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4-Integumentary System Skin

Integumentary system

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4-Integumentary System Skin

Integumentary system

Uploaded by

hssenyonga3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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27.4.

2024

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ANATOMY


SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES

NDYAMUHAKYI ELISA
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
FNPHS, BSU
INTRODUCTION

• Skin is the outer covering of the body.

• Skin and its appendages constitute the


integumentary system.

• Largest organ of the body.

• Constitutes 16% of the body weight.


INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Some Facts about Skin

 Surface area: 1.5-2.0 sq meters


 Thickness: 0.5-3.0 mm
 Growth rate of nail: 0.1mm per day
 Growth rate of hair: 1.5-2.2 mm per week
 Life span of hair:
Eyelashes, axilla- 4 months
Scalp – 4 years
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN

 Protective shield for the body


 Barrier to water
 Thermoregulation
 Important sense organ (pain, touch, temperature &
pressure)
 Absorption of ultraviolet radiation from sun for the
production of vitamin D
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
Epidermis:
 Composed of keratinized
stratified squamous
epithelium.
Dermis:
 Papillary region composed of
loose connective tissue.
 Reticular region composed
of dense irregular connective
tissue.
Hypodermis:
 Composed of areolar tissue
with abundant adipocytes.
LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

Stratum Basale (Germinal/


Malpighian layer):
 Single layer of cuboidal cells resting
on basement membrane.
 High mitotic activity.
Stratum Spinosum:
 Several layers of polygonal cells.
 Cells are held together by
desmosomes.
Stratum Granulosum:
 3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells.
 Cells contain keratohyaline granules.
contd….

Stratum Lucidum:
 Seen only in non-hairy or thick skin.
 Cells are flattened, translucent,
eosinophilic with indistinct
boundaries & nucleus.
 Contains a product of keratohyaline
i.e. eleidin.
Stratum Corneum:
 Composed of structureless
dehydrated dead cells.
 Flattened & scale-like.
 Filled with keratin.
 Superficial layer is continuosly
sloughed off.
Stratum Basale
Stratum
Spinosum
Stratum
Granulosum
Stratum
Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
SPECIALIZED CELLS OF THE
EPIDERMIS
Keratinocytes:
 Most common cells of the
epidermis.
 Provides protection and
waterproofing sealant.
Melanocytes:
 Rounded cells with dendrite-like
branches.
 Present in Stratum basale.
 Produces melanin pigment
responsible for the colour of skin.
 Melanin is a brown/black
pigment that absorbs UV-light.
SPECIALIZED CELLS OF THE
EPIDERMIS
Langerhans Cells (antigen presenting
cells):
 Non-pigmented granular dendrocytes.
 Present in Stratum spinosum.
 Nucleus is indented at many places &
cytoplasm contains rod-shaped granules.
 They participate in immune responses
against bacteria and viruses.
Merkel Cells:
 Found in Stratum basale.
 Sensory cells innervated by sensory nerves.
 Abundant in fingertips, oral mucosa & hair
follicles.
 Function as mechanoreceptors.
PIGMENTATION OF SKIN

The colour of skin depends upon following


factors:

 Carotene: yellow-orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A)


found in stratum corneum & dermis.

• Melanin: produced in epidermis by melanocytes


gives black colour to the skin.

• Hemoglobin (in blood vessels of dermis): gives pink colour


to the skin.
LAYERS OF THE DERMIS
 Papillary layer:
-Narrow band of loose connective
tissue.
-In contact with basement membrane
of stratum basale.
-Dermal papillae (finger- like
processes)
Dermal4
 Reticular layer: papilla

-Dense irregular connective tissue. 3

-Thick elastic fibres. 1


2
TYPES OF SKIN
Thin Skin Thick Skin
Layers of epidermis St. corneum & St. corneum & spinosum
spinosum are thin are thick while Lucidum is
while Lucidum is Present.
Absent.
Thickness of epidermis 0.10-0.15 mm 0.6-4.5 mm
Epidermal ridges Absent Present (well developed
dermal paplillae)
Hair follicles, erector- Present Absent
pili muscle &
sebaceous gland.
Sweat glands Few Many
Sensory receptors Less More
Distribution Covers all parts of Present in palms, palmar
body except palms & surface of digits & soles
soles
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

HAIRS:
 Keratinized filaments derived from
invagination of the basal layer of
epidermis into the dermis.

 Parts-
a) Root: enclosed by hair follicle.

b) Shaft: projects above the surface.

 Hair follicle: tubular


invagination,
partly epidermal and partly dermal in origin.
contd…..
Structure of shaft and root:
 Medulla
 Cortex
 Cuticle
Hair follicle:
 Tubular invagination of epidermis
& dermis in which hair root
resides.
 Layers: 3 (inner root sheath,
outer root sheath, connective
tissue sheath).
contd…..

 Hair bulb: lowerexpanded


end of hair follicle.

 Hair papilla: the


indentation
at the base of hair bulb by
part of the dermis.
Cont’d…..

Arrector Pilorum.
Muscle:

 Smooth muscle innervated by


sympathetic nerves.
 Extends from papillary layer of dermis to
the connective tissue sheath of a hair
follicle.
 Contraction of muscle presses the
sebaceous gland which squeezes out
sebum.
 Formation of “goose flesh”.
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
NAILS:
 Hardened keratin plates on the dorsal
surface of the tips of fingers & toes.
 Parts:
a) Root
b) Free border
c) Body
 Nail bed: tissue on which the nail rests.
Made up of stratum basale & spinosum.
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

SEBACEOUS GLANDS:
 Distributed all over the dermis of the skin, except for the palms & soles.
 Abundant in the scalp, face, around the apertures of the ear, nose, mouth &
anus.
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS GLANDS:
 Holocrine in nature
 Number of alveoli connected to broad duct that opens into hair follicle.
 Produces an oily secretion called sebum.
SWEAT GLANDS (SUDORIFEROUS
 Absent from lips, glans &
GLANDS)
nail bed.
 Mode of secretion:
merocrine
 Simple tubular gland
 2 parts:
(a) Secretory portion
(b) Excretory duct

Secretory portion:
 Twisted coil like structure with simple cuboidal epithelium.
 3 types of cells: clear cells, dark cells, myoepithelial cells.
Excretory duct:

 Long & extends from secretory portion to surface of epidermis.


2 Types Of Sweat Glands
Eccrine:
 Most numerous in the soles &
palms.
 Produces thin watery
secretion.

Apocrine:
 Confined to axilla, eyelids (Moll’s glands), nipple & areola of breast,
perianal region, and the external genitalia.
 Produces thick odourous secretion.
 Ceruminous glands & lactating mammary glands are modified
apocrine sweat glands.
Sweat Gland
Langer’s or Cleavage lines
 The lines along which the
fibre bundles run.

 Represent the natural lines


along which the skin tends
to split when penetrated.

 Incisions in the direction of


these lines gape much
less than those at right
angles to them.
Linea gravidarum

 Rupture of fibre bundles of


dermis due to excessive
stretching result in
prominent white lines.

 Seen in anterior abdominal


wall in pregnancy.
Rule of Nine: To estimate the extent
of damaged skin in burn injuries.

 First degree burn-


only epidermis.

 Second degree burn-


epidermis + upper region of
dermis.

 Third degree burn-


entire thickness of skin.
Dermatomes

 The strip of skin


supplied by a
single spinal nerve
i s c a l l e d
dermatome.
References

1. diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with functional Correlations,


12th Edition.

2. Textbook of Human Histology. Inderbir Singh, 1st


Edition.

3. Textbook of Histology. GP Pal, 3rd Edition.


MCQ
Q1. Which layer is present only in thick skin:

a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
MCQ
Q2. The characteristic feature of reticular layer of
dermis is:

a. High mitotic activity


b. Contains keratin granules
c. Dense irregular connective tissue
d. Finger like processes
MCQ
Q3. Secretion of sebaceous glands is aided by
contraction of:

a. Arrector pilorum muscle


b. Myoepithelial cells
c. Papillary layer of dermis
d. Reticular layer of dermis
MCQ
Q4. Langerhans cells are present in:

a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
MCQ
Q5. The sensory cells of epidermis are:

a. Melanocytes
b. Keratinocytes
c. Langerhans cells
d. Merkel cells

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