CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Nowadays, elderly people tend to travel more, for longer distances, and for various reasons
(Sundling, C. 2015). Either as tourists, elderly people are more active and health support
has become more efficient, as of different modes of transportation. Gradually, more
policies have been taking into account the longevity of society and encouraging the
autonomy and independent of older adults (Flores, R; Caballer, A; Alarcon, A. 2019).
Thus, it is upmost relevance to study their pedestrian mobility and how to adequately
design urban spaces in order to respond to their needs. Pavements physical characteristics,
gardens, sidewalks, squares, shops, and elderly public buildings play a key role in
pedestrian mobility, access to services and social recreational involvement (Zeitler, E;
Buys, L; Aird, R; Miller, E. 2012). Consequently, pedestrian mobility is fundamental for
active-ageing purposes, life quality by enabling the elderly’s social participation and
autonomy. The integration of good mobility conditions and accessibility in urban public
spaces is crucial in aging, so as to provide easy access to convenient services and facilitate
favorable conditions for social interactions ( Aguiar, B; Macario, R. 2017). A lack of
pedestrian mobility policies for the past decades, together with the existence of various
barriers, led to a continuous decrease of elderly people independence. This situation
seriously influences their quality of life, contributing to a diversity of issues: Depression,
social isolation, reduced physical endurance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, mental
illness, decreased vision which may lead to an increased risk of fall. Together these
constitute the major causes of mortality among the elderly population (Santinha, G; Costa,
C; Diogo, S. 2018). However, personal decision such as a change of lifestyle may delay
the onset of certain diseases. Some empirical evidence shows that it is possible for health
growth and positive trends to appear during the aging process (Fernandez-Ballesteros, R.
2011). Moreover built environment factors have been found to increase elderly walkable
access as well as the frequency and the length of their physical activities; these factors
varies as high housing density, good sidewalk conditions, high intersection density, easy
access to public transport and high land-use mix. Residential neighborhoods with better
walkable environment usually have higher levels of active commuting and physical
activities like walking and running (Li, X; Ghosh, D. 2018), which may lead to the
mitigation of different problems i.e., overweight, depression and overthinking, alcohol and
drug abuse and contribute to increased sociability (Appolloni, L; Corazza, M;
D’Alessandro, D. 2019).

In recent years due to a growing concern regarding these issues, there has been an increase
in the number of study on the quality of public space and how it relates to elderly`s
walkable environment and accessibility to service and activities. Nevertheless, no studies
relate age friendly pedestrian itineraries with the benefits of physical exercise through
walking. The literature that presents the different relationships between objectively
measured walkability and physical exercise among adults and how these relate to data on
common diseases, comes from the field of geriatrics and medicine (Hosler, A.S.; Gallant,
M.P.; Riley-Jacome, M; Rajulu, D.T. 2014).

The world population is ageing at a fast pace. In a way, this marks the success of humanity
and at the same time, it poses several practical challenges to the society (WHO active
ageing 2002). The global population pyramid which was triangular as of 2002 will be
replaced with a more cylinder like structure in 2025 (WHO active ageing 2002). The
proportion of the elderly population is expected to double from 11% in 2006 to 22% in
2050. This implies that the elderly cohort will outnumber the children aged 0-14 (World
Health Organization 2007). This marks a dramatic shift in the global demography. In this
scenario, good health and active ageing are endorsed as milestone by WHO, European
Union and the United Nation`s Sustainable Development Goals (Springer, 2013). Physical
Activity has a vital role to play in healthy ageing. In support of this, the extant literature
has shown that there is a positive association between Walkability as a Physical activity
and reduced risk of non-communicable diseases or health inclement (Lancet, 2012).
Increase in regularity further improves functional independence (J. Am. Geriatr. Soc,
2009), muscle strength (Cmaj, 2006), psychological well-being, social connectivity and
cognitive function (J. Ageing Health, 2019). The WHO recommends the elderly to carry
out moderate-intensity Physical Activity for at least 150 minutes or vigorous-intensity
Physical activity for at least 75 minutes or an equal mix for both Physical Activities in a
week`s span (Geneva World Heal Organ, 2011)

Psychological effects have increased among older adults and represent a significant risk
factor for loss of functional independence and longevity. It also has a personal impact,
such as loss of functional capacity, family dependency and can affect healthcare systems
(Giebel et al., 2016). Thus, the ability to age with preserved mental health has been the
focus of attention in recent decades (Billal et al., 2016). The prevalence of depressive
symptoms in older adults (>=60 years) has increased considerably around the world in
recent years, ranging from 16% to 22% (Ismail et al., 2017), and the projection for 2050
for an increase in the prevalence of this psychological effects affecting up to 152 million
older adults (Nichols et al, 2019). These numbers can even be more worrying in low and
middle-income countries due to poor access to health care, low level of education, many
people reside in urban areas with poor infrastructure, and low social support (Li & Shou,
2021).

As a result of the increased chances of mortality due to a combination of health risk factors
in older adults, it is possible to compensate or decrease their risk factors by adopting
healthier habits. The relationship between this physical activity in a walkable environment
and mental health conditions has been established (Hanson & Jones, 2015). Walking stood
out being the most prevalent activity in this population and considered a simple, low-cost
strategy that makes the physically active and reduces mental health issues (Bonaccorsi et
al., 2020). Therefore providing spaces for leisure time walking has become one of the
biggest challenges in global government agendas too boost care actions aimed at the
mental health of the elderly`s. (Roe et al., 2020). The physical organizational structure of
the neighbourhood environment in the mental health of the elderly, either through their
perception of aesthetics, safety and accessibility conditions or even through the geographic
variation of the built environment (Melis et a., 2015; Wu et al., 2015). Thus considering
the characteristics of neighbourhood environment in the formulation and implementation
of public policies has presented significant evidence that makes it possible to encourage
walking among older adults (Paiva Neto et al., 2021).
 In addition, walkable environment have linked to higher levels of happiness, health, trust,
and social connections in comparison with more car-oriented place (Leyden K.M., Hogan
M.J., D`Arcy L., Bunting B and Bierema S., 2024).They also have environmental and
socio economic benefits which protects the community and boost the country`s GDP.

Despite the benefits gotten health wise and its influence on transportation stability, there
are some other value added constraints which aid the movement of the elderly`s in the
society for easy access and mobility. Having a review on the psychological effects of a
walkable environment in Alimosho Local government entails; the facilities to aid the
movement of elderly`s in the area, safety precautions and policy regulation for a
sustainable environment, the effects caused on the mental health of the elderly`s in the area
and how it can be controlled to make the environment safe and easily accessible for this
age groups.

1.2. Statement of Problem

Walking has been the main mode of transportation in urban areas. That change with the
rapid urbanization and mass introduction of cars in 1950s and the subsequent population
growth in suburban areas around the major cities, this created an expansion pattern known
as urban sprawl in which large amout of urban population move to the outskirt and suburbs
of their cities, which are designed to have low-density housing and a lifestyle dependent
on private automobiles due to single land-use and scattering of the daily destinations
(Glaeser and kahn, 2004). Since then most planning focused on creating the spaces for
motorized transportation, especially highways connecting sparse urban centers and
neglected active transportation modes such as walking and biking. Only with the oil crisis
of the 1970s and the expansion of high-rise buildings did urban developers begin
emphasizing the importance of walkability, particularly for those who travel by public
transportation.
Today walking is increasingly becoming a central theme in urban planning, partially in
response to public-demand and the search for a sustainable urban development. The need
to reduce air pollution and carbon emission per capital, exhaustive traffic stress and
improved proper walkable environment for elderly`s in the society, helps this age-group to
age with preserved mental health and reduce risk factors making them vulnerable to road
accidents in the society.

Walkable environment as we demonstrate through this review, is viewed to have served

multiple aspects of life but it didn`t go as planned, and thus this is measured through
different variables, such as broken slabs on pedestrian walks, lack of accessibility to public
and social amenities and poorly cited environmental conditions.

The city of Lagos is known for its increased commercial and business activities, as well as
its traffic congestion challenges. Majority of the hindrances to attain a reliable walkable
environment is as a result of the absence of road traffic regulation bodies, improper
parking of vehicles on road-side and obstruction of small business vendors on the
pedestrian walkways.

Transportation challenge hinders the economic activities in Lagos state as it a means to an

end. A larger population prefers to use motorized transportation with the fluctuation in cost
and increased travel time for short distances despite the availability pedestrian walkways
to make the journey easier, save time, money and effort. This alternative is often neglected
due to absence of various governments to develop and make it attractive to commuters.
Elderly`s are constantly worried about the safety and security of these environment in the
area. In addition this factor evaluates the negative dominance of automobile traffic which
is one of the major safety concerns with pedestrian and gives them a sense of inferiority
(Koh and Wong, 2013).This is even more worrisome at night, given the unkempt nature of
the road walk-ways riddled with waste, broken slabs or none at all often cause regular falls
and accidents. More so, the walk-ways are not well equipped as there no lights to guide
their movements when they engage in this physical activity.

The perception of road safety influences the levels of walking and cycling in the
community, particularly among elderly and children. The presence of appropriate well-
 designed walking and crossing facilities can encourage pedestrians walk (Sisiopiku and
Akin, 2003; Timperio et al., 2004; Giles-Corti et al,. 2011)

The research shows that most transport infrastructure and facilities put in place to aid
movements for the pedestrians in the society are not properly monitored by government
agencies and this is very common along study areas. Thus, the problems of security and
maintenance has discouraged so many people from making use of the road infrastructures
in Lagos state. In view of the foregoing, this study aim to examine the psychological
effects of a walkable environment on the elderly in Alimosho LG.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The research is aimed at examining the psychological effects of a walkable environment

on Elderly`s of Abule-Egba Alimosho LG.

The specific objectives are to:

1. To investigate the socio-demographic profile of the elderly.

2. To identify the barriers faced by the elderly in the study area.

3. To explore the effects of a walkable environment on the psychology of elderly`s in

Alimosho.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the elderly?

2. What are the barriers faced by the elderly in the study area?

3. What are the effects of a walkable environment on the psychology of elderly`s in

Alimosho?
1.5 Area of Study

This study is limited to a selected area in Lagos state, which is Abule-Egba in Alimosho.

Abule-Egba

Alimosho is known as the biggest Local Government in Lagos state with over 5 various
sparse communities. Abule-Egba is an enchanting neighbourhood nestled within Lagos,
Nigeria. It’s a hidden gem cherished by those seeking a step from the bustling yet
exorbitantly priced island towns with abandoned moving walkway transport since the 19 th
century and this system has fascinated urban planners and engineers ever since with the
search for health or economic amenities having a routed clear walkways for the movement
of this particular age group with easy accessibility and connectivity.

This is a zone under the Agbado Oke-Odo LCDA which is under the Alimosho LG. With
increasing commercial activities, new business building projects and a range of public and
social amenities tends to affect the population density in that area which most elderly
people prefer to live in this area because it offers residents a convenient location and
affordable lifestyle. The neighbourhood is characterized by bad streets, un-finished road
transport infrastructures, walk-way vendors along high-way roads and inner communities
down from the Ile-Epo Market to Abule-Egba junction along Eko road to Ijasa secondary
command school. It is mainly known for its connectivity to neighbouring communities and
states with an opinion to suite different business scale. Abule-Egba is of Latitude:
6.650285 and Longitude 3.28603.

1.6 Significance of Study

This study is limited to analyze the psychological effects of a walkable environment in

elderly`s and also a means of improvement and sustainability along the area of study.

This study will help to identify the most common barriers to walking in the elderly
individuals (e.g. safety concerns, lack of access to waking paths) as security measures will
be placed alongside enforcement and regulation agencies to reduce risk in active aging.
 This study will also help researchers to create a relationship on the benefits of a walkable
environment and its effects on elderly`s.

1.7 Scope of study

With a visit to some of the other Local Government areas in Lagos state and a view of the
scope of this research is to examine the pedestrian walkway connectivity and accessibility
while emphasizing on the vulnerability of the elderly commuting this infrastructural
facilities in Alimosho, Lagos state.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter will brielfly review the literature reveals potential conflicts been forms of
walkability and how it psychologically affects the Elderly. The growing significance of
pedestrian mobility, particularly among the elderly, reflects a broader societal shift towards
promoting active aging and enhancing the quality of urban life. The literature on this subject
spans multiple disciplines, including urban planning, gerontology, public health, and
environmental psychology. Moreover, it is broadly considered to be centered on good urban
design, either because it is multidimensional and measurable or a holistic solution to several
human problems for example criticism of the walkable neighbourhood often comes from those
who see it as distracting from more urgent needs, especially affordable housing (Talen, E;
Koschinsky, J 2013). Walking is one of the most fundamental forms of physical activity, has
been increasingly recognized as essential to promoting health and well-being, particularly among
the elderly. The psychological benefits of walking extend beyond physical health, impacting
mental health, cognitive function, and social interaction. Evidence shows that face-to-face human
interactions in a neighbourhood are substantially relevant for supporting livability, economic
development, safety and control, civic participation and identify (Jacobs J. 2020). Also
increasing urbanization and reliance on motorized transportation have drastically altered the
landscape of cities, often to the detriment of walkability, particularly for vulnerable populations
such as the elderly. As cities expand and prioritize vehicular traffic, the need to create walkable
environments that support active aging and mental well-being has become more pressing. This
literature review explores the conceptual, empirical, and theoretical foundations of walkability,
its impact on the elderly, and the broader implications for urban planning and public health in the
study area.
2.1 Conceptual Review

The conceptual framework for understanding the psychological effects of walking on the elderly
is grounded in several interconnected concepts that together explain how the physical
environment, particularly walkable spaces, impacts mental health outcomes in older adults.

1. Walkability
The concept of walkability refers to the degree to which an environment encourages
walking through its physical designs, safety, accessibility and aesthetic appeal. Features
such as well-maintained sidewalks, adequate street lightning, green spaces and accessible
amenities encourage walking by making the environment safe and pleasant (Leyden et
al., 2024) how friendly an area is to walking, considering various factors like sidewalk
conditions, street connectivity, safety, accessibility, and the availability of public spaces.
In the context of elderly individuals, walkability also includes the ease with which they
can access necessary services, socialize, and maintain physical activity without fear of
accidents or social isolation. High walkability in a neighborhood can enhance mobility,
support daily physical activity, and foster a sense of community, all of which are critical
to the psychological well-being of older adults.

2. Psychological Well-being
Psychological well-being encompasses emotional, social, and cognitive health. For the
elderly, maintaining psychological well-being is crucial as it affects their quality of life,
functional independence, and overall health. The concept includes factors like mental
health (e.g., depression, anxiety), cognitive function, emotional stability, and social
connectedness. Walking, as a form of physical activity, has been shown to positively
influence these aspects by reducing stress, enhancing mood, and promoting cognitive
health. A healthy promoting lifestyle profile consists of six dimensions as follows:
physical activity, nutrition health responsibilities, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations
and stress management (Savarese et al., 2018).
3. Active Aging
Active aging is a policy framework proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO)
that emphasizes the need for older adults to remain active and engaged in their
communities. The concept highlights the importance of continuing participation in social,
economic, cultural, spiritual, and civic affairs, not just the ability to be physically active.
By selecting a healthy promoting lifestyle, an individual tries to maintain and promote
his/her health and avoid diseases through having a proper diet, rest, physical activities,
exercising, controlling body weight, not smoking, drinking alcohol and immunizing the
body against diseases; this set of activities constitutes the healthy-promoting lifestyle
(Phipps & Sands, 2003). Walkable environments contribute to active aging by providing
older adults with the means to stay engaged, maintain physical activity, and interact with
others, all of which are vital for mental health.

4. Environmental Gerontology
Environmental gerontology focuses on the interaction between aging individuals and
their physical and social environments. It posits that the built environment plays a
significant role in the well-being of older adults. (Shields et al., 2021). Who believes that
the broad concept of walkability can be regarded as a quality that arises from features of
the urban form. According to (Shields et al. 2021), these elements include accessibility to
services, street connectivity, population density and land use. The concept stresses the
importance of designing urban spaces that accommodate the needs of the elderly,
including safe and accessible walkways, parks, and public spaces that encourage physical
activity and social interaction. Studies have shown that older adults are more likely to
choose to walk when activities and services are located nearby (Shergold et al., 2012).
The framework suggests that a well-designed environment can mitigate the negative
effects of aging, such as cognitive decline and social isolation.

5. Social Interaction and Community Engagement

Social interaction and community engagement are critical for the mental health of elderly
individuals. Walkable environments foster opportunities for older adults to engage with
their community, which can reduce feelings of loneliness and isolation. Those individuals
 with low socio-economic status face greater demands from exposures that threaten health
and survival but are endowed with fewer resources to cope with such challenges
(Elizabeth et al., 2017). Regular interactions with neighbors and participation in
community activities contribute to a sense of belonging and purpose, which are essential
components of psychological well-being.

Integration of Concepts

The conceptual framework integrates these concepts to explore how walkable environments
contribute to the psychological well-being of the elderly. It posits that neighborhoods with high
walkability not only facilitate physical activity but also enhance social interaction and
community engagement, which are crucial for maintaining mental health in older adults. The
framework also acknowledges the role of environmental gerontology in shaping these outcomes,
suggesting that thoughtfully designed urban spaces can support active aging and improve quality
of life.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework of this study draws on several key theories that underpin the
understanding of the psychological effects of walking on the Elderly. Including, Biopsychosocial
Model, Ecological Theory, Self-Determination Theory.

1. Biopsychosocial Model: To apply this Biopsychosocial Model to the topic, we can

analyze how walking influences each of the three domains- biological, psychological, and
social and also, how this interactions promote overall well-being among older adults.
Biologically, it improves cardiovascular health and physical fitness. Psychologically, it
reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety. Socially it enhances interaction and reduces
isolation (Engel, 1977).
  Biological Domain
Walking, as a regular physical activity, offers multiple health benefits for elderly
individuals. It helps maintain cardiovascular health, improves muscle strength, balance,
and flexibility, all of which are crucial in preventing age-related health issues like heart
disease and falls. The enhancement of physical health through walking can also indirectly
support better mental health by reducing the likelihood of physical disabilities that often
contribute to depression and anxiety in older adults.
 Psychological Domain
Engaging in regular walking can reduce symptoms of mental health issues such as
depression, anxiety, and stress, which are common among the elderly. Walking can serve
as a form of mindful activity, providing a mental break from daily stresses and promoting
relaxation. The natural rhythm of walking can stimulate the release of mood-enhancing
chemicals in the brain, such as endorphins. Additionally, maintaining a regular walking
routine can foster a sense of achievement and boost self-esteem, which are essential for
psychological well-being.
 Social Domain
Walking also plays a crucial role in social interaction, especially for the elderly who may
face social isolation. Walking, particularly in group settings or as part of community
initiatives, provides an opportunity for social engagement, helping to reduce feelings of
loneliness. Social interaction during walks contributes to mental health by offering
emotional support and a sense of belonging, both of which are vital for maintaining a
positive outlook in older age.

Integrated Effects

The Biopsychosocial Model highlights that the well-being of elderly individuals is influenced by
a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Walking, as an activity, intersects
with all these domains, providing comprehensive benefits. Physical health improvements support
psychological well-being, which in turn enhances social interactions, creating a reinforcing cycle
that contributes to overall health and quality of life.
By promoting physical activity, mental relaxation, and social connectivity, walking becomes an
essential element in supporting the holistic health of elderly individuals, helping them to age
with improved quality of life.

2. Ecological Theory: this theory emphasizes the importance of environmental factors in

shaping behavior. According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, the
environment plays a crucial role in influencing an individual’s health behaviors, including
walking. The physical environment, such as the walkability of a neighborhood, can either
facilitate or hinder walking, which in turn affects psychological well-being (Bronfenbrenner,
1979). For elderly individuals, a supportive environment that promotes walking can lead to
enhanced mental health outcomes. The theory to this research, considers how the
environment—both physical and social—can significantly impact their walking habits and,
consequently, their mental health.

Application of Ecological Theory

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory outlines that an individual's behavior is
influenced by multiple layers of their environment, from immediate surroundings to broader
societal factors. For the elderly, the walkability of their environment is a key factor in
determining how much and how often they walk. Elements such as well-maintained
sidewalks, safe crosswalks, green spaces, and accessible services all contribute to a
supportive environment that encourages walking.
When elderly individuals live in neighborhoods with high walkability, they are more likely
to engage in regular walking. This regular activity not only promotes physical health but also
has significant psychological benefits, such as reducing stress, improving mood, and
enhancing cognitive function. Conversely, if their environment is characterized by poor
walkability—such as broken sidewalks, heavy traffic, or a lack of green spaces—these
barriers can discourage walking, potentially leading to increased social isolation, depression,
and anxiety.
Furthermore, social environments play a role. For example, communities that foster social
interactions, such as organized walking groups or pedestrian-friendly public spaces, can
 enhance the psychological well-being of the elderly by providing opportunities for social
engagement and support. This social interaction is crucial, as it reduces feelings of loneliness
and contributes to a sense of community belonging.

Integrated Perspective
By applying Ecological Theory to the study of walking and its psychological effects on the
elderly, we can see that both the physical and social environments are critical in shaping
behavior. A well-designed, walkable neighborhood not only encourages physical activity but
also fosters psychological well-being by creating spaces that are conducive to social
interaction, safety, and accessibility. This highlights the importance of urban planning and
public health policies that prioritize walkability, particularly in areas with a high population
of elderly residents.

3. Self-Determination Theory (SDT): SDT focuses on the motivation behind choices people
make without external influence. It posits that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are
essential for psychological growth and well-bein. Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
provides a valuable framework for understanding how walking impacts the psychological
well-being of elderly individuals. According to SDT, well-being is enhanced when three
basic psychological needs are met: autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan,
1985).

 Autonomy
For elderly individuals, walking is an important way to maintain autonomy. As
people age, their independence can diminish due to physical limitations or societal
barriers. Walking allows them to retain a sense of control over their daily activities
and mobility. When elderly people are able to walk in their communities, they
exercise choice over when and where to go, which reinforces their autonomy. This
autonomy is particularly significant in environments that support safe and accessible
walking paths, as it empowers older adults to stay active and engaged in their
communities.
  Competence
Regular walking also fosters a sense of competence. As elderly individuals continue
to walk, they maintain physical fitness and mobility, which reinforces their ability to
move independently. This ongoing activity helps them feel capable and competent,
contributing to their overall psychological well-being. The sense of achievement
from being able to navigate their environment successfully can counteract feelings of
decline associated with aging, thereby enhancing their mental health.

 Relatedness
Walking in community spaces often involves social interaction, whether through
casual encounters with neighbors or participation in group activities such as walking
clubs. These interactions satisfy the need for relatedness, another core component of
SDT. Social connections formed during walks help reduce feelings of loneliness and
isolation, which are common among the elderly. The support and companionship
provided by these relationships contribute significantly to their mental health,
promoting a sense of belonging and community.

Integrated Perspective
When applied to the topic of the psychological effects of walking on the elderly, SDT
highlights the critical role of walking in fulfilling essential psychological needs. Walking not
only supports physical health but also meets fundamental psychological needs that are vital
for well-being. By promoting autonomy, competence, and relatedness, walking serves as a
powerful tool for enhancing the mental health of elderly individuals. Thus, creating
environments that facilitate walking—through safe, accessible, and socially supportive
infrastructure—can be a key strategy in improving the overall well-being of the
elderly population.
Walking allows elderly individuals to maintain a sense of autonomy and control over their
lives, particularly in environments that support independent mobility. The competence
gained from regular walking and the relatedness experienced through social interactions
during walks contribute to enhanced psychological well-being.
 For older individuals, walking plays a crucial role in maintaining a sense of independence.
As they age, their autonomy can be challenged by physical limitations or societal
constraints. Walking provides them with control over their daily activities and mobility,
allowing them to choose their routes and destinations. This sense of control is particularly
important in environments that offer safe and accessible walking paths, which help older
adults, remain active and involved in their communities. Additionally, walking contributes
to a sense of competence. Regular walking helps maintain physical fitness and mobility,
reinforcing the ability to move independently. This ongoing activity fosters a sense of
achievement and capability, counteracting feelings of decline associated with aging and
supporting overall psychological well-being.

Social interactions that occur during walking in community spaces also address the need for
social connection. Casual encounters with neighbors or participation in walking groups help
reduce loneliness and isolation, which are common among the elderly. These interactions
build a sense of belonging and community, significantly benefiting their mental health.

In summary, walking supports physical health and fulfills essential psychological needs,
such as autonomy, competence, and social connection. Creating environments that promote
safe and accessible walking can be an effective strategy for enhancing the mental well-being
of older adults.

4. Person-Environment Fit Theory: It posits an individual's overall well-being is largely

determined by how well their physical, psychological, and social needs are met by their
environment. (Lawton & Nahemow, 1973). The Person-Environment Fit Theory is relevant
when analyzing the impact of walking on the mental well-being of older adults, particularly
by focusing on the relationship between the elderly and their surroundings. For the elderly,
a walkable environment that accommodates their physical and cognitive limitations can
significantly enhance their quality of life (Giles-Corti et al., 2011).
  Physical and Cognitive Accommodation
For elderly individuals, environments that are designed with their specific needs in
mind—such as walkable neighborhoods with well-maintained sidewalks, safe
crossings, and accessible amenities—can greatly enhance their quality of life. These
environments reduce physical barriers, making it easier for older adults to engage in
walking, which in turn can improve their physical health. Moreover, environments
that are cognitively friendly, with clear signage and simple layouts, help elderly
individuals navigate their surroundings more easily, reducing stress and enhancing
their confidence in walking independently.
 Physical and Cognitive Accommodation
For elderly individuals, environments that are designed with their specific needs in
mind—such as walkable neighborhoods with well-maintained sidewalks, safe
crossings, and accessible amenities—can greatly enhance their quality of life. These
environments reduce physical barriers, making it easier for older adults to engage in
walking, which in turn can improve their physical health. Moreover, environments
that are cognitively friendly, with clear signage and simple layouts, help elderly
individuals navigate their surroundings more easily, reducing stress and enhancing
their confidence in walking independently.

Integrated Perspective
In relation to the topic of walking and its psychological effects on the elderly, the Person-
Environment Fit Theory provides a framework for understanding how the design of urban
spaces can either support or hinder the well-being of older adults. Environments that are
attuned to the needs of the elderly not only promote physical health through walking but also
fulfill psychological and social needs, leading to improved mental health and overall life
satisfaction. This underscores the importance of creating age-friendly environments that are
conducive to walking and other forms of physical activity as a strategy for enhancing the
well-being of the elderly.
 For older adults, environments designed with their unique requirements in mind—such as
neighborhoods with safe and accessible walking paths—can significantly enhance their
quality of life. When physical barriers are minimized, it becomes easier for seniors to walk,
which has a positive effect on their physical health. Additionally, environments that are
cognitively accommodating, featuring clear signs and simple layouts, help seniors navigate
more confidently, reducing stress and boosting their independence. When considering the
psychological impact of walking on the elderly, the Person-Environment Fit Theory
emphasizes the importance of urban planning that is sensitive to the needs of older adults.
Environments that support walking and other physical activities not only promote physical
health but also fulfill psychological and social needs, leading to better mental health and
overall satisfaction in life.

5. Activity Theory: This suggests that staying active, both physically and socially, is crucial
for successful aging (Havighurst, 1961). This theory supports the notion that walkable
environments, by facilitating physical activity and social interaction, contribute to better
mental health outcomes in older adults (Adams et al., 2011).

Application of Activity Theory

The Activity Theory, originally proposed by Havighurst, highlights the importance of

maintaining an active lifestyle, both physically and socially, as essential for the well-being of
older adults. This theory is instrumental in understanding how walking influences the
psychological health of elderly individuals.

 Physical Activity and Mental Well-Being

Walking, as a form of physical activity, plays a critical role in promoting mental health
among the elderly. Engaging in regular walking not only helps maintain physical fitness but
also supports mental wellness. Studies have consistently shown that elderly individuals who
incorporate walking into their routine tend to experience lower levels of mental health issues
such as depression and anxiety, while also reporting a higher quality of life. This aligns with
 the core principles of Activity Theory, which suggest that continued engagement in life’s
activities is vital for mental health in older age.
 Social Interaction and Emotional Health
Walking also facilitates social engagement, a crucial factor in the mental health of older
adults. Walkable environments promote social interactions, whether through casual
encounters in the neighborhood or organized community activities. These interactions help
alleviate feelings of loneliness and social isolation, which are common among the elderly,
thus contributing to better mental health outcomes.
 Environmental Factors in Promoting Activity
According to Activity Theory, the environment is a significant determinant in whether
elderly individuals can maintain an active lifestyle. Walkable neighborhoods, characterized
by safe paths, accessible spaces, and opportunities for social interaction, enable older adults
to remain active. This not only benefits their physical health but also supports mental well-
being by fulfilling the need for social connection and independence—key elements of
successful aging according to this theory.

Integrated Perspective

In the context of elderly individuals, Activity Theory provides a strong foundation for
understanding why walkable environments are essential. These environments allow older adults
to stay physically and socially active, both of which are critical for maintaining mental health
and achieving a satisfying older age. By fostering physical activity and social connections,
walkable spaces directly contribute to better mental health outcomes, aligning with the broader
principles of Activity Theory.

2.3 Empirical Framework

The empirical review involves examining previous studies and data to understand what has
already been researched about the topic. This section synthesizes findings from both global
and local research, comparing them to the situation in Alimosho, particularly within the area
under study.
Due to limited source of research that gives a study providing a broad perspective on the
psychological effects of walking on elderly’s in the study area, research from developed and
developing countries consistently shows that walking significantly impacts the elderly’s in
active aging, which in turn affects their mental health.
"An article on Effectiveness of nature-based walking interventions in improving
mental health in adults: a systematic review"
-Published: 19 August 2023

The systematic review on nature-based walking interventions highlights the potential of such
activities to improve mental health outcomes in adults. This evidence is particularly relevant
in the context of the psychological effects of walkable environments on the elderly,
especially within urban settings like those in Nigeria.

Findings from the Review

The review encompassed 1,209 adult participants and analyzed 17 discrete studies. It
concluded that nature-based walking interventions significantly improved mood, mental
well-being, and optimism, while reducing stress, anxiety, and negative rumination. Notably,
walking in nature had a more profound effect on anxiety and rumination compared to urban
walking.

Application to the Nigerian Context

Although the review focuses on nature-based walking, its findings can be extrapolated to
understand the potential benefits of well-designed, walkable environments in Nigerian urban
areas. In Nigeria, particularly in densely populated and rapidly urbanizing cities like Lagos,
access to green spaces is limited. However, integrating nature-based elements within urban
walkable environments could replicate some of the mental health benefits observed in the
review.

For the elderly in Nigeria, who may face additional challenges such as limited mobility,
social isolation, and heightened vulnerability to mental health issues, creating walkable
environments that incorporate natural elements (such as parks, tree-lined streets, and
gardens) could be a low-cost, effective intervention. These spaces would not only promote
physical activity but also serve as a therapeutic tool to alleviate stress, anxiety, and
depression.

Comparative Analysis
The reviewed studies demonstrate that nature-based walking interventions offer greater
mental health benefits compared to urban walking, particularly in reducing anxiety and
rumination. This suggests that while urban walking is beneficial, enhancing walkable urban
environments with natural elements could yield even better mental health outcomes for the
elderly population. This approach aligns with global trends in urban planning that emphasize
the integration of green spaces to improve residents' quality of life. In Nigeria, where urban
planning often overlooks the needs of the elderly, incorporating findings from such studies
could inform the development of more inclusive and health-promoting environments. This
could involve designing neighborhoods with accessible parks, improving the quality of
pedestrian pathways, and ensuring that urban planning prioritizes the mental and physical
well-being of all residents, particularly the elderly.

The empirical evidence from nature-based walking interventions underscores the importance
of integrating natural elements into urban walkable environments. For Nigeria, applying
these insights could enhance the psychological well-being of the elderly, contributing to
healthier aging and improved quality of life. Future research could focus on the specific
impacts of such interventions in Nigerian cities, thereby filling the current gap in the
literature and providing targeted recommendations for urban development policies
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter outlines the research methodology employed to investigate the psychological effects
of a walkable environment on elderly residents in Abule-Egba, Alimosho Local Government
Area, Lagos State. The methodology is a critical component of the research, providing a
structured approach to data collection, analysis, and interpretation, ensuring the reliability and
validity of the study’s findings. It describes the research design, sampling methods, data
collection techniques, and data analysis procedures employed in this study.

3.1 Research Design

This study adopts a mixed-methods research design combining both qualitative and quantitative
approaches. This design is selected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
psychological effects of a walkable environment on the elderly in Abule-Egba, Alimosho LG,
Lagos State. The qualitative aspect involves in-depth interviews to gather detailed insights into
the personal experiences and perceptions of the elderly regarding walkability. The quantitative
aspect includes the use of structured questionnaires to collect data on socio-demographic
profiles, barriers to walking, and psychological effects from a larger sample size, allowing for
statistical analysis.

3.2 Study Area

The study focuses on Abule-Egba, a neighborhood within Alimosho Local Government Area in
Lagos State, Nigeria. Alimosho is the largest Local Government Area in Lagos State, known for
its dense population and significant commercial activities. Abule-Egba, characterized by its
connectivity to neighboring communities, diverse socio-economic activities, and a mixture of old
and new urban developments, is an ideal area to study walkability and its impact on the elderly.
The area's pedestrian infrastructure, including sidewalks and public spaces, is of particular
interest in this research.

3.3 Population of the Study

The target population for this study comprises elderly individuals aged 60 and above residing in
Abule-Egba, Alimosho LG. This age group is selected due to their increased vulnerability to
physical and psychological challenges, making them a critical group for studying the impact of
walkability on mental health. The population is diverse in terms of socio-economic status, health
conditions, and levels of physical activity, providing a comprehensive perspective on the
research topic.

3.4 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size

A stratified random sampling technique will be used to ensure that the sample represents
different segments of the elderly population in Abule-Egba. The area will be divided into strata
based on key characteristics such as age, gender, and socio-economic status. From each stratum,
participants will be randomly selected to participate in the study.

Given the population size and the need for statistically significant results, a sample size of
approximately 200 participants is targeted. This sample size is deemed sufficient to allow for
robust data analysis while being manageable within the research's logistical constraints.

3.5 Data Collection Methods

Data collection will be carried out using the following methods:

Questionnaires: A structured questionnaire will be developed and administered to the sampled

elderly individuals. The questionnaire will be divided into sections, including socio-demographic
information, barriers to walking, and psychological effects related to walkability. The questions
will be a mix of closed-ended and Likert-scale items to capture both categorical and ordinal data.
In-depth Interviews: Qualitative data will be collected through semi-structured interviews with
a subset of the participants. These interviews aim to explore in greater depth the personal
experiences, perceptions, and coping mechanisms related to walking in the area. The interview
guide will include open-ended questions designed to elicit detailed responses on the
psychological impacts of the walkable environment.

Observational Checklists: Direct observations will be conducted to assess the physical

characteristics of the walkable environment in Abule-Egba. This will include evaluating the
condition of sidewalks, availability of pedestrian crossings, presence of obstacles, and the
general safety of walking routes.

3.6 Data Analysis Techniques

Quantitative Data Analysis: The quantitative data collected through questionnaires will be
analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics will summarize the
socio-demographic characteristics of the sample and the prevalence of identified barriers.
Inferential statistics, such as chi-square tests and regression analysis, will be used to examine the
relationships between walkability factors and psychological outcomes.

Qualitative Data Analysis: The qualitative data from in-depth interviews will be analyzed using
thematic analysis. The interviews will be transcribed verbatim, and the data will be coded to
identify key themes and patterns. This analysis will provide a deeper understanding of the
psychological effects experienced by the elderly due to walkability issues.

Triangulation: To enhance the validity of the findings, data from the questionnaires, interviews,
and observational checklists will be triangulated. This approach allows for cross-verification of
results, ensuring that the conclusions drawn are robust and well-supported by multiple data
sources.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

Ethical issues are paramount in this study, particularly given the involvement of elderly
participants. The following ethical considerations will be addressed:

Informed Consent: All participants will be fully informed about the nature of the study, its
objectives, and their role in it. Consent will be obtained in writing, and participants will be
assured of their right to withdraw at any stage without any consequences.

Confidentiality: The confidentiality of the participants will be strictly maintained. Personal

identifiers will be removed from the data during analysis, and all records will be securely stored
to prevent unauthorized access.

Anonymity: The anonymity of participants will be preserved throughout the research process. In
reporting the findings, no identifying information will be disclosed.

Beneficence: The study is designed to benefit the participants and the broader community by
providing insights that could lead to improved walkability and mental health for the elderly.

Non-maleficence: The research will be conducted in a manner that avoids any potential harm to
the participants, both physically and psychologically. Care will be taken to ensure that the
interview questions do not cause distress, and support will be offered if any participant feels
uncomfortable.

3.8 Limitations of the Study

While this research is expected to provide valuable insights, it is not without limitations. These
include potential non-response bias from participants who may be unwilling or unable to
complete the questionnaires or interviews. Additionally, the subjectivity inherent in qualitative
data collection and analysis may introduce bias, although efforts will be made to mitigate this
through rigorous methodological practices. Finally, the study's findings may have limited
generalizability beyond the specific context of Abule-Egba, though they are expected to
contribute meaningfully to the broader discourse on walkability and elderly mental health.