Introduction to Computer Fundamentals

Desktop Computers

• A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for use at a single, stationary

location, typically on a desk. It usually consists of separate components, such as a
monitor, keyboard, mouse, and a tower or case that contains the main hardware
components like the CPU, memory, and storage. Desktop computers are known for their
power, upgradability, and versatility, making them ideal for tasks ranging from everyday
computing to more demanding applications like gaming, graphic design, and software
development.

Parts of Desktop Computers

A desktop computer is composed of several key components, each serving a specific

function:

1. Case (Tower/Chassis) - The enclosure that houses most of the computer's hardware
components, including the motherboard, CPU, and storage devices.

2. Motherboard - The main circuit board that connects all the components of the
computer. It houses the CPU, RAM, and provides connectors for other hardware.

3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The "brain" of the computer that performs
calculations and executes instructions from programs.

4. Random Access Memory (RAM) - Temporary memory that the computer uses to
store data that is actively being used or processed.

5. Storage Drive (Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid-State Drive (SSD) - These are used for
long-term storage of data, applications, and the operating system.

6. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - Converts electrical power from an outlet into a usable form
for the computer's internal components.
7. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) - A specialized processor for rendering images,
video, and animations. It can be integrated into the motherboard or come as a separate
dedicated card.

8. Optical Drive (optional) - Used to read and write CDs, DVDs, or Blu-rays, though these
are becoming less common.

9. Cooling System

• Fans - For general cooling.

• Heat sinks - To dissipate heat from the CPU or GPU.

• Liquid cooling - In some high-performance setups for better temperature

management.

10. Input/Output (I/O) Ports - Various connectors on the case for connecting external
devices like USB drives, audio devices, and monitors.

11. Monitor - The display screen that shows visual output from the computer.

12. Keyboard - The input device used for typing and inputting commands.

13. Mouse - A pointing device used to interact with the computer's graphical user
interface.

14. Speakers - For audio output.

15. Network Card - For connecting the computer to the internet or a network, either via
Ethernet (wired) or Wi-Fi (wireless).

These components work together to enable the functionality of a desktop computer.

Parts of Motherboard and Its Functions

• The motherboard is the main circuit board in a desktop computer, and it connects all
the components, allowing them to communicate and work together. It contains various
parts, each with specific functions:

1. CPU Socket Function: The CPU socket is the slot where the Central Processing Unit
(CPU) is installed. It connects the CPU to the motherboard, allowing it to communicate
with other components.

2. Chipset Function: The chipset manages data flow between the CPU, memory, and
peripherals. It typically consists of two parts:Northbridge: Handles high-speed
communication between the CPU, RAM, and GPU (if integrated).Southbridge: Manages
communication between the CPU and slower peripherals like storage devices, USB
ports, and audio devices.

3. RAM Slots (DIMM Slots) Function: These slots hold the Random Access Memory
(RAM) modules, which provide temporary storage for data that the CPU needs to
access quickly.

4. Expansion Slots (PCIe Slots) Function: These slots allow you to add expansion cards,
such as graphics cards (GPUs), sound cards, network cards, and other peripherals that
enhance the computer's capabilities.

5. BIOS/UEFI Chip Function: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified

Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is firmware stored on a chip that initializes
hardware during the boot process and provides an interface for configuring system
settings.

6. Power Connectors Function: These connectors provide power to the motherboard

from the power supply unit (PSU). The main 24-pin connector powers the board, while
other connectors may power specific components like the CPU and GPU.

7. SATA Ports Function: SATA (Serial ATA) ports are used to connect storage devices
such as hard drives, SSDs, and optical drives to the motherboard.

8. M.2 Slots Function: These slots are used to connect M.2 SSDs, which are a more
compact and faster storage solution compared to traditional SATA drives.
9. I/O Ports Function: The rear I/O panel contains various ports for connecting external
devices, such as USB ports, Ethernet (network) ports, audio jacks, and display
connectors like HDMI, VGA, or DisplayPort.

10. CMOS Battery Function: The CMOS battery powers the BIOS/UEFI chip to retain
system settings (like date and time) even when the computer is turned off.

11. Internal Connectors (Headers) Function: These are connectors for internal
peripherals, such as USB ports, front panel buttons (power, reset), LEDs, and audio jacks
on the computer case.

12. VRM (Voltage Regulator Module) Function: The VRM regulates and supplies the
correct voltage to the CPU and other components, ensuring stable operation.

13. Onboard Audio Function: Some motherboards have integrated sound cards that
manage audio input and output, allowing connection of speakers and microphones
directly to the motherboard.

14. Onboard Network (LAN) Controller Function: Provides wired Ethernet connectivity
to the motherboard, allowing it to connect to a network or the internet.

15. Heat Sinks and Cooling Solutions Function: Heat sinks and sometimes small fans
are attached to certain components on the motherboard, such as the chipset or VRM, to
dissipate heat and keep the system running efficiently.Each of these parts plays a
critical role in the overall function of the motherboard, ensuring that all components of
the desktop computer can work together effectively.

Basic Components of Computers and Parts of Information

Here are the fundamental components of a computer along with their functions:

1. Central processing unit (CPU)

The CPU is the primary control centre of the computer, and it facilitates communication
and collaboration between different hardware and software computer components. It is
also usually the most complex and valuable part of the entire system because of its
complicated design and utility. Without the CPU, the other parts of a computer serve no
function. The power supply gives the CPU the necessary energy to process different
operations. CPUs require regular maintenance, like cleaning, dust removal, checking the
fan and ensuring that all circuits are connected. The CPU contains the circuit boards,
memory and RAM of a computer.

2. Motherboard

The motherboard acts as the central electrical circuit by connecting different parts,
distributing power as per energy requirement and delivering information and
instructions across the computer system. The motherboard processes the actual
exchange of information and data in a computer system and comprises the CPU,
memory and secondary storage devices. Motherboards are very sensitive and may
malfunction if exposed to high temperatures, pressure or humidity. They require
maintenance to check for corrosion and electrical connections.

3. Random access memory (RAM)

RAM is the memory space that houses temporary data, processes, information and
commands. When you launch a program or use an application, it uses the RAM to stay
active and work optimally. Different types of computers may use different RAMs. The
higher the RAM in your computer, the more is its processing power and ability to run
various applications simultaneously. In many personal computers and laptops, people
increase the RAM to complement an update in the operating system or other software.
Deleting temporary files and turning off the computer regularly after usage help with
efficient RAM utilisation.

4. Video graphics array port

A video graphic array (VGA) port is a connector usually present in desktops and other
display devices. It is typically present on the side or back of a monitor or display screen
and helps share the screen or visuals with another machine. Special VGA cables may be
required to facilitate this sharing. You may also require the VGA port to connect a
computer or laptop to a projector. The quality of visuals often depends on the number
of connectors in the port.

Newer video cards may not have a VGA output port, and smaller laptops may also omit
them due to their compact design. In such a case, a signal converter may be necessary
to connect them to a projector.

5. Power supply

The power supply port provides electricity that activates the entire computer system.
Usually, the power chord is present at the back of the CPU or the PC tower and goes
directly into the electricity socket. Places with variable power supplies may use a UPS or
uninterrupted power supply unit to ensure that fluctuations do not impact the
computer's performance. Many modern personal computers have in-built UPS units.
Laptops operate on removable batteries that require charging periodically. The life cycle
of laptop batteries is finite, and their performance decreases after a few years.

6. Cooling fan

A computer system or laptop uses electricity to operate and produces heat in the
process. All CPUs and laptops have a cooling fan to circulate air in the internal system
and prevent overheating. High-end computers may also have more than one cooling fan
to ensure that the user can use heavy-duty applications that require high performance
from the system. Usually, gaming computers and computers for professional purposes,
like video editing and sound mixing, have more than one cooling fan. If your computer is
frequently overheating, make sure you check the fan and clean it to remove any debris.

7. Hard drive

Hard drives are the storage devices that save the file, information and programs. They
are usually magnetically coated discs that store all this data digitally. Hard drives with
high storage can naturally save more data. You can also purchase external removable
storage devices to manage data more efficiently. Alternatively, you can also move your
data to cloud-based storage services and save storage memory on your system. Hard
drives are susceptible to failure, and backing up your drives regularly is a good practice.

8. Display monitor

The display monitor of a computer is the screen where you can view different programs
and operate the system. The resolution and pixel density of a monitor determines its
sharpness and quality. The performance of a monitor is usually a top priority for all
computer and laptop users. Laptop and computer screens emit artificial light that can
be detrimental to your eyes if exposed for long durations without any break. You can
affix an anti-glare film on your monitor or wear glasses while using the computer to
minimise the effect of this light.

9. Keyboard

The computer keyword is an important piece of hardware used to input text, characters
and other important commands. The keyboard contains keys for alphabets, numerals
and symbols, alongside having special keys for specific purposes and commands. In
many tablets and virtual PCs, the keyboard may also be virtual. Different types of
keyboards are available in the market, but most of them have the same set and
arrangement of keys. A keyboard can be wireless or wired. Most keyboards also have a
backlight to illuminate the keys and enable users to use the computer at night or in low-
light conditions.

10. Printer

The printer generates a copy of virtual text or images on paper using ink. For example, if
you make a text-based report on your computer, you can print several copies of this
document. Inkjet and laser printers are the two most commonly used printers. Most
leading computer companies also offer printers. Printers require maintenance, which
includes regularly replacing ink cartridges and toner, removing jammed papers and
cleaning connectors. 3D printers are also available, and you can produce 3D objects
using the right code and raw materials.

11. Computer mouse

The mouse in a computer is a small device that controls the cursor and gives input to
the system. A mouse can be wired or wireless, has left and right click-buttons and
usually has a small scrolling wheel to help users navigate a long page. Mouses come in
different shapes and sizes and can also be suitable for left or right-handed individuals.
They usually require a flat surface to work optimally. Smaller-sized mouse devices are
also available for users who want to travel with their computers or laptops.

12. System software

A computer has three crucial system software components. These software solutions
act as an interface between the hardware and other applications and enable you to use
the computer easily. These three crucial system software applications are:

Operating system: the foundational software that runs the entire computer, its
programs and applications

Language processor: the software that converts all user instructions into a language
that the computer can understand

Device drivers: device-specific software that enables different devices, like a printer or
mouse, to function

13. Application software

These are individual software applications that provide specific functions and features.
These applications are usually third-party services and can be based on the computer
system and stored in the memory or have a cloud-based operation. Without application
software, a computer system would have very little utility. Some popular examples
include word processing software, spreadsheet software, presentation software,
database management software, editing software and other multimedia software.
14. Utility software

These are optional but important software components of a computer that help improve
its performance, security or utility. These software solutions help manage the
computer's memory, files and other applications. They also help customise the
interface and desktop, alongside making the computer system safer to use and helping
with the recovery process in case of a system failure. Some common examples of utility
software applications are anti-virus software, disk management tools, file management
software, backup and encryption tools, compression software, disk defragmenter and
disk cleaner software.

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