation by industries, such as water
industries can be reduced by using more efficient fuels treatment, waste management, and energy efficiency.
This reflects an understanding of the need to mitigate
like oil and natural gas in place of coal.
the negative impact of human activities on the physical
¾¾ Industrial and generator silencers, and sound- environment.


 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 33

UNIT-III : Democratic Politics-II

CHAPTER-1
POWER SHARING

TOPIC-1 Belgium and Sri Lanka and Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

Concepts Covered:
 Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka  Reasons behind it and its consequences.

Revision Notes KEY TERMS

¾¾Belgium is a small European country. Brussels is the Majoritarianism: The philosophy or practices where the
capital of this country. outcome of a decision is determined by the numerical
¾¾The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex. majority of its members.
In Belgium, people speak mainly three languages— Supremacy: The state of being the most Powerful.
Dutch (59 per cent), French (40 per cent) and Tamil Eelam: Tamil State.
German (1 per cent). Civil war: A violent conflict between opposing groups within
¾¾In Brussels, the Dutch-speaking people are in
a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.
minority which is the opposite of the rest of the
country, where they are in majority.
¾¾Sri Lanka is an island country. It has a diverse
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
population. Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution
¾¾In Sri Lanka, 74 per cent of people speak Sinhala and and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the
18 per cent people speak Tamil. characteristics of a democratic government with respect to
¾¾In Sri Lanka, there are four religions: Belgium and Sri Lanka and Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka.
zzBuddhism Points Related to the Goals:
z zIslam 1. In a democracy, power sharing is essential to prevent the
zzHinduism concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals
zzChristianity
or groups.
2. Power sharing ensures that different sections of society
¾¾In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala
have a say in the decision-making process, promoting
as the only official language of Sri Lanka, thus inclusivity and representation.
disregarding Tamil. [SQP 2022-2023] 3. It helps in accommodating and managing diversities
¾¾The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to within a country, such as linguistic, ethnic, or regional
secure dominance over the government by virtue of differences.
their majority and thus, the democratically elected 4. Power sharing fosters a sense of belonging and ownership
government adopted a series of majoritarian among various communities, leading to a more stable and
cohesive society.
measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. [Board, 2019] Analyse the challenges faced by countries like Belgium
¾¾It followed majoritarianism. In 1956, an Act was passed and Sri Lanka in ensuring effective power sharing:
to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus 5. Belgium faced challenges due to linguistic divisions
disregarding Tamil. between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking
¾¾By 1980s several political organizations were formed
communities, leading to the need for a complex power-
sharing model.
demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in
6. Sri Lanka struggled with ethnic tensions between the
northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. Sinhala-speaking majority and Tamil minority, resulting in
¾¾The distrust between the two communities turned conflicts over power sharing arrangements.
into widespread conflict which resulted in a Civil War. 7. Both countries had to navigate issues of dominance,
representation, and autonomy to establish sustainable
power-sharing mechanisms.

TOPIC-2 Accommodation in Belgium and Forms of Power Sharing

Concepts Covered:
 Accommodation of Belgium in Power sharing,  Forms of Power sharing.

¾¾The three main organs of the Government are

Revision Notes (i) Legislature, (ii) Executive and (iii) Judiciary.
¾¾A strategy wherein all the major segments of the society ¾¾The broad divisions of reasons for power sharing are
are provided with a permanent share of power in the prudential reason and moral reason.
governance of the country is known as power sharing. ¾¾Ethnicity is a population of human beings whose
¾¾Political equality implies that all citizens should have
members identify with each other on the basis of
the same political rights and should have equal access common cultural, behavioural, linguistic and religious
to all offices of authority. traits.
¾¾Government is the institution, through which the will
of the State is created, expressed and implemented.
34 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

¾¾A government in which different social groups are zzIt helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between
given the power to handle the affairs related to their social groups.
communities is known as community government. zzIt is the very spirit of democracy.
¾¾The Belgian leaders worked out to make an arrangement In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements
that would enable everyone to live together within the can take many forms :
same country, which is very innovative. zzPower is shared among different organs of government,
¾¾The constitution of Belgium prescribes that the number such as the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal [Board 2023]
in the Central Government. zzPower can be shared among governments at different
¾¾The State Governments are not subordinate to the levels – a general government for the entire country
Central Government. [Board 2023] and governments at the provincial or regional level.
¾¾Brussels has a separate government in which both the zzPower may also be shared among different social
communities have equal representation. groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups.
¾¾Apart from the Central and the State Government, there zzPower sharing arrangements can also be seen in the
is a third kind of government called the ‘Community way political parties, pressure groups and movements
Government’. control or influence those in power.
¾¾Power sharing is desirable because :

KEY TERMS
Prudential: Based on prudence, or on a careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential decisions are usually contrasted with
those decisions that are based purely on moral considerations.
Pressure Groups: Pressure groups are those organization’s that attempt to influence the policies of the government to safeguard
their own interests.

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the characteristics
of a democratic government with respect to Accommodation in Belgium and Forms of Power Sharing
Points Related to the Goals:
1. India follows a federal system with power shared between the central government and states, accommodating regional
diversity and promoting decentralization.
2. Sri Lanka and Belgium have faced challenges in power sharing due to linguistic and ethnic divisions, leading to different
approaches in managing diversity.
3. India’s power-sharing model emphasizes unity in diversity, while Sri Lanka and Belgium have had to address more pronounced
divisions within their societies.
Summarize the purpose of power sharing in preserving the unity and stability of a country:
4. Power sharing helps in accommodating diverse interests and identities within a country, reducing the likelihood of conflicts
and promoting social cohesion.
5. By sharing power, countries can address grievances, ensure representation, and prevent the marginalisation of certain
groups, contributing to overall stability.
6. Effective power sharing mechanisms contribute to the unity of a country by fostering a sense of belonging and participation
among all sections of society.


CHAPTER-2
FEDERALISM

TOPIC-1 Federalism and India as a Federal Country

Concepts Covered:
 What is Federalism, What makes India a Federal Country?

zzDifferent tiers of government govern the same citizens,

Revision Notes but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters
¾¾The sharing of power among the central, state, regional of legislation, taxation and administration.
and local governments is known as federalism. zzThe jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of
¾¾In the federal form of government, there is a clear- cut government are specified in the Constitution.
division of powers between the central authority and zzThe fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot
various constituent units of the country. [Board 2020] be unilaterally changed by one level of government.
¾¾The key features of federalism are: Such changes require the consent of both the levels of
zzThere are two or more levels (or tiers) of government. government.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 35
zzCourts have the power to interpret the Constitution in the Union List.
and the powers of different levels of government. zzState List: It contains subjects of State and local
zzSources of revenue for each level of government are importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture
clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy. and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make
zzThe federal system thus, has dual objectives: To laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State
safeguard and promote the unity of the country and List. [Board 2019]
at the same time, accommodate the regional diversity. zzConcurrent List: It includes subjects of common
Argentina, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, interest to both the Union Government as well as the
Germany, India, Mexico, Switzerland and the United State Governments, such as education, forest, trade
States have federal governments. unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the
Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of Union as well as the State Governments can make
legislative powers between the Union Government laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws
and the State Governments. Thus, it contains three conflict with each other, the law made by the Union
lists: Government will prevail.
zzUnion List: It includes subjects of national importance Some units of the Indian Union are smaller in size in
such as defense of the country, foreign affairs, banking, comparison to other states to become an independent
communications and currency. The Union Government state and they also cannot be merged with other existing
alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned states. Such units are known as Union Territories.

KEY TERMS
Jurisdiction: A jurisdiction is a state or other area in which a particular court and system of laws have authority.
Legislation: The process of enrolling, enacting or promulgating law by a legislative body.
Autonomy: A region or territory to govern itself independently.

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the characteristics
of a democratic government with respect to National Development, Income and other criteria to compare different nation
Points Related to the Goals:
1. The principles of federalism embedded in the Indian Constitution, highlighting the distribution of powers between different
levels of government and the clear delineation of responsibilities through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
2. The importance of democratic politics in upholding the spirit of federalism, respecting diversity, and fostering a desire for
unity among the diverse regions, languages, and religions in India.
3. The constitutional provisions that guarantee autonomy to each level of government, ensuring financial independence and
jurisdictional clarity.

TOPIC-2 Federalism in Practice and Decentralization in India

Concepts Covered:
How is federalism Practiced in India?  Decentralization in India/Local Government.
¾¾A major step towards Decentralisation was taken in
Revision Notes 1992.
¾¾The creation of linguistic states was the Scan this ¾¾The Constitution was amended to make the Third-
first and a major test for democratic tier of Democracy more powerful and effective. The
politics in our country.
following measures were taken regarding this:
¾¾Hindi was identified as the official
language. There are 22 other languages zz It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular
recognized as Scheduled Languages by the Federalism elections for Local Government Bodies.
Constitution. zzSeats are reserved in the elected bodies and the
¾¾States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled
created not on the basis of language, but to recognize Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
differences based on Culture, Ethnicity or Geography.
zzAt least one-third of all positions are reserved for
¾¾Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more
way in which Federalism has been strengthened in women.
practice. zzAn independent institution called the State Election
¾¾When no Single Party gets a clear majority in the Commission has been created in each State to conduct
Lok Sabha, the Major National Parties enters into an Panchayat and Municipal elections.
Alliance with many parties including several Regional
zzThe State Governments are required to share some
parties to form a Government at the Centre called the
Coalition Government. powers and revenue with Local Government Bodies.
36 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

Rural local government is popularly known by the name

Panchayati Raj. Each village, or a group of villages in
KEY TERMS
some states, has a Gram Panchayat. Scheduled Languages: 22 languages which are listed in
[SQP 2023 – 24] the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution are known as the
The functions of Gram Panchayats are : scheduled languages.
zzIt is the decision-making body for the entire village. Gram Sabha: The body for the supervision of Gram
zzThe Panchayat works under the overall supervision Panchayats.
of the Gram Sabha. All the voters in the village are its Panchayat Samiti: It is a local government body at the tehsil
members. or taluka level in a state, which is a link between Gram Pan-
zzIt has to meet at least thrice in a year to approve the chayat and Zila Parishad.
annual budget of the Gram Panchayat and to review
the performance of the Gram Panchayat. COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution
what is usually called a Panchayat Samiti or Block or and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the
Mandal. characteristics of a democratic government with respect to
All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals in a District together Federalism in Practice and Decentralization in India
constitute the Zila (District) Parishad. Points Related to the Goals:
Zila Parishad Chairperson is the Political Head of the Zila 1. By appreciating and upholding fundamental constitutional
Parishad. values such as federalism, power-sharing, and democratic
Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted principles, India can ensure effective governance,
into Municipal Corporations. equitable distribution of resources, and inclusive
Both Municipalities and Municipal Corporations are development across regions.
controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s 2. The clear constitutional provisions for revenue sharing,
representatives. legislative powers, and dispute resolution mechanisms
Municipal Chairperson is the Political Head of the contribute to stability, cooperation, and harmonious
Municipality. In a Municipal Corporation, such an relations between different levels of government,
officer is called the Mayor. fostering national unity and progress.
3. Recognizing and respecting the diverse linguistic, cultural,
and regional identities within the federal structure of
governance not only strengthens democracy but also
promotes social cohesion, harmony, and prosperity for
the entire nation.

CHAPTER-3
GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE

TOPIC-1 Gender and Politics

Concepts Covered:
 Public/Private division,  Women’s Political Representation

educational and career opportunities.

Revision Notes ¾¾A man or a woman who believes in equal rights
¾¾Gender division is a form of Scan this and opportunities for women is called a feminist.
hierarchical social division which can ¾¾Most of the women’s movements aim at equality
be seen everywhere. in personal and family life, of women. These
¾¾Sexual division of labour means movements are called feminist movements.
the work is divided amongst ¾¾India is still a male-dominated patriarchal society.
Women
people according to their sex. Empowerment ¾¾Women face disadvantage, discrimination and
¾¾Social division of the Indian society is
oppression in various ways. They are less literate,
though they work equally yet they are sometimes paid
clearly indicated by casteism, gender inequality and
lesser than men; mostly son is preferred by parents.
communal divisions. ¾¾In India, the proportion of women in the legislature
¾¾Earlier, only men were allowed to participate in has been very low.
public affairs, vote and contest for public offices. ¾¾To solve this problem a fair proportion of women
Gradually, the gender issue was raised in politics. in the elected bodies has been legally made in the
¾¾Women in different parts of the world organised Panchayati Raj in India.
themselves into groups and demanded for equal ¾¾One-third of seats in local government bodies –
rights. in panchayats and municipalities – are now reserved
¾¾These agitations demanded to enhance the political for women.
and legal status of women and improving their
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 37

KEY TERMS COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Hierarchical: Of the nature of a hierarchy i.e., arranged Curricular Goals: CG-6 Understands and analyses social,
according to people’s or thing’s level of importance. cultural, and political life in India over time – as well as the
Patriarchal Society: A society in which the domination of the underlying historical Indian ethos and philosophy of unity in
males are there in all the important matters. Society ruled by diversity – and recognises challenges faced in these areas in
the hypothetical social system in which the father or a male the past and present and the efforts (being) made to address
elder has absolute authority over the family group. them with respect to Gender and Politics.
Legislature: An assembly with the authority to make laws for
a political entity such as a country or city.

TOPIC-2 Religion, Communalism and Politics

Concepts Covered:
 Communalism and Communal Politics
Some of its features are :
Revision Notes zzThe Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of
Indian democracy faces the problem of casteism, religion.
communalism, illiteracy, unemployment and poverty. zzAt the same time, the Constitution allows the State to
Communities having a relatively small population in a intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure
society are called Minorities. equality within religious communities.
When one religion and its followers are pitted against
each other politically on the basis of the belief that KEY TERMS
one’s religion is better than other religions, such usage Political Mobilisation: Set of organised activities in order
of religion in politics is known as communal politics. to create a favourable environment for national and
A system of separate electorate and international political or policy change.
representation for people belonging Scan this Secular State: A state which guarantees individual and
to different communities is known as corporate its freedom of religion; a state officially neutral in
Communal Representation. matters of religion.
The laws that deal with family-related Discrimination: Unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and
Communalism groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age,
matters, such as marriage, divorce, etc.,
are known as Family Laws. etc.
Buddhism is the major religion of Sri Lanka and Hinduism
is the major religion of Nepal. COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
The use of religion in politics is known as Communal Curricular Goals: CG-6 Understands and analyses social,
Politics. cultural, and political life in India over time – as well as the
Ideas, ideals and values are drawn from different religions underlying historical Indian ethos and philosophy of unity in
and perhaps should play a role in politics. diversity – and recognises challenges faced in these areas in
People should be able to express in politics their needs, the past and present and the efforts (being) made to address
interests and demands as a member of a religious them with respect to Religion, Communalism and Politics
community. Points Related to the Goals:
Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the
1. Religious differences have often been expressed in
principal basis of social community.
the field of politics, leading to communal tensions and
Communalism can take various forms in politics:
conflicts. The caste system, although officially prohibited,
zzThe most common expression of communalism is in
still persists in contemporary India, with caste inequalities
everyday beliefs.
and discrimination continuing to affect the lives of many.
zzA communal mind often leads to a quest for political
Efforts have been made to address these challenges.
dominance of one’s own religious community.
2. The Indian Constitution, which reflects the ethos of
zzPolitical mobilisation on religious lines is another
unity in diversity, establishes India as a secular state,
frequent form of communalism.
ensuring that there is no official religion for the country.
zzSometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of
Constitutional provisions have been put in place to
communal violence, riots and massacre.
promote gender equality and protect the rights of
In a secular state like India, there is no official religion for
marginalized communities. Social reformers and political
the Indian state.
leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, and Jotiba
The Constitution provides to all individuals and
Phule have advocated for social equality and worked
communities freedom to profess, practice and
towards eliminating caste inequalities.
propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

TOPIC-3 Caste and Politics

Concepts Covered:
 Caste Inequalities,  Caste in Politics,  Politics in caste
¾¾Caste system was based on the exclusion of and
Revision Notes discrimination against the ‘outcaste’ groups. They were
¾¾A behaviour which inspires the high caste people to subjected to the inhuman practice of untouchability.
hate the lower caste people is known as Casteism.
38 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

¾¾Gandhiji was against untouchability. have been demanding and agitating for an end to
¾¾Jyotiba Phule, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Gandhi discrimination against particular castes, for more
and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker worked to end the dignity and more access to land, resources and
caste system in India. opportunities.
¾¾With economic development, large scale urbanisation, zzExclusive attention to caste can divert attention from
the growth of literacy and education, occupational other pressing issues like poverty, development and
mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords corruption.
in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are In some cases, caste division leads to tensions, conflict and
breaking down. even violence. [SQP 2023 – 24]
¾¾Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based KEY TERMS
discrimination and laid the foundation of policies to
Untouchability: The practice of not being given equal status
reverse the injustices of the Caste System. due to that person’s caste, class, habits, culture, language,
¾¾Caste can take various forms in politics: etc.
zzWhen parties choose candidates in Scan this Urbanization: Shift of population from rural areas to urban
elections, they keep in mind the caste areas.
composition of the electorate and Corruption: A form of dishonest or illegal behavior
nominate candidates from different Caste and undertaken by a person or an organisation entrusted with a
castes. So as to muster necessary Politics position of authority.
support to win elections.
zzPolitical parties and candidates in elections make COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Curricular Goals: CG-6 Understands and analyses social,
zzUniversal Adult Franchise and the principle of one- cultural, and political life in India over time – as well as the
person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up underlying historical Indian ethos and philosophy of unity in
to the task of mobilising and securing political support. diversity – and recognises challenges faced in these areas in
the past and present and the efforts (being) made to address
No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear
them with respect to Caste and Politics
majority of one single caste. [SQP 2023 – 24]
Points Related to the Goals:
Politics too can influence the caste system and caste
1. However, despite these efforts, there is still work to be done.
identities by bringing them into the political arena.
Ongoing initiatives aim to combat communalism, promote
It is not politics that gets caste ridden; it is the caste that gender equality, and address caste-based discrimination.
gets politicised. This takes several forms: It is important to continue raising awareness, challenging
zzEach caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating prejudices, and promoting inclusivity in everyday life and
within its neighboring castes or sub-castes which were the political arena.
earlier excluded from it. [SQP 2023 – 24] 2. Overall, understanding and analysing social, cultural, and
zzNew kinds of caste groups have come up in the political political life in India, along with recognising the challenges
arena like ‘Backward’ and ‘Forward’ caste groups. faced and the efforts being made to address them, is crucial
zzSeveral political and non-political organizations
for fostering a more inclusive and harmonious society.


CHAPTER-4
POLITICAL PARTIES

TOPIC-1 An Introduction of Political Parties and Types of Party Systems

Concepts Covered:
 Why do we need political parties?  Meaning and Functions of political parties  How many parties should we have?
 Types of party systems.

governance of any country. [Board 2020]

Revision Notes ¾¾A political party hasthree components :
What is a political party? zzthe leaders,
¾¾A political party is a group of people who come zzthe active members, and
together to contest elections and hold power in the zzthe followers.
government. Functions :
Scan this
¾¾It mobilises voters to support common sets of interests, zzParties contest elections by putting
concerns and goals. up candidates.
¾¾A political party fixes the political agenda and policies zzIn some countries, candidates are
and tries to persuade people by claiming that their selected by members and supporters
policies are better than those of other parties. of a party, e.g., the USA. How many
¾¾A political party is the means through which people zzIn other countries, candidates for parties should
can speak to the government and have a say in the contesting elections are chosen by we have?
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 39
top party leaders, e.g., India. ¾¾In this system, an alliance contest election to win power.
Parties put forward different policies and programmes Such as, in 2004 and 2009 India had three such alliances
and voters choose from them. In a democracy, a for Parliamentary Elections:
large number of people with similar opinions group zzNational Democratic Alliance,
together and form a party and then give a direction to
zzThe United Progressive Alliance and
the policies followed by the government.
zzLeft Front.
The parties that lose elections form the opposition and
voice different views and criticize the government for Proportion of Participation:
their failures and wrong policies. zzLevel of participation in the activities of the parties—

They shape public opinion. Parties with the help of very high in India.
pressure groups launch movements for solving zzAdvanced countries like Canada, Japan, Spain and
problems faced by the people. South Korea—much less.
Parties provide people access to government machinery zzThe proportion of people in India who feel close to a
and welfare schemes implemented by the government. political party is very high—membership of political
For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local parties has also gone up.
party leader than a government officer. [Board, 2020] KEY TERMS
Need for political parties : Political party: A political party is a group of people with a
zzThe democracies cannot exist without political parties definite agenda and who come together to contest elections
being clear about the functions they perform. and hold power in the government.
If there were no political parties then : Election: An election is a formal group decision-making
zzAll candidates in an election would become independent process by which a population chooses an individual to hold
candidates. They cannot promise any major policy public office and run the government.
changes to the people. No one will be responsible for Alliance: When several parties in a Multi-Party System join
how the country runs. hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning
zzIn large societies, only representative democracy can power, it is called an alliance or a front.
work. Political parties become an agency to gather
different views on various issues and present them to COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
the government. Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution
Party Systems and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the
There are three types of party systems: characteristics of a democratic government with respect
(i) One-party system or Mono party to An Introduction of Political Parties and Types of Party
(ii) Two-party system or Bi-party and Systems.
Points Related to the Goals:
(iii) Multi-party system
(i) One-Party System (Mono party): In some countries, 1. Political parties are essential components of modern
only one party is allowed to control and run the gov- democratic systems, playing a crucial role in representing
ernment. There is no competition in this system. The diverse interests, articulating public opinion, and
mono party nominates the candidates and the voters organising political competition. A political party is an
have only two choices — (a) Not to vote at all or (b) essential feature of the democracy, the members of a
write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ against the name of the candidates party typically have a shared ideology, agenda, or set of
nominated by the party. This system has been pop-
ular in Communist countries and other authoritari- policy goals that they seek to implement.
an regimes, e.g., China, North Korea and Cuba. This 2. Parties represent various interests, ideologies, and social
system was also prevalent in USSR till Communism groups within society. They formulate and implement
collapsed. policies when in power. Parties inform and educate
(ii) Two-Party System (Bi-party): Power changes between citizens about political issues and choices. They mobilise
two major, dominant parties. In this system, to win voters during elections and campaigns. Parties hold
elections, the winner has to get a maximum number
of votes, but not necessarily a majority of votes. The elected officials accountable for their actions. There are
smaller parties usually merge with the bigger parties 3. Two-Party System: two major parties dominate
or they drop out of elections. This parliamentary the political landscape, often making it difficult for
system prevails in Great Britain and the United States smaller parties to gain significant electoral support or
of America, in which only two parties hold significant representation. Examples include the United States and
numbers of seats. Supporters of this system believe the United Kingdom.
that this prevents dangers of fragmentation (too many
parties winning seats from different constituencies) and 4. Multi-Party System: several parties compete for political
the government can run smoothly. power and representation. Coalitions and alliances are
(iii) Multi-Party System: It is the most common type of common, and no single party usually holds a majority.
party system. In this system, more than two parties Examples include Germany, India, and Italy.
have the capacity to gain control of the government 5. Dominant-Party System: one party holds a strong
separately or in the coalition. When no party gains
advantage over others, often due to historical or
a majority of the legislative seats in a Multi-Party
Parliamentary System, then several parties join hands institutional factors. While other parties may exist, the
and form a Coalition Government. Supporters of dominant party typically maintains a monopoly on power.
this system point out that it allows more points of Examples include Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary
views to be represented in the government. Critics Party (PRI) and Russia’s United Russia.
of this system point out that the Multi-Party System
sometimes leads to political instability.
40 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

6. Party System: only one political party is allowed to exist, 7. Non-Partisan System: Some political systems operate
and it holds complete control over the government and without formal political parties, where candidates run as
political process. Examples include China’s Communist individuals without party affiliation. This system is rare
Party and North Korea’s Workers’ Party of Korea. in modern democracies but can be found in some local
governments or non-partisan elections.

TOPIC-2 National and Regional Parties And Their Challenges and Reforms
Concepts Covered:
 National Political parties,  State Parties,  Challenges to Political Parties,  How cam Parties be reformed?

Democracy. It is opposed to the forces of communalism

Revision Notes and secessionism. It believes that parliamentary
¾¾Every party in India has to register with the Election democracy helps the interests of farmers, the working
Commission. The Commission treats every party as class, and the poor.
equal to the others, but it offers special facilities to large zzNationalist Congress Party (NCP): It was formed on
and established parties. May 25, 1999, by Sharad Pawar, P.A. Sangma and Tariq
¾¾They are given a unique symbol and are called, Anwar after they were thrown out of the Congress
“recognised political parties.” Party. NCP has a major support in Maharashtra state.
¾¾A registered party is recognised as a National Party only The NCP claims that it supports democracy, Gandhian
if it fulfils any one of the following three conditions: secularism, equity, social justice and federalism.
zzThe party wins 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha (as of 2014, State or Regional Political Parties:
11 seats) from at least 3 different states. zzRegional parties need not be regional Scan this
zzAt a General Election to Lok Sabha or Legislative in their ideology or outlook. Some of
Assembly, the party polls 6% of the total valid votes in these parties are all India parties that
at least four states and in addition it wins 4 Lok Sabha happen to have succeeded only in
some states. [SQP 2023-24]
seats. National and
zzParties like the Samajwadi Party, Regional
zzA party gets recognition as a State Party in four or more
(Janata Dal-United) Samta Party and Parties
states.
Rashtriya Janata Dal have national
Introduction to Major Political Parties in India : level political organisation with units in several states.
zzIndian National Congress (INC): Founded in 1885. zzSome of these parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim
After Independence, it became free India’s premier Democratic Front and Mizo National Front are
political party. In the first five general elections held, conscious about their state identity.
the Congress virtually controlled the politics of the Lack of internal democracy within parties
country. [SQP 2023-24] zzPower concentrated in the hands of one or few leaders
zzBharatiya Janata Party (BJP): Created in 1980, it at the top.
champions the socio-religious values of India. Since its zzNo organisational meetings. No keeping of membership
formation, the BJP has been a strong rival of the Indian registers.
National Congress. It is now in government, and the zzNo internal, regular elections.
leading party within the National Democratic Alliance zzOrdinary members do not have access to information.
(NDA). So, they cannot influence decisions.
zzBahujan Samaj Party (BSP): The Bahujan Samaj zzDisagreement with the leadership leads to ouster from
Party is a party formed to represent the OBCs, SCs, the party.
STs, and religious minorities, those which are at the Dynastic succession
bottom of India’s caste system. The BSP was formed zzLeaders on top have an unfair advantage to favour
in 1984 by two leaders, Kanshiram and Mayawati. It people close to them or family members.
draws inspiration from the teachings of Sahu Maharaj, zzTop positions controlled by family members of one
Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker. family in most parties.
zzCommunist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M): The zzBad for democracy.
Communist Party of India (Marxist), usually known zzTendency seen all over the world, even in the older
as CPI-M, split from the Communist Party of India in democracies.
1964. It believes in Marxism- Leninism and supports Money and muscle power
socialism, secularism and democracy. It opposes zzDuring elections this power is very visible.
imperialism and communalism. Its supporters are zzCandidates who can raise money are nominated.
farmers, agricultural labourers and intelligentsia. zzRich people and companies who give funds have an
zzCommunist Party of India (CPI): It was formed in influence on policies.
1925, believes in Marxism-Leninism, Secularism and
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 41
Parties do not offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
zzThere is not much difference in ideology among parties.
Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution
Example: Labour Party and Conservative Party of
and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the
Britain. They only differ on details of implementation
characteristics of a democratic government with respect
rather than fundamental principles. to National and Regional Parties And Their Challenges and
zzIn India also there is not much difference among Reforms.
parties on economic issues. Points Related to the Goals:
Reforms: 1. National parties have a presence across multiple states
zzAs political parties face these challenges, there is a in India and contest elections on a larger scale. They
growing need to reform the system. Some of the reform represent diverse ideologies ranging from the Indian
measures taken by the government are: Anti-defection National Congress (centrist) to the Bharatiya Janata Party
law, affidavit requirement and organisational meetings (right-wing) to the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
(left-wing). These parties aim to appeal to voters across
for political parties.
different states, often by focusing on national-level issues.
Some suggestions made to reform political parties and Regional Parties: These parties primarily operate within
its leaders: specific states or regions, focusing on issues relevant to
zzA law should be made to regulate the internal affairs the local population. Regional parties often champion the
cultural and linguistic identity of their respective regions,
of political parties. It should be made compulsory for
advocating for greater autonomy or federalism.
political parties to maintain a register of its members,
2. Challenges and Reforms for National Parties: Some national
follow its own Constitution and hold open elections to parties face criticism for lacking internal democracy, with
the highest posts. decision-making processes being centralized within a
zzIt should be made mandatory for political parties to few individuals or families. Corruption scandals involving
national parties have eroded public trust and highlighted
give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to
the need for transparency and accountability reforms.
women candidates. National parties often struggle to address the diverse
zzThere should be state funding of elections. The regional aspirations and grievances of different states
government should give parties money, petrol, paper, within the Indian federal structure.
telephone, etc., to support their election expenses. 3. Challenges and Reforms for Regional Parties Regional
parties may struggle to expand their influence beyond
KEY TERMS their home states, limiting their ability to shape national-
Election Commission: An autonomous constitutional level policies. Compared to national parties, regional
authority responsible for administering election processes in parties often face resource constraints in terms of funding,
a country. organizational capacity, and access to media platforms.
National Party: A party that secures at least 6% of the total 4. For both national and regional parties could include
votes in Lok Sabha elections or wins four seats in the Lok measures to promote internal democracy, enhance
Sabha is recognized as a National Party. transparency in funding, and foster greater accountability
to the electorate. Additionally, reforms to improve the
Defection: Changing party allegiance from the party on
electoral system and reduce the influence of money and
which a person got elected (to a Legislative body) to a muscle power in politics are essential for strengthening
different party. the democratic process in India.
Affidavit: A signed document submitted to an officer where a
person makes a sworn statement regarding his/her personal
information including property and criminal cases pending
against him.


CHAPTER-5
OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

TOPIC-1 How do we assess Democracy’s outcomes and Political outcomes of Democracy

Concepts Covered:
 How do we assess Democracy’s outcomes?  Why Democracy is better form of government?  Accountable, responsive and
legitimate government.

government because:
Revision Notes Scan this zzIt promotes equality among citizens.
¾¾Is Democracy a better form of zzIt enhances the dignity of the individual.
government when compared with zzIt improves the quality of decision-making.
Dictatorship or any other alternative?
zzIt provides a method to resolve conflicts.
¾¾Democracy is a better form of Access
Democracy
42 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

zzIt allows room to correct mistakes. (iii) The global economic system may also perpetuate in-
Is the Democratic government efficient? Is it effective? equality and hinder economic development in some
zzImagine that other form of government may take countries.
decisions very fast. But it may take decisions which are zz Inequality:
not accepted by the people and may, therefore, face (i) Democracy may not address all forms of social in-
problems. equality such as gender, race, ethnicity, and caste.
zzDemocracy is based on the idea of deliberation and (ii) Marginalized and historically disadvantaged commu-
negotiation. So, some delay is bound to take place. nities may continue to face discrimination and injus-
¾¾In contrast, the democratic government will take more tice in democratic societies.
time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision. (iii) Structural inequalities in the economic, political, and
¾¾But because it has followed procedures, its decisions social spheres can limit access to resources and oppor-
may be both more acceptable to the people and more tunities for certain groups.
effective. zz Social differences and conflict:
¾¾So, the cost of time that Democracy pays is perhaps (i) Democracy may exacerbate existing social divisions
worth it. and tensions between different groups.
Outcomes of every Democracy: (ii) Competition for resources and power may lead to
¾¾As a political outcome of democracy, we expect an conflicts and violence in a democratic society.
accountable, responsive and legitimate government. (iii) Polarization and divisiveness in politics can make it
¾¾As an economic outcome, we expect that democracies
difficult to address the roots of social differences and
produce economic growth and development, and conflicts.
reduce poverty and inequality. zz Freedom and dignity:

¾¾As a social outcome, we expect democracy to (i) Democracy may not guarantee individual freedom,
accommodate the social diversity in a society, and dignity, and human rights.
provide dignity and freedom to all citizens. (ii) Authoritarian tendencies, censorship, and surveil-
Political Outcomes of Democracy lance can threaten the rights of citizens in democratic
societies.
¾¾Democracy is an Accountable, Responsive and
Legitimate government: (iii) Minority rights may also be at risk in the face of major-
ity rule.
zzDemocracy ensures that decision-making is based on
zz International factors:
norms and procedures. So, a citizen has the right and
the means to examine the process of decision-making. (i) Global power dynamics and geopolitical tensions can
This is known as transparency. Democracy follows limit the ability of democracies to achieve their expect-
standard procedures and is accountable to the people. ed outcomes.
zzDemocratic governments do not have a very good (ii) International actors may interfere in the domestic af-
record when it comes to sharing information with fairs of democratic countries, leading to instability and
citizens. In order to compare the above fact, the undermining democratic processes.
democratic regimes are much better than any non- (iii) Global economic trends and policies may also have an
democratic regimes. Democracy is attentive to the impact on democracies and their ability to provide for
needs and demands of the people and is largely free their citizens.
of corruption. zz Historical legacies:
There is one respect in which democratic government (i) Legacy of colonialism, imperialism and slavery may
is certainly better than its alternatives. Democratic linger and influence the outcomes of democracy.
government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, (ii) Historical injustices and trauma can affect democratic
less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a processes and outcomes.
Democratic government is people’s own government. (iii) The heritage of authoritarianism, dictatorship, and re-
The reasons behind gap that occurs in conversion of pression can make democratization challenging and
expected outcomes into actual outcomes of democracy complicated.
in various respects are as follows : KEY FACTS
zz Quality of government : Dictatorship: Under Dictatorship, all the powers are vested
(i) Weak institutions and corruption can hinder the effec- in a single person or in a group of people.
tiveness of democracy.
Accountable Government: The Government elected by the
(ii) Politicians may prioritize personal interests over the
welfare of the public, leading to a lack of trust in people and therefore responsible to them.
government and dissatisfaction with democratic out- Responsive Government: The Government in which people
comes. have the right to know the process of Decision- making.
zz Economic well-being: Legitimate Government: Legally chosen government is
(i) Democracy does not necessarily guarantee economic called a legitimate government.
prosperity.
Transparency: To examine the process of decision making in
(ii) Economic inequality and disparities may persist even
a democracy.
in democratic societies, leading to poverty and limited
opportunities for some segments of the population.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 43

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution 2. To understand the critical role of non-state and non-
market participants in the functioning of a democratic
and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the
government and society, such as the media, civil society,
characteristics of a democratic government with respect socio-religious institutions, and community institutions.
to How do we assess Democracy’s outcomes and Political It is mentioned that democratic government requires the
outcomes of Democracy. participation of a wide range of actors, not just political
parties, politicians, and citizens, but also a range of non-
Points Related to the Goals: state actors like media, civil society organizations, socio-
1. Introduction of the concept of democracy, its key religious institutions, and community-based organizations.
characteristics, and the ways in which democracy 3. They play a critical role in the functioning of democratic
promotes equality. Its provide examples of how Indian governments and societies. The importance of civil
society in deepening democracy and promoting citizen
democracy accommodates social diversity and promotes participation. It also notes that the media has a unique
representation of all people. Its talks about how role in informing citizens and holding those in power
expectations from democracy function as the criteria for accountable.
judging any democratic country and how democracy’s 4. Overall, Its provide information that can help in
understanding the Indian Constitution, Indian democracy,
examination never gets over.
the characteristics of a democratic government, and the
critical role of non-state and non-market participants in
the functioning of a democratic government and society.

TOPIC-2 Economic and Social Outcomes of Democracy

Concepts Covered:
Economic growth and development,  Reduction of Inequality and Poverty,  Accommodation of social diversity,  Dignity
and freedom of the citizens.

accommodate various social groups. This reduces the

Revision Notes possibility of social tensions becoming explosive or
¾¾Economic Outcomes of Democracy : Economic growth violent.
and development [SQP 2023-24] zzNo society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts
zzEconomic development depends on among different groups. But democracy is best to
Scan this
several factors—country’s population handle social differences, social divisions and conflicts.
size, global situation, cooperation from
other countries, economic priorities [SQP 2023-24]
adopted by the country, etc. Example of Sri Lanka reminds us that democracy
zzHowever, the difference in the rates of
Economic- must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve the
economic development between less Growth and accommodation of social divisions:
developed countries with Dictatorships Development zzIt is necessary to understand that Democracy is not
and Democracies is negligible. simply ruled by the majority opinion. The majority
zzOverall, we cannot say that Democracy is a guarantee always needs to work with the minority so that
of economic development. But we can expect Governments function to represent the general view.
Democracy not to lag behind Dictatorships in economic
zzIt is also necessary that rule by majority does not
development.
become rule by the majority community in terms of
Democracy reduces economic inequality and poverty
religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority
zzDemocracies have growing economic inequalities. A
means rule by the majority’s choice.
small number of ultra-rich enjoy a lion share of wealth Democracy promotes the dignity and freedom of the
and those at the bottom of the society have very little to citizens
depend upon and find very difficult to meet their basic zzDemocracy stands much superior to any other form
needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education of government in promoting the dignity and freedom
and health. of the individual by providing Fundamental Rights.
zzDemocratically elected governments address the Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow
question of poverty by making various welfare schemes beings.
to remove poverty. zzThe passion for respect and freedom are the basis of
Scan this
zzDemocracies not only make welfare Democracy. Democracies throughout the world have
schemes but also give reservations recognised this, at least in principle. This has been
for socially and economically achieved in various degrees in various democracies.
backward people in jobs, elections and Social zzTake the case of dignity of women, most societies across
educational institutions. Outcomes the world were historically male- dominated societies.
Social Outcomes of Democracy
zzLong struggles by women have created some sensitivity
Democracy accommodates social diversity [SQP 2023-24] today that respect for equal treatment of women are
zzDemocracies usually develop a procedure to necessary ingredients of a democratic society.
44 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

zzDemocracy in India has strengthened the claims of

the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
status and equal opportunity. Curricular Goals: CG-5 Understands the Indian Constitution
and explores the essence of Indian democracy and the
Conclusion
characteristics of a democratic government with respect to
zz Democracy always strives towards a better goal. People
Economic and Social Outcomes of Democracy.
constantly demand more benefits in a Democracy.
Points Related to the Goals:
There are always more expectations.
1. Democracies tend to experience higher levels of economic
zzPeople now look critically at the work of those who
growth compared to non-democratic regimes, its generally
hold power. They express their dissatisfaction loudly.
prioritize policies aimed at reducing income inequality
It shows they are no longer subjects but citizens of a
through progressive taxation, social welfare programs,
Democratic country.
and labour regulations. Democracies often prioritize
KEY TERMS investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure,
Economic Development: It is the development of economic leading to improvements in human development
wealth of countries, regions or communities for the well- indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and
being of their inhabitants. access to basic services.
Social Diversity: It is all of the ways that people within 2. Democratic societies tend to be more inclusive and
a single culture are set apart from each other. Elements tolerant, fostering social cohesion by respecting diversity,
of social diversity can include ethnicity, lifestyle, religion, promoting civil liberties, and encouraging participation in
language, tastes and preferences. decision-making processes. This can lead to greater social
Social Divisions: When social differences amongst different harmony and stability. Democracy encourages freedom
communities increase and one community is discriminated of expression and exchange of ideas, which can stimulate
because of the differences, it becomes a social division. For innovation and creativity.
example, the social difference between the upper castes 3. Open societies with democratic governance structures
and lower castes becomes a social division as the dalits are are often hubs of technological advancement and cultural
generally poor and face injustice and discrimination. development. Democracies are often associated with
the protection of individual rights, including those of
minorities and marginalized groups. Legal frameworks in
democracies typically provide avenues for redress against
discrimination and injustice.


UNIT IV: Understanding Economic Development
CHAPTER-1
DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC-1 National Development, Income and other criteria to compare different nation
Concepts Covered:
National Development,  Different Goals of different people,  Income and other criteria to compare different states or
nation

¾¾Different people can have different developmental

Revision Notes goals. For example, an urban unemployed youth would
¾¾Development is the sum total of Scan this aspire for a good salaried job, promotions, etc., and on
income plus the quality of life like the other hand, a rural unemployed youth would want
equal treatment, freedom, security, better job opportunities in the village, job security and
respect of others, etc. dignity of labour.
¾¾Development is also known as ¾¾Income is the most important component of
progress. Its idea has always been National development.
Development ¾¾To make a comparison among various countries, their
with us.
¾¾Everyone has his own aspirations national income and per capita income is considered
and desires about what he would like to do and how as a base point. [Board, 2019]
he would like to spend his life. ¾¾Individuals seek different goals and thus, their notion
¾¾People want regular work, better wages and decent of national development is also likely to be different.
price for their crops or other products. In other words, ¾¾World Bank considers only the per capita income as an
they want more income. indicator of the development.
¾¾Besides seeking more income, people also want equal ¾¾UNDP considers health, educational levels and the
treatment, freedom, security and respect from others. per capita income of the citizens as an indicator of
They resent discrimination. development.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 45
¾¾Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per
annum and above in 2019, are called high income or KEY TERMS
rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ UNDP: United Nations Development programme is an
2500 or less are called low-income countries. institution to measure the development of different countries.
¾¾India comes in the category of low middle income Per capita income: Also known as average income.
countries because its per capita income in 2019 was just Calculated as-Average income = total income of the area/
US$ 6700 per annum. total population of that area.
¾¾The other criteria for comparing two states or countries
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of children that die
are their Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Literacy Rate,
Net Attendance Ratio, Human Development Index, before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live
available facilities, etc. children born in the particular year.
¾¾Income by itself is not an adequate indicator of material Literacy Level: Measures the proportion of literate population
goods and services that the people are able to use. in the 7-and-above-age group.
For example, income cannot buy a pollution- free
environment. KEY FACTS
¾¾Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate and high (i) India is considered as a developing country.
Literacy Rate because it has adequate provisions of
(ii) The headquarters of World Bank is situated in Washing-
health care and educational facilities.
ton, D.C., in the U.S.A.

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-8 Evaluates the economic development of a country in terms of its impact on the lives of its people and
nature with respect to National Development, Income and other criteria to compare different nation
Points Related to the Goals:
1. Development is not just about better income but also about other important aspects of life.
2. Economic development can be measured using income as a common method, but also points out the weaknesses of this
approach and the need for newer ways of looking at development using indicators of quality of life and environmental
sustainability.
3. The goal touches on the idea that different individuals may have conflicting notions of a country’s development, underscoring
the importance of considering a fair and just path that benefits a large number of people.

TOPIC-2 Public Facilities and Sustainable Development

Concepts Covered:
Public facilities,  Human Development Index,  Meaning of Sustainable Development, Importance of sustainability for
economic welfare.
such states in which PDS system functions well certain-
Revision Notes ly likely to be better.
¾¾Public facilities are the facilities that Scan this ¾¾Human Development Report published by UNDP
are provided to the people by the compares countries based on the educational levels of
government. the people, their health status and per capita income.
¾¾The provision of public services and ¾¾Through Human Development Index (HDI), which is
facilities in the urban environment a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and
Public Facilities
has a significant impact on the quality per capita income indicators, is used to rank countries
of life that residents and others enjoy. into four tiers of human development
¾¾Public facilities play an essential role in providing sup- ¾¾Human Development Index is the quality of life- index
port services to create viable, sustainable, healthy and prepared by UNDP. It has mainly three indicators:
cohesive communities, overcoming social barriers and (i) Life Expectancy at Birth: It denotes the average ex-
increasing achievements. pected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
¾¾Money alone cannot buy all the goods and services (ii) Gross Enrolment Ratio: It shows enrolment ratio in
that one may need to live well. primary schools, secondary schools and in higher ed-
¾¾Income by itself is not a completely adequate indi- ucation.
cator of material goods and services that citizens are (iii) Per Capita Income: It is calculated in dollars for all
able to use. countries so that it can be compared. Adding all the
three indicators and dividing by 3, gives the human
¾¾Government has to provide certain essential facilities
development index:
like healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport
HDI = LE index + GER index + PCI index
and educational institutions. HDI = Human Development Index
¾¾In some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) PCI = Per Capita Income
functions well. If a PDS shop, i.e., ration shop, does not LE = Life Expectancy
function properly at any place, people of that place face GER = Gross Enrolment Ratio
difficulty even to get the basic meal to survive their life ¾¾In 2023, India stands 132 in the HDI rank in the world.
who cannot even afford the bread of two times at the
market price. Health and nutritional status of people of
46 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

¾¾Through the democratic political process, these devel- ¾¾Mahatma Gandhi said, ‘The earth has enough
opmental goals of different sections of society can be resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to
achieved. satisfy the greed of even one person’.
¾¾Human Development Index published by the UNDP ¾¾Consequences of environmental degradation do not
indicates the level of development of a country, how far respect national or state boundaries.
it has reached and how far it is yet to reach to achieve ¾¾Sustainability of development is comparatively a new
high ranks in matters such as per capita income of the area of knowledge in which scientists, economists,
people, welfare elements such as life expectancy, litera- philosophers and other social scientists are working
cy, educational level of people and health status. together.
¾¾Sustainable economic development means develop-
ment should take place without damaging the envi-
KEY TERMS
Gross Enrolment ratio: Gross Enrolment Ratio is defined as
ronment and development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of the future generation. the total enrolment within a country in a specific level of
¾¾The various measures for sustainable development
education regardless of age.
are : Life Expectancy: A statistical measure of the average time an
zzControlling over-exploitation and creating an aware- organism is expected to live.
ness to provide sustainable development.
zzIncreased use of renewable resources. FUNDAMENTAL FACTS
zzLess use of fossil fuels. Hong kong has the highest life expectancy rate around the
zzIntroduction of organic farming. world.
zzAdopting measures to reduce global warming.
¾¾Sustainable development is all about judicious use of COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
resources at present, keeping in mind the future re- Curricular Goals: CG-8 Evaluates the economic development
quirements of the coming generation e.g., groundwa- of a country in terms of its impact on the lives of its people
ter. and nature with respect to Public Facilities and Sustainable
¾¾Groundwater is overused for agriculture; since water Development
is a renewable resource, we must help in replenishing Points Related to the Goals:
water.
1. It discusses the importance of sustainability for
¾¾Sustainable development is important for economic
development, highlighting that consequences of
growth because :
environmental degradation do not respect national
zzEnvironment must be conserved while development is
taking place. boundaries and that our future is linked together.
zzResources must be used in such a way that they are
2. It raises questions about who benefits from certain
conserved for the future generations. actions or policies and who does not, which can be crucial
zzThe standard of living of all people must be raised. in evaluating the impact of economic development on
people’s lives.


CHAPTER-2
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

TOPIC-1 Sectors of Economic Activities and ways to create more Employment

Concepts Covered:
 Classification of economic activities into three sectors,  Comparison of the three sectors,  Ways to generate more employment,
 Objectives of implementing MGNREGA 2005.

zzTertiary Sector: All service providers which help in the

Revision Notes development of primary and secondary sectors come
¾¾All activities that give an income in return are called under the category of the tertiary sector. For example,
economic activities. Example, people going to work in doctors, teachers, lawyers, etc. [Board, 2020]
factories, banks, schools, etc. ¾¾Economic activities, though, are grouped into three
¾¾People are engaged in various economic activities of different categories, are very much interdependent.
producing goods and services. ¾¾The various production activities in primary, secondary
¾¾Economic activities can be classified into three sectors: and tertiary sectors produce a large number of goods
zzPrimary Sector: Goods which are produced by utilizing and services and employ a large number of people.
natural resources come under the category of primary ¾¾The value of final goods and services produced in each
sector. sector during a particular year provides the total pro-
zzSecondary Sector: Transformation of one good into duction of the sector for that year.
another comes under the category of secondary sector. ¾¾More than half of the workers in the country are en-
For example : transformation of sugarcane into sugar. gaged in the primary sector, especially in agriculture.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 47
¾¾The sum of production in all three sectors is known as live in rural areas for 100 days.
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. The zzTo raise the standard of living of the people.
contribution of agriculture in the GDP is only one– zzTo implement the right to work.
fourth whereas, the secondary and tertiary sector con-
tributes three-fourth of the GDP. [Board, 2019] KEY TERMS
Service: A service is an ‘act‘ or use for which a consumer, firm
¾¾In the year 2013-14, the tertiary sector emerged as the
or government is willing to pay.
largest producing sector in India replacing the primary
sector.
¾¾The tertiary sector is becoming very important in In-
KEY FACTS
The contribution of different sectors to the GDP of India
dia due to several reasons:
in 2022 was as follows: the Primary sector was estimated
zzThe government has taken responsibility for the provi-
as 21.82 percent, the secondary was estimated as 24.29
sion of services such as hospitals, educational institu-
percent, and the tertiary sector contributed 53.89 percent to
tions, post and telegraph services, etc.
the GDP of India in 2022.
zzAgriculture and industry have developed that has ulti-
mately resulted in the development of services. The chairman of NITI Aayog is Prime Minister of India.
zzAs income levels rise in big cities, certain sections of
Current chairman is Mr. Narendra Modi.
people start demanding many more services like eat-
ing out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, etc.
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
zzOver the past decade or so, certain new services such
Curricular Goals: CG-7 Develops an understanding of
theeconomy of a nation, with specific reference to India with
as those based on information and communication
respect to Sectors of Economic Activities and ways to create
technology have become important and essential.
more Employment
¾¾Service sector in India employs many different kinds
Points Related to the Goals:
of people like highly skilled and educated workers on
1. The goal discusses the primary, secondary, and tertiary
one side, and a very large number of workers engaged sectors of the Indian economy and provides data on the
in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, production of goods and services in these sectors over a
transport persons, etc., on the other side. span of forty years.
¾¾Underemployment or disguised unemployment 2. It emphasizes the importance of sectoral classification
means more people engaged in a job than needed. in understanding economic activities and highlights the
¾¾More employment can be created in a country like India significance of grouping economic activities into sectors.
by building more dams and canals to provide water to 3. It talks about the changing roles of sectors in the Indian
the farmers, by providing cheap credit facilities and economy, such as the declining importance of agriculture
crop insurance, by spending more money on transport and the growing significance of industry and services, and
and storage, technical training and by providing cheap suggests relating these changes to real-life experiences
bank loan at cheaper interests. and examples for better comprehension.
¾¾A study conducted by the erstwhile Planning 4. It provides information on the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of India in 2013-14, which is a key indicator of the
Commission of India (now known as NITI Aayog)
economic performance of the nation.
estimates that nearly 20 lakh jobs can be created in the
education sector alone. 5. It encourages teachers and learners to refer to authentic
sources like government reports and websites to access
¾¾In our country, the Central Government made a law
data for analysis and evaluation of the Indian economy.
implementing the Right to Work in 625 districts. It is
called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment 6. It touches upon the employment figures based on surveys
Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005). conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation
(NSSO) and highlights the importance of understanding
¾¾The objectives of implementing MGNREGA 2005 were :
employment trends in relation to economic development.
zzTo give employment opportunities to the people who

TOPIC-2 Division of Sectors in Terms of Organised & Unorganised & Public and Private sectors
Concepts Covered:
 Classification of sectors in terms of organised and unorganised, Public and Private Sectors

¾¾In the urban areas, unorganised sector comprises

Revision Notes mainly of workers in the small-scale industry, casual
On the basis of the nature of economic activities, there workers in construction, trade and transport, etc. In an
are two types of sectors: unorganised sector, jobs are not secure, workers are not
zzOrganized Sector. [Board 2015, 2020] paid a fair wage and earnings are low. Thus, there is a
zzUnorganised Sector. need to protect and support the workers.
¾¾Workers in the organized sector enjoy the security of ¾¾In our country, majority of workers from scheduled
employment. They are expected to work only for a castes, schedule tribes and backward communities are
fixed number of hours. working in the unorganised sector.
¾¾The unorganised sector is characterised by small and ¾¾On the basis of ownership, economic activities can be
scattered units which are largely outside the control of classified into two sectors :
the government. Jobs here are low-paid and often not zzPublic Sector
regular. zzPrivate Sector. [SQP 2020-21, Board, 2021]
48 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

In the public sector, the government owns most of the must spend on these activities.
assets and provides all the services, e.g., railways or In India, nearly half of the children are malnourished and
post office. a quarter of them are critically ill.
In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery Government needs to pay attention on the availability of
of services is in the hands of private individuals or safe drinking water, housing facilities for the poor, food
companies, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited and nutrition, etc.
(TISCO) or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL). Running proper schools and providing quality education,
There are large number of activities which are the primary particularly elementary education is the duty of the
responsibility of the government. The government government.
KEY TERMS
Backward Communities: It is a collective term used by the government of India, for castes which are economically and socially
disadvantaged and face or may have faced discrimination on account of birth.

COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL

Curricular Goals: CG-7 Develops an understanding of theeconomy of a nation, with specific reference to India with respect to
Division of Sectors in Terms of Organised & Unorganised & Public and Private sectors
Points Related to the Goals:
1. It suggests ways to engage students in understanding the economy by encouraging discussions on issues like unemployment,
protection of workers in the unorganised sector, and generating more employment opportunities in cities like Ahmedabad.


CHAPTER-3
MONEY AND CREDITS
payment directly from a bank deposit without using
Revision Notes cash.
Introduction ¾¾A cheque is a written instruction to a bank by an ac-
¾¾In the early times, people used to exchange one com- count holder to pay a specific sum to a specific person
modity for another, depending on their requirement from his deposit. A cheque has all the information
under the barter system. However, exchanging goods about the person to whom payment is to be made, the
in the barter system required a double coincidence of amount and date of payment and signature of account
wants. holder issuing the cheque.
¾¾However, money eliminates the need for double coin- ¾¾As per the Reserve Bank of India, banks hold about
cidence of wants. Since money enables the exchange 15% of their deposits as cash to arrange for daily with-
process, it is also called a medium of exchange. drawals by depositors.
¾¾Money is anything which is commonly accepted as a ¾¾A major portion of the remaining deposits is used by
medium of exchange and in the discharge of debts. banks to give loans to people. The depositors of a bank
¾¾Before the introduction of coins, a variety of objects are allowed to withdraw their deposits on demand and
were used as money. For example, since the very early are paid interest on their deposits. The borrowers take
ages, Indians used grains and cattle as money. There- loans to repay it to the bank along with interest.
after the use of metallic coins–gold, silver, copper coins ¾¾The interest charged on loans is more than the interest
came into existence. paid by the banks on deposits. The difference between
Modern currency : the interest charged on loans and the interest paid on
zzUses paper notes and coins made of relatively inexpen- deposits is the bank’s income or profit.
sive metals. ¾¾The loan given by a bank is also referred to as a credit.
zzHas no value of its own. ¾¾A loan or credit is subject to certain conditions that the
zzHas a value only because it is authorised by the gov- borrower must agree to. These conditions are called
ernment of the country. terms of credit and include : [Board, 2016]
¾¾In India, the Reserve Bank of India is the only legal au- zzA specified rate of interest.
thority that can issue currency notes (except one rupee zzSecurity against the loan to recover the money if the
note) and coins on behalf of the central government. borrower fails to repay it. This security is called collat-
The rupee is India’s currency and nobody can refuse to eral.
accept a payment made in rupees in India. zzThe assets accepted as collateral are land or property,
¾¾People deposit their additional cash in the bank. A vehicles, livestock, standing crops and bank deposits.
bank in addition to accepting deposits, also pays inter- zzA borrower needs to submit certain documents like
est on the deposit to the depositor. Thus, bank deposits proofs of identity, residence, employment and income
are also called demand deposits. [Board, 2016] to avail a loan.
¾¾A person simply needs to have an account with the zzThe lender reserves the right to sell the collateral in
bank to deposit money. A cheque can be used to make case of non-repayment to recover the loan amount.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 49
¾¾Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as
land, building, vehicles, livestock, etc.) and uses this as a
COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid. Curricular Goals: CG-8 Evaluates the economic development
The different sources of credit are: of a country in terms of its impact on the lives of its people
zzBanks
and nature.
zzTraders
Points Related to the Goals:
zzCooperative societies
1. The goal stresses the importance of credit availability to
all, especially the poor, on reasonable terms. It emphasizes
zzLandlords
that access to credit is a right of the people and is crucial
zzMoneylenders
for their participation in the development process.
zzRelatives and friends
2. It discusses the significance of formal and informal
Formal and Informal Credit sources of credit and how they impact different segments
zzFormal credit is generally available with the banks and of the population. It highlights the need to increase formal
cooperatives. They charge lesser rates of interest than sector credit to reduce dependence on more expensive
informal institutions. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) informal credit.
supervises the functioning of the formal sources of 3. It mentions the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh as a
loan. successful example of reaching the poor to meet their
zzInformal lenders include moneylenders, traders, credit needs at reasonable rates. It underscores the
employers, relatives and friends, etc. They charge positive impact of providing credit to the poorest sections
much higher interest on loans. There is no one to stop of society.
them from using unfair means to get their money back. 4. It discusses the role of banks in mediating between those
[Board, 2019] who have surplus money and those who need money.
¾¾The idea behind Self-Help Groups is to organise It also addresses the need to expand formal sources of
the rural poor into self-help groups and collect their credit in India to promote economic development.
savings. Members can take small loans from the group 5. It acknowledges that credit can have a positive impact, but
itself to meet their own needs. in certain situations, it can make the borrower worse off.
KEY TERMS It highlights the importance of evaluating the terms and
Livestock: The stock of animals with a person is called conditions of credit arrangements to ensure they benefit
livestock. the borrowers.
Traders: Trader is a person who buys and sells goods, 6. It mentions the role of the Reserve Bank of India in
currency, or shares. supervising the functioning of banks, emphasizing
the necessity of such supervision for the stability and
KEY FACTS efficiency of the banking system.
(i) As per a survey, most of the informal sources of credit are
used by rural people and they take loan for unproductive
purposes like marriage.
(ii) A cheque can be dishonoured by a bank but it cannot
dishonour bank draft.


CHAPTER-4
GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY
communication technology has been a major factor
Revision Notes that has stimulated the globalisation process. To ac-
¾¾Globalization and Significant Role of G20 cess information instantly and to communicate from
¾¾Globalisation means integrating or interconnecting remote areas, devices such as telephones, mobiles and
the economy of a country with the economies of computers are very useful. Further, it has played a ma-
jor role in spreading out production of services across
other countries under conditions of free flow of trade,
countries. [SQP, 2020]
services, technology, capital and movement of people
(ii) Liberalisation: Liberalisation of economy means to
across international borders.
free it from direct or physical controls imposed by the
¾¾Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or government. In other words, removing barriers or re-
interconnection between countries. MNCs are playing strictions set by the government is what is known as
a major role in the globalisation process. liberalisation.
¾¾More and more goods and services, investments and Impact of globalisation on the country is manifold:
technology are moving between countries. MNCs have increased their investment over the past 15
Factors That Enabled Globalization years, which is beneficial for them as well as for Indi-
(i) Technology: Rapid improvement in information and ans also. This is because these MNCs provide employ-
50 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X

ment opportunities to the masses and local companies

supplying raw material to these industries have pros-
pered. But globalisation has failed to solve the prob-
lem of poverty and it has widened the gap between
the rich and the poor. Only skilled and educated class
has benefited from globalisation.
Globalisation and liberalisation have posed major
challenges for small producers and workers.
The government can take steps to ensure that the
benefits of globalisation reach everyone : zzThe chairmanship of the grouping keeps on rotating
zzFormulate labour laws that are effective and watertight among its members. For the year 2023, India was the
to ensure the rights of workers. chair of the G20 and it has taken the chairmanship
zzHave policies to protect the interests of the small pro- from Indonesia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi was
ducers against the MNCs. the chairman of the G20 and the summit in 2023.
zzTrade barriers to protect the domestic economy from zzThe G20 Logo draws inspiration from the vibrant col-
foreign trade and unfair competition from developed ours of India’s national flag – saffron, white and green,
countries. and blue. It juxtaposes planet Earth with the lotus,
zzAlign with other developing countries to negotiate India’s national flower that reflects growth amid chal-
with WTO to impose trade restrictions like imposition lenges. The Earth reflects India’s pro-planet approach
of tariff and quotas. to life, one in perfect harmony with nature. Below the
Factors that supported globalisation in India are as fol- G20 logo is “Bharat”, written in the Devanagari script.
lows : [Board, 2019] zzAll the Heads of the State of G20 member nations met

zzReduction of trade barriers with a view to allowing free in New Delhi in September 2023.
flow of goods to and from other countries. zzThe theme of the India’s G20 summit “Vasudeva Ku-

zzInvolvement of various local producers with MNCs in tumbakam” or “One Earth, One Family, One Future.”
various ways. zzEssentially the them affirms the values all life-human,
zzSome of the large Indian companies like Tata Motors, animals, plants, microorganisms and their intercon-
Infosys (IT), Ranbaxy, Asian Paints, etc. emerged as nectedness on the planet earth and in the wider uni-
MNCs and started working globally. verse.
The Role of G20 zzIndia in 2023 led G20 summit and strengthened its
zzG20 is an intergovernmental forum which is a group- cultural ethos of ‘Vasudeva Kutumbakam’ meaning
ing of 19 countries and the European Union that came “World is One Family.”
into existence in the year 1999. Significance of India’s G20 Presidency
zzThe member nations of the G20 are Argentina, Aus- zzG20 is the premier forum for international economic
tralia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, cooperation representing around 85% of the global
Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Russia, GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about two-
Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, thirds of the world population.
United States, and European Union and now African zzDuring the course of its G20 Presidency, India hosted
Union has been added as new member in 2023 during about 200 meetings in 32 different sectors in multiple
India’s presidency. locations across India.
zzThe major issues addressed by the G20 are related to zzThe G20 Leaders’ Summit at the level of Heads of State/
the global economy. It works tirelessly for maintaining Government was held on September 9 and 10, 2023 in
and improving the financial stability in the world. New Delhi.
zzG20 has been playing an active role in the area of mit- zzAccording to Prime Minister Modi, this term was an
igating the risks that have been generated due to cli- opportunity for India to share its expertise with the
mate change in the world. world in areas of women empowerment, democracy
zzThe grouping has been an advocate of the idea of sus- and digital technologies.
tainable development whose aim is to secure develop- zzAs a country with core democratic values, India showed
ment without compromising the needs of future gen- the world that the scope of conflict can come to an end
erations.
when democracy becomes a culture. This gains signifi-
zzG20 is one of the most powerful economic blocs of the
cance amidst the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.
world and contributes around 80% of the Gross World
zzIndia’s foreign policy is focusing on the ‘global com-
Product (GWP).
mon good’. Through its G20 leadership, India extend-
zzTwo-third of the global population of the world are the
ed this principle towards finding sustainable solutions
inhabitants of the G20 Member nations.
to some of the key global challenges emerging out of
zzThe nations of the G20 cover more than 60% of the to- the interconnectedness of the world, such as climate
tal land area of the world. change, new and emerging technologies, food and en-
zzSince the year 2008 when the global financial crisis hits ergy security, etc.
the world, G20 has been carrying out regular summits zzDuring India’s Presidency, Indonesia and Brazil along
between Finance Ministers and the Central Bank Gov- with India would form the G20 Troika.
ernors of its members. This is done to ensure the pru-
zzThis was the first time when the Troika would
dent working of the global financial system.
consisted of three developing countries and emerging
India’s G20 Presidency economies.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X 51
zzThe 2023 G20 Summit marked a shift in the balance of Women-led development
power within the G20 favouring emerging economies zzIndia at the G20 forum highlighted inclusive growth
to have a greater share in decision-making at this and development, with women empowerment
grouping. and representation being at the core of India’s G20
zzThe G-20 Presidency presents a great opportunity for deliberations. This included a focus on bringing
India to correct the long-standing anomalies that go women to the fore, and in leading positions, in order to
against developing countries, especially in the domain boost socio-economic development and achievement
of agriculture and food subsidies. of SDGs.
Green Development, Climate Finance & LiFE zzIndia kick-started its presidency term agenda with
zzThe opportunity to lead G20 comes at a time of a series of cultural initiatives that included various
compounding existential threat, with the COVID-19 Jan Bhagidari activities, a special University Connect
pandemic having exposed the fragilities of our systems event with 75 educational institutions from across
under the cascading impacts of climate change. In the country, the lighting up of 100 ASI monuments
this regard, climate change is a key priority for India’s with the G20 logo and colours, and showcasing G20
Presidency, with a particular focus towards not only at the Hombill festival in Nagaland. Sand artist Shri
climate finance and technology, but also ensuring just Sudarshan Pattnaik also created sand art of India’s
energy transitions for developing nations across the G20 logo on Puri beach in Odisha. Various other
world. events, youth activities, cultural performances, and
zzUnderstanding that the issue of climate change cuts site excursions showcasing the sights and traditions of
across industry, society, and sectors, India offers the respective city-venues, are also planned throughout
world LiFE. This ties closely with India’s G20 theme: the year-long calendar.
‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ or ‘One Earth, One Family, KEY TERMS
One Future. MNCs : Multinational companies are those companies that
Accelerated, Inclusive & Resilient Growth are operating in many countries and have huge capital to
zzAn accelerated, resilient and inclusive growth is a Invest.
cornerstone for sustainable development. During Liberalisation : Removal of unnecessary restrictions from the
its G20 Presidency, India aims to focus on areas that business firms.
have the potential to bring structural transformation. LiFE : (Lifestyle For Environment) -a behaviour- based
This includes an ambition to accelerate integration movement that draws from our nation’s rich, ancient
of MSMEs in global trade, bring in the spirit of trade sustainable traditions to nudge consumers, and in-turn
for growth, promote labour rights and secure labour markets, to adopt environmentally-conscious practices.
welfare, address global skills gap, and build inclusive
agricultural value chains and food systems etc. COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULAR GOAL
Accelerating progress on SDGs Curricular Goals: CG-7 Develops an understanding of the
zzIndia’s G20 Presidency collides with the crucial midpoint economy of a nation, with specific reference to India.
of the 2030 Agenda. As such, India acknowledges the CG-8 Evaluates the economic development of a country
detrimental impact of COVID-19, which changed the interms of its impact on the lives of its people and nature.
current decade of action into a decade of recovery. Points Related to the Goals:
In line with this perspective, India wants to focus on 1. These goals compare the agriculture sector in India, which
recommitting G20’s efforts to achieving the targets laid provides a significant portion of GDP and employment,
out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with a developed country like the US, where the share of
Technological Transformation & Digital Public agriculture in GDP is only 1% and in total employment is
Infrastructure 0.5%.
zzAs G20 Presidency, India put forth its belief in a human- 2. They discuss the impact of trade policies on the economy,
centric approach to technology, and facilitate greater using the example of Chinese toy imports in India.
knowledge-sharing in priority areas like digital public 3. Recent studies point out that small producers in India
infrastructure, financial inclusion, and tech-enabled need better infrastructure, technology, and access to
development in sectors ranging from agriculture to credit to compete better in the market.
education. 4. They talk about rapid improvements in technology,
zzMultilateral Institutions for the 21st century liberalisation of trade and investment policies, and
zzIndia’s G20 priority continued pressing for reformed pressures from international organisations like the WTO
multilateralism that creates more accountable,inclusive as key factors influencing economic development.
just, equitable and representative multipolar 5. They prompt readers to explain globalisation in their own
international system that is fit for addressing the words and discusses the reasons for barriers to foreign
challenges in the 21st century. trade and investment by the Indian government.

