CHAPTER TWO

FURTHER WORKS ON FUNDAMENTAL OF DESIGN PROCESS AND MATERIALS

SELECTION I
Design resistance moment of beams ( Clause 3.4.4.1 )
Analysis of sections
In the analysis of a cross-section to determine its ultimate moment of resistance the following
assumptions should be made.
a) The strain distribution in the concrete in compression and the strains in the reinforcement,
whether in tension or compression, are derived from the assumption that plane sections remain
plane.
b) The stresses in the concrete in compression may be derived from the stress-strain curve in
Figure 2.1 of BS 8110, part 1 with ϒm = 1.5. Alternatively, the simplified stress block illustrated
in Figure 3.3 of BS 8110, part 1 may be used.

Short term design stress-strain curve for normal-weight concrete Figure 2.1 of BS 8110-Part 1

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 Section strains Rectangular parabolic stress block
The total compressive force in the concrete is equal to the sum of Fc1 and Fc2 each considered
acting through their respective centroids

Section Strain Simplified equivalent rectangular stress block

illustrated in Figure 3.3 of BS 8110, part 1
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢
= = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝛾𝑚 1.5
Where 0.67 allows for the difference between the bending strength and the cube crushing strength
of the concrete, and 𝛾𝑚 =1.5 is the usual partial factor of safety for the strength of concrete when
designing members cast in situ. The ultimate strain of 0.0035 is typical for all grades of concrete.
c) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
d) The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from the stress-strain curve in Figure 2.2 of BS
8110, part 1 with ϒm =1.05.

The characteristic yield strength for high yield steel reinforcement is given in Table 3.1 of the code
as 460 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
= = 0.952𝑓𝑦 ≈ 0.95𝑓𝑦
𝛾𝑚 1.05
0.95𝑓𝑦 = 0.95 𝑋 460 resulting in an design ultimate yield strength equal to 437 N/mm2 and the
strain (ξs) corresponding to the limit of elasticity equal
ξs= 437/200 x 103 = 0.002185 ≈ 0.00219

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 Section Strains Stress Block
Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block
d = effective depth -this is the distance from the compression face to the centroid of the tensile
force

= Strain in the concrete, = Strain in the steel, x = depth of the neutral axis from the
compression face

The strain and consequently the stress in the steel are dependent on the depth of the neutral axis x
from the compression face.
When x ≤ d/2 then ζ s ≥ ζ c (i.e. ≥ 0.0035) and the steel has yielded, the steel stress is given by:
fsteel = 0.95fy and the cross-section will fail by yielding of the steel.
The design ultimate moment of resistance will be governed by the capacity of the steel in the
section.
When x ≥ d/2 then ζ s ≤ ζ c
In this case it is possible for fsteel to be less than 0.95fy and the cross-section can fail by crushing
of the concrete. The critical value of x at which the steel stress becomes less than 0.95fy can be
found as follows:

0.00219x = 0.0035d − 0.0035x ∴ x = 0.615d

Since this type of failure occurs without warning and must be avoided, the value of x to the neutral
axis is limited to ≤ 0.5d as indicated in Clause 3.4.4.4 of the code, and hence limits the permitted
design ultimate moment of resistance when based on the concrete strength.

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e) Where a section is designed to resist only flexure, the lever arm should not be assumed to be
greater than 0.95 times the effective depth (The lever arm i.e. the distance z between the centroids
of the total compressive force and the tensile force) should be ≤ 0.95d. In the analysis of a cross-
section of a beam that has to resist a small axial thrust, the effect of the design ultimate axial force
may be ignored if it does not exceed 0.1fcu times the cross-sectional area.
Z ≤ 0.95d set a lower limit on the depth of concrete which is considered to act in compression. It
limits the maximum strain which can be induced in the reinforcement to a value of 0.0283

Singly-reinforced and doubly-reinforced sections

A section is singly reinforced if there is sufficient concrete above the neutral axis to resist the
required compressive force induced by the applied design moment. In cases where there is
insufficient concrete above the nuetral axis to resist the required compressive force induced by the
applied design moment this can be overcome by increasing the area of the concrete available to
resist compression by increasing the depth of the section or providing compression reinforcement
compression zone – this is know as doubly-reinforced sections.

where: h is the overall depth of a section, b is the breadth of a section, d is the effective depth from
the compression face of the concrete to the centroid of the tension reinforcement, d′ is the depth
from the compression face of the concrete to the centroid of the compression reinforcement.

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force in tensile steel = (force in compressive steel + compressive force in concrete)

Singly-reinforced Sections
The ultimate moment of resistance of singly-reinforced rectangular beams can be determined in
terms of:
(a) the concrete capacity, and
(b) the steel capacity,
The smaller of these two values being the critical case.

(a) Concrete capacity

The maximum compressive force which can be resisted by the concrete corresponds to the
maximum depth permitted for the neutral axis, as shown (i.e. x = d/2).

The moment of resistance of the section is developed by the compressive and tensile forces Fc and
Ft separated by the lever arm z.

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Example 2

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Singly-reinforced Rectangular Beam 3: The cross-section of a simply supported rectangular beam
is shown in Figure E22.1, Using the data given, and assuming the section to be singly-reinforced,
determine the area of tension reinforcement required to resist an applied ultimate bending moment
of 150 kNm.
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 40 N/mm2,
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) 460 N/mm2
Nominal maximum aggregate size (hagg) 20 mm
Diameter of main tension steel Assume 25 mm
Diameter of shear links 10 mm
Exposure condition moderate
Minimum required fire resistance 2.0 hours

Figure E22.1

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Example 3: Singly-reinforced Rectangular Slab 1
A rectangular floor slab is supported on two masonry walls as shown in Figure E23.1. Using the
data given, determine the main reinforcement required:
(i) in span AB and (ii) over support B.
(Note: slabs also have secondary reinforcement which is placed perpendicular to the main steel.
This is has not been included in this example.)
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 40 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) 460 N/mm2
Nominal maximum aggregate size (hagg) 20 mm
Diameter of main tension steel Assume 20 mm
Exposure condition mild Minimum required fire resistance 1.0 hours
Characteristic dead load (gk) 1.5 kN/m2
Characteristic imposed load (qk) 5.0 kN/m2
Characteristic dead load ( γ concrete) 24.0 kN/m3

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Figure E23.1

The design of slabs is normally carried out on the basis of a 1.0 metre wide strip and the area of steel
(As/metre width) required is calculated and given as bars at specified centres.

Figure E 23.3

The shape of the bending moment diagram for this slab is indicated in Figure E23.4 indicating tension
occurring in the bottom of the concrete between A and B and at the top over support B and along the
cantilever length BC.

Figure E 23.4

This results in the provision of main steel in the bottom of the slab between A and B and in the top of the
slab over support B and the cantilever span as shown in Figure E23.5.

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Figure E.23.5

Load case 1: Loads required for maximum bending moment in span AB

Figure E23.6a
Load case 2: Loads required for maximum bending moment over support B and in span BC:

Figure E23.6b

Design loads: Self-weight of the slab = (24 × 0.3) = 7.2 kN/m2

Characteristic applied dead load = 1.5 kN/m2
Maximum ultimate design dead load = 1.4 × (1.5 + 7.2) = 12.2 kN/m2 = 12.2 kN/m length for a
1.0 m wide strip
Minimum ultimate design dead load = 1.0 × (1.5 + 7.2) = 8.7 kN/m2 = 8.7 kN/m length for a 1.0
m wide strip
Maximum ultimate design imposed load = (1.6 × 5.0) = 8.0 kN/m2 = 8.0 kN/m length for a 1.0
m wide strip

+ve ΣMA = 0, [(20.2 × 5.0 × 2.5) + (8.7 × 1.2 × 5.6) − (VB × 5.0)] = 0

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 310.964
𝑉𝐵 = = 62.2𝑘𝑁
5
+ve ↑Fy = 0 VA − [(20.2 × 5.0) + (8.7 × 1.2)] + 62.2.0 = 0

VA = 49.2 Kn

49.2
The position of the maximum bending moment 𝑥 = 20.2 = 2.44𝑚

The maximum bending moment is given by the area under the shear force diagram:

Ultimate applied bending moment Mult = (0.5 × 2.44 × 49.2) = 60.02 kNm

Clause 3.3.1 Nominal cover to all steel Clause 3.3.1.2 ≥ Bar size cover ≥ 20 mm

Clause 3.3.1.3 ≥ Nominal maximum aggregate size cover = 20 mm

Clause 3.3.3 Exposure condition: mild fcu = 40 N/mm2

Table 3.3 cover ≥ 20 mm Clause 3.3.6

Minimum fire resistance: 1.0 hr slab is continuous

Table 3.4 cover ≥ 20 mm

The required nominal cover to the main steel = 20 mm

Figure 3.2 Minimum thickness h for 1 hour fire resistance = 95 mm ∴ adequate

Effective depth d = (h − cover − bar diameter/2) = (300 − 20 − 10) = 270 mm

Clause 3.4.4.4

Check that the section is singly-reinforced:

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The assumed bar diameter used to determine the effective depth was 20 mm and the bars selected are
10 mm diameter. This makes a small difference to the calculation of the effective depth. Theoretically the
calculation should be repeated with the modified value: however it is generally acceptable to neglect this
correction (i.e. d is slightly increased).

Ultimate applied bending moment Mult = (20.2 × 1.2 × 0.6) = 14.5 kNm

The required nominal cover to the main steel is the same as before = 20 mm

Effective depth d = (h − cover − bar diameter/2)

Assume 10 mm diameter bars = (300 − 20 − 5) = 275 mm

Clause 3.4.4.4: Check that the section is singly-reinforced:

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This is a very small area of steel, and the code requires a minimum percentage of reinforcement in a
section, as indicated in Section 5.7.1. In the case of solid rectangular slabs the minimum area when using
high yield steel is 0.13% of the total concrete cross sectional area

Appendix 6 Adopt 10 mm diameter HYS bars @ 200 mm centres providing 393 mm2 /m width.

Assignment
A simply supported rectangulr beam of 8m span carries a uniformly distributed dead load which
includes an allowance for self-weight of 7kN/m an an imposed load of 5kN/m. The breadth of the
beam is 250mm. Find the depth and steel area when the depth of the neutral axis is one half the
effective depth.Use grade C30 concrete and high yield steel reinforcement.

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