General Biology - Lesson 7-8
General Biology - Lesson 7-8
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
• Follows a FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• Selectively permeable INTEGRAL PROTEINS
• A film only 8nm thin • Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the
• It would take around 8000 plasma plasma membrane
membranes to equal the thickness of • Many are transmembrane the
a sheet of paper completely span the plasma membrane
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
PHOSPHOLIPID
• Composed of 3
carbon glycerol
backbone with
two fatty acid
molecules
attached to
carbon 1 and 2,
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND ATTACHMENT TO THE CYTOSKELETON/ECM
CORBOHYDRATES
• Microfilaments or
TRANSPORT other elements of
the cytoskeleton
• A protein that spans the membrane may may have
provide a hydrophilic channel across the monovalent bind to
membrane membrane proteins,
a function that help
maintain cell shape
UNIPORTER
• Some glycoproteins
serve as identification
tags that are
specifically recognized
be membrane proteins
of other cells CELL TRANSPORT
INTERCELLULAR JOINING MECHANISM
• Membrane proteins of
adjacent cells many • Refer to the various ways by which
hooks together in different substances can be allowed
various kinds of to enter the cell
junctions such as gap • If the exchange of substances occurs
junctions and tight
junctions
in the direction of the concentration
gradient, there is no need for energy
output from external factors
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
• If the exchange of substances occurs
against the direction of the gradient,
inputs of extra metabolic energy are
required
1) DIFFUSION
➢ Happens when particles move from
an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
KEY TERMS:
SOLUTE
• Refers to the substance that needs to be
dissolved, catalyzed broken down in
order to be utilized by the cell
SOLVENT
• Refers to the substance that will 2) OSMOSIS
dissolve the solute such as water which ➢ The diffusion of free water
is the versatile solvent across a selectively permeable
membrane
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT ➢ The diffusion of solvent from an
area of lower solute
• Refers to how solute particles will move concentration to an area of
through a gas or solution from an area higher solute concentration
with a higher number of particles to one
with a lower number of particles while
being separated by a membrane
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• Movement of a substance across a
membrane with no energy investment
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
• ATP is hydrolyzed leading to
phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic side
OSMOSIS IN ACTION of the pump
• Phosphorylation is caused by the
TONICITY
transfer of the terminal group of ATP to
• The ability of the surrounding solution to the transport protein making ATP
cause a cell to loss or gain water become ADP
PHAGOCYTOSIS/PINOCYTOSIS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Uses energy to move solutes against
their gradients
• To pump a solute across a membrane
against its gradient requires work, the
cell must expand energy
• Uses carrier protein
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
LESSON 8: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION EXAMPLE OF ENZYMES
OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES - ENZYMES
• AMYLASE
ENZYMATIC BROWNING ➢ An enzyme found in saliva that
helps digest starch
➢ Peeling, bruising, or cutting fruits cause them • TRYPSIN
to release enzymes like polyphenol oxidase ➢ An enzyme found in the small
(PPO) that, with the presence of oxygen in intestine that helps break down
the surrounding air, goes into chemical proteins
reactions of plant compounds. These • LACTASE
chemical reactions produce brown pigments ➢ An enzyme that helps in breaking
through the process of enzymatic browning. down the sugar lactose
• PEPSIN
REDOX REACTIONS ➢ A stomach enzyme that serves to
digest proteins found in ingested
➢ Oxidation and reduction occurred when
food
peeling or cutting fruits resulting to an
enzymatic browning. These pairs of ENZYMES STRUCTURE
reactions are called oxidation reduction
reactions or redox reactions
➢ Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a
type of chemical reaction that involves a
transfer of electrons (loss or gain) between
two species.
➢ EXAMPLE:
ENZYME
➢ Organic or biological catalysts • PRIMARY STRUCTURE
➢ Catalysts - substances that speed up a ➢ Refers to the specific sequence of
reaction without being used up, amino acids in a polypeptide chain
destroyed, or incorporated into the end ➢ Order of amino acids in the
product polypeptide chain is derived from
➢ Almost all enzymes are proteins with gene it is transcribed from
amino acid chains which lower the ➢ Different enzymes have different
series of amino acids
activation energies of chemical
• SECONDARY STRUCTURE
reactions inside the cell (or catalysis)
➢ Amino acids can interact with each
➢ There is a specifically matched enzyme other and form hydrogen bonds
for each substrate, meaning to say, a resulting in chain folding
substrate will only fit to its specific ➢ The protein chain can fold into two
enzyme ways: α helix and β pleated sheet
➢ Enzymes are reusable, meaning to say ➢ In α helix, the chain wraps around
they can be used over and over again for while in β pleated sheet, the chain
a reaction folds on top of itself
➢ Enzymes usually end with the suffix -ase • TERTIARY STRUCTURE
➢ The protein could further fold up
due to the bonds between the side
chains (R groups) of the amino acids
forming a three-dimensional
structure
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
• QUATERNARY STRUCTURE LOCK AND KEY MODEL
➢ Aggregation of the different
polypeptide units ➢ This model asserted that the enzyme and
➢ The quaternary structure is the substrate fit together perfectly in one
overall protein structure instantaneous step
ENZYME ACTIVITY
➢ Enzymatic proteins are sensitive to its
environment so its structure can change in
response to the condition it is in
TEMPERATURE
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
• There are also enzymes that work well at • NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
lower and higher temperatures ➢ A molecule that binds to another
site on the enzyme and blocks the
enzyme from doing its job. Meaning
to say, the substrate can bind but
reaction is blocked.
pH
• ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
• The optimal pH range for enzymes is 6-8 ➢ Any form of regulation where the
• There are some exceptions for this such as regulatory molecule binds to an
enzymes in the digestive system enzyme someplace other than the
• Pepsin works best at very low pH while active site. The place where it binds
Trypsin works best at alkaline environment is called the allosteric site.
• FEEDBACK INHIBITION
➢ The end product of a metabolic
pathway acts on the key enzyme
regulating entry to that pathway,
REGULATORY MOLECULES keeping more of the end product
• COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR from being produced.
➢ A molecule that can bind to the
active site and simply block the
substrate from binding.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1