STANDARD METHODS

AND TECHNIQUES USED

IN PERFORMING
EXPERIMENTS
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 OBJECTIVES

1. give safety precautions when working in a Science

laboratory;
2. classify biological agents risk group and levels of
biological containment;
3. familiarize with rules and ethical considerations for
Studies with Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents
(PHBA); and
4. identify the standard techniques used in
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
performing experiments.
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST

What do you call a test to be done to learn

something or discover if something works or is true
and usually a way to test the hypothesis?
Analyzing
A Data
C Experiment

Designing an Scientific
B Experiment
D Method

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST

What do you call a test to be done to learn

something or discover if something works or is true
and usually a way to test the hypothesis?
Analyzing
A Data
C Experiment

Designing an Scientific
B Experiment
D Method

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST

Which among the biosafety level risk group is

strictly prohibited from conducting or
experimenting?
I. BSL I1and II II. BSL 2 III. III
BSL 3
A C and IV
IV. BSL 4

B II and III D I and IV

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST

Which among the biosafety level risk group is

strictly prohibited from conducting or
experimenting?
I. BSL I1and II II. BSL 2 III. III
BSL 3
A C and IV
IV. BSL 4

B II and III D I and IV

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST
What is a sterilization method that uses
high-pressure steam and works by the concept that
the boiling point of water (or steam) increases when
it is under pressure?
A Autoclaving C Evaporating

B Boiling D Pasteurizing

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST
What is a sterilization method that uses
high-pressure steam and works by the concept that
the boiling point of water (or steam) increases when
it is under pressure?
A Autoclaving C Evaporating

B Boiling D Pasteurizing

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST
What risk group contains biological agents that pose
low risk to personnel and the environment as they
are highly unlikely to cause disease in healthy
laboratory workers, animals or plants?
A BSL-1 C BSL-3

B BSL-2 D BSL-4

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST
What risk group contains biological agents that pose
low risk to personnel and the environment as they
are highly unlikely to cause disease in healthy
laboratory workers, animals or plants?
A BSL-1 C BSL-3

B BSL-2 D BSL-4

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST

Which of the following technique is used to isolate

the pure culture of the organisms (mostly bacteria)
from a mixed population.?
Rotary
A Autoclaving C Evaporation

Culturing of
B medium
D Streak Plate

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PRE-TEST

Which of the following technique is used to isolate

the pure culture of the organisms (mostly bacteria)
from a mixed population.?
Rotary
A Autoclaving C Evaporation

Culturing of
B medium
D Streak Plate

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GROUP ACTIVITY 1
Using the clues, complete the puzzle by filling up
the missing letters.

LET’S SEE WHICH GROUP CAN FINISH THE

PUZZLE WITHIN TWO MINUTES!
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GROUP ACTIVITY 1
1. Graduated cylinder 6. Beaker
2. Spatula 7. Test tube
3. Platform balance 8. Glass rod
4. Thermometer 9. Microscope
5. Bunsen burner 10. Erlenmeyer Flask
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GROUP ACTIVITY 2
Read or sing Oh Science Lab stanza
that has been assigned to your group.
Then, write down the things you should
keep in mind when working in a
Science Laboratory.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GROUP ACTIVITY 2
1. Read directions carefully 4. Report accidents
before doing an experiment immediately
2. Do not perform
5. Wild animals and
experiments alone
pets are not allowed
3. Handle laboratory in the laboratory
apparatus with care
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES
It is vital to observe precautionary measures when doing some
experiments to avoid accidents.

Know locations of
laboratory safety showers,
eyewash stations, and fire
extinguishers. The safety
equipment may be located
in the hallway near the
laboratory entrance.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES
It is vital to observe precautionary measures when doing some
experiments to avoid accidents.
Avoid skin
and eye
contact with
all
chemicals.

Know emergency exit routes

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES
It is vital to observe precautionary measures when doing some
experiments to avoid accidents.

Minimize all chemical exposures Assume that all chemicals of

unknown toxicity are highly
Do not play inside the
toxic
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1 laboratory
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES
It is vital to observe precautionary measures when doing some
experiments to avoid accidents.

Post warning signs when unusual hazards,

hazardous materials, hazardous equipment,
Use equipment only for its
or other special conditions are present. designated purpose.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1 Avoid distracting or startling persons

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY working in the laboratory
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES
It is vital to observe precautionary measures when doing some
experiments to avoid accidents.
Combine reagents in their Never leave
appropriate order, such as containers of
adding acid to water. chemicals open

All containers must have

MAY LABEL appropriate labels.
Avoid adding solids to hot Unlabeled chemicals
liquids. KAYO should never be used.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
BA??
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES
It is vital to observe precautionary measures when doing some
experiments to avoid accidents.
Do not taste or intentionally
sniff chemicals.
Wash
Never consume and/or store
exposed
food or beverages or apply areas of the
cosmetics in areas where skin before
leaving the
hazardous chemicals are used
laboratory.
or stored.
Do not use mouth suction for
pipetting or starting a siphon.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES
It is vital to observe precautionary measures when doing some
experiments to avoid accidents.
Long hair and loose clothing Laboratory safety glasses or
must be pulled back and goggles should be worn in any
secured from entanglement or
potential capture.
area where chemicals are used
or stored. They should also be
No contact lenses worn anytime there is a chance of
should be worn
splashes or particulates to enter
around hazardous
chemicals – even the eye.
when wearing
safety glasses.
Closed-toe shoes will be worn at
all times in the laboratory.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1
Perforated shoes or sandals are
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
not appropriate
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR
HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
When you work with an experiment that
requires hazardous materials, the safety of
the students and laboratory personnel is the
most important consideration. The following
are the general safety precautions you must
keep in mind when working on hazardous
materials.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR
HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Always use the appropriate
Follow all existing and PPE-and carefully check it before of
established procedures. use to ensure that it is safe to use
Ensure that all containers are
Be cautious and prepare
correctly labelled and that the
accordingly. Think of what
content is in a suitable jar. Don't use
could go wrong as you work
any substance which is not properly
and pay careful attention to
contained or labelled. Report

LA AY
L
what you're doing.

BE
M
immediately to your laboratory
custodian or teacher any broken
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1
containers or illegible marks.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR
HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Know the material safety data Never eat or drink while handling
sheet (MSDS) before using any any materials, and if your hands are
material to make sure you contaminated, don’t use cosmetics
understand hazards and or handle contact lenses.
precautions.
Use all materials solely for their
Read the labels and refer to MSDSs
intended purpose. Don’t, for
to identify properties and hazards of
example, use solvents to clean
chemical products and materials.
your hands, or gasoline to wipe
down equipment. A Y
M EL
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1
A B
L
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR
HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Store all materials properly,
separate incompatibles, and
store in ventilated, dry, cool
areas.

Keep you and your work area

clean. After handling any
material, wash thoroughly with
soap and water.
Learn about protocols and supplies
for emergencies.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS
CHEMICAL WASTE
Appropriate disposal of hazardous chemical
waste is as important as the proper storage
and handling of it. Improper dumping of
chemical waste may cause more serious
problems not only in the laboratory but also
in the nearby community. Read the following
guidelines.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS
CHEMICAL WASTE
Store chemical wastes in Chemical waste
appropriate containers;
containers must
plastic bottles are
preferred over glass for be labeled with the
storing hazardous waste following
when compatibility is not information: Full
an issue. Segregate
chemical name
chemical waste by
compatibility, and not and quantity of the
alphabetically. waste.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 PROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS
CHEMICAL WASTE
Before conducting experiments, it is also necessary to know the risk of the agent
to be studied.

Risk assessment defines the potential level of harm, injury or disease to plants,
animals and humans that may occur when working with biological agents. The
end result of a risk assessment is the assignment of a biosafety level which then
determines the laboratory facilities, equipment, training, and supervision required.

Biological agents, plant or animal, are classified according to biosafety level risk
groups. These classifications presume ordinary circumstances in the research
laboratory, or growth of agents in small volumes for diagnostic and experimental
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY purposes.

Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS RISK
ASSESSMENT
BSL-1 risk group contains biological agents that pose low risk
to personnel and the environment. These agents are highly
unlikely to cause disease in healthy laboratory workers,
animals or plants. The agents require Biosafety Level 1
containment. Examples of BSL-1 organisms are:
Agrobacterium tumifaciens, Micrococcus leuteus, Neurospora
crassa, Bacillus subtilis.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS RISK
ASSESSMENT
BSL-2 risk group contains biological agents that pose moderate risk
to personnel and the environment. If exposure occurs in a laboratory
situation, the risk of spread is limited and it rarely would cause
infection that would lead to serious disease. Effective treatment and
preventive measures are available in the event that an infection
occurs. The agents require Biosafety Level 2 containment. Examples
of BSL-2 organisms are: Mycobacterium, Streptococcus pneumonia,
Salmonella choleraesuis.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS RISK
ASSESSMENT
BSL-3 risk group contains biological agents that usually cause serious
disease (human, animal or plant) or that can result in serious economic
consequences. Projects in the BSL-3 group are prohibited.

BSL-4 risk group contains biological agents that usually produce very
serious disease (human, animal or plant) that is often untreatable.
Projects in the BSL-4 group are prohibited.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
CONTAINMENT
There are four levels of biological
containment (Biosafety Level 1–4). Each level
has guidelines for laboratory facilities, safety
equipment and laboratory practices and
techniques.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
BSL-1 containment is normally found in water-testing laboratories, in high
schools, and in colleges teaching introductory microbiology classes. Work
is done on an open bench or in an appropriate biosafety hood. Standard
microbiological practices are used when working in the laboratory.
Decontamination can be achieved by treating with chemical disinfectants
or by steam autoclaving. Lab coats and gloves are required. The
laboratory work is supervised by an individual with general training in
microbiology or a related science.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
BSL-2 containment is designed to maximize safety when working with
agents of moderate risk to humans and the environment. Access to the
laboratory is restricted. Biological safety cabinets (Class 2, type A, BSC)
must be available. An autoclave should be readily available for
decontaminating waste materials. Lab coats and gloves are required; eye
protection and face shields must also be worn as needed. The laboratory
work must be supervised by a scientist who understands the risk
associated with working with the agents involved.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
BSL-3 containment is required for infectious agents that may cause
serious or potentially lethal diseases as a result of exposure by inhalation.
Projects in the BSL-3 group are prohibited.

BSL-4 containment is required for dangerous/exotic agents that pose high

risk of life-threatening disease. Projects in the BSL-4 group are
prohibited.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
To safeguard the welfare of the researcher
and all other adults involved in a research
project and to ensure strict compliance with
the international guidelines and regulations
on biosafety, rules adapted from ISEF must be
considered and reviewed prior to the conduct
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
of the experiment.
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
Experimentation involving the culturing
of potentially hazardous biological
agents, even BSL-1 organisms, is
prohibited in a home environment.
However, specimens may be collected
at home as long as they are immediately
transported to a laboratory with the BSL
containment determined by the affiliated
fair SRC.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)

Research determined to be at
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) must be
conducted in a BSL-1 or higher
laboratory. The research must be
supervised by a trained Designated
Supervisor or a Qualified Scientist.
The student must be properly trained
in standard microbiological practices.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
Research determined to be a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) must be
conducted in a laboratory rated BSL-2 or above (commonly
limited to a Regulated Research Institution). The research must
be reviewed and approved by the Institutional Biosafety
Committee (IBC) if the Regulated Research Institution requires
the review. The research must be supervised by a Qualified
Scientist. For a high school BSL-2 laboratory, the SRC must
review and approve. The research must be supervised by a
Qualified Scientist.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
Students are prohibited Naturally-occurring plant
from designing or pathogens may be studied
participating in BSL- 3 or (not cultured) at home, but
BSL-4 Research. may not be introduced into
The culturing of human or a home/garden
animal waste, including environment.
sewage sludge, is
considered a BSL-2 study.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
All potentially hazardous biological agents must
be properly disposed at the end of
experimentation in accordance with their
biosafety level. For BSL 1 or BSL 2 organisms:
Autoclave at 121 degrees Celsius for 20
minutes, use of a 10% bleach solution (1:10
dilution of domestic bleach), incineration,
alkaline hydrolysis, biosafety pick-up and other
manufacturer recommendations are acceptable.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
Research involving human and/or
non-human primate established cell
lines and tissue culture collections
(e.g., obtained from the American
Type Culture Collection) must be
considered a BSL-1 or BSL-2 level
organism as indicated by source
information and treated accordingly

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
The collection and examination of fresh/frozen tissues or body
fluids or meat, meat byproducts, pasteurized milk or eggs NOT
obtained from food stores, restaurants, or packing houses may
contain microorganisms. Because of the increased risk from
unknown potentially hazardous agents, these studies must be
considered biosafety level 2 studies conducted in a BSL-2
laboratory under the supervision of a Qualified Scientist

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)

Human breast milk of unknown

origin, unless certified free of HIV
and Hepatitis C, and domestic
unpasteurized animal milk are
considered BSL-2.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)
All studies involving human or wild animal blood or blood
products should be considered at a minimum a Biosafety level 2
study and must be conducted in a BSL-2 laboratory under the
supervision of a Qualified Scientist. Known BSL-3 or BSL-4
blood is prohibited. Studies involving domestic animal blood may
be considered a BSL-1 level study. Any tissue or instruments
with the potential of containing blood-borne pathogens (e.g.
blood, blood products, tissues that release blood when
compressed, blood contaminated instruments) must be properly
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY disposed after experimentation.

Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 RULES FOR STUDIES WITH POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (PHBA)

Studies of human body fluids, where the sample can be

identified with a specific person, must have IRB review
and approval, and informed consent.
Any study involving the collection and examination of
body fluids which may contain biological agents
belonging to BSL-3 or -4 is prohibited.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
It is essential to have proper knowledge of using standard
laboratory equipment and the basic techniques and operations
to execute correct and precise experimentation and research. By
being knowledgeable of these techniques and operations,
students will be able to garner good results from their conduct
experiments. These techniques range from simple measuring
liquids to complex laboratory works. Among the commonly used
are as follows together with their basic set-up.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Life Science

Autoclaving is a sterilization method

that uses highpressure steam. The
autoclaving process works by the
concept that the boiling point of
water (or steam) increases when it
is under pressure.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Life Science

Culture medium or growth medium

is a liquid or gel designed to support
the growth of microorganisms.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Life Science

Rotary evaporation is the process of reducing the volume

of a solvent by distributing it as a thin film across the
interior of a vessel at elevated temperature and reduced
pressure. It promotes the rapid removal of excess
solvent from less volatile samples. Most rotary
evaporators have four major components: heat bath,
rotor, condenser, and solvent trap. An aspirator or
vacuum pump, bump trap, and a round bottom flask
containing the concentrated sample should be attached
to the body.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Life Science

Streak plate technique is used to isolate

the pure culture of the organisms (mostly
bacteria) from a mixed population. The
inoculum is streaked over the agar surface
so that it “thins out” the bacteria. Some
individual bacterial cells are separated and
well-spaced from each other

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Physical Science

Acid-base extraction is a type of liquid-liquid

extraction. It typically involves different solubility
levels in water and an organic solvent. The
organic solvent may be any carbon-based liquid
that does not dissolve very well in water; the
common ones are ether, ethyl acetate, or
dichloromethane. Acid-base extraction is typically
used to separate organic compounds from each
other based on their acid-base properties.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Physical Science

Crystallization is used to purify Distillation of compounds is a

a solid that requires a suitable separation method that
solvent. exploits the differences in the
boiling point of a crude
mixture.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Physical Science
Drying Agents-when an
organic solvent has been Extraction is a method for
exposed to aqueous moving a compound from
solutions, it will contain a one medium to another. For
small amount of water, example, if you make coffee
depending on the from coffee beans, you
solubility of water in the extract some flavorful
solvent. components of the bean and
some caffeine into the water.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Physical Science

Melting Point Determination is the

standard physical property of a solid is
its melting point. The melting point is a
melting point range. It is used to help
determine the purity of a solid. It helps to
verify the identity of the compound.
SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
Physical Science

Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known

concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of
another solution of unknown concentration until the
reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by
a color change. The solution called the titrant must satisfy
the requirements to be a primary or secondary standard.
In a broad sense, titration is a technique to determine the
concentration of an unknown solution.

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments
 THANK YOU!

SCIENCE 9| RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Standard Methods and Techniques JOCELYN RACOMA
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Used in Performing Experiments