Mango

( Mangifera indica L.)

1. Introduction:
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) belonging to Family Anacardiaceae is the most
important commercially grown fruit crop of the country. It is called as the “king of
fruits”. India has the richest collection of mango cultivars. Cultivation of mango is believed
to have originated in S.E. Asia. Mango is being cultivated in southern Asia for nearly six
thousand years. Besides delicious taste, excellent flavour and attractive fragrance, it is rich in
vitamin A&C. The tree is hardy in nature, can be grown in a variety of soil and requires
comparatively low maintenance costs.

Mango fruit is utilised at all stages of its development both in its immature and mature
state. Raw fruits are used for making chutney, pickles and juices. The ripe fruits besides
being used for desert are also utilised for preparing several products like squashes, syrups,
nectars, jams and jellies. The mango kernel also contains 8-10 percent good quality fat which
can be used for soap and also as a substitute for cocoa butter in confectionery.

World scenario
COUNTRY AREA PRODUCTION PRODUCTIVITY %age SHARE IN
(‘000ha) (‘000 tons) (tons/ha) WORLD TOTAL
PRODUCTION
India 2312.30 15026.70 6.50 40.48
China 465.337 4351.29 9.35 11.72
Thailand 311.048 2550.60 8.20 6.87
Pakistan 173.7 1845.50 10.62 4.97
Mexico 174.97 1632.65 9.33 4.40
Indonesia 131.674 1287.29 9.78 3.47
Brazil 75.111 1188.91 15.83 3.20
Bangladesh 170.8 1047.85 6.13 2.82
Philippines 189.437 825.68 4.36 2.22
Nigeria 114.9 790.20 6.88 2.13
Other 827.04 6578.07 7.95 17.72
Countries
World 4946.314 37124.74 7.51

India Scenario.
Uttar Pradesh is the leading mango producing state with production of 3,623.22 thousand
tons followed by Andhra Pradesh state which has production of 3,363.40 thousand tons. Then
comes Karnataka 1,778.75 thousand tons, followed by Bihar and Gujarat i.e. 1,334.87 and
911.30 thousand tons respectively. Area, production and productivity of mango in different
states are given in table.
 Area, production and productivity of leading mango growing states in India.
STATE AREA (000’ha) PRODUCTION (000’tons) PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
2008- 2009- 2010- 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2008- 2009- 2010-
09 10 11 09 10 11
Uttar 271.20 276.42 267.22 3465.95 3588.00 3623.22 12.78 12.98 13.56
Pradesh
Andhra 497.70 480.41 391.09 2522.00 4058.35 3363.40 5.07 8.45 8.60
Pradesh
Karnataka 141.29 153.80 161.57 1284.42 1694.00 1778.75 9.09 11.01 11.01
Bihar 144.07 146.03 147.01 1329.80 995.94 1334.87 9.23 6.82 9.08
Gujarat 115.69 121.52 130.10 299.82 856.74 911.30 2.59 7.05 7.00
Tamil 148.84 132.68 148.04 821.41 636.29 823.74 5.52 4.80 5.56
Nadu
Orissa 164.25 177.63 190.08 449.71 577.48 642.01 2.74 3.25 3.38

2. Land selection and preparation:

Establishment of Mango Orchard:
 Establishment of mango orchard is a long-term investment and trees continue to produce fruit
for longer years than many other fruit crops.
Thus its planting requires proper planning which includes careful selection of site, provision
of gentle slope to facilitate proper irrigation and prompt drainage to avoid harmful effect of
water logging during rainy season.

Site selection:
 Selection of suitable site is the first step for a mango orchard on commercial scale.
 The land which is chosen for mango orchard, planting should be near to main road and
market.
 It should have proper irrigation facilities and have a good soil and climate suitable for growth
and production of mango trees.

Field Preparation and Layout:

 Land should be prepared by deep ploughing followed by harrowing and levelling with
a gentle slope for good drainage.
 Spacing varies from 10 m x 10 m, in the dry zones where growth is less, to 12 m x 12
m, in heavy rainfall areas and rich soils where abundant vegetative growth occurs.
 New dwarf hybrids like Amrapali can be planted at closer spacing of 5m X 5m.
 One year old healthy, straight growing grafts from reliable sources can be planted at
the centre of pits along with the ball of the earth intact during rainy season in such a
way that the roots are not expanded and the graft union is above the ground level.
  Plants should be irrigated immediately after planting. In the initial one or two years, it
is advisable to provide some shade to the young plants and also stake to make them
grow straight.
Manuring:
Pits are filled with original soil mixed with 20-25 kg well rotten FYM, 2.5 kg single super
phosphate and 1 kg muriate of potash. Organic manures and phosphatic fertilizers should be applied
immediately after harvest, whereas ammonium sulphate should be given before flowering.

3. Season and climate:

Season of planting
Planting spreads from July to December.

Climate:
Mango can be grown under both tropical and sub-tropical climate from sea level to
1400 m altitude, provided there is no high humidity, rain or frost during the flowering period.
Places with good rainfall and dry summer are ideal for mango cultivation. It is better to avoid
areas with winds and cyclones which may cause flower and fruit shedding and breaking of
branches.

Temperature:
 Climatic conditions particularly temperature, also govern the flowering time and ripening
time of fruits.
 Mango starts flowering early in Bihar, Bengal and eastern Uttar Pradesh due to onset of high
temperature early in the season.
 Fruit ripening is also earlier in these regions than in north-western parts.
 In the south under moderate temperature conditions even during winter the flowering may
start in September or as late as November.
 The annual mean temperature at which mango thrives best is around 26.70 C.
 The optimum growth temperature for mango is 23.90 - 26.70 C.

4. Selection of crop/ Variety/Planting material

Though there are nearly 1000 varieties of mango in India, only following varieties are grown
in different states : Alphonso, Bangalora, Banganpalli, Bombai, Bombay Green, Dashehari,
Fazli, Fernandin, Himsagar, Kesar, KishenBhog, Langra, Mankhurd, Mulgoa, Neelam,
Samarbehist, Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Vanaraj and Zardalu.
Alphonso:
"King of mangoes", very sweet with
fibreless pulp, rich in vitamin A and C,
founded mainly in Devgad & Ratnagiri
Districts of Maharashtra, India. This cultivar
is available in February till end of May. The
dates of availability of mangoes vary by
geography, climate, and weather. The "King
of Mangoes" is a marketing term.

Neelum
:

This is one variety that grows throughout the country,

appreciably regular type Good fruits Dwarf under north
Indian conditions Precocious in bearing. Neelam mango
grows in many areas of India, usually found in
abundance in June. These mangoes are a favourite in
Hyderabad and also a famous varieties of mango from
South of India along with Raspuri Mango.
'Bangalora:
Bangalora (Totapuri): Fruits medium-
large, oblong shaped with pointed base
with golden yellow colour; good
keeping quality; used for processing;
heavy and regular bearing variety;
susceptible to bacterial spot.
Appreciably regular type Very good
yield early arrival in the market from

south.

Banganapalli
(Baneshan, Safeda): Variety suited for dry
areas; fruit large sized, obliquely oval in
shape, golden yellow in colour; good keeping
quality; good for canning; biennial in habit.
Early mango (from the south) Good keeping
and canning quality Better yield.
Dashehari:
Best varieties of the country; fruit size
is small-medium, shape is elongated
with yellow fruit colour, flesh is
fibreless; good keeping quality;
mainly used for table purpose;
susceptible to mango malformation.
Dashehari-51- regular bearing and
yielding clone of Dashehari.

Very rich in vitamin C

Excellent fruit quality Commercial
bearing from 4th year of planting
Good keeping and canning quality Amenable to crop regulation

Badami – Karnataka Alphonso:

Badami mangoes are also
called as Alphonso of Karnataka state,
texture and taste are quite similar to
other Mango from the region of
Ratnagiri in Maharashtra as well as
Alphonso of Karnataka.

Langra'
Langra is the prominent variety of
mango and one of the most superior
variety of Mango from the Northern
India, Langra mangoes are originally
from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Most
popula
r
variety
grown
in
India
Wide
Malika: (Neelum X Dashehari):
Fruit large, oblong elliptical yellow in
colour; fruit and keeping quality is good and
is mostly used for table purpose.

Realising Institute : Indian

Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi.

Amrapali: (Dashehari X
Neelum): Dwarf, regular bearing and late
maturing variety; suitable for high density
planting; flesh is fibreless; average yield 16
tonnes/hectare.

Realising Institute : Indian

Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),
New Delhi.

Mulgoba:
Mulgoba is one of the best mango
grown in Tamil Nadu state and other parts
of South India, Mulgoba is known as the
“Alphonso of South India.
 'S.B. Chausa:
Most delicious fruits
available late in the season Good
size and attractive colour Juicy.

Fazil:
Late arrival in the market Bulk food

Raspuri – Karnataka:
Raspuri are oval shape mango with excellent flavour and juicy in texture, considered
as the Queen of Mangoes in India. Peddarasalu or Rasapuri as known in Karnataka.
Himsagar:
Popular in: West Bengal and Orissa

Himsagar Mangoes are the specialty of West

Bengal and Orissa, Himsagar is one of the top five
mangoes in India you should and must have along
with Ratangiri Hapus, Banarasi Langda,Gir Kesar
and Banganapalli.

Kesar:
The 'Gir Kesar' mango, also
called Kesar, is a mango cultivar
grown in the foothills
of Girnar in India. The mango is
known for its bright orange
colored pulp and was given
the geographical indication status
in 2011

Gulaab Khaas – Gulaab Khaas: As the name suggest the mango is reddish in appearance, and
is known for its rosy flavour and aroma.
Pairi – Is one of the varieties of mangoes to hit the market early in the season.

The mango varieties under cultivation in different states are given in:

States Varieties Grown

Andhra Allumpur Baneshan, Banganapalli, Bangalora,

Pradesh and Cherukurasam.
Telangana

Bihar Bathua, Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Sukul.

Goa Fernandin, Mankurad.

Gujarat Alphonso, Kesar, Rajapuri, Vanraj.

Haryana Dashehari, Langra, Sarauli (Bombay Green).

Karnataka Alphonso, Bangalora, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi.

Kerala Mundappa, Olour, Pairi.

Madhya Mostly seedling types and Alphonso, Bombai,

Pradesh Langra.

Maharashtra Alphonso, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Pairi.

Orissa Mostly seedling types and Baneshan, Langra,

Neelum, Suvarnarekha.

Punjab Dashehari, Langra, Sambar behest Chausa.

Tamil Nadu Banganapalli, Bangalora, Neelum, Rumani,

Mulgoa.

West Bengal Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Langra.

Uttar Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fajri, Langra, Safeda,

Pradesh Lucknow, Samarbehisht Chausa.

4.1 Nursery Management:

Establishing a healthy, productive orchard requires planning and preparation. Once you have
determined that the climate and soil is suitable and selected varieties, you must also decide on
how to propagate the planting material.

Propogation:
Mango can be propagated from seed or propagated vegetatively. Plants are generally
propagated vegetatively by using several techniques like veneer grafting, inarching and
epicotyl grafting etc

Propagation by seed
Propagation by seed is only recommended for poly-embryonic mango varieties such as
Kensington Pride. Poly-embryonic seeds produce a number of shoots, one of which originates
from fertilisation. The fertilised seedling is often weak and stunted and should be discarded.
The other seedlings are clones of the mother tree.

Preparing seed for planting

Mango seeds lose viability very rapidly. It is essential to clean the seed as soon as possible
after its removal from the fruit. It then needs to dry in the shade for a day or two.
Opening mango seed husk to remove embryo Opening mango seed husk to
remove embryo

Plant the seed concave side down Leave part of the top of the seed uncovered

 As the seeds germinate they can be carefully removed from the seedling bed and
planted into individual pots.
 Germination takes between 10 and 14 days. Within eight months they will have
reached a stem diameter of 8-10mm and be 10-15cm high.

Propagation by grafting

Grafting is the process by which part of the parent tree to be reproduced (scion) is
joined with a rooted plant (rootstock).
Selection of rootstock

It is important to have rootstocks of

similar characteristics to ensure a uniform
plantation.
 Grafting is best performed when weather conditions are milder, for example autumn
or spring. If the seedlings are not yet big enough, delay grafting by two to six months.

Preparation of scion material:

The best scion material is obtained from the tips of mature shoots with prominent
buds (tip wood) immediately before flushing.

Tip wood can be prepared on the parent tree 7-10 days before they are cut for
grafting. Prepare the tip wood by cutting off the leaves but leaving the petioles (leaf
stems) attached. The petioles will fall off veasily when the scion is ready.

The scion is cut from the mother tree when required and needs to be 6-8cm long and
as close as possible in diameter to that of the rootstock.

Pre-prepared scion on the parent tree

preparing a scion in the field .

Wedge graft
The wedge graft is the easiest graft to perform
with a 90-100% success rate.

Choosing a scion
Cutting the scion into a wedge

Cut a 2 centimetre slit into the middle of the rootstock Wrap graft with grafting tape

Place a zip lock bag over the graft with two leaves inside the bag Scion is shooting 21
days after grafting

Spacing:
Adopt any one of the following spacing depending on requirements.

1. Under conventional system of planting: 7-10 m either way

2. High Density Planting : 5m x 5 m (400 plants /ha)

3. Double hedge row system : Adopt a spacing of 5m x 5m within double rows and
10m between sucessive double rows (266 plants/ha)

5. Water management:
 Regular watering is recommended till establishment. Under conventional irrigation
systems, weekly irrigation is essential. However, under micro-irrigation the
requirement is restricted to one-third of the water required for conventional method.
  Number of irrigation systems like basin, ring, furrow, flood, sprinkler and drip are
employed.
 Therefore, proper selection of the irrigation method is important for better orchard
management practice.

6. Integrated nutrient management:

A) Introduction:

Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant
nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through
optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological
components in an integrated manner

6.1) Organic fertilizers:

 20-25 kg well rotten FYM.
 Vermicomost 2kg per pit.

6.2) Biofertilizers:
(Pseudomonas /Trichoderma/ Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) / Azospirillum).
Seed treatment: One container/ 500gm for an acre of seed (if seed rate is >10 kg. use two
containers.). Soil Application: Mix 1 container (1liter) /5 kg (Solid) in 100 kg of farmyard
manure and cover it for 7 days with polythene. Turn the mixture in every 3-4 days interval
and then broadcast in the field. Foliar Spray: Dilute 1 container in 50 litre of water and spray
to the crop of an acre.Seedling (Root Dipping): Dilute 1 container/500gm in 10 litres of
water, keep the seedling roots inimmersed condition for 30 minutes and transfer it to the
field.
 PSB Trichoderma Pseudomonas
Azospirillum

6.3) Chemical Fertilizers:

Manures and fertilizers (Kg per tree):

Manures and 1st Year Annual increase 6th year onwards

Fertilizers (Kg per tree) (Kg per tree) (Kg per tree)
FYM 10.00 10.00 50
N 0.20 0.20 1.0
P 0.20 0.20 1.0
K 0.30 0.30 1.5

Manures and fertilizers may be applied in September – October. Fertilizers are applied 45 to
90 cm away from the trunk upto the peripheral leaf drip and incorporated.

Fertigation technology under HDP

Apply 1.0:0.5:1.0 kg of NPK / bearing tree / year under HDP through drip fertigation
adopting the following schedule:

Nutrient Stage of application

Immediately Pre- Flowering to Fruit Total
after harvest flowering fruit set development
(2 months) (2months) (2 months) (4 months)
N 25 % 40 % 20 % 15 % 100 %
P 50 % 30 % 20 % - 100 %
K 25 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 100 %

6.4) Specialty fertilizer:

6.4.1) Soil application

DNP-G
Special features:
 DNP is a unique specialist fertilizer consisting of Organic
carbon, Organic Booster like amino acids, Nitrogen fixing
bacteria, Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria and plant
disease controlling fungi Trichoderma viride and also trace
amounts of essential minerals.
Dosage and application
Annual/Perennial crops: 3 to 4 bags per acre
PH-50
Special features:
 Improves nutrient uptake and important part of INM
 Provides carbon source for soil microorganisms to multiply
 Promotes vegetative growth and stimulates new root growth
 Promotes flowering and root setting
 Higher yield and better quality of the produce

Dosage and application: 50kg/acre

BIO-NPK (Granules)
Special features:
 BIO-NPK is a microbial formulation containing strains of
bacteria able to synthesize/assimilate atmospheric nitrogen,
solubilizes phosphate and potash into available form, thereby
supplementing balance nutrition to the crops
Dosage and application : 10kg bucket/acre

AMINO-G : 1 bag/acre.

Grade-2 : 25 kg/acre.

6.4.2) Foliar application :

Mango Special:
Special features:
Mango special contains specific micronutrients along with
growth promoters and specific hormones needed for mango plants to
give best plant growth and fruit yield.
Dosage and application :
 1 st Dose : Before flowering – 3ml/litre
 2nd Dose: During fruit set – 3ml/litre
  3rd Dose: At early stages of fruit development -3ml/litre
 Special features:

Bio- Max
Special features:
 It increases fruit size.
 It stimulates flowering.
 Improves Performance by reducing nutrient deficiency.
 Improves stress tolerance ability.
 Compatible with all Pesticides and Insecticides.
Dosage and application:
 Dissolve 3 ml of “Bio Maxx” in 1 liter of water.
 Spray 20-30days before flowering
 Second spray after fruit set. (I.e. when fruit attains bean
size).

Total :
 “Total” is a unique micronutrient mixture along with other essential mineral nutrients
which are required for comprehensive plant growth and development.
 Nutrients present in “Total” are in readily available form both through phyllosphere
and rhizosphere making the product highly economical and environmentally
judicious.

Dosage and application: Dissolve 5 g of “Total” in every liter of water or 1kg in 200 litres
of water and spray on both surfaces of leaves. Repeat spray at monthly interval.

Criyazyme :
 Imparts immunity to various biotic and abiotic.
 Stresses through proper nutrition.
 Enhances yield and productivity leading to higher.
 Economic gain Very good for INM and IPM practices.

Dosage and application: Dissolve 2-3 liter in every liter of water and thoroughly spray until
foliage is completely covered.
 6.5 Nutritional deficiency symptoms: \

Nitrogen:
Deficiency Symptoms:
 Results in yellowing
 Stunted growth.
Management:
 Apply recommended dose of nitrogen at the
recommended time.
 Spray 2% urea solution for proper growth
and development.
 It increases the fruit production by 15-20 per
cent.

Potassium
Symptoms

 Scorching of leaf margins is the characteristic

symptom of potassium deficiency.
 Scorching starts from tip downwards.
 Fruit quality is reduced.
 Trees with potassium deficiency are easily prone
to pests and diseases attack.

Management:
 Application of 1 kg muriate of potash or sulphate of potash along with 2-kg urea and 6 kg
superphosphate during July-August in the basin and incorporation could rectify potassium
deficiency.
 Dropped leaves should also be incorporated along with manures to enrich the soil health and
fertility.
 Zinc
 Due to zinc deficiency the leaves
become small and narrow with
leaf margins bent upward or
downward.
 Internodal length is reduced
drastically and the twig with
crowded leaves gives rosette
appearance.
 Pale intervenial areas and green
veins are typical of zinc deficient
leaves.
 Small plants with severe zinc deficiency may die.
Management:
Zinc deficiency can be rectified by spraying zinc sulphate 5 g + 10 g urea /litre water twice at
15 days interval.

Iron
Symptoms

 The leaves lose green colour and turn

white and is called "Bleaching".
 The size of the leaf is reduced.
 In severe cases of iron deficiency, the
leaves dry from tip downwards.

Management:
 Two sprays at fifteen days interval
with ferrous sulphate 2.5 g or
Annabedi 5 g + 1 g citric acid per
litre of water effectively check iron
deficiency.

Boron
 Cracking of fruit is the characteristic symptom of boron deficiency.
 Lusterless leathery leaves with thickened veins are the other associated symptoms.
 Brown areas in yellow fruit pulp is conspicuous.

Management:
 Application of 100 g borax or boric acid per tree incorporated with recommended dose of
manures during July-August can rectify boron deficiency.

7) Integrated pest management :

Introduction: Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest
control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of
pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL).
Principles of IPM:
 Acceptable pest levels
 Preventive cultural practices
 Monitoring
 Mechanical controls
 Biological control
 Responsible use.

7.1) Insect pests:

Mango Hopper:

Symptoms of damage:

 The pest attacks

inflorescences and buds. It is
exclusively restricted to
mango; no other hosts are
known.
 The over-wintering hoppers
become active with the
advent of flowering and
cluster on the floral buds
where they feed on the sap of
the growing inflorescence.

Management:

 The pest can be satisfactorily controlled by Spraying with 0.05% malathion (50%
malathion + 50% chlordane), 0.02% parathion, diazinon (0.02%), carbaryl (0.15%),
 Phosphomidon (0.05%) or nuvacron (0.04%) once at the time of panicle emergence
and then again at the fruit set stage.
 Spraying of methyl parathion (0.025%), , fenitrothion (0.25%) or carbaryl (0.1%) with
higher volume sprayer @ 10 l/tree significantly reduced the hopper population.
 Sulphur dusting is effective in controlling mango hoppers in Konkan, while this
treatment has not proved successful in Gujarat.

Mango Mealy Bug:

Symptoms of damage:
 The female lays eggs during
May under soil clods, around
the tree trunk upto a depth of
5-15cm.
 The nymphs emerge in
December-January and start
climbing up the tree where
they congregate together and
suck juice from young shoots,
panicles and flower pedicels.
 The affected parts dry up and yield is reduced substantially.

Management:
 The common method of control is to prevent the ascent of the nymphs up the trees by
fastening a grease band on the trunks a few feet above the ground.
 The band may be made by applying a mixture of rosin and castor oil (4:5) or ostico on
a strip of paper, 7.5 cm. to 10 cm. in width.
 Spraying of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2.5ml/lit or Monocrotophos 36 WSC 1.5ml/lit will
give control over the pest. Band the trees with 20 cm wide 400 gauge polythene sheets
will prevent the spread of the pest. Similarly, release of Australian ladybird beetle,
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 10/tree will be a very effective bio-control measure.

Mango Shoot-Borer

Symptoms of damage:
 Freshly hatched caterpillars bore
into mid ribs of tender leaves, come
out and bore into tender shoots near
the growing point tunnelling
downwards, throwing excreta
through entrance hole.
 Leaves of affected shoots whither
and droop down.
 Similar damage is caused by Phycita umbratelis to rachis of inflorescence.

Management:
 Clip off and destroy affected shoots in initial stage of attack.
 In case of severe attack spray carbaryl.
 Two sprays at three weeks interval commencing from initiation of new flush of leaves may
be required.

Fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis, B.

correctus and B. zonatus)
Symptoms:
 The female punctures outer
wall of mature fruits with the
help of its pointed ovipositor
and insert eggs in small
clusters inside mesocarp of
mature fruits.
 On hatching, the maggots feed
on fruit pulp and the infested
fruits start rotting due to
further secondary infection

Management
 Prior to harvest (30-40 days) collect and dispose off infested and fallen fruits to
prevent further, multiplication and carry over of population.
 Ploughing of orchard during November-December to expose pupae to sun’s heat
which kills them.
 Hanging of methyl eugenol wooden block traps soaked in ethanol, methyl eugenol
and malathion (6:4:1) during fruiting period from April to August @10 traps/ ha tie
them tightly at 3-5 feet above ground level.
 Hot water treatment of fruit at 48 +_ 10 C for 60 min.
 Three weeks before harvesting, spray Deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 0.5 ml/l + Azadiractin
(3000 ppm) or 2 ml/l.
 Irradiation of fruits 400 G- rays using cobalt 60 to control fruit fly.

Leaf webber (Orthaga euadrusalis):

Symptoms:
 Initially caterpillars feed on leaf surface gregariously by scrapping/Later they make
web of tender shoots and leaves together and feed within. Several caterpillars may be
 found in a single webbed up cluster of leaves.

Management
 Pruning of overcrowded and overlapping branches.
 Mechanical removal of infested webs by leaf web removing device and burning them.
 Ploughing of orchard done earlier for mealy bug control checks its population.
 Two to three sprays commencing from last week of July with carbaryl (0.2%) or
quinalphos (0.05%). This spay will also take care of mango psylla (Apsylla cistellata).
 The use of same chemical for every spray should be avoided.

Stem-borer (Batocera rufomaculata):

Symptoms:
 The damage is caused by grubs either to roots or stems. The grubs after hatching from
eggs first feed on bark and make irregular cavities. It makes tunnels which may either
be in boring upward, resulting in drying of branches.

Management:

 Keep orchard clean and healthy.

  Cut and destroy affected branches with grubs and pupae.
 Clean hole and insert cotton wool soaked in emulsion of dichlorvos (0.05%) or
kerosene or petrol in each hole and plug them with mud.
 Use of green muscardine fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae or Beauveria bassianna.

Bark-eating caterpillar (Inderbella quadrinotata):

Symptoms:
 The caterpillar spins brown zig-zag ribbon-like silken web on tree which consists of
their excreta and wood particles.
 Larvae also make shelter tunnels inside where they rest.

Management
 Keep orchard clean and healthy.
 Clean hole and put emulsion of quinalphos (0.05%) in each hole and plug them with
mud.
 Drench stem thoroughly with quinalphos (0.05%) when incidence is high.
Scale (Chloropulvinaria polygonata, Aspidiotus destructor):
Symptoms:
 The nymphs and adult scale suck the sap of leaves and other tender parts reducing
vigor of plants.
 They also excrete honeydew which helps in the development of sooty mould on
leaves and other tender parts
Management
 Prune heavily infested plant parts to open the tree canopy and destroy’ them
immediately.
 Spray dimethoate (0.06%) at 21 days interval.
 Removal of attendant ants may permit natural enemies to control the insect.

Stone weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae)

Symptoms:
 Adult weevils (5-8 mm) are stout and dark brown, grubs are white legless and stumpy
Eggs are laid singly on the pericarp of tender marble sized fruits.
 On hatching grubs bore through the pulp, feed on seed coat and later damage the
cotyledons. Pupation is inside the seed.
Management
Cultural:
 Collection and destruction of infested and fallen fruits at weekly interval till harvest
fruit.
 Ploughing of orchard after harvest to expose hibernating adults, reduce, infestation
levels.
 Destroy all left over seeds in the orchard and also in the processing industries.
Chemical:
 Spraying Dimethoate (0.1%) twice at 15 days interval when fruits are of marble size.
 Spray main trunk, primary branches and junction of branches prior to flowing
(November, December) with carbaryl (0.2%) or fenthion (0.1%) or chlopyriphos 20
EC @ 2.5 ml/l to control beetles hiding in the bark.
 Spray Acephate 75 SP @ 1.5 g/l when fruits are of lime size (2.5-4 cm diameter)
followed by Deltamethrin 28 EC @ 1ml/l after two or three weeks.
 Biological:
 Parasitoids are unknown on stone weevil. The natural enemies recorded on S. gravis
include a mite Rhizoglyphus sp, ants (Camponatus sp., Monomorium sp. and
oecophylla smaragdina) and fungus Aspergillus sp, Beauveria bassiana has been
found to be pathogenic on mango weevil.

Fruit borer: (Deanolis albizonalis):

Symptoms:
 A major pest in Orissa, West Bengal and Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Pest is active from
January to May Adults lay eggs on fruits.
 After hatching larvae bore into fruits. Fully grown caterpillars (25 mm) have red
bands on body alternating with white bands caterpillars bore into the fruit at the
bottom (beak region) and feed inside reaching Kernels.
 Entrance hole is plugged with excreta. Affected fruits rot and fall prematurely

Management
 Collection of fruits and dead wood after fruit harvest.
 Destroy all fallen fruits.
 Spray fenthion (0.1%) at marble size onwards and repeat with Deltamethrin 28 EC
@ 1ml/l after two weeks in case of heavy infection
 No spray should be given in fortnight before harvest.
Leaf miner: (Acrocercops syngramma)
Symptoms:
 Tiny caterpillars mine under the dorsal epidemics of tender leaves and feed within as
a result grayish white blisters appear on leaves.
Management:
 Clipped off destroy the affected shoots.
 Spray quinalphos (0.05%) or fenthion (0.1%) from the emergence of new flush.
Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae):

Symptoms:
 Pathogen attacks the
inflorescence, leaves, stalk of
inflorescence and young fruits
with white superficial powdery
growth of fungus resulting in
its shedding.
 The sepals are relatively more
susceptible than petals. The
affected flowers fail to open
and may fall prematurely (Fig
28).
 Dropping of unfertilized
infected flowers leads to
serious crop loss. Initially young fruits are covered entirely by the mildew.
 When fruit grows further, epidermis of the infected fruits cracks and corky tissues are
formed.
 Fruits may remain on the tree until they reach up to marble size and then they drop
prematurely

Management:
 Prune diseased leaves and malformed panicles harbouring the pathogen to reduce
primary inoculum load.
 Spray wettable sulphur (0.2%) when panicles are 3-4” in size.
 Spray dinocap (0.1%) 15-20 days after first spray.
 Spray tridemorph (0.1%) 15-20 days after second spray.
 Spraying at full bloom needs to be avoided.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Symptoms:
  The pathogen causes leaf spot/leaf blight, wither tip, blossom blight and fruit rots.
 On leaves characteristic symptoms appear as oval or irregular vinaceous brown to
deep brown spots of various sizes scattered all over the leaf surface. Later lesions get
blighted and rupture and show, shot hole’ symptom.
 Young leaves are more prone to attack, than older ones. Petiole, when affected, turns
grey or black.

Management
 Diseased leaves, twigs, gall midge infected leaves and fruits, should be collected and
burnt.
 Blossom infection can be controlled effectively by spraying of Bavistin (0.1%) at 15
days interval.
 The foliar infection can be controlled by spraying of copper oxychloride (0.3%)
 Pre-harvest sprays of hexaconazole (0.01%) or Carbendazim (0.1%) at 15 days
interval should be done in such a way that the last spray falls 15 days prior to harvest.
 Hot water treatment at 520 ± 1 0C for 20 minutes. The duration can be reduced to 10
minutes by supplementing Carbendazim or prochloraz both (0.05%) in hot water.
 Covering the fruits on tree, 15 days prior to harvest with news or brown paper bags.
 Use bio control agent viz Streptosporangium pseudovulgare.

Die back (Lasiodiplodia theobromae):

Symptoms:
 The pathogen causing dieback, tip dieback, graft union blight, twig blight, seedling
rot, wood stain, stem-end rot, black root rot, fruit rot, dry rot, brown rot of panicle etc.
 The disease is most conspicuous during October November.
 It is characterized by drying back of twigs from top downwards, particularly in older
trees followed by drying of leaves which gives an appearance of fire scorch .
 Internal browning in wood tissue is observed when it is slit open along with the long
axis. Cracks appear on branches and gum exudes before they die out. When graft
union of nursery plant is affected, it usually dies.

Management
 Scion wood selected for propagation should be free from infection
 Every care should be taken to prevent introduction of disease in newly planted
orchards.
 Any infected portion should immediately be pruned, followed by spraying/ pasting of
copper oxychloride(0.3 %) or pasting with cow dung at the cut ends.
 Pruning should be done in such a way that some healthy portion is also removed, to
ensure complete eradication of pathogen (3 “below the infection site).
 The affected branches should be collected and burnt.

Sooty mould (Capnodium mangiferae):

Symptoms:
  It is very common wherever honey dew secreting insects, viz. mango hopper, scales,
coccids and mealy bugs are found.
 Black velvety thin membranous covering on leaves, stems and fruits are its symptoms.
In severe cases, trees appear black and look ugly.

Management
 If honey dew secreting insects are controlled by suitable insecticides, the mould dies
out for want of a suitable growth medium. Spraying of monocrotophos (0.05%) at 10-
15 days intervals is quite effective.
 Spraying of starch @2% is effective.
 Spray wettable sulphur +monocrotophos +gum acacia (0.2+0.05+0.3%) or Indian oil
formulation No. 1 & 2 (4%) at 15 days interval.
 Application of pesticides should cover both sides of leaf.

Phoma blight (Phoma glomerata)

Symptoms:
 The disease is noticed on matured / old leaves only.
 Fully developed spots are characterized by dark margin and dull grey necrotic centre.
In severe cases, spots coalesce to form patches, which result in withering and
defoliation of infected leaves.
Management
 Spray copper oxychloride (0.3%).
 Balanced nutrition provides resistance to phoma blight.
Bacterial canker disease (Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae)
Symptoms:
 The disease is noticed on leaves, leaf stalks, stems, twigs, branches and fruits, initially
producing water soaked lesions, later turning into typical canker.
 On leaves, water soaked irregular satellite to angular raised lesions measuring 1-4 mm
in diameter are formed.
 These lesions are light yellow in colour, initially with yellow halo but with age
enlarge or coalesce to form irregular necrotic cankerous patches with dark brown
colour.
 

Management
 Regular inspection of orchards, sanitation and seedling certification are recommended
as preventive measures.
 Mango stones for raising seedlings (root stock) should always be taken from healthy
fruits.
 Use of wind-breaks helps in reducing brushing/ wounding and thus reduces chance of
infection.
 Three sprays of Streptocycline (200 ppm) at 10 days intervals reduce fruit infection.
 In severe infection, spraying of Streptocycline (300 ppm) or copper oxychloride
(0.3%) is more effective.
 An antagonistic phytoplane bacterium, Bacillus coagulans, is found effective.

Malformation [Fusarium subglutinans]

Symptoms:

Vegetative malformation: Vegetative malformation is pronounced in young seedlings. The

affected seedlings develop vegetative growths which are abnormal growth, swollen and have
very short internodes.
Floral malformation: The flower buds are transformed into vegetative buds and a large
number of small leaves and stems, which are characterized by appreciably reduced internodes
and give an appearance of witches’ broom.

Management
The floral malformed panicles/ vegetative malformed shoots should be pruned and
burnt which reduces the incidence of malformation.
 Application of NAA (200 ppm) or planofix (90 ml/ 20 l) in the first week of October
(Before bud differentiation stages) followed by deblossoming in the late December or
January or bud burst stage reduces the incidence of malformation.
 Spray chelated Zn++ (100 ppm) and Cu++ (40 ppm) during flower bud differentiation
and flowering stage combined with spray of carbendazim (0.1%) during November-
December.
Gummosis [Lasiodiplodia theobromae):
Symptoms:
 The disease is characterized by the presence of profuse oozing of gum on the surface
of the affected wood, bark of the trunk and also on larger braches but more common
on the cracked branches.
 In severe cases, droplets of gum trickle down on stem, bark turn dark brown with
longitudinal cracks, rots completely and the tree dries up because of cracking, rotting
and girdling effects.
Management
 The diseased bark / portion should be removed or cleaned and pasted with Bordeaux
paste or copper oxychloride paste or cow dung paste or cow dung paste (Fig 52).
 Application of Copper sulphate 500 gm/ tree (depending upon the age of the tree) in
soil around the tree trunk is recommended. Gummosis is very less in the orchards
receiving regular copper oxychloride sprays for control of leaf spot diseases.
Scab [Elsinoe mangiferae):
Symptoms:
 The scab fungus attack leaves, panicles, blossoms, twigs, bark of stems and mango
fruits.
 Spots are circular, slightly angular, elongated, 2-4 mm in diameter, brown but during
rainy season, lesions differ in size, shape and colour. Symptoms produced by the
disease are very much like those of anthracnose.
 On young fruits, the infection is grey to grayish brown with dark irregular margins.
As the fruit attains in size, spots also enlarge and the centre may become covered with
the crack fissure and corky tissues.

Management
 Frequent sprays of copper oxycholoride (0.3%) to protect new flushes of growth are
effective for scab control in nurseries.
Root Rot & Damping off (Rhizoctonia solani ):
Symptoms:
 The disease is characterized by sudden dropping of leaves after the emergence of
seedlings from the soil.
 During prolonged rainy and humid weather, infection occurs at / or below the ground
level with circular to irregular water soaked patches.

Management
 Care should be taken that water should not stagnate near the root zone.
 Nursery should be raised on elevated beds.
 Nursery beds should be fumigated before sowing.
 Application of Trichoderma in the affected nursery is effective.

8. Weed management:
Mechanical method:
When the orchards comes of age, i.e., between 8 and 10 years, mechanical method of
weeding by using bullock drawn implements or motor un tractors and tillers with special
weeding tools attachments are employed for effective weed control.

Cover cropping:
Cover cropping is another practice followed in mango orchard to suppress the growth
of weeds, to bring additional income to the grower until the trees begin to bear and
improve the health of trees if the intercrops grown are of right type.
 Chemical control
 Herbicides have been used to some extent in mango to control weeds.Application of
paraquat (3.0kg a.i./ha) give good control of weeds in mango or diuron as pre
emergent treatment at 6.67 and 8.9 kg/ha.
 Bromacil and dalapon were also effective for controlling dicot and monocot weeds
respectively.
 One spray of atrazine or diuron at 2.0 kg a.i./ha as pre emergent treatment to soil and
one spray of paraquat as post –emergent spray on weeds at 3.0kg a.i./ha effective for
controlling both monocot and dicot weeds in one to five years old mango orchard.

9. Cultural Practices:
Canopy management:
Remove root stock sprouts and low lying branches nearer to ground to facilitate easy
cultural operations. Remove overlapping, intercrossing, diseased, dried and weak branches in
old trees to get good sunlight and aeration. Carry out judicious pruning of the internal
branches during August – September, once in three years. Do not allow flowering upto three
years by removing the inflorescences as and when they appear. Retain two healthy shoots by
trimming away the weak shoots among the crowded terminal shoots during August-
September annually. Prune back 20 cm of annual growth of the terminals immediately after
harvest.

Training and Pruning:

 Mango being and evergreen plant requires very little training and pruning.
 Training of young plant is done in early years of planting by removing side branches upto the
height of one metre from the ground level and side branches are allowed to grow beyond 1
metre height.
 Such type of initial training provides good architecture of the plant and it is helpful in good
fruit production.
 Most of the cultivars of mango grow erect, from a natural dome shape canopy and having
symmetrical branching need only occasional pruning.
 Generally dead, diseased or criss-cross branches are pruned.
 Severe pruning is needed only in high density of Dashehari mango.
 This pruning is done just after crop harvest and it is also called as summer pruning. In this
pruning every shoot is cut back 2-3cm from growing point followed by spray of 1% urea and
0.1% copper pruning mango.

Intercrops and Cover Crops:

 As mango 'trees take longer time to yield any profit to the grower. It is desirable to
supplement one's income by growing some short-term crops till they are shaded by the trees.
 Such crops when taken in the orchard are called intercrops.
 There is another kind of cropping in the orchard when the orchard soil is covered with some
crop which in due course is turned back to the soil to supplement organic matter of the
orchard soil, this is called cover crop.
 These 2 types of crops (intercrops and cover crops) are important operations in the
management of a good orchard, although many growers in India do not pay much attention to
it.

Fencing:
The whole area can be secured by a barbed wire (two strands, fixed on wooden or
concrete posts).
 Individual fencing of trees can also be done using wooden sticks or bamboo poles.

 Wind breaks, if planted close to each other, can also serve as fences.

Mulching:

 Mulching is needed to conserve moisture. It also serves as a source of organic matter.

No prescribed amount of mulch is used but more is better.

 To prepare mulch, place field waste or residues around the base of the trunk, few
inches away from the stem to prevent pest problems.

Commonly used mulching materials are rice straws, rice hills, sugarcane bagasse, chopped
weeds and banana stalks.

10. Harvesting:
In western India, mango puts forth three growth flushes, the first are in the early
spring (February-March), the second during March-April and the third in the beginning of
winter (October-November). In Bihar, the first growth noticed in early spring, the second in
April-May and the third in July-August. .
In South India, mango usually gives two growth flushes, one in February-June and the
other in October-November. Thus the fruits will be ready for harvest in April-May from a
plant flowered during October-November. The mango fruits should be harvested at green
mature stage. In case of Alphonso mangoes the fruit is considered to be mature when the
shoulder outgrow the stem and the external colour becomes light green with a yellowish red
blush. The harvest maturity in Dashehari and Langra cultivars reaches 12 weeks after fruit
set, while in Chausa and Mallika it takes about 15 weeks. Mangoes are generally harvested at
physiologically mature stage and ripened for optimum quality. Fruits are handpicked or
plucked with a harvester. During harvesting, the latex trickles down the fruit surface from the
point of detachment imparting a shabby appearance to it upon storage.
 Harvested mangoes should be placed in field containers of not more than 25 kg
capacity for movement to the packing shed. The fruit should be kept in the shade and handled
carefully at all times after harvest

Yield:
Yield varies with varieties and spacing adopted.
1) 1 8 – 10 t/ha upto 15 years.
2) 15 – 20 t/ha from 15 – 20 years.

11. Post-harvest handling:

Grading

 In India the practice of systematic grading of mango, based on scientific grade standards, has
not so far been followed by any agency engaged in the distribution of this fruit.
 At best what the grower does is to remove immature, rotten or diseased fruits from the bulk.
 Only at the time the wholesalers or pre-harvest contractors purchase the produce, the
mangoes are graded according to size and variety before the consignments are booked to the
consuming centres.
 The 'topping' malpractice, where 25% of the better-quality, bigger fruits are placed at the top
of each package, is still continued.
 The practice of sorting the fruits in several grades is common in Gujarat and Maharashtra,
particularly for 'Alphonso', in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh for 'Bangalora', and for
'Dashehari' in Uttar Pradesh.
 Some growers and contractors use sieves having circular holes of 8, 7.5 and 7 cm diameter to
distinguish fruits by simple marks on the package.
Packing

 The most popular containers used for packing mangoes are baskets of various makes,
whereas crates, boxes, etc. are used occasionally at some places.
 Wooden crates are good containers, especially for expensive varieties which are packed
in mature condition.
 The use of steel trunks or tin containers is limited, and 4-5% of the total despatches of
mango from Ratnagiri and Vengurla are packed in such containers.
 Padding or cushioning material in packaging of mango varies from grass, paddy or wheat
straw, to paper shreddings and leaves of mango.
 In some places, newspapers are used as lining material in different packages.
 Ventilated wooden boxes with paper shavings in alternate layers as cushioning material
have been reported to be ideal for transportation of mangoes ('Dashehari' and
'Banganpalli' for long distance by rail).
 The experiments conducted by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection show that
wooden crates are better package material than others because these can withstand a
longer transport with much less damage.

Transportation:
 If the mango is grown within a radius of about 8 km of the market, the transportation
of fruits as head loads or by bullock cart, etc. is quite common.
 The huge quantities of fruit that arrive in selected cities from distant producing
centres are transported mainly by road and rail, a smaller quantity by waterways and
only very little by air.
 Trucks are now plying over long distances of 800 to 1,000 km, connecting the
producing centres of one state with the consuming centres in the other.
 A survey made by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection in 1965 revealed that
mangoes are brought to the Calcutta market by trucks from the producing areas in
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, etc.
 In Delhi, up to 90% of the total arrivals are transported by road. In Madras city 83%
mangoes are transported by trucks.

Storage

 Mango fruits are able to respond metabolically to the environment under which it is
stored. Various methods are employed to extend the storage life of mangoes.
 They are low temperature storage, subatmospheric pressure storage, controlled
atmospheric storage, irradiation and use of chemicals.
  The storage periods of 18-21 and 23-26 days, respectively are for ripe and mature
green Carabao and Pico mangoes at 10° C. various cultivars of mango are stored at
12° C and ripened them subsequently.
Controlled atmosphere (CA) or modified atmosphere (MA) storage, either alone or
coupled with refrigerated storage has been recommended for various fruits and
vegetables.

Hypoboric Storage: This method not only reduces O2 concentration but also
increased the diffusion of C2H4 by evacuating it from the tissues of the fruit, consequently
extending the storage life.

Low Cost Storage

 Evaluation of zero energy cool chambers at different locations of the country was
found to be satisfactory for short term storage of mangoes.
 The major advantage of cool chamber storage of mangoes was the maintenance of
fruit firmness by lowering the physiological loss in weight (PLW) and other metabolic
processes.
 Eventually, 3-4 days more shelf life of mature green mangoes could be obtained in
cool chamber storage as compared to ambient condition storage.
 Further, a 500 ppm bavistin dip helped in checking the microbial infection.
 Cost of Cultivation and Profitability of Mango Crop per Year

Item No.of unit Cost / unit Total

1.Preparatory tillage
1.1 Ploughing by tractor with
(1time) M.B. plough 2 hour 500 1,000
1.2 Ploughing by tractor with (2
times) cultivator 3 hour 500 1500
1.3 Ploughing by tractor with (1
times) Rotavator with planting 4 hours 500 2000

2. Layout
2.2 Planting material (seedlings) 40 50 2000
2.3 Sowing (5 labours for 1 days) 6 labours 300 1800
2.4 Fencing( only for 1st year) 29,600
4.Manures and fertilizers
3.1 FYM 25kg/Plant 40 1000
3.2 Urea 2 kg/plant Rs. 6/kg 12
3.3 SSP 1 kg/plant Rs. 9/kg 9
3.4 MOP 1.2kg/plant Rs. 15/kg 18
3.5 DNP-G 100 kg Rs 16/kg 1600
3.6 PH-50 20 kg Rs 70/kg 1400
Amino-G 10 kg Rs 70/kg 700
Mango special 1 Liter 500 500
3.5 Expenditure on manures
application 2 labours Rs. 200/person 400
3.6 Expenditure on fertilizer
application (for 1 day) 2 labours 200 / labour 400
3.7 Neem cake 100 kg 600/bag 1200

5. Intercultural operations
1 spray+1
4.1 Herbicide Spray labour 600 600
4.2 Trainng and pruning 3 labours 250 750

6.Irrigation application
5.1 Labour charges (1men for
irrigation of 35days) 35 200 7000
5.2 Drip water system 45000
7.Plant protection
6.1 Labour for spraying (3 men per
spray) 3 labours 300 900
6.2 Imidachloprid 1000ml 420 420
6.3 Wettable sulphur 1000g 600 600
6.4 Dichlorovus 500ml 300 300
6.5 Emamectin Benzate 500g 300 300
6.5 Mancozeb 1000g 580 580
6.6 Carbendazim 1000g 550 550
6. 7 Miscellaneous cost 1 3000 3000

7.Harvesting and Marketing

7.1 Harvesting 6 labours 400 2400
7.3 Transportation 3000 3000

Total 1,10,539

Yield / acre = 5-9t/acre

Market value/kg = 10 rupees
Total Revenue = 90000
Profit/loss = Total revenue - total expences
Profit -20000
40000/year=
Expences for 25yrs 1000000/-

Total Revenue for 25yrs = 90000/year = 2250000/-

Profit = 1250000/-
Note: The Cost of expences for first year is too much, After establishment the revenue may
be high

References:
 Agropedia.
 Criyagen Agri App, Banglore.
 ICRISAT.
 TNAU,Portal.
 www.kisan.com.
 UAS,Banglore.
 UAS, dharwad.
 IARI, New delhi.
 IIVR, Varanasi.
 IIHR, Banglore.