A STUDY ON

“SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE”

Experimental Project Report submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ANANTAPURAMU

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of the degree

“MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION”

By
PASUPULETI CHANDANA
Reg. No: 23JY1E00D6
Under the valuable Guidance of
MR. K. THAYEE REDDYAsst. Prof.
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

Sri Balaji PG College [MBA]

(Affiliated to J.N.T.University, Anantapuramu)

ANANTAPURAMU-515001

(2023-2025)
 Sri Balaji PG College [MBA]
ANANTHAPURAMU
(Affiliated to J.N.T.University, Anantapur)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled A STUDY ON “SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE” has been submitted by
PASUPULETI CHANDANA, Reg.no:23JY1E00D6 towards the
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree, Master of
Business Administration in the department of management studies from “Sri
Balaji PG College [MBA]”. Anantapuramu, during the academic year 2024 -
2025.

Project supervisor: Head of the Department:

Mr. K. Thayee ReddyAsst. Prof. Mr. S. Raghavendra

(H.O.D)

Principal
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report is titled A study on “SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE” is original and bonafide work done by me

for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree,

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINIISTRATION submitted to the

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Anantapuramu under the guidance of MR. K. Thayee Reddy Asst. Prof.. Matter

has not been copied from any earlier reports.

Place: (Pasupuleti Chandana)

Date: (23JY1E00D6)
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE

PAGE
CHAPTER CONTENTS
NUMBER

ABSTRACT

1 INTRODUCTION 3-6

2 OBJECTIVES 7 - 11

OVERVIEW OF SPACE
3 12 - 15
DEVELOPMENT

TOOLS :
4  ROBOTIC ROLE IN SPACE 16 - 24
 ARTIFICIAL SATELITE

ANALYING ON SPACE
5 25 - 30
TECHNOLOGY

SPACE CENTER
6 UPCOMING PROJECTS
31 - 35

RESEARCH IN SPACE
7 36 - 39
CENTER

8 CONCLUSION 40 - 43

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ABSTRACT

The abstract of science and technology in space typically

highlights the exploration, research, and applications of space-related
phenomena through various scientific and technological advancements.
It addresses key areas such as satellite technology, space exploration
missions, astronomical studies, and the development of innovative tools
and materials for operating in extreme environments. The abstract
emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, the role of
international partnerships, and the impact of space science on our
understanding of the universe and Earth. It may also discuss future
challenges and opportunities, including sustainable practices in space
exploration and the potential for commercial ventures. In many small
countries within Europe specialists (e.g. scientist, engineers, and policy
makers) have for many years already been, and are presently, actively
engaged in areas of space science, space applications and the scientific
evaluation of space related data. These various national groups form a wider
community in that they experience many common problems and difficulties
which have precluded their being able, hitherto, despite their experience in
space related activities, to proceed to develop their own small satellites. An
account is provided of Irish lead pan-European initiatives, under the aegis of the
International Academy of Astronautics, to provide support structures to promote
the concepts and processes required by such countries ‘Emerging in Space
Technology’ to gain access to space using small economical satellites. The
consequent setting up within the Academy of a new Sub-Committee of the
already existing Committee for ‘Small Satellite Missions’ entitled ‘Small
Satellites for European Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ is described.
This Sub-Committee has a philosophy of ‘learning by doing’ and it is hoped
that the group will ultimately succeed in launching a microsatellite bearing an
innovative scientific experiment. A wish has been expressed by participants in
this Sub-Committee that its remit be extended to include not only European, but
representatives of all countries ‘Emerging in Space Technology.

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

India has developed a strong base for space based

programme for the development of space technology and its
utilization. Launch vehicle technology, space craft design,
design of suitable payloads, and spacecraft operations are the
major technology areas for which broad infrastructure, both in-
house and industrial, exist. All necessary ground-based system
technology including data reception, processing and utilization
are also indigenously developed. Other major strength is the
development of expertise in the applications of space data in
the areas of Communications, Remote Sensing and
Environmental Monitoring. Human resources development and
blending the new technology with conventional operational
systems with the users are other major achievements of the
India Space Programme.
In this paper the expertise developed in India under the space
programme in relation to Remote Sensing Applications is
highlighted to bring out the essential infrastructural needs of a
developing country for introducing remote sensing
technology for national development.

Technology in space has revolutionized our understanding of

the universe and transformed the way we live on Earth. From
the development of powerful rockets to sophisticated satellites,
innovations in space technology enable us to explore distant
planets, monitor climate change, and communicate across the
globe.The journey of technology in space began with the
launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. This
marked the start of the space age and set the stage for rapid
advancements. Today, we rely on technologies such as GPS,
satellite imagery, and scientific instruments aboard spacecraft
to gather data that informs everything from weather forecasting
to disaster management.

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Moreover, recent developments in robotics, artificial

intelligence, and materials science are pushing the boundaries
of what is possible in space exploration. These technologies
not only enhance our capabilities to explore and understand
celestial bodies but also have significant implications for life on
Earth.

As we look to the future, emerging technologies promise to

open new frontiers, from human missions to Mars to the
establishment of lunar bases. Understanding these
advancements is crucial, as they hold the key to our continued
exploration and discovery in the vast expanse of space.

Advanced space technologies are needed to enable many

potential space activities and to reduce the cost and improve
the performance of others. The National Aeronautics and
Space Act of 1958, which created the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA), directed the agency to conduct
the nation's civil space activities to contribute materially to "the
preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in
aeronautical and space science and technology…" (Space Act,
1958). Subsequent national space policies have reaffirmed
NASA's responsibility for the development of advanced civil
space technologies (The White House, 1989, 1996).

In the agency's early years, NASA—often working through

private contractors and university grants—developed many
technologies for use in its space missions. A 1987 report by the
National Research Council (NRC), however, found that "since

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the Apollo program, little has been done to enhance or develop

the basic technologies that will enable future missions or
provide the nation with a variety of options for the space
program" (NRC, 1987). Since the late 1980s, NASA's space
technology program has continued to evolve as agency
priorities have shifted in response to changes in the larger
environment.

One change in NASA's environment has been the rapid

growth in the availability of technologies from outside NASA
that are applicable to space uses. These new technologies are
being developed by the rapidly growing commercial space
industry and the U.S. Department of Defence (DOD), which has
made its new technologies available to NASA and the
commercial sector with increasing frequency. Rather than
producing new space technologies, NASA has often used
technologies developed outside the agency. Technology
developers outside NASA, however, are generally not focused
on achieving the agency's long-term goals.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and
Medicine. 1998. Space Technology for the New Century.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
https://doi.org/10.17226/6068.

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CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of science and technology in space encompass
several key areas:

1. Understanding the Universe: Exploring celestial bodies

and phenomena helps us understand the origins,
evolution, and structure of the universe.
2. Planetary Science: Studying planets, moons, asteroids,
and comets informs us about their composition, history,
and potential for supporting life.
3. Earth Observation: Satellites provide critical data for
monitoring climate change, natural disasters, and
environmental conditions, aiding in disaster response and
resource management.
4. Space Exploration: Human and robotic missions seek to
explore other planets and moons, with goals such as
searching for extraterrestrial life and understanding human
adaptability in space.
5. Technology Development: Innovations in propulsion,
materials science, and robotics drive advancements that
can benefit both space exploration and life on Earth.
6. International Collaboration: Space initiatives often
involve global partnerships, fostering cooperation and
peace through shared scientific goals.
7. Economic Development: The space sector promotes
economic growth through satellite technology,
telecommunications, and potential resource extraction
from asteroids.
8. Education and Inspiration: Engaging the public and
inspiring future generations to pursue STEM fields through
space missions and discoveries.

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9. Commercial Space Development

 Private Sector Innovation: Supporting the growth of

commercial space industries, such as satellite
communications, space tourism, and cargo transport.
 Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborating with private
companies to leverage investment and expertise in space
technologies.
10. Cultural and Philosophical Impact

 Perspective on Earth: Space exploration fosters a unique

perspective on our planet, encouraging global citizenship
and environmental stewardship.
 Philosophical Questions: Addressing fundamental
questions about humanity’s place in the universe and the
potential for life beyond Earth.

11. Advancing Scientific Knowledge

 Space Weather Studies: Understanding solar activity and

its effects on Earth’s magnetosphere, which is crucial for
protecting satellites, astronauts, and power grids.
 Fundamental Physics: Testing theories of relativity and
quantum mechanics in microgravity environments,
providing insights that can’t be achieved on Earth.
12. Technological Spin-Offs

 Innovations for Everyday Life: Many technologies

developed for space missions, such as advanced imaging
systems, water purification methods, and materials with
unique properties, find applications in various industries
on Earth.
 Health Care Advances: Research conducted in space
has led to developments in medical technologies, such as
improved imaging techniques and telemedicine.

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13. Sustainability and Environmental Monitoring

 Biodiversity Tracking: Utilizing satellite data to monitor

ecosystems and biodiversity, helping to inform
conservation efforts and policy-making.
 Agricultural Monitoring: Employing remote sensing to
optimize crop management and resource use, enhancing
food security and sustainable practices.
14. Interstellar Exploration Aspirations

 Conceptual Missions: Exploring the feasibility of

missions to nearby star systems (e.g., Proxima Centauri)
using advanced propulsion technologies, such as light
sails or nuclear propulsion.
 Humanity’s Long-Term Future: Preparing for the
potential of human migration beyond Earth, including the
philosophical and ethical implications of such endeavors.
15. Robust Infrastructure Development

 Ground Systems and Communication: Establishing

robust ground control and communication networks to
support deep space missions and data relay.
 Launch and Recovery Systems: Developing reliable
launch vehicles and recovery systems to minimize costs
and risks associated with space travel.
16. Crisis Response and Management

 Global Health Monitoring: Using satellite data to track

disease outbreaks, environmental health, and other global
health issues, enhancing international response efforts.
 Crisis Simulation: Utilizing simulations based on satellite
data for disaster preparedness and management training.

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17. Cultural Preservation and Heritage

 Space Archeology: Studying historical and cultural

artifacts in space, such as the remnants of past missions
and their significance to humanity's exploration narrative.
 Space as a Cultural Frontier: Exploring the implications
of space exploration on human culture, philosophy, and
our understanding of civilization.
18. Public Safety and Security

 Surveillance and Monitoring: Using satellite technology

for national security, monitoring potential threats, and
ensuring public safety.
 Navigational Aids: Enhancing global navigation satellite
systems (GNSS) that support everything from aviation to
emergency services.

19. Inspiring Future Generations

 Engaging Youth: Creating programs that allow students

to participate in space missions or experiments, fostering
a new generation of scientists and engineers.
 Cultural Events: Promoting public interest through
events, documentaries, and educational campaigns
focused on space exploration.
20. Addressing Ethical and Philosophical Questions

 Space Law and Governance: Establishing frameworks to

govern the exploration and use of outer space, including
property rights, resource management, and the ethical
treatment of extraterrestrial life.
 Humanity’s Place in the Universe: Engaging in
discussions about our responsibility to protect Earth and
how we approach exploration beyond our plane.

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Chapter 3
Overview of space
development

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Overview of space development

The space activities in India started with the setting up
of Indian National Committee for Space Research
(INCOSPAR) in 1962. Initial years saw the work on
atmospheric studies with the establishment of Thumb
Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) near
Thiruvananthapuram at southern end of the country. The
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) established in
1969, took the space programme to altogether new level in
the coming years with programmes aimed at harnessing the
benefits of space technology for the national and societal
development.

The Indian Space programme is characterized by a

vision to use space technology for national development.
The primary objective of the space programme is to
establish operational space services in a self-reliant manner
in the thrust areas of satellite communication, satellite-
based resource survey/management, satellite navigation,
satellite meteorological applications and other emerging
areas and to carry out sustained research and development
in these areas.

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Department of Space (DOS) is the responsible for

promoting the development of space science, technology,
and applications towards achieving self-reliance and
facilitating all-around development of the nation. DOS
implements the space programmes through Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO) and other national
laboratories.

ISRO is the national space agency, responsible for

research and development as well as execution of projects
related to space science, technology and applications.
ISRO is also responsible for research and development in
cutting edge technologies. To address the vast areas of the
mandate, different centers and units have been created by
ISRO, each specializing in specific domains of space
activities like launch vehicles, satellites, payloads,
applications, launchpad, ground segment, etc.

NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), a wholly owned

Government of India company, under the administrative
control of Department of Space (DOS) is the commercial
arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) with
the primary responsibility of enabling Indian industries to

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take up high technology space related activities and is also

responsible for promotion and commercial exploitation of
the products and services emanating from the Indian space
programme. Subsequent to space reforms of 2020, the role
and scope of NSIL has been enhanced in addition to the
primary business areas to include owning satellites for earth
observation and communication, and providing satellite
services, building satellites and launch vehicles and
providing launch services.

The space sector has been opened up for private

participation subsequent to the space reforms announced
by the Government of India in 2020. Indian National Space
Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) is the
independent nodal agency under DOS to permit and
oversee the activities of private entities in the country.

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CHAPTER 4
TOOLS

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Robotic Role in Space

Robotics in space is a rapidly evolving field that uses robots to
perform tasks in space, such as:

Satellite maintenance: Robots can repair and maintain

satellites.

Space exploration: Robots can explore other planets.

Supporting astronauts: Robots can help astronauts by repairing

machinery mid-flight or providing assistance on demand.

In-space assembly and maintenance: Robots can help with

these tasks, which are important for advancing space
exploration and extending the life of space infrastructure.

Some examples of robots used in space include:

Robonaut
A humanoid robot designed by NASA to help with tasks on the
International Space Station and other worlds.

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Dextre
A robot that was deployed to help build and service the
International Space Station. Astronauts can remotely control
Dextre.

Dextre's body was designed to move in many different ways.

Each of its arms has seven joints that can move up and down, go from
side to side, and rotate. This large range of motion means Dextre can
actually carry out more complex movements than a human arm.
The robot has a human-like sense of touch! Its hands work like Swiss
Army knives. Each hand has:

 a retractable motorized wrench

 a camera and lights for close-up viewing
 a retractable connector to provide power, data and video
connection

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The robot can carefully grip delicate equipment without causing damage.
Although Dextre is strong enough to work with refrigerator-sized gear, it
can also handle pieces as small as a toaster. In fact, Dextre's work can
even be precise down to a few millimetres. During a mission to refuel a
simulated satellite, the robot successfully manipulated small safety caps,
cables and wires with minute precision—all while being controlled from
Earth, hundreds of kilometres away.

Chandrayaan2
A robotic manipulator used on the International Space Station.

Chandrayaan-2 mission is a highly complex mission, which represents a

significant technological leap compared to the previous missions of
ISRO, which brought together an Orbiter, Lander and Rover with the
goal of exploring south pole of the Moon. This is a unique mission which
aims at studying not just one area of the Moon but all the areas

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combining the exosphere, the surface as well as the sub-surface of the

moon in a single mission.
Perseverance rover
A rover with a robotic arm.

To contribute to the four Mars exploration science goals and meet its
specific goal of determining Mars' habitability, Perseverance has the
following science objectives:
NASA's Perseverance rover is exploring Jezero Crater, a location on
Mars that shows promising signs of being a place that was likely friendly
to life in the distant past. The rover is seeking specific indicators of
possible past life. Perseverance also has a unique goal of collecting and
caching samples of Mars rock and regolith--broken rock and dust--for
possible future return to Earth. With these samples and ongoing
exploration, scientists hope to advance the search for signs of past life
on Mars and gain insights into the planet's evolution.

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Some benefits of using robots in space include: Minimizing risk

for astronauts, Increasing productivity for astronauts, and
Working efficiently in hostile environments.

Indian Satelite

Indian Remote Sensing satellite fleet consisting of optical

remote sensing satellites, radar imaging satellites,
oceanographic satellites and hyper spectral imaging satellites
that provide imaging data for various applications like
cartography, land information system, geographical information
system, disaster management support, monitoring of cyclones,
oceanographic studies, coastal dynamics studies, glacial
studies, agricultural support, desertification and land
degradation, etc. INSAT series of satellites with meteorological

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payloads operating from geostationary orbit support weather

forecasting services and along with satellites in Low Earth
Orbit, support support the satellite based search and rescue
programmes.

The fleet of communication and high throughput satellites of

GSAT series support services like television broadcasting, DTH
television, telecommunication, VSATs, radio networking and
societal applications.

NavIC (NAVigation with Indian Constellation) is the Indian

Regional Navigation Satellite System providing positioning,
navigation and timing services for the country, supporting
various applications in transportation, location based services,
personal mobility, resource monitoring, surveying and safety-of-
life alert dissemination.

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Indian Space Transportation System

The operational launch vehicles of ISRO - PSLV (Polar Satellite

Launch Vehicle), GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle) and GSLV Mk-III provide assured access to space for
launching satellites for earth observation, communication,
navigation and space exploration. SSLV, a dedicated small
launcher for catering to global shift towards small satellites is
under development.
ISRO built India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched
by the Soviet space agency Interkosmos in 1975.[8] In 1980, it
launched the satellite RS-1 onboard SLV-3, making India
the seventh country to undertake orbital launches. It has
subsequently developed various small-lift and medium-lift
launch vehicles, enabling the agency to launch various

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satellites and deep space missions. It is one of the six

government space agencies in the world that possess full
launch capabilities with the ability to deploy cryogenic engines,
launch extraterrestrial missions and artificial satellites. It is also
one of only four governmental space agencies in to have
demonstrated unmanned soft landing capabilities.

ISRO’s two launchpads at the spaceport of Sriharikota near

Chennai, provide space launch capability for the country.

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Chapter 5
ANALYING ON
SPACE
TECHNOLOGY

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ANALYING ON SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Space development can be analyzed from a variety of
perspectives, including:
Space-based solar power
This technology could help overcome the paradox that space
development requires a presence of people and industry in
space, which itself requires space development to be a priority.
However, there are technical, regulatory, legal, and geopolitical
challenges to deploying SBSP on a large scale.

Commercial space industry

Analysis of the commercial space industry can be done using a
theoretical framework that includes policy, innovation, and
economic factors. A combination of qualitative and quantitative
methods, along with advanced models, can help identify
bottlenecks and development trends.

Space exploration and economic growth

Space exploration and utilization could provide opportunities for
economic development and sustainability. However, informed
policy-making and international cooperation are needed to
govern human expansion into space.

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Space pollution
As space exploration and presence increases, so does the
issue of space pollution. Debris from space launches, such as
abandoned rocket stages and old satellites, can collide with
and damage functioning satellites or endanger astronauts.

Space systems
Space systems are becoming increasingly important for
homeland defense, weather surveillance, communication,
navigation, imaging, and remote sensing.

GVR Report cover

Space Technology (SpaceTech) Market Size, Share & Trends
Analysis Report By Type (Space Vehicles, Deep-space
Communication, In-space Propulsion), By Agency Type, By
Application, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023 - 2030
The global space technology (SpaceTech) market size was
valued at USD 420.2 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at
a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% from 2023 to
2030. The growth is driven by technological advancements,
increasing private sector participation, and growing government
initiatives. This sector encompasses a wide range of activities,
including satellite manufacturing and operations, launch
services, space exploration, and the development of innovative

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space-related technologies. The market observed significant

growth due to rapid technological advancements in satellite
technology. Satellites are critical in various sectors, including
telecommunication, navigation, weather forecasting, and Earth
observation. The deployment of communication satellites has
gained significant traction with an ever-increasing demand for
high-speed internet connectivity.
Moreover, the miniaturization of satellites and the deployment
of small satellite constellations have lowered the entry barriers
for new players, fostering innovation and competition in the
market. The emergence of private space companies in the
space technology (SpaceTech) industry has further boosted the
growth of the market. Traditionally, space exploration and
satellite launches were dominantly undertaken by government
agencies. In recent years, companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin,
and Virgin Galactic have emerged as significant players in the
industry; these private sector participants have introduced
disruptive technologies, streamlined operations, and reduced
the costs associated with space missions. Their efforts have
stimulated market growth and opened up new avenues for
commercial space applications, such as space tourism and
asteroid mining.

Government initiatives and policies also played a crucial role in

expanding the space technology (SpaceTech) market growth.
Many countries recognize the strategic importance of space

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activities and have increased their investments in space

exploration and satellite programs. Governments provide
funding, grants, and regulatory support to foster innovation and
entrepreneurship in the space sector. Furthermore,
international collaboration and partnerships between nations
have facilitated knowledge sharing and resource pooling,
accelerating technological advancements and market growth.

Space technology offers significant opportunities for various

industries; for example, Earth observation satellites provide
valuable data for environmental monitoring, agriculture, urban
planning, and disaster management. The data obtained from
these satellites helps governments, businesses, and
researchers make informed decisions and develop sustainable
solutions. Similarly, the global positioning system satellites
have revolutionized navigation and location-based services,
enabling precise positioning and timing information for various
applications. Companies in the space industry witnessed an
investment of around $132.2 Billion in 2021, the largest
investment deal for a post-IPO investment was in Infrastrutture
Wireless Italiane S.p.A. of about $1.8 billion in 2021.

The market for space technology (SpaceTech) is witnessing a

surge in interest and investment in space exploration.
Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin have set ambitious

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goals to explore and colonize other celestial bodies, such as

the Moon and Mars. These endeavors expand human
knowledge and understanding of the universe and present
immense opportunities for scientific research, resource
utilization, and the development of new technologies. In
addition to traditional space activities, emerging technologies
such as deep-space communication, radiation protection,
reusable rockets, and advanced sensors are shaping the
market's future.

Furthermore, advancements in additive manufacturing

enable the on-demand production of space components,
reducing lead times and enhancing mission flexibility.
Integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms in satellite systems has helped ensure improved
data analysis and enhanced operational efficiency. However,
the market also faces challenges that must be addressed for
sustained growth. Space debris management is one such
challenge. As more satellites are deployed, and space missions
increase, the risk of collisions and the generation of space
debris intensify. Efforts are underway to develop technologies
for debris removal, along with the guidelines and regulations to
ensure responsible and sustainable space operations.

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Chapter 6
SPACE CENTER
UPCOMING
PROJECTS

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SPACE CENTER UPCOMING PROJECTS

Here are some upcoming space projects in India:

Chandrayaan-4: This mission will return samples from the

moon, with a landing site near the lunar south pole. The Indian
government allocated $253 million for this mission.

Venus Orbiter Mission (Shukrayaan): This mission is

scheduled for launch in 2025.

Bharatiya Antariksha Station: The first module of this space

station is expected to launch in 2028. The station will orbit
about 400 kilometers above Earth and astronauts will be able to
stay there for 3–6 months.

NISAR: This Earth observation mission is scheduled for launch

in 2024.

Gaganyaan 2: This human spaceflight mission is scheduled for

launch in mid-2025.

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Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (Mangalyaan 2): This planetary

exploration mission is scheduled for launch in 2026.

India also plans to develop a new reusable low-cost launch

vehicle.
Indian Space Missions: List Of Space Missions By ISRO Till
2024 And Upcoming
In this article, we have compiled the list of successful space
missions accomplished till 2024 as well as upcoming missions
by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

Roopashree Sharma
By Roopashree Sharma
Feb 28, 2024, 17:04 IST

ListOf Space Missions By ISRO Till 2024 And Upcoming

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), founded in

1969, stands as a testament to India's ambitious stride into
space exploration and technology. Under the visionary
leadership of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, ISRO's mission has been to
harness space technology for national development, while
pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.

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Notable achievements include the Mars Orbiter Mission

(Mangalyaan), which made India the first Asian nation to reach
Martian orbit, and the cost-effective launch of numerous
satellites for both India and international clients through the
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).

ISRO's commitment to developing indigenous satellite

navigation systems, and the successful testing of reusable
launch vehicles, underscores its role as a major player in global
space exploration, fostering advancements in communication,
remote sensing, and meteorology.
In this article, we have compiled the list of successful space
missions accomplished till 2024 as well as upcoming missions
by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
List Of Upcoming Space Missions By ISRO
Here is the list of ISRO’s upcoming space missions.

Gaganyaan-1
The first test flight of the Gaganyaan spacecraft, designed to
carry three astronauts.
2024
NISAR

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A joint project with NASA to launch the first dual-band

radar imaging satellite for remote sensing.
2025
Gaganyaan-2
The second test flight before the inaugural crewed mission.
2025
Venus Orbiter Mission (Shukrayaan)
An orbiter mission to study the atmosphere of Venus.
2026
Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (Mangalyaan-2)
India’s second interplanetary mission to Mars is primarily an
orbiter mission.
2026
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
In collaboration with JAXA to explore the Moon’s south pole
region.
2026
Gaganyaan 3
The first crewed Gaganyaan mission.
2028
Chandrayaan-4
A lunar sample-return mission, the fourth in the Chandrayaan
series.
2035
Bharatiya Antariksha Station.

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Chapter-7
RESEARCH IN
SPACE CENTER

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RESEARCH IN SPACE CENTER

Research in space centers encompasses a wide range of

activities, from studying planetary science and astrophysics to
developing new technologies for space exploration. Here are
some key areas of focus:

1. Planetary Exploration

 Mission Design: Engineers and scientists collaborate to

create missions to explore other planets and moons,
focusing on objectives like habitability and resource
identification.
 Sample Return Missions: Projects like NASA’s Mars
Sample Return aim to bring back samples for detailed
analysis on Earth, enhancing our understanding of
planetary geology and potential biosignatures.

2. Astrobiology

 Extremophiles Research: Studying organisms that thrive

in extreme environments on Earth (like hydrothermal
vents) helps inform the search for life on icy moons like
Europa or Enceladus.
 Bio-signature Detection: Developing methods to detect
signs of past or present life, including chemical and
biological markers, on other celestial bodies.

3. Astronomy

 Space Telescopes: Instruments like the Hubble Space

Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope enable
deep-space observations, providing insights into the
universe’s formation and evolution.

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 Gravitational Wave Research: Collaborations with

observatories like LIGO to study cosmic events such as
black hole mergers.

4. Human Spaceflight

 Physiological Studies: Research on muscle atrophy,

bone density loss, and psychological effects of long-term
space travel helps prepare for missions to Mars and
beyond.
 International Space Station (ISS): A unique laboratory
for studying microgravity’s effects on living organisms and
conducting experiments in materials science, fluid
dynamics, and combustion.
5. Satellite Technology

 Earth Observation: Satellites monitor climate change,

natural disasters, and urban development, providing
critical data for research and policy-making.
 Communication Satellites: Enhancements in
communication technology support global connectivity,
telemedicine, and disaster response.
6. Robotics and Automation

 Rover Development: Designing rovers like Perseverance

and Curiosity for Mars exploration, focusing on navigation,
sample collection, and autonomous decision-making.
 Drones for Planetary Exploration: Innovations such as
the Ingenuity helicopter on Mars demonstrate new
capabilities for aerial exploration.
7. Space Weather

 Solar Observation: Monitoring solar flares and coronal

mass ejections to predict their impact on Earth’s
magnetosphere and protect satellites and power grids.

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 Data Modeling: Developing models to simulate space

weather effects, which aids in risk assessment and
mitigation strategies.

8. Materials Science

 Radiation-Resistant Materials: Researching materials

that can withstand high levels of cosmic radiation for
spacecraft and habitats.
 3D Printing: Investigating in-situ resource utilization
(ISRU) for producing tools and components on other
planets using local materials.

9. Sustainability and Space Debris

 Space Debris Management: Studying the increasing

problem of space debris and developing methods for
tracking, managing, and possibly removing debris to
ensure sustainable space activities.
 Life Support Systems: Researching closed-loop life
support systems that recycle air and water, essential for
long-duration missions.

10. Public Engagement and Education

 STEM Outreach: Engaging students and the public

through educational programs, workshops, and interactive
exhibits to inspire the next generation of scientists and
engineers.
 Citizen Science Projects: Involving the public in data
collection and analysis, such as classifying celestial
objects or tracking wildlife using satellite data.

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Chapter 8
Conclusion

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Conclusion:

India's space technology has made remarkable

strides over the past few decades, establishing the country as a
significant player in the global space arena. With achievements
like the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), which showcased
India's capabilities in cost-effective space exploration, and the
successful launch of numerous satellites for various
applications ranging from telecommunications to earth
observation India has demonstrated its technological prowess.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) continues to

push boundaries through innovative projects, including the
Gaganyaan human spaceflight program and ambitious plans for
lunar and interplanetary missions. Moreover, the growing
collaboration with other nations enhances India’s standing in
international space cooperation.

1. Pioneering Missions

India has undertaken several landmark missions that highlight

its capabilities:

 Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan): Launched in 2013,

it made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit
and the first in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.
The mission was celebrated for its cost-effectiveness,
showcasing ISRO's ability to conduct complex missions
with limited budgets.

 Chandrayaan Missions: Chandrayaan-1, India’s first

lunar probe, confirmed the presence of water on the
moon, while Chandrayaan-2, despite its lander’s
challenges, successfully orbited the moon and provided
valuable data.

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2. Satellite Launch Capabilities

ISRO has developed a robust satellite launch infrastructure,

with vehicles like the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and
the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). These
vehicles have been instrumental in launching a multitude of
satellites for both domestic and international clients, positioning
India as a competitive player in the commercial space market.
3. International Collaboration

India has fostered strong partnerships with various countries

and space agencies, engaging in collaborative projects that
promote knowledge sharing and technological development.
This includes working with NASA, Roscosmos, and the
European Space Agency on various initiatives.

4. Applications in Daily Life

The impact of India's space technology extends beyond

exploration:
 Communication: Satellites enhance telecommunications
and broadcasting services, bridging the digital divide in
rural areas.
 Weather Forecasting: ISRO’s meteorological satellites
play a critical role in providing timely weather data, helping
farmers and disaster management agencies.
 Earth Observation: Satellites assist in monitoring natural
resources, urban planning, and disaster response, aiding
in sustainable development.

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5. Future Prospects

Looking ahead, India aims to expand its reach in space

exploration and technology:
 Human Spaceflight: The Gaganyaan program, set to
send Indian astronauts into space, marks a significant
step in advancing human spaceflight capabilities.
 Interplanetary Missions: Future missions to Venus and
Mars are planned, promising to enhance our
understanding of the solar system.

6. Challenges and Opportunities

While India has achieved much, it faces challenges such as

space debris management, the need for technological
upgrades, and global competition. However, these challenges
also present opportunities for innovation and leadership in
emerging areas like satellite internet and space resource
utilization.

In conclusion, India’s advancements in space technology not

only highlight its scientific and engineering capabilities but also
reflect its commitment to using these technologies for national
development and global cooperation. As it continues to
innovate and explore, India is poised to play a significant role in
shaping the future of space exploration and technology. The
journey ahead is filled with potential, promising further
contributions to humanity’s understanding of space and the
challenges we face on Earth.

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