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Morphology

Linguistics

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Malika Nargis
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24 views

Morphology

Linguistics

Uploaded by

Malika Nargis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 7

Dr. Mayang Pipit, M. Hum.


WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY ?

❑ The study of Morphemes.


❑ It is the smallest significant units of
grammar/meaning.
Examples such patterns as :
1. Singular Plural
Cat Cat+s => Cats (2 morphemes)
1 1 2

2. Present Past
Look Look+ed => Looked (2 morphemes)
1 1 2
TOPICS OF DISCUSSION

➢Types of Morpheme

➢ Allomorphs

➢Classes of Word
A. Types of Morpheme

 There
are two types of
morphemes:
1. Free Morphemes
2. Bound Morphemes
1. Free Morphemes

➢ Free Morpheme (called stem or base)


Free Morphemes can stand alone with a
specific meaning
Example:
work, house, love, happy, etc.
2. Bound Morpheme/Affixes

 Morphemes that cannot stand alone.


 It should be attached to a stem (free morphem)
 Bound morphemes may be classified as affixes,
which are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes in
English.
▪ Prefexes occur before the stem.
Ex: un-tidy, pre-school, dis-like
▪ Suffixes occur after the stem.
Ex: kind-ness, judge-ment, teach-er
 Bound morphemes/affixes may
also be classified as:
a. Derivational affixes
b. Inflectional affixes
a. Derivational affixes

 Bound morphemes that change the meaning and


class of word/parts of speech when they are
attached to the stem.
 They can be prefixes and suffixes
Prefixes: en+danger => endanger
Noun Verb
(Exception! dis+like => dislike (both are verbs)
un+true => untrue (both are adjectives)
Suffixes: -er -ly
Verbs Noun Adj Adv
teach => teacher happy => happily
build => builder loud => loudly
sweep => sweeper smooth =>smoothly
b. Inflectional affixes (tend to
be suffixes)

➢ Bound morphemes which carry


grammatical mening (do not change the
meaning)and do not change the parts of
speech.
➢ Grammatical meanings like
1) Plural,
2) Tense agreement
3) Possesive adjective
1) Plural
Singular noun Plural noun
bag bags Reguler nouns are formed
tin tins by suffix –s/-es
bus buses

foot feet Irreguler nouns are often


man men formed by changing a
mouse mice sound vowel
2) Tense agreement
➢ Present Tense
I/you/we/they look/sing
She/he/it look+s/sing+s
➢ Present Participle
look+ing/sing+ing
➢ Regular verbs of past and past participle
I look+ed
I have look+ed
➢ Irregular verbs of past and past participle
sing sang sung
take took taken
write wrote written
3) Possesive
John John's book/books
the man the man's book/books
the men the men's book/books
the builders the builders’material
B. ALLOMORPHS
 Allomorph is variant forms of morpheme
 Allomorph has different in pronunciation and spelling according
to their condition.
 =>
1) Additive allomorph
➢ past regular form -ed, has 3 allomorphs
/-d/ => lived /li:vd/
/-t/ => asked /a:skt/
/-id/ => need /ni:did/
➢ regular verb for 3rd singular person and plural –es
/-s/ => walks /wɔ:ks/; cats /kæts/
/-z/ => reads /ri:dz/; bags /bægz/
/-iz/ => renriches /enri:tʃiz/; buses /bʌsiz/
2) Zero allomorph
irregular noun and verb
deer; sheep hurt; cut; put
2) Replace allomorph
change the vowel sound
sing sang sung; drink drank drunk
2) Supletive allomorph
prefix –i => incapable ; intolerant
-il => illegal ; immobile ; irregular
go; went; gone
bad; worse; worst
good; better; best
C. Class of word

 There are nine (9) compulsary classes of words in


English:
1) Nouns:
- the name of a person: Michael, etc.
- animal: tiger, etc.
- place: Jakarta, etc.
- concept or thing: grass, etc.
2) Determiners:
an adjective-like word which precedes both Adj. & N.
- articles: a, an, the.
- demonstratives: this, that, these, those.
- possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
- number when preceding nouns: one girl, first
degree.
- indefinite: some, any, all, enough, no, both, each,
every, few, much, more, most, fewer, less, either,
neither.
3) Pronouns:
can take the place of a noun or a noun phrase
E.g.: John met his future wife on a train.
He met her on it.
4) Adjectives:
a descriptive word that qualifies and describes nouns.
- before nouns: a cold day, a heavy shower.
- after verbs like BE, BECOME, GROW, SEEM.
E.g.: He is tall. He became angry.
He grew fiercer. He seems content.
5. Verbs:
a “doing” word.
- an action: John climbed a tree.
- a process: John turned green.
- a state: John resembles his mother.
6. Adverbs:
used to modify a verb, an adjective, a sentence or
another adverb.
E.g.: He is dangerously ill.
He was, however, the best person for the job.
He talked very strangely.
7) Prepositions:
a function word which are always followed by a noun, a noun
phrase or a pronoun.
E.g.: He talked to John
He arrived with another man.
He did it for me.
8) Conjunctions:
a “joining” word.
- co-ordinating: and, but, so. (equal)
E.g.: John and Mary ran upstairs.
- subordinating: why, that. (subordinate to main clause).
E.g.: He would not tell me why he did it.
He said that he was tired.
9) Exclamations/Interjections:
an involuntary utterance expressing fear, pain,
surprise.
E.g.: Good lord!
Heavens above!
Oh dear!
- the term interjection is often referred for
monosyllabic utterances: Oh! Wow! Ouch!
- in the written medium, both exclamations and
interjections are marked by exclamation marks.
THANK YOU

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