(2024-2025)

Class : XII

PHYSICS

Shri Ashok Kumar

Shri R.N. Sharma

2. Assertion : The quantity R/L possesses the dimension of frequency.
Reason : At resonance the current in the A.C. circuit is zero.
(Ans. c)
3. Assertion : It is advantageous to transmit electric power at high current.
Reason : High current implies high voltage.
(Ans. d)
4. Assertion : While keeping area of cross-section of a solenoid same, the
number of turns and length of solenoid are both doubled, the self
inductance of the coil will be doubled. 2
NA
Reason : Self inductance of a coil can be expressed as l
(Ans. a)
5. Assertion : An emf is induced is a closed loop where magnetic flux is
varied. The induced E in not a conservative field.
Reason : E.di =/ o
(Ans. a)

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 SECTION - B
(UNIT : III)
Case Study
1. Rail Gun
The basic of Rail Gun is as shown in figure.
A large current is sent along one of two
parallel conducting rails, across a
conducting “fuse” (such as a narrow piece
of copper) between the rails and then back
to the current source along the second rail.
The projectile to be fired lies on the for side
of the fuse and fits loosely between the
rails. Immediately after the current begins,
the fuse element melts and vaporises,
creating a gas between the rails where by
rails in downward direction between the
rails. Thus bu F=Il x B, Force F on gas due
to current I will be outward direction. As the gas forced outward along the
rails, it pushes the projectile (about 3-5 km/s) within 1 ms. Rail guns have
been researched as weapons utilising electromagnetic forces to impart a very
high kinetic energy to a projectile.
1. A wire PQR is bent as shown in figure placed in uniform
magnetic field B. PQ=QR=l. Current I is flowing along PQR.

Magnetic
Field (B)

The magnitude of force on PQ and QR will be

a) BIL,o d) 2 Bil,o c) BIl d) o,v

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2. In a rail gun if the current in each rail will be increased to vary value, then
a) The attraction between the rails will be increased.
b) The repulsion between the rails will be increased.
c) Force between the rails in independent of current.
d) None of the above.
3. In the given figure the loop is fixed but straight wire can move. The straight
wire will
a) Remain stationary
b) Move towards the loop I I
c) Move away from rule
d) Rotate about its axis
4. Two long straight wires are set parallel to each other. Each carries a current ‘i’
in the same direction and separation between them is ‘2r’. Intensity of
magnetic field mid way between them is.
a) i b) zero c) l d) I
r r 4r

5. If a long hollow copper wire carries a current the magnetic field produced will
be
a) Inside the pipe only.
b) Outside the pipe only.
c) Neither inside nor outside the pipe.
d) Both inside and outside the pipe.
Answers :
1 c)
2. b)
3. b)
4. b)
5. b)

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 CROSS FIELDS : DISCOVERY OF THE
ELECTRON
Both an electric field E and
a magnetic field B can
produce a force on a charged
particle. When the two fields
are perpendicular to each
other, they are said to be
cross-fields. The figure
shows a simplified version of
Thomson’s experimental
apparatus-a cathode ray
tube. The charged particles (electrons) are emitted by cathode ray tube headed
toward screen, where they produce a spot of light. Thomson could control the
spot by adjusting E and B. When the two fields are adjusted so that two
deflecting forces cancel. qE = qvB sin 90° E = vB

If the forces are cancelling each other then there

E
v= ; will be no deflection shown by the particle.
B

1. An electron that has instantaneous velocity of V=(-5x106m/s) ^i+(3x106 m/s)

^
^j is moving through uniform magnetic field B=(0.03T)i-(0.15T)j^the force on

electron due to magnetic field is

a) (-1.1x10-13 N) k
b) (-1.1x10-13 N) k
-6
c) (-1.1x10 N) k
-6
d) (-1.1x10 N) k

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2. An x-particle crosses a space without deflection. If E=8x106v/m and B=1.6T,
the velocity of particle is
a) 2.5x106 m/s
6
b) 5x10 m/s
6
c) 8x10 m/s
7
d) 5x10 m/s
3. A beam of cathode rays is subjected to cross electric (E) and magnetic fields
(B). The fields are adjusted such that the beam is not deflected. The specif
charge (q/m) of the cathode rays is given by
2 2 2 2
B 2VB 2VE E
a) b) c) d)
2VE2 E2 2B2 2VB2
4. A magnetic force does not change the _________ of the charged particle.
a) Velocity
b) Momentum
c) Kinetic Energy
d) All of the above
5. Cathode rays enter a magnetic field making oblique angle with the lines of
magnetic induction. What will be the nature of the path followed?
a) Parabola
b) Helix
c) Circle
d) Straight line
Answers
1. a)
2. b)
3. d)
4. c)
5. b)

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 (UNIT : IV)
Case Study
III. Metal Detector :
The operation of metal detectors is based
on the principle of Electro Magnetic
Induction (EMI). Metal detectors contain
one or more inductor coils that are used to
interact with metallic elements on the
ground. A pulsating current is to the coil
which then induces a magnetic fields.
When the magnetic field of the coil moves
across metal, the field increase the
induction of magnetic field. This results to
induction of electric currents known as
Eddy currents. The eddy currents induce
their own magnetic field, which generates
an opposite current in the coil, which induces a signal indicating the presence
of metal.
1. Which of the following will not increase the size and effect of eddy currents?
a) Low resistivity materials
b) Strong Magnetic Field
c) Thicker material
d) Thinner material
2. In electromagnetic induction, line integral of induced field E around a closed
path is _________, induced electric field is ________.
a) Zero, Non-conservative b) Non Zero, Conservative
c) Zero, conservative d) Non zero, Non conservative

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3. Eddy currents do not cause ___________.
a) Sparking
b) heating
c) Loss of energy
d) Damping
4. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R changes by an amount in
time it. Then the total charge q that passes during this time through any point of
the circuit is
a) q = o b) q = o
t t R
oR o
c) q = t d) q =
R
5. A hollow metallic cylinder is held vertically. A small bar magnet dropped
along its axis will fall with acceleration such that.
a) a > g b) a<g c) a=g d) a=o
Answers
1. d)
2. d)
3. a)
4. d)
5. b)

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IV. Transformers Primary Transformer Core Secondary
Coil Coil
Transformers are most commonly
used for increasing low AC voltages at
V0
high current (Step-up transformers) or N1 Np NS

decreasing high AC voltage at low

current (Step-down) in electric power
Transformer Construction
applications. It works on mutual
Magnetic Core
induction. An ideal transformer is a Primary Secondary
theoretical linear transformer that has
no loss and perfectly coupled. But a V1 V0

real transformer has some losses like Transformer Symbols

core loss, eddy current, heat loss, flux leakage etc. The emf of a transformer at
a given flux increase with frequency by operating at higher frequencies, the
transformers can be physically more compact. Aircraft and Military
equipments employ 400 Hz power supplies which reduces the weight of core
and winding.
1. High voltage transmission line is preferred because
a) Its appliances are less costly.
b) Thin power cables are required.
c) Idle current is small
d) Power loss is less.
2. To manufacture the core of a transformer, the best material is
a) Stainless steel
b) Hard steel
c) Soft iron
d) Mild steel
3. A step-up transformer is used to convert 20V, 10 A a.c with frequency 50Hz to
200V, 1 A a.c. The frequency of output a.c will be
a) 5 Hz b) 500 Hz c) 0.5 Hz d) 50 Hz

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4. In an inducting furnace (used for melting metals) which type of transformer is
used
a) Step-up b) Step-down
c) Any one of them d) No need of transformation
5. A step-down transformer is used to reduce the main supply of 220 V to 11 V. If
the primary draws a current of 5A and the secondary 90A efficiency of
transformer is
a) 95% b) 90%
c) 9% d) 45%
Answers
1. d) 2. c) 3. d) 4. b) 5. b)

(i) (ii)

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 A proton and an alpha particle of the same speed enter, in turn, a region of
speed to their direction of motion.

Two identical bar magnets P and Q are placed in two identical uniform
magnetic fields as shown. Justify that both the magnets are in equilibrium.
Identify the type of equilibrium. (stable/unstable)
P Q

S N B N S B

78
79
80
P Q

81
82
83
42.

43.

44.

84
2. Derive formula of mutual inductance of coaxial solenoids.

85
86
87
 >

88
 f

(c) as current leads voltage the device is a capacitor.

89
 SECTION - E

A. Straight thick long wire of uniform cross section of radius 'a' is carrying a
steady current I. Use ampere's circuital law to obtain a relation showing the
variation of magnetic field (Br) inside and outside the wire with distance r
(r<a) and (r>a) of the field point from centre of its cross section. Plot a graph
showing variation of field (B) with distance r.

90
 10 cm

107

tesla; tesla

91
 Two magnets of magnetic moments M and are joined to form a cross
The combination is suspended in uniform magnetic field B. the magnetic
moment M now makes an angle 'θ' with field direction . find the value of θ .

0
M
(Ans: θ=60 )

92
93
94
A muon is a partical that has same charge as on electron but 200 times
heavier than it. If we had an atom in which muon revolves around proton
instead of electron, what would be the magnetic moment the muon in ground
state of such atom ?
Ans: 4.63X10-26 Am2

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96
97
98
99
100
101
 For P, θ =00 and Q, θ=1800, hence, no torque Stable for P and unstable for Q.

102
103
104
105
106
107
 (in vacuum)

108
 v

109
110
q q

111
 Reflected into

spherical from rarer to denser

medium

112
 d

113
 v0 æ Dö -L æ Dö
M= ç 1+ ÷ M = ç 1+ ÷
- u0 è fe ø f0 è fe ø

114
be

115
vibrations.
K

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118
 SECTION - A

1. In which situation is there a displacement current but no conduction current

between plates capacitor?
(a) Only during charging of parallel plate capacitor
(b) Only during discharging of paralle plate capacitor
(c) Only during charging or discharging of parallel plate capacitor
(d) This will never happen
2. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25A. What is the displacement
current across its plates?
(b) 5A (b) 0.25A
(c) 0.125 A (c) 1A
3. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. The
directions of electric field vector and magnetic field vector will be
(a) electric field along x-axis, Magnetic field along y-ans
(b) electric field along x-axis, Magnetic field along x-axis
(c) electric field along y-axis, Magnetic field along y-awis
(d) electric field along y-axis, Magnetic field along x-axis

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4. Which part of electromagnetic wave are used in operating 'RADAR'
(a) Infrared waves (b) Microwaves X-Rays
(d) x-Rays (d) Gamma Rays
5. The change on parallel plate capacitor varies as q = q0 cos 2pvt. The plates are
very lagrge and close together. Neglecting the edge effect, find the
displacement current through the capacitor?
(a) 2p q0 v sin 2p vt (b) -2p q0 v sin 2p vt
(c) 2p q0 v cos 2p vt (d) -2p q0 v cos 2p vt
6. For the same value of angle of incidence, the angle of refraction in three
media A, B, and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. The velocity of light will
be minimum in-
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) same in all media
7. Which of the following statement is not true.
(a) Optical fibre is based on the principle of total internal reflection.
(b) The refractive index of the material of the core is less than that of the
cladding
(c) an optical fibre can be used to act as an optical pipe
(d) there is no appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal while
propagating through an optical fibre
8. A thin converging lens of focal length 10 cm and a thin diverging lens of focal
length 20 cm are placed coaxially in contact. The power of the combination
is:
(a) –5 D (b) +5 D
(c) +15D (d) 15D
9. A diamond is immersed in a liquid with a refractive index greater than water.
Then the critical angle for total internal reflection will
(a) Increase
(b) Decrease
(c) Depend on the nature of the liquid
(d) Remains the same
10. Which of the following correctly define refractive index of a medium.
(a) Real depth/App depth (b) App depth/ Real depth
(c) App depth × Real depth (d) Real depth + App depth

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11. The magnification due to a compound microscope does not depend upon
(A) the aperture of the objective and the eye-piece
(b) the focal length of the objective and the eye-piece
(c) the length of the tube
(d) the colour of the light used

12. In the above diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown
refractive index.
(a) 1.2 × 108 m/s (b) 14 × 108 m/s
(c) 1.6 × 108 m/s (d) 18 × 108 m/s
13. A mirror forms 3 times magnified image of an object. The mirror can be-
(a) Concave (b) convex
(c) Plane (d) both convex and concave
14. Focal length of a convex mirror is 20 cm. it forms1/2 times magnified virtual
image of an object. The image distance is:
(a) 30 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 20/3 cm (d) 40/3 cm
15. A magician puts some glass object into a liquid. the object gets disappeared.
Then,
(a) the refractive index of object is more than that of liquid
(b) the refractive index of object is less than that of liquid
(c) the refractive index of object is equal to that of liquid
(d) data insufficient
16. The phenomena which is not explained by Huygen's construction of
wavefront
(a) reflection (b) diffraction
(c) refraction (d) photo electric effect

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17. Two slits in Young's double slit experiment have widths in the ratio 36:1. The
ratio of the amplitudes of light waves is
(a) 3 :1 (b) 3:2
(c) 9:1 (d) 6:1
18. Which of the following is true for interference of light
(a) energy is created in the region of bright band
(b) energy is destroyed in the region of dark band
(c) conservation of energy does not hold good
(d) conservation of energy holds good and energy is redistributed
19. In Young's Double Slit experiment using sodium light (l = 5898 Å), 92
fringes are seen. If greenish colour (5480 Å) is used, how many fringes will be
seen?
(a) 62 (b) 99
(c) 67 (d) 85
20. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 91 are
superimposed. The maximum and minimum possible intensities in the
resulting beam are
(a) 9I and I (b) 161 and 41
(c) 91 and 31 (d) 5I and 31
21. A diffraction pattern is obtained by using a beam of blue light. What will
happen if the blue light is replaced by the red light
(a) No change will take place
(b) Bands become broader and farther apart
(c) Bands disappear
(d) Diffraction bands become narrower and crowded
22. Two waves, originating from sources S1 and 52 having zero phase difference
and common wavelength l, will show completely destructive interference at
a point P if (S2P – S1P) is
(a) (13/2)l (b) 3A
(c) 4l (d) (5/4)l
23. Light of wavelength l falls normally on a slit of width 'a'. The diffraction due
to slit will be most prominently observed when-
(a) a = 5l (b) a = 50l
(c) a = 500 l (d) a = 5000 l

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24. Nishchay performs YDSE by using yellow, blue and red lights in turn. If the
fringe width measures in three cases are x1, x2 and x3, respectively, then which
of the following is correct?
(a) x1 > x2 > x3 (b) x3 > x1 > x2
(c) x2 > x1 > x3 (d) x1 < x2 < x3
25. When monochromatic light is replaced by white light in a single slit
experiment, then
(a) the diffraction pattern disappears
(b) the diffraction band becomes circular
(c) a white band is formed at the centre and coloured bands are formed at both
its sides
(d) only a white band is formed at the centre
26. If in a diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is slightly increased, then
the central maximum of the diffraction pattern becomes:
(a) broader and brighter
(b) broader and fainter
(c) narrow and brighter
(d) narrow and fainter
27. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm falls on a narrow slit. The
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away. The first minimum is at a
distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen. The width of the slit is:
(a) 0.16 mm (b) 0.20 mm
(c) 0.40 mm (d) 0.60 mm
28. Two sources of light are said to be coherent, when both emit light waves of:
(a) same amplitude and have a varying phase difference.
(b) same wavelength and a constant phase difference.
(c) different wavelengths and same intensity.
(d) different wavelengths and a constant phase difference.
29. The fringe width in YDSE is b. If the whole set-up is immersed in a liquid of
refractive index n , then the new fringe width will be :
(a) b (b) b/n
(c) bn (d) b/n2

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30. The total path difference between two waves meeting at points P1 and P2 on
the screen are 3 l/2 and 2 l respectively. Then :
(a) bright fringes are formed at both points
(b) dark fringes are formed at both points.
(c) a bright fringe is formed at P1 and a dark fringe is formed at P2
(d) a bright fringe is formed at P2 and a dark fringe is formed at P1

Answers
1. (c) 2. (b)

3. (a) 4. (b)

5. (b) 6. (a)

7. (b) 8. (b)

9. (a) 10. (a)

11. (a) 12. (c)

13. (a) 14. (c)

15. (b) 16. (d)

17. (d) 18. (d)

19. (b) 20. (b)

21. (a) 22. (a)

23. (b) 24. (c)

25. (c) 26. (c)

27. (b) 28. (b)

29. (b) 30. (d)

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 Assertion And Reason : (Unit V)
In the following questions, a statement of assertion A is followed by a
statement of reason R. Mark the correct choice as :
a) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
b) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Reason - Assertion Question (Option)

31. Assertion : When entire experimental set-up is immersed in water, the
fringes became less wider in young’s double shit experiments.
Reason : Wave length of light decreases when it travels from rarer to denser
medium. Ans. (a)
32. Assertion : Two light sources emitting light waves of equal amplitude, equal
frequency and equal wavelength all called coherent sources.
Reason: Phase difference between any to sources is always constant.
Ans. (d)
33. Assertion : The objective of on astronomical telescope is taken of larger
focal length to increase magnifying power. Ans. (d)
Reason : The normal adjustment mode in preferred over near point vision on
image formed at infinity in now comfortable to view due to relaxed eye.
Ans. (b)
34. Assertion : A white light when passed through a prism ut splits its constituent
colours.
Reason : All colours travels with same speed in a particular medium. Ans. (c)

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35. Assertion : Electromagnetic waves exert pressure.
Reason : Electromagnetic waves carry both momentum and energy.
(Ans. b)
36. Assertion : Microwave communication is preferred over optical
communication.
Reason : Microwaves provide large band width compared to optical
signals.
(Ans. d)
37. Assertion : Electromagnetic waves don’t require medium for propagation.
Reason : Electromagnetic waves can’t travel in medium.
(Ans. c)
38. Assertion : Microwaves are preferred over Radio waves for satellite
communication.
Reason : Microwaves have low wavelength than Radio waves.
(Ans. b)
39. Assertion : The intensity of solar radiation is greater Mars as compared to
Jupiter.
Reason : The intensity of solar radiation is inversely proportional to the
square of radius ( 1 ) of the planet. Ans. (a)
r2
I x 12
r

Case - Study Question (Option) (Unit VI)

I. Lens is a transparent medium bounded by two refracting surfaces. It can be
converging or diverging. The converging or diverging behaviour a lens is
dependent on refractive index of surrounding medium focal length of a lens is
given by
1 = n2 1 - 1
f n1 –1 R1 R2

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 This is called lens maker's formula. It is useful to design lenses of designed
focal length using surface of suitable radii of curvature.
1. A convex lens is-
a) Always converging
b) Always diverging
c) Converging when placed in a rarer medium wrt medium lens.
d) Converging when placed in a denser medium wrt medium lens.
2. An equiconvex lens is cut into equal halves perpendicular to the principal axis.
If focal length of original lens in f, then focal length of each halve is -
a) f
b) f/2
c) 2f
d) 3 f
2
3. A concave lens is made with a material of refractive index 1.52. It is placed in a
medium of refractive index 1.60. The nature of lens would be-
a) Converging
b) Diverging
c) Can be converging as well as diverging
d) Neither converging nor diverging
4. A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a liquid medium. The
lense gets disappeared in this medium, the refractive index of the medium is-
a) More than 1.5
b) Less than 1.5
c) Equal to 1.5
d) Can take any value between 1 to infinity.
5. In a particular medium, a convex lens behave as converging lens and concave
lens as diverging lens. Now the two lens are put in contact with other. The
nature of combination would be-

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 a) Converging only
b) Either converging or diverging
c) Neither converging nor diverging
d) Both b) & c) are possible
Ans. 1. (c), 2. (b), 3. (b), 4. (c), 5. (d)
II. When an opaque object is placed in the path of light rays, we see a shadow of
object on a screen under some specific condition, we see a bright spot at the
centre of geometrical shadow region. This happens due to a phenomenon
called diffraction. Diffraction is a characteristic shown by all types of
waves. When the double slit in young’s experiment is replaced by a single
narrow slits (illuminated by a monochromatic source), a broad pattern with a
central bright region is seen, on either sides, there are alternate dark and bright
regions.
1. The size of an opaque object is 0.5µm. Which of the following wave would
exhibit diffraction pattern on the screen.
a) Red light
b) Yellow light
c) Green light
d) Orange light
2. Which of the following is “INCORRECT”.
a) In YDSE light waves from two different wave fronts superposed on each
other to produce interference pattern.
b) In single slit experiment light wave from different parts of same wave
front superposed to produce different pattern.
c) The intensity of bright bands in YDSE is same for all
d) The intensity of all maxima’s single shit experiment in same
3. In a single slit experiment, the screen is moved away from the plane of slits
such that distance between screen and slit is doubled. The angular width of
central maxima would-

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 a) Become 4 times (b) Remain unchanged
c) Become 2 times (d) Become ½ times
4. Which the following can be explained by both wave nature and particle nature
of light-
a) Diffraction
b) Reflection of light
c) Reflection of light
d) Both reflection and refraction of light
Ans. 1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (d)

(UNIT : V)
Case Study
III. LASIK (Laser-assisted in Situ Keratomileusis).
It is commonly know as Laser Eye
Surgery for the correction of Flap
myopia, hyper metropia and A special surgical
knife slices a flap
astigmatism. For clear vision the open on the surface
of the cornea.
eye’s cornea and lens must refract
Cornea
light rays properly. This allows Once tissue has been
images to be focused on retina removed, the flap is
folded back onto the
properly. Else images will be cornea and heals
quickly.
blurry. This blurriness is known as
UV Laser
refractive error. Pulses of ultraviolet Retina
laser light vaporise After surgery, light
Lasik uses an excimer laser (An surface tissue, rays entering the eye
reshaping the cornea. are focused to a point
Ultra violet laser) to remove a thin on the retina, producing
a much cleared image.
layer of cornea tissue. LASIK
causes the cornea to be thinner.
This gives the cornea a new shape so that light rays are focused on retina
clearly. It reduces a person’s need for glasses or contact lenses.

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1. The frequency range of ultra violet rays is
10 11
a) 10 Hz - 10 Hz
b) 1012 Hz - 1015 Hz
c) 1015 Hz - 1017 Hz
d) 1018 Hz - 1021 Hz
2. Which of the following are not E.M radiations?
a) Gamma rays
b) Ultra violet rays
c) Heat rays
d) Beta rays
3. The structure of solids is investigated by using
a) Microwave
b) Ultra violet rays
c) X-rays
d) Gamma rays
4. The energy possessed by per photon of ultra violet radiation is about
a) 12.41 eV b) 12.4 KeV
c) 12.4 MeV d) 12.4 meV
5. The electromagnetic radition produced by electric arcs and lights like mercury
vapor lamps used to ionise atoms is
a) Infrared radiation b) X-rays
c) UV radiation d) Microwave
Answers
1. c)
2. d)
3. c)
4. a)
5. c)

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 Solar Sails :
Solar sails are a method of space craft
propulsion using “Radiation Pressure”
exerted by sunlight on large scales mirrors.
Solar pressure affects all space crafts,
whether in inter planetary space or in orbit
around a planet. A typical space-craft
going to Mars, for example, will be
displated thousands of kilometers by solar
pressure, so the effects must be accounted
for in trajectory planning. Solar pressure
Sail
also affects the orientation of a space craft.
Incident photons
If a radiation falls on the surface (100% Direction of
Sun Thrust
reflection) at on angle then, force will be angle
2P
F= c cos where P is power of radiation. Reflected
Sail photons
f F 2P Normal
Pressure = = cos
A A Ac
I
(Radiation Pressure = 2 cos)
c

1. The intensity of solar radiation on Earth’s surface is 1360 W/m2. How much
pressure will be exerted on a surface (100% reflecting) incident normally,
approx.
a) 9. Pa b) 9 mPa
c) 9 Pµa d) 9 kPa
2. If a beam of EM wave is completely absorbed by the surface, then the pressure
exited by radiation (Radiation Pressure) will be

131
 I 2I I
a) b) P= c) P= d) P=o
c c 2c
3. A point source of EM waves emit the waves iso tropically in all directions. The
intensity of wave at distance r from a point source of power Ps is
Ps Ps Ps Ps
a) I= b) I= c) I= d) I=
r2 r2 4 r2 2 r
4. The time-averaged rate per unit area at which energy is transported is intensity
I of the wave can be expressed as
2E2 E2 E2 E2
a) I= b) I= c) I= d) I=
c o c o o 2c
5. Find the intensity of radiation at distance 7m from the source of 14 W.
a) 0.02 w/m2 b) 0.2 w/m2 c) 44 w/m2 d) 4.4 w/m2
Answers :
1. a) 2. a) 3. c) 4. b) 5. a)

132
133
 What is the effect on the interference fringes is YDSE when
(i) the screen is moved away from the plane of the slits (ii) the sepration
between the two slits is increased
Ans. (i) As λD
β= ; β α D Therefore β increases
d
(ii) however angular sepration ( λ ) remains same when d increases β
decreases d

134
 Why is interference pattern is not detected when two coherent sources are
(i) far apart (ii) infinitely close to each other
Ans. (i) We know β α I ; since d is very large β may reduce so much i.e
beyond visible region. d
(ii) Since d is two small, β becomes very large. field of view may even be
occupied by single slit on screen resulting no detection of pattern.
20. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit
of width 'd'. if the distance between the slit and screen is 0.8m and distance of
2nd order maximum from the centre of screen is 15 mm, calculate the width
of the slit. λ χ
Since α sing θ =(2n+1) 2 α ( )=(2x2+1) λ/2
d
5λD 5x(6x10-7)x0.8D -4
α = 2χ = = 0.8x11 m = 80 µm
2x15x10-3

converging

22.

23.
24.

25.

135
 26.

27.
28.

29.

30.

31. For a glass prism(µ= 3 ), the angle of minimum deviation is equal to the
angle of the prism. Find the angle of the prism.
Sin A
Ans. Hence δm=A; µ= Sin (A+δm)/2; 3= Sin A/2
Sin A/2
2Sin A/2 Cos A/2
3= = A= 600
Sin A/2

32.

33.

136
137
 Using

Why is diffraction of sound waves more evident in daily experience than that
of light waves ?
Ans. To occur diffraction condition required is " size of obstacle/operture must be
of the order of wavelength of waves to be diffracted" since wavelength of
light waves is of the order of 10-7 m, obstacles/apertures of this much of small
size are hardly available.
While wavelength of sound waves vary from 15 m to 15 mm and obstacles /
apertures of this size are commonly available.
There diffraction of sound waves is more evident in day to day life.

so obtained.

138
least

139
 maximum

What is meant by interference of light ? Define coherent sources of light.

Describe briefly young's double slit experiment with the help of labelled
ray diagram to demonstrate interference of light

is reduced and

140
141
 Two thin lenses are in contact and the focal length of the combination is
80 cm. If the focal length of one lens is 20 cm, then what would be the
power of the other lens?
1 100
Since P = = 80 = 1.25D
f(metre)
1 100
P= f = = 5D
1 20
P = P1+P2 = P2 = P-P1 = 1.25-5= -3.75 D

142
143
144
Question for Practice

5.

145
 6.

7.

of two wavelengths coincide.

146
147
148
149
150
151
 hv

152
 V. volt.

2mqV

Vs

scope
V

153
154
1.
The photoelectric effect can be explained on the basis of

(a)
Wave theory
(b)
Electromagnetic theory

(c)
Quantum theory
(d)
Corpuscular theory
2.
The wavelength of matter waves is independent of

(a)
Mass
(b)
Velocity

(c)
Momentum
(d)
Charge
3.
If E1, E2, E3 and E4 are the respective kinetic energies of electron, deutron,
proton and neutron having same de-Broglie wavelength, select the correct
order in which those values would incrase:

(a)
E1, E3, E4, E2
(b)
E2, E4, E1, E3

(c)
E2, E4, E3, E1
(d)
E3, E1, E2, E4
4.
Light of frequency 2.5v0 is incident on a metal surface of threshold frequency
2v0. If its frequency is halved and intensity is made doubled find the new
value of photoelectric current.

(a)
4 unit
(b)
2.5. unit

(c)
zero
(d)
1.05 unit
5.
What is the momentum of photon of energy 3MeV in kg ms–1?
-21 -1

(a)

1012 kg ms -1 (b)
1.6 ´ 10 kg ms
8 -1 -19 -1

(c)

3 ´ 10 kg ms (d)
1.6 ´ 10 kg ms
6.
What is the momentum of an electron beam of wavelength 4Å?
–34
(h = 6.62 × 10 Js)
-24 -1
(a)

1.65 ´ 10 kg ms
5 -1

(b)
3 ´ 10 kg ms

(c)

9.1 ´ 10-30 kg ms -1 (d)
3.9 ´ 10-24 kg ms -1

155
7.
The variation of the de-Broglie wavelength (l) with the potential (V)
through which an electron is accelerated from rest is shown in graph below
l

Choose the correct option:

(a)
l a V
(b)
la V
1 2
la

(c)

V (d)
la v

8.
A proton and electron have same velocity. Which one option is correct for
deBroglie wavelength of Proton (lP) and electron (le)?
l = le ¹ 0

(a)

p (b)
l p < l e

(c)

l p > l e (d)
l p = l e = 0

9.
The threshold frequency of a certain metal is 3.3 × 1014 Hz. If light of
frequency 8.2 × 1014 Hz is incidenet on the metal, predict the cut off voltage
for photoelectric emission. (h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js)

(a)
202.74 V
(b)
305.12V

(c)
531.5 V
(d)
200 V
10.
What is the momentum of an electron with K.E of 120 eV. (Given h = 6.63 ×
10–34Js, Me = 9.1 × 10–31 Kg; 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19J)
-19 -1 -24 -1

(a)

2 ´ 10 kg ms (b)
5.88 ´ 10 kg ms
9 -1 19 -1

(c)

9 ´ 10 kg ms (d)
5 ´ 10 kg ms
Answer
Q.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A.
(c)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)

156
 Chapter-12 and 13 Atom & Nuclei
MCQ
1. a-particles are incident on a thin gold foil. For what angle of deviation will
the number of a-particle be minimum?
(a) 0° (b) 90°
(c) 120° (d) 180°
236
2. Number of electrons and neutrons in 92 U atom will be-
(a) electrons = 92 (b) electrons = 144
Neutrons = 144 Neutrons = 92
(c) electrons = 236 (d) electrons = 92
Neutrons = 92 Neutrons = 236
3. After losing two electrons, to which particle does a helium atom get
transformed into?
(a) a-particle (b) b-particle
(c) g-particle (d) photon
4. The energy released in fusion reaction

2 3
Where B.E of 1 H = 2.23 MeV and 2 He = 7.73 MeV
(a) 4.5 MeV (b) 5.9 MeV
(c) 6.2 MeV (d) 3.27 MeV
5. Two nuclei of mass numbers 1 and 27 have their radii ratio as—
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 5 : 2
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 3
6. The light energy emitted by a star is due to—
(a) Joining of nuclei
(b) Burning of nuclei
(c) Breaking of nuclei
(d) Reflection of solar light

157
7. Energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is—

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

8. According to de-Broglie explanation of Bohr's second postulate of

quantisation, the standing particle wave n a circular orbit for n = 4 is given
by—

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

9. Angular momentum of an electron in the second orbit of an atom is—

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

10. According to the Bohr's atomic theory, what will be the energy of hydrogen
atom for principal quantum number ¥?
(a) Infinite (b) –13.6 eV
(c) 13.6eV (d) Zero
11. The wavelength limits of Lymas, Balmer and Paschen series are lL, lB and lP
respectively. Wavelengths in increasing order can be written as—

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
12. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio of 1 : 2. What is the ratio of their
deusities?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 3 : 1

158
13. One milligram of matter is converted into energy, the energy released will be

(a) (b)

(c) 10 J (d) 900 J

14. If in a nuclear fusion process, the masses of the fusion nuclei are m1 and m2
and mass of the resultant nucleus is m3, then
(a) m3 = (m1 – m2) (b) m3 < (m1 + m2)
(c) m3 = m1 + m2 (d) m3 = m2 – m1
15. The biuding energy of deuteron is 2.2. MeV and that of 42He is 28MeV. If two
deuteron are fused to form one 42He then energy released is —
(a) 30.5 MeV (b) 23.6 MeV
(c) 31.5 MeV (d) 19.5 MeV

Answers
1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (d)
6. (a)
7. (a)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (d)
11. (d)
12. (c)
13. (a)
14. (b)
15. (b)

159
Assertion - Reason Questions
Dual Nature
For question two statements are given one labelled assertion A and the other
labelled Reason R. Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes
a), b), c) and d) as given below.
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false and R is also false
1. Assertion : Photoelectric effect demonstrate the wave nature of light.
Reason : The number of photoelectrons is proportional to the frequency of
light.
2. Assertion : The energy of X-ray photon is greater than that of visible light
photon.
Reason : X-ray photon in vacuum travels faster than light photon.
3. Assertion : A partial of mass mat rest decays into two particles of masses m1
and m2 having non-zero velocities, will have ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths
unity.
Reason : Here we cannot apply conservation of linear momentum.
4. Assertion : Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold frequency is incident on
a photo sensitive material of the frequency is halved and intensity is doubled,
the photo electric current remains unchanged.
Reason : The photo electric current varies diversity with the intensity of light
and frequency of light.
5. Assertion : A photon has no rest mass, yet it carries definite momentum.
Reason : Momentum of photon is due to its energy and hence its equivalent
mass.
Answers :
1. a) 2. c) 3. c) 4. d) 5. a)

160
 Assertion - Reason Question (Atom & Nuclei)
1 Assertion : Balmer series lie in the visible region of electro magnetic spectrum
Reason : Wavelength of photon emitted when electron jumps from higher
energy state to lower energy

1 1 1
Stable is given =R -
22 n2
n=3 to 00

2. Assertion : Total energy of an electron in hydrogen atom is negative.

Reason : Electron is bounded to the nucleus.
3. Assertion : In a radioactive decay an electron is emitted by the nucleus.
Reason : Electron are present inside the nucleus.
4. Assertion : Force acting between proton-proton (fpp) is less than fine acting
between proton-proton (fpn) inside a nucleus.
Reason : Protons being positively charged, repel each other by coulombian
free.
5. Assertion : Unlike gravitational and electro-static forces, nuclear force has
limited range.
Reason : Nuclear forces do not obey inverse square law.

Case Study Questions

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER & RADIATION
I. Photocell is usually a vacuum tube having two electrodes. One is a cathode
made of a photo sensitive material, which units electrons when exposed to
light of sufficient frequency and the other is an anode. Which is maintained at
a positive potential with respect to cathode. When light of suitable frequency
strikes on cathode, electrons are inutted from cathode and are attracted to the
anode and a current flows. This current can be used to open a door, ring a bell

161
 Attempt any 4 sub-parts from each question.
Each question carries one mark.
1. Photocell is based on the phenomenon of
a) Compton effect b) Photo electric effect
c) Magnetic effect of current d) Photo electric effect
2. If the wavelength of evident radiation is greater than the threshold wave length
for a metal surface then
a) Kinetic energy of photoelectron will be higher
b) Photoelectric current will be higher
c) Photoelectric effect will not take place
d) None of the above
3. A photocell units electrons when exposed to the light of the frequency of
incident light is increased keeping intensity constant then
a) Magnitude of cut-off voltage will increase
b) Photo electric current will decrease
c) No photoelectron will unit
d) Photoelectrons will unit but their kinetic energy will be zero
4. Photoelectric effect is used in
a) Cyclotron b) Moving coil galvanometer
c) Van de Graaff Generator d) Photocell
5. Light radiations of suitable frequency incident on a photosensitive surface.
How will the kinetic energy of photoelectrons vary if the intensity of incident
radiations increased.
a) Remains same b) Increase
c) Decrease d) None of the above
Answers :
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)

162
II de Broglie Hyper thesis
de Broglie in 1924 proposed that matter should also exhibit dual behaviour
like properties. It means that just the photon has momentum as well as
wavelength, de-Broglie gave the following relation between wavelength and
momentum (p) of a material particles.
h h
= =
p mv

When in is mars of the particles and v its velocity.

Electron micros cope is mad on wave like behaviour of electron just as
ordinary microscope utilize the wave nature of light. An electron microscope
is a powerful tool in modern scientific research because it achieves a
magnification of about 15 million times that of ordinary optical microscope.
Attempt any 4 sub parts from each question.
Each question carries 1 mark.
1. An electron, have same moments, which one has greater de-Bringlie
wavelength?
a) Electron b) Proton
c) X-particle d) All have same de-Bringlie wavelength
2. An electron, a proton a electron and an alpha particle are moving with
speed. which one has greater de-Bronglie wavelength?
a) Electron b) Proton
c) Decetron d) Alpha particle
3. de-Broglie waves are :
a) Light waves b) Micro waves
c) Waves d) All of the above
4. The magnification produced by electron microscope is
a) Greater than ordinary optical microscope
b) Less than ordinary optical microscope
c) Same as that of ordinary optical microscope
d) none of the above
163
 Answers :
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
III A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuos
spectrum. The spectrum is obtained when emission or obsarbuon of light take
place in a frequency range: In emission spectrum there are bright lines on a
dark background. The spectrum emitted by atonic hydrogen has various
spectral line. These are certain sets of spectral lives in the spectrum of
hydrogen atom. Each such set is called spectral series. The wave length of
radiation emitted during a transition from higher energy level to lower energy
level is given by-
1 1 1
= R 2 -
nf ni2
When R=1.101 x 107 m-1, nf & ni are lower & higher energy state respectively.
1. Which of the following transition corresponds to Paschen series-
a) nf = 1, ni=2 to 00
b) nf=2, ni=3 to 00
c) nf=3, ni=4 to 00
d) nf=4, ni=5 to 00
2. Which of the following spectral series lies in visible region-
a) Lyman series
b) Belmer series
c) Paschan series
d) pfimd series
3. The shortest wave length of lyman series is
a) 10.20
b) 917
c) 410
d) 659

164
4. The wavelength of H2 line is -
a) 1500
b) 8200
c) 6566
d) 4861
5. Which of the following series lies in UV region-
a) Belmer series
b) Paschen series
c) Branett series
d) Lyman series

Nuclear Energy
IV. A Heavy nucleus breaks into comparatively lighter nuclei which are more
stable compared to the original heavy nucleus. When a heavy nucleus like
uranium is bombarded by slow moving neutrons, it splits into two parts
releasing large amount of energy. The typical fission reacion of U-235 is,
235 1 141 92 1
92U +0n 56Ba +36Kr +30n +200MeV the fission of U-235 releases 200

MeV energy.

235
1. If 200 MeV energy is released in the fission of single nucleus of U92.The
fissions which are required to produce a power of 1 KW is
(a) 3.125x1013 (b) 1.52x106 (c)3.125x1012 (d) 3.125x1014

2. The release in energy in Nuclear fission is consistent with the fact that
uranium has
(a) More mass per nucleon than either of two fragments
(b) More mass per nucleon as two fragments
(c)exactly the same mass per nucleon as the two fragments
(d) less mass per nucleon than either of two fragments.
3. when 235U92 undergoes fission about 0.1% of the original mass is converted
into energy.

165
 The energy released when 1 kg uranium undergoes fission is
11 13
(a) 9x10 J (b) 9x10 J
15 18
c) 9x10 J (d) 9x10 J

4. An uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction form the basis of

(a) Bio-gas Plant (b) Hydro electric power station
(c) Nuclear reactor (d) atom bomb

5. Fission of a nucleus is achieved by bombarding it with

(a) proton (b) neutron (c) electron (d) X-ray

Answers:
Case Study Questions (III)
1. a) 2. a) 3. c) 4. a) 5. a)
Case Study question : (IV)
Ans. (1) (a) (2) (d) (3) (b) (4) (c) (5) (b)

166
167
 Draw a diagram to show the variation of binding energy per nucleon
with mass number for different nuclei. State with reason why light nuclei
usually undergo nuclear fusion.
What is the main difference between fission reaction and fusion reaction
? Give one example of each.

What are nuclear forces? Give their important properties.

168
Distinguish between isotopes, isobars and isotones with suitable
examples.

169
170
Define atomic mass unit and electron volt. Derive relation between them.
Show that nuclear matter density is independent of A
what is mass defect of a nucleus ? Express it mathematically. How do
your account for it ?
What is packing fraction ? Give its physical significance in relation to
nuclear stability.
A nuclear bomb and a nuclear reactor work on the same principle. Explain
why in one case explosion occurs and in the other energy is available at a
steady rate.

Explain the source of energy in the sun.

171
 What is unclear holocaust ?
Calculate the energy released in MeV in the deuterium-tritium fusion
reaction:
2 3 4
1H +1 H 2 He+n
using data
m( 12H)=2.014102u;
m( 13 H)=3.016049 u;
m( 24 He)= 4.002603 u;
mn = 1.008665 u,
1u = 931.5 MeV/c2

What do you mean by binding energy of a nucleus? Obtain an expression

for binding energy. How binding energy per nucleon explains the stability
of nucleus.

conclusions

172
173
174
The three stable isotopes of neon: Ne20, Ne 21, Ne22 have respective
abundances of 90.51%, 0.27% and 9.22%. The atomic masses of the three
isotopes are 19.99 amu, 20.99 amu and 21.99 amu respectively. Obtain the
average atomic mass of neon.
20.18 amu.
Obtain the binding energy of a nitrogen nucleus ( 14 N ) from the following
7
data: mH = 1.00783 amu; mn=11.00867 amu; MN = 14.00307 amu, Give your
answer in MeV
104.7MeV
A given coin has a mass of 3.0 g . Calculate the nuclear energy that would be
required to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. For
simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of 2963 Cu atoms (of mass
62.92960 amu). The masses of proton and neutron are 1.00783 amu and
1.00867 amu, respectively.
25
1.582x10 MeV

175
 ?

176
177
178
179
180
(acceptor)

181
 b

182
183
Chapter 14- Semiconductor Electronics : Materials,
Devices and Simple Circuits
1. Let nh and ne be the number of holes and conduction electrons in an
extrinsic semiconductors. Then—
(a) nh > nh (b) nh = ne
(c) nh < n e (c) nh ¹ n e
2. Electric conduction in a semiconductor takes place due to
(a) electrons only (b) holes only
(c) both electrons and holes (d) neither electrons nor holes
3. In a p-type semiconductor, the current conduction is due to—
(a) holes (b) protons
(c) electrons (d) neutrons
4. What happens to the resistance of semiconductors on heating?
(a) Increases
(b) decreases
(c) Remains same
(d) First decreases than increase
5. A half wave rectifier circuit is constructed using a p-n function diode D,
load resistance R and AC source as shown below:

R
V ~

184
 The output current through R varies as—
(a) I (b) I

t t

(c) (d)
I I

t t

Answers
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4.(b) 5. (b)

185
186
 lattice.

pure
Give two examples each of
(i) elemental (ii) compound inorganic semiconductors
(iii) compound organic semiconductors

On the basis of energy band diagrams, distinguish between metals,

insulators and semiconductors.

187
 Draw the characteristic (V-I) curve of a junction diode. Write down in
your graph the approximate values of voltage and current. On the basis of
your graph, explain how a junction diode works in forward biasing and
reverse biasing.

188
1.

The circuit shown in the figure contains two diodes each with a forward
resistance of 50 ohm and with infinite reverse resistance. If the battery
voltage is 6 V, Find the current through the 100 ohm resistance (in ampere).
D1 150

D2 50

6v 100

0.02A

photodiode

189
190
 Assertion - Reason question ( Semiconductor)
1. Assertion : A pure semiconductor has negative temperature coefficient.
Reason : On increasing temperature, charge carriers are generated.
2. Assertion : In the given diagram, the ammeter will NOT show any reading
(consider diode to be ideal)

Reason : An ideal diode offers infinite resistance in forward bias.

3. Assertion: Electron has higher mobility than hole in a semi-conductor
Reason: The mass of electron is less than hole.

4. Assertion: A p-type semi-conductor is a positive type crystal

Reason: A p-type semi -conductor is an uncharged crystal

5. Assertion : In a n-type semiconductor holes are majority carriers & electrons

are minority carriers.
Reason : The net charge on a p-type semiconductor is positive.

Case Study Question

When an intrinsic semiconductor is doped with group-15 and group-13
elements we get a new semiconductor called extrinsic semiconductor. Adding
impurities to extrinsic semiconductors is called doping, when the two
extrinsic semiconductors are joined the resultant device is called junction
diode. Applying suitable voltage across a diode is called biasing . There are
two types of biasing- forward biasing and reverse biasing. We have different
types of special purpose diodes used in specific biasing mode according to the
purpose.

191
1. When X is added in a pure silicon we get a p-type semiconductor. The X is-
a) Carbon
b) Germanium
c) Indium
d) Arsenic
2. An intrinsic semiconductor is doped with an impurity, the resultant
semiconductor contains electron as mojority carrier- The impurity is-
a) Aluminum
b) Indium
c) Phosphorous
d) Carbon
3. Ideal diode has resistance of _____ Ω in forward biasing
a) 10
b) 0
c)
d) 100
4. In which of the following figure, the diode is forward biased -

a) +5V

b)
-5V

c) -5V

d) +15V
+5V

192
5. Which of the following is true for a diode in forward bias-
a) The width of depletion layer is increased
b) The height of potential barrier is decreased
c) The conduction is due to minority charge carriers
d) The junction resistance is increased
Answers Assertion-Reasoning Questions
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)
Case study questions
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)

3.

193
 PRACTICE QUESTION PAPER(SOLVD)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS (THEORY)
Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 Hours
General Instructions:
(1) There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(2) This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B. Sect; C, Section D
and Section E.
(3) All the sections are compulsory.
(4) Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Asser Reasoning
based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each,
Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains
two case study based question four marks each and Section E contains three
long arts questions of five marks each.
(5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has b provided in one
question in Section B, one question in Section C. question in each CBQ in
Section D and all three questions in Sec E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such question
(6) Use of calculators is not allowed.
(7) You may use the following values of physical constants w necessary
(i) c = 3 × 108m/s
(ii) me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
(iii) e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
(iv) µ0 = 4 × 10–7 TmA–1
(v) h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js
(vi) 0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2
(vii) Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 1023 per gram mole

SECTION-A
1. A capacitor of capacitance C has charge Q and stored energy is W. If the c
increased to 2 Q, the stored energy will be

W W
(a) (b) (c) 2W (d) 4W
4 2

194 [Class XII : Physics]

2. There is an electric field in the X-direction. If the work done in moving a charge
of 0.2 C through a distance of 2 m along a line making an angle of 60° with
X-axis is 4 J, then what is the value of E ?

(a) 3 NC –1 (b) 4NC–1

(c) 5 NC–1 (d) 20 NC–1

3. A photo sensitive metallic plate exposed to white light emits electrons. For
which of the following colours of light, the stopping potential will be minimum?
(a) Blue (b) Yellow
(c) Red (d) Violet
4. To explain his theory, Bohr used
(a) Conservation of linear momentum
(b) Quantization of angular momentum
(c) Conservation of quantum frequency
(d) None of these
5. Susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance is
(a) > 1 (b) < 1
(c) zero (d) 1
6. If resistance of a galvanometer is 6  and it can measure a maximum current of
2 A. Then required shunt resistance to convert it into an ammeter reading up to
6 A, will be
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 3 (d) 5
7. An alpha particle is moving along negative z axis with a constant speed. If a
uniform Magnetic Field is applied along positive x axis then find the direction
of acceleration experienced by alpha particle
(a) Negative z axis (b) Positive z axis
(c) Positive y axis (d) Negative y axis

[Class XII : Physics] 195

8. The ratio of time period of  particle to that of proton circulating with same
speed in the same uniform magnetic field is

(a) 2 :1 (b) 1: 2

(c) 1 :2 (d) 2:1

9. The core of transformer is laminated to
(a) prevent it from moisture (b) prevent it from noise
(c) prevent it from heat (d) reduce the loss of energy.
10. Which radiations are used in treatment of muscles ache?
(a) infrared (b) ultraviolet
(c) microwave (d) X-rays.
11. The current I in a coil varies with time as shown in the figure. The variation of
induced emf e with time would be

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

196 [Class XII : Physics]

12. The longest wavelength in Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum will be
(a) 6557 A (b) 1216 A
(c) 4800 A (d) 5600 A
For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given -one labelled Assertion (A)
and other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
from the options as given below.

(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but fceaion is not the correct explana-
tion of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
13. Assertion. A photon has no rest mass, yet it carries definite momentum.
Reason. Momentum of photon is due to its energy and hence its equivalent
mass.
14. Assertion. At a fixed temperature, silicon will have a minimum conductivity
when it has a smaller acceptor doping.
Reason. The conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor is slightly higher than
that of a lightly doped p-type.
15. Assertion. A metallic shield in the form of a hollow shell may be built to block
an electric field.
Reason. In a hollow spherical shield, the electric field inside it is zero at every
point.
16. Assertion. Endoscopy involves use of optical fibres to study internal organs.
Reason. Optical fibres are based on phenomenon of total internal reflection.

SECTION-B
17. Draw the circuit diagram of a junction diode as a half-wave rectifier. Draw the
input and output waveforms.
[Class XII : Physics] 197
18. Work function of sodium is 2.3 eV. Does sodium show photoelectric emission
for orange light ( = 6800 Å) ? Given h = 5.63 × 10–34Js.
19. Calculate the value of the angle of incidence when a ray of light incident on one
face of an equilateral glass prism produces the emergent ray, which just grazes
along the adjacent face. Refractive index of the prism is 2.
20. When 5 V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, the drift
speed of electrons is 2.5 × 10–4m / s. If the electron density in the wire is
8 × 1028m–3, calculate the resistivity of the material of wire.
21. How will the magnifying power of a refracting type astronomical telescope be
affected on increasing for its eyepiece (i) the focal length and (ii) the aperture?
Justify your answer.
OR
In a telescope, the objective has a large aperture while the eyepiece has a small
aperture. Why?
SECTION-C
22. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon (B.E./nucleon) in the nuclei of 31
15
P
Given:

 15
31
P   30.97376 amu, m  10 n   1.00865 amu

m  11 H   1.00782 amu

23. Find the P.E. associated with a charge

‘q’ if it were present at the point P
with respect to the ‘set-up’ of two
charged spheres, arranged as shown
in Figure. Here O is the mid-point of
the line O1O2.

198 [Class XII : Physics]

24. The energy of the electron, in the hydrogen atom, is known to be expressible in
the form

13.6eV
En   n  1, 2, 3...
n2

Use this expression to show that the

(i) electron in the hydrogen atom cannot have an energy of- 6.8 eV.
(ii) spacing between the lines (consecutive energy levels) with in the given set
of the observed hydrogen spectrum decreases as n increases.
25. In the given circuit, with steady current,
calculate the potential difference across the
capacitor and the charge stored in it.

26. Apply Biot-Savart law to find the magnetic field due to a circular current carrying
loop at a point on the axis of the loop.
27. Name the e.m. waves having the wavelength ranges :
(a) 10 nm to 10–3 nm (b) 10–7m to 10–9 m
(c) 0.1 m to 1 mm
How are these waves generated? Write their two uses.
28. Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a long solenoid. State the factors
on which the self inductance of a coil depends.
OR
A metal disc of radius R rotates with an angular velocity  about an axis
perpendicular to its plane passing through its centre in a magnetic field B acting
perpendicular to the plane of the disc. Calculate the induced emf between the
rim and the axis of the disc.

[Class XII : Physics] 199

 SECTION-D
Case Study Based Questions
29. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow
A pure semiconductor germanium or silicon, free of every impurity is called
intrinsic semiconductor. At room temperature, a pure semiconductor has very
small number of current carriers (electrons and holes) Hence its conductivity is
low.
When the impurity atoms of valance five or three are doped in a pure
semiconductor, we get respectively n-type or p- type extrinsic semiconductor.
In case of doped semiconductor ne.nh = ni2. Where ne and nh are the number
density of electron and hole charge carriers in a pure semiconductor. The
conductivity of extrinsic semiconductor is much higher than that of intrinsic
semiconductor.
(i) Which of the following statements is not true?

a. The resistance of intrinsic semiconductor decreases with increase of tem-

perature.
b. Doping pures Si with trivalent impurities gives p- type semiconductors.
c. The majority charges in n-type semiconductors are holes.
d. A p-n junction can act as semiconductor diode.
(ii) The impurity atoms with which pure Si should be doped to make a p-type
semiconductor is
a. Phosphorus b. Boron
c. Arsenic d. Antimony
(iii) Holes are majority charge carriers in
a. Intrinsic semiconductors.
b. Ionic Solids
c. p-type semiconductors
d. Metals

200 [Class XII : Physics]

(iv) At absolute zero, Si acts as
a. Non- metal b. Metal
c. Insulator d. None of these
30. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow
Optical fibres: Now-a-days optical fibres are extensively used for transmitting
audio and video signals through long distances. Optical fibres too make use of
the phenomenon of total internal reflection. Optical fibres are fabricated with
high quality composite glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists of a core and
cladding. The refractive index of the material of the core is higher than that of
the cladding. When a signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the
fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections along
the length of the fibre and finally comes out at the other end. Since light
undergoes total internal reflection at each stage, there is no appreciable loss in
the intensity of the light signal. Optical fibres are fabricated such that light
reflected at one side of inner surface strikes the other at an angle larger than the
critical angle. Even if the fibre is bent, light can easily travel along its length.
Thus, an optical fibre can be used to act as an optical pipe.

(i) Which of the following statement is not true.

(a) Optical fibres is based on the principle of total internal reflection.

(b) The refractive index of the material of the core is less than that of the clad-
ding.
(c) an optical fibre can be used to act as an optical pipe.
(d) there is no appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal while propa-
gating through an optical fibre.

[Class XII : Physics] 201

(ii) What is the condition for total internal reflection to occur?

(a) angle of incidence must be equal to the critical angle.

(b) angle of incidence must be less than the critical angle.
(c) angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.
(d) None of the above.
(iii) Which of the following is not an application of total internal reflection?
(a) Mirage
(b) Sparkling of diamond
(c) Splitting of white light through a prism.
(d) Totally reflecting prism.
(iv) Optical fibres are used extensively to transmit
(a) Optical Signal
(b) current
(c) Sound waves
(d) None of the above
SECTION-E
31. Discuss the variation of the angle of deviation with that of the angle of incidence
for a ray of light passing through a prism. Derive an expression for the refractive
index of the material of a prism in terms of the angle of prism and the angle of
minimum deviation.
OR
(i) Find the ratio of intensities at two points in a screen in Young's double slit
experiment, when waves from the two slits have path difference of (a) 0 and (b)
/4.
(ii) Deduce an expression for fringe width in Young's double slit experiment

202 [Class XII : Physics]

 SECTION-E

32. (i) Define electrical capacitance of conductor. On which factors does it

depend?
(ii) Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination of capacitors between
the points A and B as shown in Figure. Also calculate the total charge that
flows in the circuit when a 100 V battery is connected between the points A
and B.

OR
(i) Derive an expression for the potential energy of a dipole in a uniform elec-
tric field. Discuss the conditions of stable and unstable equilibrium.
(ii) Three charges - q, + Q and - q are placed at equal distances on a straight
line. If the potential energy of the system of three charges is zero, find the
ratio Q/q.
33. (i) What is a transformer? Explain the principle with diagram of a transformer.
(ii) Write any two ways of energy losses in a transformer?
(iii) The primary coil of an ideal step-up transformer has 100 turns and the trans-
formation ratio is also 100. The input voltage and the power are 220 V and
1100 W respectively. Calculate :
(a) number of turns in the secondary
(b) the current in the primary

[Class XII : Physics] 203

 OR
(i) What do you mean by the resonance condition of a series LCR-circuit ?
Calculate its resonant frequency.
(ii) A resistor of 50 ohm, an inductor of (20 /) H and a capacitor of (5/)µF are
connected in series to a voltage source 230 V, 50 Hz. Find the impedance of
the circuit.
(iii) What will be the readings in the voltmeter and ammeter of the circuit shown
in Figure?

204 [Class XII : Physics]

 PRACTICE PAPER (SOLVED)
(SOLUTION)
SECTION A
1. [d] As Energy depends directly on square of charge stored in the capacitor.
2. [d] Here q = 0.2 C, s = 2m, 9 = 60°, W = 4J But W = Fscos = qEscos
E = 20NC–1.
3. [c] Red
4. [b] To explain his theory, Bohr used quantization of angular momentum.
5. [a] Susceptibility of ferromagnetic substance is greater than 1
6. [c] lg × G = Is × S 2×6=4×S S = 3.
7. [d] Negative Y axisF = q (v × B) = (–z) X (+x) = –y

2 m T m q p 4m p e
8. [d] T   .  .  2 :1
qB Tp m p qx m p 2e

9. (d) reduce the loss of energy.

10. [a] Infrared

dt
11. (a)  = – L
dt

T dI
0 to , = +ve constant,  = –ve constant
4 dt
T T dI
to ,  0,   0
4 2 dt
T 3T dI
to ,  ve constant,    ve constant
2 4 dt

3T dI
to T,  0,   0 .
4 dt

[Class XII : Physics] 205

12. [a] For longest wavelength in Balmer series, n1 = 2 and n2 = 3.
1 1 1 1 1
 R  2  2   1.098  107  2  2 
  n1 n2  2 3 
36  107
 m
5  1.098
= 6577 × 10–10m
= 6557 Å.
13. (a) The moving mass m of a photon is given by
E hv
E = mc2 = hv  m 
c2 c2
hv h
Momentum, p = mc =  .
c 
14. (c) The conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor is less than that of a lightly
doped semiconductor.
15. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
the assertion.
16. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
17. Circuit Diagram

206 [Class XII : Physics]

18. Energy of a photon of orange ligth is

hc 6.63  1034  3  108

E 
 68  108

6.63  1034  3  108

= eV  1.83eV
68  10 8  1.6  1019

As the energy of a photon of orange light is less than the work function of
sodium (2.3 eV) so sodium does not show photoelectric emission with orange
light.
19. As shown in the figure, let r2 be the angle of incidence at face AC. For the
grazing ray RC, the angle of emergence, e = 90°.

sin 90 1
µ=   2
sin r2 sin r2

1
or sin r2  r2  45
2

But r1  r2  A or r1  45  60

r1 = 15°
Let i be the angle of incidence at face AB. Then,

[Class XII : Physics] 207

 sin i sin i
µ = sin r or 2  sin15
1

 I  sin 1 ( 2 sin15).

1 1
20. R =   and I  enAvd  V = RI =  .enAvd
A A

V
Or  
envd l

5
= 19 28
1.6  10  8  10  2.5  104  0.1

= 1.26 × 105 m.

f0
21. (i) As m  , so that magnifying decreases when focal length of eyepiece
fe
increases.
(ii) Magnifying power is not affected by the increase in. aperture of the eyepiece.
OR
The objective of large aperture has a large light gathering capacity and it forms
bright images of even distant faint stars. Moreover, the large aperture of the
objective increases the resolving power of the telescope.
The eyepiece of small aperture is taken so that entire light forming the final
image may enter the small pupil of the eye and a brighter image is seen.
31
22. The nucleus 15 P contains 15 protons and 16 neutrons.

Mass of 15 protons = 15 × 1.00782 = 15.1173 amu

Mass of 16 neutrons = 16 × 1.00865 = 16.1384 amu
Total mass = 31.2557 amu 31
31
Mass of 15 P nucleus = 30.97376 amu 15

208 [Class XII : Physics]

 Mass defect, m = 0.28194 amu
m × 931 MeV = 0.28194 × 931 = 262.436 MeV

262.486
B.E./nucleon   8.47 MeV
31

23. r1  O1P  r 2  (2a  b) 2

r1  O 2 P  r 2  ( a  2b) 2

Potential at point P due to Q1 and Q2 is

1  Q1 Q2 
V 
4 0  r1 r2 
P.E. associated with charge q at point P,
q  Q1 Q2 
U  qV    2 2 12 
4 0 [r  (2a  b) ]
2 2 12
[r  (a  2b) ] 

13.6eV
24. Given En  En  
n2

Putting n = 1, 2, 3......., we get

13.6
E1 =   13.6eV ;
12

13.6
E2 =   3.4eV
22

J 3.6
E3 =   1.51eV ;
32

13.6
E4 =  0.85V
42

16.6
E =   0 eV
2

[Class XII : Physics] 209

 (i) Clearly, an electron in the hydrogen atom cannot have an energy of –6.8 eV
(ii) As the value of n increases, the energy difference between two consecutive
energy levels decreases.
25. In the steady state (when the capacitor is fully charged), no current flows through
the arm BE. In the loop ABCDEFA,

Net emf (12  6)

I=   2A
Total resistance 2 1

Now, VAF = VBE

or 6 – 1 × 2 = 6 – VC
 VC = 2V
Charge stored in the capacitor,
Q = CV = 5µF × 2V = 5µC
26. Let the plane of the loop be perpendicular to the plane of paper. We wish to find
field B at an axial point P at a distance r from the centre C.

Consider a current element d! at the top of the loop. It has an outward coming
current.

If s be the position vector of point P relative to the element dl , then from Biot-

0 Idl sin 
Savart law, the field at point P due to the current element is dB = .
4 s2

210 [Class XII : Physics]

    Idl
Since dl  s , i.e., 9 =90°, therefore dB  0 . 2
4 s

The field dB lies in the plane of paper and is perpendicular to s, as shown by

PQ . Let  be the angle between OP and CP. Then dB can be resolved into two
rectangular components.
dB sin  along the axis,
dB cos  perpendicular to the axis

B   dB sin 

a µ Idl
But sin = and dB  0 . 2
s 4 s

0 Idl a
B , ,
4 s 2 s
Since µ0 and I are constant, and s and a are same for all points on the circular
loop, we have
0 Ia 0 Ia 0 Ia 2
4 s 3 
B= dl  .2 a 
4 s3 2s3

0 Ia 2
or B = [ s  (r 2  a 2 )1/2 ]
2(r  a )
2 2 3/ 2

 0 Ia 2
B iˆ
2(r 2  a 2 )3/ 2
As the direction of the field is along +ve X-direction, so we can write
 0 Ia 2
B iˆ
2(r 2  a 2 )3/ 2

0 Ia 2
If the coil consists of N turns, then B = B 
2(r 2  a 2 )3/ 2

[Class XII : Physics] 211

27. Wavelength EM waves Production Uses
range
Bombarding (i) In medical diagnosis
10 nm to 10–3 nm X-rays high energy (ii) In the study of
electrons on a crystal structure.
metal target/
inner shell
electrons.

Movements of (i) In LASIK eye

10 mto 10 m
–7 –9
Ultraviolet inner shell surgery.
rays electrons from (ii) ln UV lamps to kill
higher to lower germs in water purifiers.
energy leveli, in
atoms

0.1 m to 1 mm Microwaves Klystron or (i) In radar systems

magnetron (ii) In microwave -
valve and Gunn ovens
diode

28. Self-inductance of a long solenoid. Consider a long solenoid of length I and

radius r with r << I and having n turns per unit length. If a current I flows
through the coil, then the magnetic field inside the coil is almost constant and
is given by
B = µ0nIA
Magnetic flux linked with each turn
= BA = µ0nIA
where A = r2 = the cross-sectional area of the solenoid.
 Magnetic flux linked with the entire solenoid is
= Flux linked with each turn × total number of turns

212 [Class XII : Physics]

 = µ0nIA × nl = µ0n2IAl
But = LI
Self-inductance of the long solenoid is
L = µ0n2 lA
If N is the total number of turns in the solenoid, then n = N/l and so

0 N 2 A
L=
l

If the coil is wound over a material of high relative magnetic permeability ur

(e.g., soft iron), then

 r 0 n 2lA
L =  r 0 n lA
2

Factors on which self-inductance depends. Obviously, the self-inductance of a

solenoid depends on its geometry and magnetic permeability of the core material.
1. Number of turns. Larger the number of turns in the solenoid, larger is its self-
inductance. L  N2
2. Area of cross-section. Larger the area of cross-section of the solenoid, larger is
its self-inductance.
LA
3. Permeability of the core material. The self inductance of a solenoid increases
µr times if it is wound over an iron core of relative permeability µ r.
OR
Consider a disc of radius R rotating in a transverse magnetic field B with
frequency f in time period T the disc completes one revolution.
Change in flux = B × Area swept = B ×  R2

Change flux
Induced emf =
Time

[Class XII : Physics] 213

  R 2  1 
   R 2 f  f  T 
T  

  1 2
As f  ,  B   R2 .  BR 
2 2 2

29. (i) (c) The majority Charge carriers in n-type semiconductor as holes
(ii) (b) BORON
(iii) (c) p-type semiconductors
(iv) (c) Insulators
30. (i) (b)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (c)
(iv) (a)
31. The minimum value of the
angle of deviation suffered
by a ray on passing through
a prism is called the angle
of minimum deviation and
is denoted by m.
Relation between refractive
index and angle of
minimum deviation. When
a prism is in the position of
minimum deviation, a ray
of light passes symmetri-
cally (parallel to the base)
through the prism so that
i = i', r = r',  = m
As A +  = i+ i'

214 [Class XII : Physics]

 A  m
A + m = i + i or I =
2
Also A = r + r' = r + r = 2r
A
 r 
2
From Snell's law, the refractive index of the material of the prism will be

A  m
sin i sin
µ or   2
sin r A
sin
2

By measuring the values of A and m, with the help of a spectrometer, the
refractive index µ of the prism glass can be determined accurately.
OR
(i) Intensity at any point of an interference pattern is given by
I = 2I0 (1 + cos )
where I0 is the intensity of either wave.
Here P = 0,

2 P 2  
P =  . 
  4 2

Ip 1 + cos P 1  cos 0 1 1 2
      2 :1
IQ 1 + cosQ 1  cos  / 2 1  0 1

(ii) Derivation of fringe width

Consider a point P on the screen at distance × from the centre O. The nature of
the interference at the point P depends on path difference,
p = S 2P – S 1P
From right-angled S2BP and S1AP, S2P2 – S1P2 = [S2B2 + PB2] – [S1A2 + PA2]

[Class XII : Physics] 215

  2  d   2 
2
d 
2

=  D  x   D  x 
    
2     
2 

32. (S2P – S1P)(S2P + S1P) = 2 xd

2 xd
or S2P–S1P = s P  S P
2 1

In practice, the point P lies very close to 0, therefore

S1P  S2P  D. Hence

2 xd
p = S 2P – S 1P =
2D

xd
or p =
D

Positions of bright fringes. For- constructive interference,

dx
P  n
D

nD
or x = where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
d

216 [Class XII : Physics]

 Clearly, the positions of various bright fringes are as follows:
For n = 0, x0 = 0 Central bright fringe

D
For n = 1, x1 = First bright fringe
d

2D
For n =2, x2= Second bright fringe
d

nD th
For n =n, xn = n bright fringe
d

Positions of dark fringes. For destructive interference,

dx 
P=  (2n  1)
D 2

D
or x = (2n – 1) where n = 1, 2, 3.....
2d

Clearly, the positions of various dark fringes are as follows :

1 D
For n = 1, x1  First dark fringe
2 d
3 D
For n = 2, x2  Second dark fringe
2 d

D
For n = n, xn  (2n  1) nth dark fringe
2d

Since the central point O is equidistant from S1 and S2, the path difference p for
it is zero. There will be a bright fringe at the centre O. But as we move from O
upwards or downwards, alternate dark and bright fringes are formed.
Fringe width. It is the separation between two successive bright or dark fringes,
Width of a dark fringe = Separation between two consecutive bright fringes
nD ( n  1) D D
xn  xn 1   
d d d
[Class XII : Physics] 217
 Width of a bright fringe
= Separation between two consecutive dark fringes

= X n  xn 1

D D D
** = (2n  1)  [2(n  1)  1] 
2d 2d d

Clearly, both the bright and dark fringes are of equal width.
Hence the expression for the fringe width in Young's double slit experiment
can be written as

D
=
d

Charge
32. (i) Capacitance =
Potential

the capacitance of a conductor may defined as the charge required to increase

the potential of the conductor by unit amount.
The capacitance of a conductor is the measure of its capacity to hold a large
amount of charge without running a high potential. It depends upon the following
factors:
Size and shape of the conductor.
Nature (permittivity) of the surrounding medium.
Presence of the other conductors in its neigh-bourhood.
(ii) Here three capacitors of 60 uF
each are connected in series.
Their equivalent capacitance C1
is given by

1 1 1 1 3 1
    
C1 60 60 60 60 20

218 [Class XII : Physics]

 or C = 20 µF
The given arrangement now reduces to the equivalent circuit shown.
Clearly, the three capacitors of 10 µF, 10 µF and 20 µF are in parallel. Their
equivalent capacitance is
C2 = 10 + 10 + 20 = 40 µF
Now the circuit reduces to the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2.60(b). We
have two capacitors of 40 µF each connected in series. The equivalent
capacitance between A and B is

40  40
C  20 µF
40  40

Given V= 100 V
Charge, q = CV =20 µF × 100 V = 2000 µC = 2 mC
OR
 
(i) Two equal and opposite forces  q E and  q E act on its two ends. The two
forces form a couple. The torque exerted by the couple will be

  qE  2 a sin   pE sin 
where q × 2a = p, is the dipole moment.

If the dipole is rotated through a small angle d against the torque acting on it,
then the small work done is dW =  d = pE sin  d

[Class XII : Physics] 219

 The total work done in rotating the dipole from its orientation making an angle
1, with the direction of the field to 2 will be
θ2
W   dW   pE sin  d  pE[ cos]12  pE(cos 1  cos  2 )
θ1

This work done is stored as the potential energy U of the dipole.

U  pE(cosθ1  cosθ 2 )

If initially the dipole is oriented perpendicular to the direction of the field

(1 = 90°) and then brought to some orientation making an angle  with the
field (2 = ), then potential energy of the dipole will be
U = pE (cos 90° – cos ) = pE (0 – cos )
 
or U = – pE cos  = P . E

Special Cases
1. Position of stable equilibrium.
When  – 0°, U = –pE cos 0° = – pE
2. Position of zero energy. When  = 90°,
U = –pE cos 90° = 0.
3. Position of unstable equilibrium. When  =180°,
U = –pE cos 180° = + pE
(ii) suppose the three charges are placed at points A, B and C respectively on a
straight line, such that AB = BC = r.

220 [Class XII : Physics]

 As the total P.E. of the system is zero, so

1   qQ ( q)( q) Q(  q) 
  0
4 0  r 2r r 

q q
Q   Q  0 or 2Q  or
2 2

Q 1
  1: 4.
d 4

33. (i) A transformer is an electrical device for converting an alternating current at

low voltage into that at high voltage or vice versa.
Principle. It works on the principle of mutual induction, i.e., when a changing
current is passed through one of the two inductively coupled coils, an induced
emf is set up in the other coil.

(ii) (any two)

1. Copper loss. Some energy is lost due to heating of copper wires used in the
primary and secondary windings. This power loss (= l2R) can be minimised by
using thick copper wires of low resistance.
2. Eddy current loss. The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the
iron core which leads to some energy loss in the form of heat. This loss can be
reduced by using laminated iron core.
[Class XII : Physics] 221
3. Hysteresis loss. The alternating current carries the iron core through cycles of
magnetisation and demagnetisation. Work is done in each of these cycles and is
lost as heat. This is called hysteresis loss and can be minimised by using core
material having narrow hysteresis loop.
4. Flux leakage. The magneto flux produced by the primary may not hilly pass
through the secondary. Some of the flux may leak into air. This loss can be
minimised by winding the primary and secondary coils over one another.
5. Humming loss. As the transformer works, its core lengthens and shortens during
each cycle of the alternating voltage due to a phenomenon called magnetostric-
tion. This gives rise to a humming sound. So some of the electrical energy is
lost in the form of humming sound.

(iii) Here N1  100, 1  220V , P1  1100 W

N2
(a) Transformation ratio, k  N  100
1

 N 2  100 N1  100  100  10, 000

P1 1100
(b) I1    220  5A
1

OR
(i) Resonance condition of a series LCR-circuit. A series LCR-circuit is said to be
in the resonance condition when the current through it has its maximum value.
The current amplitude l0 for a series LCR-circuit is given by
0
I0 
2
 I 
R2   L  
 C 
Clearly, 10 becomes zero both for   0 and   . The value of 10 is
1 1
maximum when  L   0 or  
C LC

222 [Class XII : Physics]

  1 
Then impedance, Z = R2   L   R
 C 

Cleariy the impedance is minimum. The circuit is purely resistive. The current
andI voltage are in the same Dhase and the current in the circuit is maximum.
This condition of the LCR-circuit s called resonance condition. The frequency
at which the current amplitude l„ attains a peak value, s called natural or resonant
frequency of the LCR-circuit and is denoted by fr,

1 1
Thus  r  2 f r  or f r 
LC 2 LC

The current amplitude at resonant frequency will be I 0 

0
R

20
(ii) Here R  50, L  H,


5 5
C µF   106 F ,  eff  230V , f  50 Hz
 

20
X L  2 f L   2   50  2000


1 1
XC    2000
c  2 f (5 /  )  10  2    50
6

Z= R 2  ( X L  X C )2

= (50)2  (2000  2000) 2

= 2500  50

[Class XII : Physics] 223

(iii) Impedance of the circuit is

Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  452  (4  4) 2  45

 rms 90
Reading; of the ammeter = lrms =   2A
z 45

Reading of the voltmeter

= ( X L  X C )lrms  (4  4)  2  0

224 [Class XII : Physics]

 PRACTICE QUESTION PAPER(SOLVD)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS (THEORY)
Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 Hours
General Instructions:

Same as practice question paper (Solved)

SECTION-A
1. Electro static potential at any point 'x' is given by v = –3x 2. Electric field at a
point 'A' whoes coordinates are (1, 0, 0) m, is
(a) –6 N/C (b) 6 N/C
(c) –3N/c (d) 3N/C
2. An electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field experiences a torque of
20 3 Nm. If its potential energy is –60J, the angle dipole makes with electric
field is—
(a) 45° (b) 60°
(c) 30° (d) 90°
3. Which of the following metals will show photolectric effect when illuminated
by visible light-
(a) Caesium (b) Sodium
(c) Potassium (d) All the three
4. The shortest wave length present in the Paschen series of spectral lines is—
(R = Rydberg’s constant)
144 9
(a) (b)
7R R
4 36
(c) (d)
R 5R
5. An electron moving with Kinetic energy ‘K’ in a region of uniform magnetic
field 'B'. If magnitude of magnetis field in doubled, then new KE will be
(a) 2K (b) K
(c) k/2 (d) 4K

[Class XII : Physics] 225

6. The magnetic susceplibibly of a magnetic material has some positive value.
The material can be—
(a) Diamagnetic (b) Paramagnetic
(c) Ferromagnetic (d) Both paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
7. A galnometer of resistance 'G' is converted into an ammeter of resistance 'R'.
The shunt used has a resistance 'S' given by
(a) S = G + R
(b) S = R – G
RG
(c) S =
GR

RG
(d) S =
GR

8. Which of the following is NOT true for magnetic field lines-

(a) Magentic lines can not intersect each other
(b) Magnetic lines never form on closed loop
(c) Meghetic lines are more crowded in a region of strong magnetic field
(d) All are incorrect
9. Transformation ratio of an ideal tramsformer is less than one, then—
(a) Current flowing in primary coil is more than current in secondary coil
(b) Current flowing in primary coil is less than current in secondary coil
(c) Input power is loss than output power
(d) Input voltage is less than output voltage
10. Electromagnetic waves are produced by—
(a) Static charge only
(b) a charge moving with constant speed only
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) an acceleratign charge only

226 [Class XII : Physics]

11. In a coil, emf is induced by changing magnetic flux through it. The Variation of
magnetic flux with time is shown in the given graph. The emf induced in the
coil at t = 1s is
(a) –25V


(b) –50V
50

(c) –100V
25

(d) –150V
0 1 2 3
t(5)

12. An electron revolving in the ground state of hydrogne atom has de-Broglic
wavelenth ‘ ’. When electron makes a transition to second excited state, its
deBroglie wavelength would be—
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c)  (d) 4
For questions 13 to 16, two statemetns are given – one labelled.
Assortion (A) and other labelled Reason (R). Select the current answer to these
questions from the options as given below—

(a) If both Assortion and Reason are true and reason is correct explanation of
Assertion
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true and reason in NOT the correct expla-
nation of Assertion
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
13. Assertion: All the photo electrons emitted from a metal surface during photo
electric effect do not have same energy.
Reason : The Kinetic energy of photo electrons doesnot depend on the intensity
of radiation incidenting on the metal surface.

[Class XII : Physics] 227

14. Assertion : Carbon, Silicon and Germenium have same lattie structure yet carbon
is insulator but Silicon and germanium are intrinsic semiconductor.
Reason : The 4-bonding electrons of carbon are more tightly bound to nucleus
than in silicon and germenium atom.
15. Assertion : Electro static force between two given charges kept at given distance
is maximum in vacuum.
Reason : The dielectric constant of vaccum has maximum value.
16. Assertion : Focal length of a concave mirror is increased when air is replaced
by water.
Reason : The speed of light is increased when travels from air into water.

SECTION-B
17. Explain formation of deplation region in a p-n junction.
18. Photoemission occurs when a surface is irradrated with the radiation of frequency
v1 and v2. The maximum KE of electrons emitted for two frequencies are K and
2K respectively obtain expression of threshold frequency.
19. A ray of light is incident on a prism at an angle of
456 and passes symmetrically as shown in figure. 45° 60°

Calcualte-
(i) Angle of minimum deviatien
(ii) Refractive index of prism 60°

20. The temperature coefficient of a resistance wire is 0.00125 °C –1. At 300K, its
resistance is 1 . At what temperature the resistance of the wire will be 2?
21. Modern telescopes use a concave mirror rather than a lens for objective. Write
two reasons.
OR
A compound microscope consits of an objective and eye piece. The
magnification produced by the microscope is 250. If magnification produced
by objective is 20, calcalate focal length of eye-peice when final image in formed
at infinily.

228 [Class XII : Physics]

 SECTION-C
22. In a fission event of 92U238 by fast moving neutrons, no neutrons are emitted and
final products are 58Ce140 and 44Ru99 after some decay process. Calculate Q-
value for this process neglectingthe masses of electron & positron emitted during
intermediate steps.
Given - m  92 U 238   238.05079u; m  58 Ce140   139.90543 u

m  44 Ru 99   98.90594u; m  0 n1   1.008665 u
Deuterium undergoes fusion reaction as shown—

1 H 2  1H 2  2 He3  0 n1  2.27MeV
Find the duration for which an electric-bulb of 500W can be kept glowing by
fusion of 100 g of deuterium.

23. (a) Two point charges +Q1 and – Q2 are placed L distance apart, obtian an
expression for work done in bringing a third charge Q3 from infinity to the
mid point of line joining two charges.
(b) At what distance from charge Q1 on the line joining two charges will this
work done be zero?
24. In Geiger-Marsdon experimetn, calculate the distance of closest approach for
an -particel with energy 2.56 × 10–12J. Consider that -particle approaches
gold nucleus (z = 79) in head on position.
25. 4 cells of identical emf ‘’, internal
resitance ‘r’, are connected in series V(volts)
to variable resistor. The foloowing
graph shows the variation of terminal
voltage of combination with current 5.6

output.
(i) What is emf of each cell used?
2.8
(ii) What in internal resistance of each
cell?

0.5 1 2.0
I(A)

[Class XII : Physics] 229

26. I. Draw a lebelled diagram of movign coil galenometer. Write its working
primuple and show that the scale of moving coil galvenometer is linear.
OR
Using Biot-Sarat law, deduce expression for magnetic field due to a current
carrying circular coil at any point on its axis.
27. Identify electronmagnetic waves which—
(i) are used in radar system
(ii) affect a photographic plate
(iii) are used in surgery
Write their frequency range
28. Define self inductance and write its SI unit. Mention the factors affecting self
inductance of a long solenoid.
SECTION-D
29. Read the passage given below and answer questions that follow:
A semiconductor doide is basically a p-n junction with metallic contacts provided
at ends for the application of external voltage. Applying some external voltage
across the diode is called biasing. The two types of biasing are forward biasing
and reverse biasing. An ideal diode is one which offers zero resistance in forward
biasing and infinite resistance in vererse biasing.
I. Which of the following graph represent V-I characteristics of a diode in
forward bias—

II. When a reverse bias is applied to a p-n junction it

(a) raises the potential barrier (b) increases width of deplection layer
(c) increase junction resistance (d) All these correct

230 [Class XII : Physics]

 III.In which of following figure, the p n function is forward blased?

(a) –5V (b)

–10V –5V

(c) (d) +15V

–5V

+5V

IV. In the given diagram, dcode D1 and D2 are idea diodes. Which of the
following is correct.
(a) Both the ammeters (A1) and (A2) will show deflection
(b) None of the ammders (A1) and (A2) will show deflection
(c) Only ammeter (A1) will show deflection
(d) Only ammder (A2) will show the deflection

A1 A2
5V

2 2

[Class XII : Physics] 231

 OR
In the given diagram,diodes D1 and D2 are ideal diodes. The ammeter reading
(when ammeter used is ideal) is
D1 D2 10

A1
10V

(a) zero (b) 10A

(c) 100 A (d) 1A
30. Read the paragraph given below and answer questions that follows Lens is a
transparent medium bunded by two refracting surfaces, at least one of which
must be spherical surface. The focal length of a lens is determined by its radii
of curvature and refractive index of lens and surrouding medium. Ability of a
lens to converge or diverge beam of light is called power of lens.
I. A point object is placed in air at a distance 'R' in front of a convex spherical
refracting surface of radius of curvalce 'R'. If the medium on the other side
of surface is glass then the image is-
(a) real and formed in glass
(b) real and formed in air
(c) virtual and formed is glass
(d) virtual and formed is air
II. The focal length of an equiconvey lens is f. When cut into two equal pieces
perpenduclar to principal axis the focal lenght of each half is-
(a) f (b) 2f
(c) f/2 (d) 4f
III. Focal length of a lens in air is 10 cm. When it is immersed in water, the
focal lenght will become. (µL = 3/2, µ = 4/3)

232 [Class XII : Physics]

 (a) 2.5 cm (b) 20 cm
(c) 40 cm (d) 5 cm
IV. Two convex of focal lengths 20 cm and 30 cm are kept in contact. The focal
length of combination is-
(a) 60 cm (b) 12 cm
(c) 50 cm (d) 10 cm

OR
Which of the following is ture-
(a) A convey lens is always a converging lens
(b) A concave lens is always a diverging lens
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)

SECTION-E

31. (a) Mention two essential condtron for total intenal reflection to occur.
(b) Write two uses of total internal reflection
(c) A point source of light is placed at the bottom of a tank filled with water, of
refractive index 'n' to a depth 'd'. Find the area of surface of water through
which light from source can emerge.
OR
(a) What are cohdent sources of light? How they can be produced?
(b) Using Huygen, principle explain snell Snell's law when light is travelling
from denser medium to rarer medium.
32. (a) Obtain expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capactor.
(b) What is the role of negative plate of the capacitor?
(c) The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with vacuum between the plates
is 20µF. When half the space between the plates is filled with a medium its
capactance becomes 80µF (as shown in figure). Calculate dielectric canstant
of the medium.

[Class XII : Physics] 233

 A B

OR
(a) Discuss limitation of Ohm's law.
(b) Two conductors of different materials are connected in series across d.c.
sources. The ratio of their lengths and area of cross section are 1 : 2 and
3 : 2 respectively. What should be the ratio of their electron density such
that they have same drift velocity of electrons flowing through them.
33. (a) When an a.c. source E = E0 sint is connected with a resistor R in series
with an element 'X', the current in the circuit is found to be I = I0 sin
(t + /4).
(i) Identify the element 'x' Justifying the answer
(ii) Find the impedance of the circuit
(iii) Calculate the peak current 'I0' flowing in the circuit
(iv) What change your need to make in the circuit to bring circuit in resonance?
OR
(a) A voctage source V = V0 sint is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive an
expression for average power dissipated over a cycle.
(b) Under what condition-
(i) no power is dissipated even thought the covent flows through the circuit?
(ii) Maximum power dissipated in the circuit.

234 [Class XII : Physics]

 Answers
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)
5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (b)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (d)
18. 2v1 – v2 19. (i) 30° (ii) 2 20. 1027 K

21. (i) lesser in weight (ii) free from spherical aberratirium

OR
fe = 2cm
22. 231.1 MeV
2 K (Q1  Q2 )Q3 LQ1
23. (a) W = (b) x =
L Q1  Q3
24. 1.42  1014 m
25. (i)  = 1.4 V
(ii) r = 0.7 
29. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (d)
OR (d)
30. (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
OR (d)
33. (i) X = capacitor 32. (c) K = 7 OR (b)
2:3
(ii) Z = R 2
E0
(iii) I 0 
R 2
(iv) By connecting an inductor such that XL = R
OR
(b) (i) When R = 0
(ii) Phase angle between current and voltage is zero.
[Class XII : Physics] 235
 PRACTICE QUESTION PAPER(SOLVD)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS (THEORY)
Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 Hours
General Instructions:
(1) There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(2) This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B. Sect; C, Section D
and Section E.
(3) All the sections are compulsory.
(4) Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Asser Reasoning
based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each,
Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains
two case study based question four marks each and Section E contains three
long arts questions of five marks each.
(5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has b provided in one
question in Section B, one question in Section C. question in each CBQ in
Section D and all three questions in Sec E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such question
(6) Use of calculators is not allowed.
(7) You may use the following values of physical constants w necessary
(i) c = 3 × 108m/s
(ii) me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
(iii) e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
(iv) µ0 = 4n × 10–7 TmA–1
(v) h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js
(vi) 0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2
(vii) Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 1023 per gram mole

SECTION-A
1. Which of the following is not the property of an equipotential surface?
(a) They do not cross each other.
(b) The work done in carrying a charge from one point to another on an equi-
potential surface is zero.
(c ) For a uniform electric field, they are concentric spheres,
(d) They can be imaginary spheres.

236 [Class XII : Physics]

2. An electric dipole placed in an electric field of intensity 2 × 10 5 N/C at an angle
of 30° experiences a torque equal to 4 Nm. The charge on the dipole of dipole
length 2 cm is
(a) 7 µC (b) 8 mC
(c) 2 mC (d) 5 mC
3. A metallic plate exposed to white light emits electrons. For which of the
following colours of light, the stopping potential will be maximum?
(a) Blue (b) Yellow
(c) Red (d) Violet
4. When alpha particles are sent through a thin gold foil, most of them go straight
through the foil, because
(a) alpha particles are positively charged
(b) the mass of an alpha particle is more than the mass of an electron
(c) most of the part of an atom is empty space
(d) alpha particles move with high velocity
5. An electron is moving along positive x-axis in a magnetic field which is parallel
to the positive y-axis. In what direction will the magnetic force be acting on the
electron?
(a) Along -x axis (b) Along -z axis
(c) Along +z axis (d) Along -y axis
6. The relative permeability of a substance X is slightly less than unity and that of
substance Y is slightly more than unity, then
(a) X is paramagnetic and Y is ferromagnetic
(b) X is diamagnetic and Y is ferromagnetic
(c) X and Y both are paramagnetic
(d) X is diamagnetic and Y is paramagnetic
7. An ammeter of resistance 0.81 ohm reads up to 1 A. The value of the required
shunt to increase the range to 10 A is
(a) 0.9 ohm (b) 0.09 ohm
(c) 0.03 ohm (d) 0.3 ohm

[Class XII : Physics] 237

8. An electron with angular momentum L moving around the nucleus has a
magnetic moment given by
(a) eL/2m (b) e L/3m
(c) e L/4m (d) eL/m
9. The large scale transmission of electrical energy over long distances is done
with the use of transformers. The voltage output of the generator is stepped-up
because of
(a) reduction of current (b) reduction of current and voltage both
(c) power loss is cut down (d) (a) and (c) both
10. The diagram below shows the electric field (E) and magnetic field (B)
components of an electromagnetic wave at a certain time and location.
B

The direction of the propagation of the electromagnetic wave is

(a) perpendicular to E and B and out of plane of the paper
(b) perpendicular to E and B and into the plane of the paper
(c) parallel and in the same direction as E
(d) parallel and in the same direction as B
11. In a coil of resistance 100  a current is induced by changing the magnetic flux
through it. The variation of current with time is as shown in the figure. The
magnitude of change in flux through coil is

(a) 200 Wb 10A

(b) 275 Wb I

(c) 225 Wb

(c) 250 Wb
t 0.5s

238 [Class XII : Physics]

 13.6
12. The energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom En  eV negative
n2
sign of energy indicates that
(a) electron is free to move.
(b) electron is bound to the nucleus.
(c) kinetic energy of electron is equal to potentic
(d) atom is radiating energy.
For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A)
and other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
from the options as

(a) If both Assertion and Reason-are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explana-
tion of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
13. Assertion (A): For the radiation of a frequency greater than the threshold
frequency, photoelectric current is proportional to the intensity of the radiation.
Reason (R) : Greater the number of energy quanta available, greater is the
number of electrons absorbing the energy quanta and greater is number of
electrons corning out of the metal.
14. Assertion (A) : Putting p type semiconductor slab directly in physical contact
with n type semiconductor slab cannot form the pn junction
Reason (R) : The roughness at contact will be much more than inter atomic
crystal spacing and continuous flow of charge carriers is not possible.
15. Assertion (A) : An electron has a higher potential energy when it is at a location
associated with a negative value of potential and has a lower potential energy
when at a location associated with a positive potential.
Reason (R) : Electrons move from a region of higher potential to a region of
lower potential.
[Class XII : Physics] 239
16. Assertion (A) : Propagation of light through an optical fibre is due to total
internal reflection taking place ai the core-cladding interface.
Reason (R) : Refractive index of the material of the cladding of the optical
fibre is greater than that of the core.
SECTION-B

17. (a) Name the device which utilizes unilateral action of a pn diode to convert ac
into dc.
(b) Draw the circuit diagram of full wave rectifier.
18. The wavelength A of a photon and the de Broglie wavelength of an electron of
mass m have the same value. Show that the energy of the photon is 2mc/h
times the kinetic energy of the electron, where c and h have their usual meanings.
19. A ray of monochromatic light passes through an equilateral glass prism in such
a way that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence and each of
these angles is 3/4 times the angle of the prism. Determine the angle of deviation
and the refractive index of the glass prism.
20. A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial
current of 3.2 A which settles after a few seconds to a steady value of 2.8 A.
What is the steady temperature of the heating element if the room temperature
is 27.0 °C and the temperature coefficient of resistance of nichrome is 1.70 ×
10–4 °C–1?
21. Show that the least possible distance between an object and its real image in a
convex lens is 4f, where f is the focal length of the lens.
OR
In an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment a straight black line of length
L is drawn on the objective lens. The eyepiece forms a real image of this line
whose length is l. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?
SECTION-C
22. A given coin has a mass of 3.0 g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would be
required to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. For simplicity
assume that the coin is entirely made of 6329Cu atoms (of mass 62.92960 u).
Given mP = 1.007825u and mn = 1.008665u.

240 [Class XII : Physics]

23. Charges (+q) and (–q) are placed at the points A and B respectively which are a
distance 2L apart. C is the midpoint between A and B. What is the work done in
moving a charge +Q along the semicircle CRD. R

A C B D

24. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is
about –3.4 eV.

(a) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?

(b) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?
(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of
potential energy is changed?
25. A wire of uniform cross-section and resistance 4 ohm is bent in the shape of
square ABCD. Point A is connected to a point P on DC by a wire AP of resistance
1 ohm. When a potential difference is applied between A and C, the points B
and P are seen to be at the same potential. What is the resistance of the part DP?
A B

D C
P
The given figure shows a long straight wire of a circular cross-section (radius
a) carrying steady current l. The current l is uniformly distributed across this
cross-section. Calculate the magnetic field in the region r < a and r > a.

[Class XII : Physics] 241

27. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which:

(a) produces heating effect,

(b) is absorbed by the ozone layer in the atmosphere,
(c) is used for studying crystal structure.
Write any one method of the production of each of the above radiations.
28. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its SI unit.
(b) Two circular loops, one of small radius rand other of larger radius R, such
that R >> r, are placed coaxially with centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual
inductance of the arrangement.
OR
Two long straight parallel current carrying conductors are kept 'a' distant apart
in air. The direction of current in both the conductors is same. Find the magnitude
of force per unit length and direction of the force between them. Hence define
one ampere.
SECTION-D
Case Study Based Questions
29. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
A semiconductor diode is basically a pn junction with metallic contacts provided
at the ends for the application of an external voltage. It is a two terminal device.
When an external voltage is applied across a semiconductor diode such that
p-side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and n-side to the
negative terminal, it is said to be forward biased. When an external voltage is
applied across the diode such that n-side is positive and p-side is negative, it is
said to be reverse biased. An ideal diode is one whose resistance in forward
biasing is zero and the resistance is infinite in reverse biasing. When the diode
is forward biased, it is found that beyond forward voltage called knee voltage,
the conductivity is very high. When the biasing voltage is more than the knee
voltage the potential barrier is overcome and the current increases rapidly with
increase in forward voltage. When the diode is reverse biased, the reverse bias
voltage produces a very small current about a few microamperes which almost

242 [Class XII : Physics]

 remains constant with bias. This small current is reverse saturation current.
(i) In the given figure, a diode D is connected to an external resistance
R = 100  and an ernf of 3.5 V. If the barrier potential developed across the
diode is 0.5 V. the current in the circuit will be:

(a) 40 mA (b) 20 mA
(c) 35 mA (d) 30 mA
(ii) In which of the following figures, the pn diode is reverse biased?
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) Based on the V-l characteristics of the diode, we can classify diode as
(a) bilateral device (b) ohmic device
(c) non-ohmic device (d) passive element
OR
Two identical PN junctions can be connected in series by three different methods
as shown in the figure. If the potential difference in the junctions is the same,
then the correct connections will be

[Class XII : Physics] 243

 (a) in the circuits (1) and (2) (b) in the circuits (2) and
(c) in the circuits (1) and (3) (d) only in the circuit (1)

IV.
The V-l characteristic of a diode is shown in the figure. The ratio of the resistance
of the diode at I = 15 mA to the resistance at V = –10 V is
(a) 100 (b) 106
(c) 10 (d) 10–6:
30. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. Types
of Lenses and their combination
A convex or converging lens is thicker at the centre than at the edges. It converges
a beam of light on refraction through it. it has a real focus. Convex lens is of
three types: Double convex lens, plano convex lens and Concavo-convex lens.
Concave lens is thinner at the centre than at the edges. It diverges a beam of
light on refraction through it. It has a virtual focus. Concave lenses are of three
types: Double concave lens, plano concave lens and Convexo-concave lens.

244 [Class XII : Physics]

 When two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are placed in contact with each
other along their common principal axis, then the two lens system is regarded
as a single iens of focal length f and

1 1 1
 
f f1 f 2

If several thin lenses of focal length f1, f2, .... fn are placed in contact, then the
effective focal length of the combination is given by

1 1 1 1
   ... 
f f1 f 2 fn

and in terms of power, we can write

P = P1 + P2 + .... + Pn
The value of focal length and power of a lens must be used with proper sign
consideration.
(i) Two thin lenses are kept coaxially in contact with each other and the focal
length of the combination is 80 cm. If the focal length of one lens is 20 cm, the
focal length of the other would be
(a) -26.7cm (b) 60cm
(c) 80cm (d) 30cm
(ii) A spherical air bubble is embedded in a piece of glass. For a ray of light passing
through the bubble, it behaves like a
(a) converging lens
(b) diverging lens
(c) mirror
(d) thin plane sheet of glass
(iii) Lens generally used in magnifying glass is

(a) single concave iens

(b) single convex lens
[Class XII : Physics] 245
 (c) combination of convex lens of lower power and concave lens of lower focal
length
(d) Planoconcave lens
(iv) The magnification of an image by a convex lens is positive only when the
object is placed
(a) at its focus F
(b) between F and 2F
(c) at 2F
(d) between F and optical centre
OR
A convex lens of 20 cm focal length forms a real image which is three times
magnified. The distance of the object from the lens is
(a) 13.33 cm (b) 14 cm
(c) 26.66 cm (d) 25 cm

SECTION-E

31. (i) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image of a point object by a thin
double convex lens having radii of curvature R 1 and R2. Hence derive lens
maker's formula.
(ii) A converging lens has a focal length of 10 cm in air. It is made of a material
of refractive index 1.6. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3,
find its new focal length.
OR

(i) Define a wavefront. How is it different from a ray?

(ii) Using Huygens's construction of secondary wavelets draw a diagram show-
ing the passage of a plane wavefront from a denser to a rarer medium.
Using it verify Snell's law.

246 [Class XII : Physics]

 (iii) In a double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600nm and the angu-
lar width of the fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.1°. Find the spacing
between the two slits.
(iv) Write two differences between interference pattern and diffraction pattern.
32. (i) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with
air present between the two plates.
(ii) Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in figure. For a
300 V supply, determine the charge on each capacitor.

OR

(i) A dielectric slab of thickness ‘t’ is kept between the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor with plate separation ‘d’ (t < d). Derive the expression for
the capacitance of the capacitor.
(ii) A capacitor of capacity C, is charged to the potential of V0. On disconnect-
ing with the battery, it is connected with an uncharged capacitor of capacity C
as shown in the adjoining figure. Find the ratio of energies before and after
the connection of switch S.

[Class XII : Physics] 247

33. (a) Draw graphs showing the variations of inductive reactance and capacitive
reactance with frequency of applied ac source.
(b) Draw the phasor diagram for a series LRC circuit connected to an AC source.
(c) When an alternating voltage of 220V is applied across a device X, a current
of 0.25A Hows which lags behind the applied voltage in phase by /2 ra-
dian. If the same voltage is applied across another device Y, the same cur-
rent flows but now it is in phase with the applied voitage.
(i) Name the devices X and Y.
(ii) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when the same voltage is ap-
plied across the series combination of X and Y.
OR
(a) A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor dia-
gram, derive the expression for the impedance of the circuit.
(b) Plot a graph to show the variation of current with frequency of the ac source,
explaining the nature of its variation for two different resistances R 1 and R2
(R1 < R2) at resonance.

248 [Class XII : Physics]