~ COMPUTER APPLICATION Eatsost with Cyber-Safety, Scratch & Python ITS (P) Lea. ancora abiers (CBSE CODE 165) Revised & Updated Edition Strictly as per the revised CBSE syllabus co Uff \\ . Jeomprehensive and easylanguage. _._/ \ questions with each chapter. . | eo recommended technology and software. ‘on projects for practical learning. An ISO Certified Company 7)COMPUTER APPLICATION with Cyber-Safety, Scratch & Python (CBSE CODE 165) Revised & Updated Edition Based on Updated CBSE Syllabus CONCEPT BY COMPOSED BY CONTRIBUTIONS DESIGNED BY Gagan Agarwal | David S. Gareema Balwani_ | Pushpender Sharma (Founder & M.D) | (CLDP MCA, 20 yrs exp. with NII) | Hitesh SainiPREFACE With sudden increase in the usage of computer and software globally, schools are focusing on computer education with the BEST (BEYOND IMAGINATION, EXCELLENT, SYSTEMATIC, TEACHING PLAN) learning technique. But the study material used was not fulfilling the requirement of modern BEST based training, followed with traditional educational methodology with outdated software versions. Computer Applications for Class IX is the latest and advanced computer book which has been prepared, keeping in mind the interest of students and teachers in the field of Information Technology. In compliance with the prescribed curriculum, this book covers basics of information technology, cyber safety, Office productivity tools and programming basics with Scratch and Python, The book is designed with an interactive and hands-on approach to communicate the essential aspects of computer. We have used simple language in the entire series for precise and better understanding. Salient features ofthe series: "Chapter focuses on"-a brief overview of the chapter. * Use of more pictures to make theory interesting, + "Youhavelearned"-a complete summary ofthe chapter. + "Activity Time" and "Lab Activities"-for practice. + "Tips" and "Do You Know". for additional information, + Allthe definitions have been highlighted for better impact. + Usage of latest technology and softwares to make the learning effective & industry relevant. We welcome your valuable feedback to improve the content and the presentation of the chapters. Please contactus at [email protected].COURSE STRUCTURE Learning Outcomes: 1 Ability to familiarise with basics of computers. Ability to navigate the file system. Ability to create and edit documents, spread sheets, and presentations. Ability to perform basic data manipulation using spread sheets and use Indian languages in documents. Ability to send and receive emails, follow email etiquette, and communicate over the internet, Ability to create and upload videos. Ability to safely and correctly use websites, social networks, chat sites, and email. 2, 3 4 6 7 unit: a a a a a a a Distribution of Marks and Periods aN UnitName Marks | Periods No. Theory | Practical 1 | Basics oftnformation Technology | 15 | 10 | 05 2 | cyber safety wo | os | os 3 | office Tools as | w | ss 4_| serateh/eython 1 | 30 | 60 5_| tabexercises so | - Total 100 | ss | 125 : Basics of Information Technology Computer Systems: characteristics of a computer, components of a computer system — CPU, memory, storage devices and I/O devices Memory: primary (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory Storage devices: hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, pen/flash drive, memory stick 1/0 devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, web camera Types of software: system software (operating system, device drivers), application software including mobile applications Computer networking: ‘Type of networks: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN, wired/wireless communication, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cloud computers (private/public) Multimedia: images, audio, video, animation Unit2: Cyber-safety a a Safely browsing the web and using social networks: identity protection, proper usage of passwords, privacy, confidentiality of information, cyberstalking, reporting cybercrimes Safely accessing websites: viruses and malware, adwareUnit3: Office tools u a c Introduction toa word processor: create and save adocument. Edit and format text: text style (B, I, U), font type, font size, text colour, alignment of text, Format paragraphs with line and/or paragraph spacing. Add headers and footers, numbering pages, grammar and spell check utilities, subscript and superscript, insert symbols, use print preview, and print adocument. Insert pictures, change the page setting, add bullets and numbering, borders and shading, and inserttables - insert/delete rows and columns, merge and split cells Use auto-format, track changes, review comments, use of drawing tools, shapes and mathematical symbols. Presentation tool: understand the concept of slide shows, basic elements of a slide, different types of slide layouts, create and save a presentation, and learn about the different views of aslide set - normal view, slide sorter view and hand-outs Edit and formata slide: add titles, subtitles, text, background, and watermark, headers and footers, and slide numbers. Insert pictures from files, create animations, add sound effects, and rehearse timings. Spreadsheets: concept ofa worksheet and a workbook, createand savea worksheet. Working witha spreadsheet: enter numbers, text, date/time, series using auto fill; edit and formata worksheet including changing the colour, size, font, alignment of text; insert and delete cells, rows and columns. Enter a formula using the operators (+,,", /),refer to cells, and printa worksheet. Use simple statistical functions: SUM (), AVERAGE (), MAX (), MIN (), IF () (without compound statements); embed charts of various types: line, pie, scatter, bar and area ina worksheet. Unit 4: Scratch or Python Alternative 1: Educational programming language - Scratch a a a a Introduction to Scratch. Drag and drop commands, creating simple scripts, repeating blocks of commands. Discuss x-y plane, create scripts to move the cat (Scratch mascot). Create a script to draw diagrams using the pen feature Alternative 2: Python - (provided as an option to children with special needs) a oooo Introduction to Python A simple “Hello World” program Running a Python program ‘The notion of data-types and variables: integer, float, string Arithmetic operations: +, -,*, /Lab Exercises Basic I/O devices: use the mouse and keyboard, draw a figure, Working with the operating system: Navigation of the file system using a mouse and keyboard, and then doing the same with shell commands, Word processing: create a text document, create a letter, report, and greeting card. Create a text document with figures in it. It should describe a concept taught in another course. Discuss the following ina text document about the basic organisation of a computer: CPU, memory, input/output devices, hard disk, Create a text document in an Indian language other than English, Create a presentation. Create a presentation with animation, Create and edit existing images, and then inelude them in a presentation, Animate pictures and text with sound effects ina presentation Create a simple spreadsheet and perform the following operations: min, max, sum, and average, Create different types of charts using a spreadsheet: line, bar, and pie, Send an email to your friends, Attach some documents that you have prepared earlier. Put some friend in the CC and BCC list, Interact with friends to find out who was in the BCC list, Do an online chat with multiple friends. Transmit documents using the chat platform, Create a video and upload it on YouTube. Write basic Scratch/Python programs. Breakup of marks for the Practicals eerie Unit Name Marks No. 1 Lab Test (30 Marks) Word Processing 7 Handling Spreadsheets 7 Creating Presentations 8 ‘Writing basics Python/Scratch Programs 8 2 Report File + viva (10 Marks) Reporte: + 4 documents each with a word processor, a spreadsheet, and presentationtool + Atleast4programs on Scratch/Python Viva voce (based on the report file) 2 3. | Project (that uses most of the concepts that have been Jearnt) (10 marks) Total 50ConTENTS | el | el UNIT Working with tables 1. Computer System (07-19) | Mail merge Computer and is Characteristics Print the document Application and Components of Computers 8, Presentation Too! Convergence of technologies Openoffice.org Impress (249-17) 2, Components of A Computer (20-42) Introduction of Presentation Input Unie Basic elements of slide Output Unit Different types of sie layouts Create and Save the Presentation Storage Unit Different views of a slide 3. Computer Software (43-61) Editing and formatting aside Computer Languages ‘Adding Headers and footers Computer Software and its types ‘Adding plewnes System Software (Operating Systems) Animating the objects with sound effects ‘Application Software and its categories Create Side Shows Utility Software 9. Spreadsheet- OpenOffice.org Calc (172-201) 4. Computer Networking (62-81) Introduction to spreadsheets Computer Networks Creating and Saving a worksheet ‘Types of Network (PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN) Working with a spreadsheet ‘Networking Technology (Wired and Wireless) Editing and Formatting a worksheet Internet Inserting and Deleting Rows and Columns Data, Information and Multimedia Entering a Formula untr2 Printing a Worksheet S. Cyber Safety (82-95) | Functions unirs Embedding Charts 6. Word Processor: uniTs OpenOffice.org Writer-1 (96-124) | 10. Visual Programming in Scratch (202.216) Introduction to Writer 11. Python Programming (217-237) Create, Et, Save and Close the document Eaitand Format the document PROJECT (238-240) 7. Word Processor: OpenOffice.org Writer-II (128-148) Bullets and numbering ‘Adding graphics in documentCOMPUTER SYSTEM CHAPTER FOCUSES ON Y Computer and its Characteristics Y Application and Components of Computers Y Convergence of technologies Computers are an integral part of our lives. Wherever we are—sitting in our homes, working in the office, driving on roads, sitting in a movie hall, staying ina hotel, etc.—our lives are directly or indirectly affected by the computers, In this era of information, we are dependent on the storage, flow and processing of data and information, which can only be possible with the help of computers. Computers are used astools in every part of society together with the Internet, A computer is an automatic electronic, calculating device which can process a given input in a prescribed manner to produce a desired output, at a very high speed with remarkable accuracy. It can also perform all arithmetic and logical functions according to the instructions given ina systematic order to solveany problem. and produce processed information. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS Speed: Computer works very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. It can perform millions of calculations per second, Spee Ac, Storage: The computer can store huge amount of data. Once recorded, a piece of information can be retrieved instantly, The computer has an in- built memory where it can store a large amount of data, We canalso store data in secondary storage devices such as Pen Drive and External Hard Disc, which can be keptoutside computer and 7, canbe carried to other computers. 7 Find other characteristics of computer. Accuracy: A computer provides accurate output. The output is dependent on the instructions and input data given to the computer. The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data. Versatility: Computer can perform various tasks. We can use computer for doing office work, playing music and games, watching movies, etc. Diligence: A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration and fatigue. It can perform most boring, repetitive and monotonous task continuously without creating any error Due to this capability, it overpowers human beingin routine type of work. Automatic Operation: Once a program is fed into the computer, the individual instructions are processed one after the other, Thus computer works automatically without manual intervention, Obedience: Ithas the ability to take and store a sequence of instructions, Such a sequence of instruction is, calleda'Program’ andit mustbe written in the Computer Language. LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER Computer is a versatile machine and it is used for many purposes but the computer has some of the limitations aswell,1. Zero1Q: Computer has lack of decision-making ability. Computer cannot take decisions itself. Computers need totell each and every step. They are dumb machine with zero 1Q, 2. Computer does notlearn anything from its past experience. 3, NoFeeling: Computer does nothave feelings, emotion, taste, knowledge or experience, COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER Acomputer (system) consists of mainly four units: input unit, memory unit, processing unit (CPU) and output unit. Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refers to the parts of a computer that you can see and touch (including the computer case (cabinet) and everything inside it), Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, memory and other components are often called hardware devices, or devices. We shall study about hardware devices in detail in chapter 2, SRT Saeen Mop Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word-processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software, The operating system (0S) is software that manages your computer and the devices ote ‘connected to it. Windows isa well-known operating system. We shall Components of Computer study about softwares in detail in chapter 3. Input Unit ‘The input data instructions are given through this unit to the computer. Keyboard and mouse are most common input devices. Mouse Processing Unit ‘The most important unit device of a computer is known as CPU (Central Processing, Unit). It is also known as microprocessor or processor. A CPU is the brain of a computer. Itis responsible forall the functions and processes. The CPU is consisted of thin layers of thousands of transistors. Each transistor receives aset of inputs and produces output. Transistors hold a key role in functioning of CPU as they make computer able to countand perform logical operations which is called processing. It PU processes the instructions thatit collects by decoding the code in programs. ‘The following table lists the different generations of CPU (Intel, AMD and Via). The leading CPU manufacturers (for PCs) in the world are Intel, AMD and Via Technologies. ‘The task of processing is done by processor in computer: It collects data form input unit, stores in memory unit, processes and produces output.‘There are four important functions of CPU, 1. Fetch: To fetch the instructions from memory, 2. Decode: To decode the instructions and organizethem, 3. Execute: To execute the instructions. Tip: In November, 1971, Intel publicly introduced the world’s first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004. ‘Try: There are more than 10 CPU manufacturers (for PC, mobiles and other electronics devices) in the world. Search about computer CPU manufacturers on internet. 4. Write back: To write- back the result (after execution) to registers or Cont ‘main memory. ‘ALU ‘A CPU consists of one or more electronic components fabricated on a || Doct! he silicon chip. These are: Arithmetic and Logie Unit (ALU), local storage for || “°"?""* intermediate results (Registers), Control Unit (CU), and possibly a Cache to speedaccess to memory. v Controls and checks Registers V Control Unit (CU): It coordinates the components of a computer system. Workspace ‘The control unit,asits name suggests, is the circuitry thatissues commands to other hardware components to execute programs. The control unit doesn't actually execute any code itself; rather, it just manages the execution of program instructions by fetching instructions from memory, parsing those instructions as necessary and then scheduling the appropriate hardware components to act on those instructions. In this way the control unit manages the operation of the entire computer, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logic operations, Logic operations test various logical conditions encountered during processing and allow for different actions to be taken based on the results, ‘The data required to perform the arithmetic and logical functions are inputs from the designated CPU registersand operands. RO. Registers: Registers are small amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more quickly than other types of storage, Processor registers are at the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way fora CPU to access data, Functions of CPU (a) The CPUaccesses and stores the relevant data and instructions during processing (b) The CPU controlsthe sequence of operations. (©) TheCPUgivesthe commands and coordinates the actions ofall parts ofthe computer system. ()_ The CPU carries out the processing Computers use two types of storage: Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU mainly interacts with primary storage or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data. Booting: Booting comes from the term “pull yourself up from your boot straps” which means self-starting. It is a process in which your computer gets initialized, This process includes initializing all your hardware components in your computer and gets them to work together and to load your default Operating System which will make your computer operationalLet's have a look on different types of processors with their features erica] reinoncomnumer GPU bande ‘Note(s eats abe on ora ore kde tl Gaba Ta a TTT 196) eo¥bs pcan AND Anta ISCe pln eareda8T FU (ar ce Sipe Spor Fee 6c Sma Vince nna FA ae sew cp ae aia ton 20H) RE 00s) ibe Se 55 Pron Pim SD Paper 0 aa er FU WANA Tose PHD RS TORE) opener a raranin edinal oe Eacias Oto se gst ones omcia. cra eitrrecnane erase aren PAE ream hn SER Peat Ta ROE Fe ek pr Rot SH ETE 3 ran ee OT pamelor i oa F Fear wa ta pro oT or ftom 7 po ae HE ope ain Sie heme ge rest pees SEL Fo sy npr cr aa ek cae cont kee Gig Ur Ton pw oer ck ng a re are ee torte pra ST apr PO ava td “ev per reper are basa eae (ORS CY OEE on coer oper Be re ew qu cor 5. os ile OST A Par ranyecanansval ooacoala pee eee AR Rg ee waa [essen ste rela mascas oct Tage cw ORTON pT oa Sn Say ay in Bg a aise SES Gs HCO GA aaa ONT cen ma 3a [eltamel OST ERT aa T io Psy eared ors (9) trorie PCa Very fects eine 4) 2012 feion Parte) SERRE far Tat ota rian TET Fa TRA a SITES TTS a SaaS RSE eet aeRO a oe aarraa ae In.a computer system, a clock signal is an oscillation frequency used to coordinate interaction, between digital circuitsGeneral Booting sequence comprises ofthe followingsteps: 1. TurnonthePowerbutton. 2. CPUpinsare resetand registers are setto specificvalue 3. CPU jump toaddress of BIOS (OxFFFFO), 4. BlOSrun POST (Power-On Self Test) and other necessary checks. 5. BIOSjumpsto MBR (Master Boot Record). 6. Primary Bootloaderruns from MBR and jumpsto Secondary Bootloader. 7. Secondary Bootloader loads Operating System. BIOS-Ba ic Input OutputSystem As we have seen that at power up CPU is reset and its registers are set to the default value, which is an address pointing or directing to the hardware containing BIOS. Generally the hardware is EEPROM containing the BIOS, The tasks performed by BlOSare categorized as follows: 1. POST- Power on Self Test is the foremost routine which checks and tests the basic hardware. If it failsthen itdisplayserror. 2. Initialization of the hardware devices by letting them run their individual BIOS( eg. video card have their own inbuilt BIOS code), 3. Searching for the Master Boot Record and readingiit. 4. Copyingthe boot sector codeto RAM and then switching the control tot. Memory Unit The unit holds the data and instructions. there are different types of memory which are used for different purpose. Memory unit can be divided intwo categories. 1, Primary Memory: It is the main memory of the computer. This memory is primarily used by CPU for booting of system and temporarily storage of data for processing, For example: RAM (Random Access memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) Primary memory is needed by the computer for its own working, It stores the data currently used by CPU and Operating System programs. Itisalso knownas the main memory because it directly communicates with CPU. ‘RAM (Random Access Memory) It is the main working memory of the computer. When we generally talk about a computer memory, we usually mean the RAM. Itis situated inside the System Unit (CPU Box). The CPU uses tis memory fr storing inputs curently running Software ‘0000 ,0000 programs and the results of processing etc. It is also called Read/Write memory as data can be read and written on it, It is a temporary/volatile RAM ‘memory. Its contents are accessible only as long as the computer is switched ON. After, turning OFF its contentsare erased. ‘Thereare several types of RAM:- I. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): As the name suggests ‘memory isless expensiveand slower than static RAM. SRAM (Static RAM): This form of RAM is more expensive than dynamic RAM, butis generally faster and rrequiresless power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as cache memory for the CPU. SD RAM (Synchronous Data RAM): SD RAM can run at faster speed than DRAM. Itis synchronized with the clock of the processorand system bus, memory gets refreshed periodically. This form ofiv. RDRAM (Ram bus Data RAM): Itisatype of RAM made by Rambus Technology andis the fastest type of computer memory available. Typical SDRAM can transfer data at speeds up to 133 MHz, while standard RDRAMcancrankitup over 1 GHz. DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM): DDR RAM is based on SDRAM architecture, but itutilizes the clock signal differently to transfer twice the data in the same amount of time. It achieves greater bandwidth than the preceding single-data-rate SDRAM by transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the clocksignal (double pumped) Cache Memory: Itis a type of RAM ie, SRAM. Cache memory is fast memory thatiis built into computer's CPU or located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs, which improves overall system speed (because CPU does not have to use the motherboard’s system bus for data transfer. When the required data is not available in cache memory than CPU accesses the required data from RAM or other storage, the data transfer speed slows due to Disc reading and the motherboard’s system bus capability. ROM (Read Only Memory) Itisa permanent/non-volatile memory located inside the system unit. Itretains the data even ifthe computer isswitched OFF It contains a set of start-up instructions called, “bootstrap loaders” (that are stored in it at the time of manufacturing), These instructions help the computer to start up or boot up itself, when you switch it ON. ‘The computer can only read information from the ROM. ‘TypesofROM + PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): Once the information or datais recorded on this memory, itcannotbe changed or erased. + EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): The information or data stored in it can be erased by exposing itto Ultra Violet (UV) light. + EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): EEPROM is user-modifiable read-only memory (ROM) that can be erased and reprogrammed (written to) repeatedly using electrical charge. 2, Secondary Memory: This type of memory is used for permanent storage of data so that we can useit later, ‘Thistype of memoryis used to store large amount of data, For example, Hard Disc, DVD, Blu-ray disc, Pen drive, ROM La Be z pvp EL Pen Drive Output Unit ‘This unit provides the result of the operation performed by the computer. The most common output devices are monitor and printer. we shall study about input devices in detail in the next chapter. _—_— Printer MonitorIPO (Input Processing Output) Process How does computer work? All the processes in computer goes through IPO process. It is basically howa computer works, PO process refers to the input- process-output process. A computer needs certain input (raw data), itis provided by the input devices like keyboard, mouse, FEEDBACK etc, These input devices convert the data into computer understandable form (the binary code). Then the CPU of the computer processes the raw data with the help of its components (ALU, CU and Memory Unit). Finally, the output unit converts the out coming electronic binary signals (result or the information) in the form which can be easily understood by human beings. This is done by output devices like speaker, printer, plotter, et. ‘The steps of IPO process are given below: 1, Youenter data into the computer using input unit/devices and tell the computer what to do with it. This data is known as input. TPO Process 2, ‘The computer works on the data given to it using processing unit/device to produce the result. This resultis called the processing 3. The computer then displays the result using output unit/devices and stores it in memory unit/devices forlateruse thisresultis called the output. ‘These three steps together form the process which is known as IPO process T=Input P=Process = Output For example, addition oftwo numbers: 1, _ Input: Two numbersare given to the computer using input device. 2, Process: Addition operation performed on these twonumbers. 3, Output: Resultis displayed on the screen, BASIC APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER Computers are used to help in many areas such as business, research, education, communication, security, ‘war, production, accounting, etc. Some of the common areas where computers are being frequently used are discussed below- Education: The computers are frequently used in all levels of education. They are used for both teaching, and learning. They are not only used to teach computer related subjects but also to teach various other subjects, They are used for fee collection, student record, employee record and other record maintenance, Now-a-days, students are exposed to the internet and it helps them to improve the quality of their academic research. One revolution in education is the advent of distance learning, This offers a variety of internet and video-based online courses. Business: Computers are used in businesses to prepare letters, bills, ncome/expense sheets etc. They are used forallaccounting purposes because each and every businessrequiresarithmeticand logical operations, Nowadays businesses run on internetto improve the productivity or profitability ofa business. Thisis called e-business. Health and Medicine: Computers are used to maintain the records of doctors and patients in the hospital. These days, knowledge on medicines and research reports are available online. The medical reports can be sent via e-mail for instant feedback from the doctors, Computers help us to keep track of all the medical history of the patients, drug action, sales and purchases of medicines and medical equipments, personal information of patients and doctors and more.Science, Research and Engineering: Computers are used for research and experiment purposes. Various complex calculations are being done using computers, Weather forecasting, automobile designing, nuclear weapon designing and testing, space research, aircraft simulation designing and much more scientific research areas are there, where computers (super and mainframe computers) are being used. Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) are few tools used in to assist in the creation, modification, optimization of a 2D and 3D design and to analyze the robustness and performance of componentsand assemblies/ products. Communication: Computers are proving a very big means of communication these days with integration of Internet, Along with e-mail service, text, voice and video chatting are very popular way of communication now-a-days. Law Enforcement Manufacturing, a Health & Medicine Communication Science, Research and Engineering EntertainmentSome ofthe applications of computer Banks: Computers are used to handle the accounts of customers. These days, we can see number of (Automatic Teller Machine) ATMs around us to withdraw cash from our bank account without going to bank, Now-a-days e-banking or internet banking is used widely by masses, and has numerous benefits to offer. Now-a-days, all banks provide online banking facility to their customers. Internet banking enables people to carry out most of their banking transactions using a safe website, which is operated by their respective banks, Recreation and Entertainment: Computers are one of the major sources of entertainment. We can play games, watch videos, listen to music etc. on computer, In movies, computer helps to generate graphics and special effects. We can create cartoon movies using computer. Military: Many military and defence related applications are now based on computers. Computer are used for many crucial tasks such as controlling unmanned air-crafts (UAV), Ballistic Missiles, Submarines, Tanks, War ships, ete Offices: In offices, computers are used to keep records like salaries, particulars of employees, etc. These days, computers are almost used in every office for speedy disposal of work. Manufacturing: Computers are effectively used in manufacturing purpose in the companies. The design of product, manufacturingand packing are done using computer. Law Enforcement: Computers are used by police to monitor speeding vehicles as well as to monitor people violating law. Advance computer techniques like DNA and finger print matching techniques can beused to identify the criminals. Try: Find out other applications of computer CONVERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGIES Convergence of technology is a fact which can hardly be denied that computers have considerably changed the lives of human beings and the majority of us cannot imagine life without them, Computers have changed the way we work. They play a vital role in every field of our work. This century has witnessed the convergence of technology in various fields as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, media content, and communication networks that have arisen as result of the evolution and popularization of the Internet as well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media space. The information technology and communication technology have already converged leading to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Glossary IPOprocess : _(Input Processing Output) process cpu Central Processing Unit ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit cu Control Unit RAM Random Access Memory ROM Read Only Memory IcT Information and Communication TechnologyS SVNNNNNNN You have learned A computer is an automatic electronic, calculating device which can process a given input in a prescribed manner to producea desired output, Computer has several characteristics such as speed, storage, accuracy, versatility, diligence, automatic, obedienceete, Computer has some limitations such as lack of decision-making, intelligence, feelings and ‘emotions, time taken in developmentete. ‘The parts of computer are hardwareand software, ‘The physical components or devices attached to the computers re called hardware. Softwar ‘a computer program which is used to do works of computer. Aprocessin computer goes through IPO process. ‘The input/ data/ instructionsare given through input devices to the computer, Processing unit doesall the processing workina computer. Memory unit holdsall the data and instructions. Output unit providesall result of the operation performed by the computer, Convergence of technology is a fact which can hardly be denied that computers have considerably changed the lives of human beings. Ans, Ans. Ans, Solved Questions Whatis computer? 4, Whatishardware? A computer is an automatic electronic, | Ans, The physical components or devices attached calculating device which can process a given tothe computers are called hardware. input in a prescribed manner to produce a desired output, 5. Whatis software? Ans. Software isa set of computer program which is used to do the work ofa computer Whatare characteristics of computer? (Speed (ii) Storage 6 Whatis1PO process? (iii) Accuracy (iv) Versatility ‘Ans. All the processes in computer goes through IPO process, It is basically how a computer (vii) Obedience works. It refers to input-process-output process. (v) Diligence (vi) Automatic operation Whatare limitations of computer? 7. Whatis the use of processingunit? ()Zero1g Ans. This unit does all the processing work in the computer ie. CPU (Central Processing Unit). It (iii) No feelings is also known as the brain of the computer whereall calculationstake place. (li) Does learn from past experience.8. Whatistheuse ofmemory unit? 13, Whatis the main difference between primary ‘Ans. This unit is used to hold the data and memoryand secondary memory: instructions. ‘Ans. Primary memory is needed by the computer 5. WhatmainparsofCPtr? for its own working. Generally it is non- volatile memory while secondary memory Ans. ALU,CUand Registers devices are used to store the work done on 10, Explain DDRRAM. the computer permanently. Ans. DDR RAM is based on SDRAM architecture, | ¥ Write the difference between primary but it utilizes the clock signal differently to memory and secondary memory. transfertwice thedatainthesameamountof | Ans. 1. Primary memory is the temporary time, Itachieves greater bandwidth than the memory while secondary memory is the preceding single-data-rate SDRAM by permanent memory. transferring data on the rising and falling edges ofthe clock signal (double pumped) 2. Primary memory is primarily used by CPU for booting of system and temporarily 11, Whatis cache? storage of data for processing while ‘Ans. Itis type of RAM ie. SRAM. Cache memory is secondary memory is used for storage of data fast memory thatis built into computer's CPU forlateruse, orlocated next oitona separate chip. 15. Write examples of primary memory and 12, Whatisbooting? secondary memory. ‘Ans. [tis_a process in which your computer gets | AS: Primarymemory:RAM, ROM. initialized, Secondary memory: hard Disc, DVD, Blu-ray disc, pendrive, Work Out Time A. Choosethecorrectanswer. 1. Which ofthe followingisnot the characteristic of computer? a) Speed Obedience b) Feelings 4) Storage 2. Which ofthe followingare the basicapplication areas of computer? a) Business ©) Education 3. Acomputerbasically made up of. a) Two ©) Four parts, b) Research 4d) Allofthese b) Three d)Five 4, Whichunitisresponsibletto give data/ instructionsto the computer? a) Output Unit ©) Input Unit b) Processing Unit d)None ofthese5, Which type ofmemoryis primarily used by computer for booting of system? a) Primary Memory b) Secondary Memory Both ofthese a) None ofthese 6. Which ofthe followingisa part of CPU? a) ALU b)cu o) Registers 4) Allofthese 7, ____ coordinates the components ofa computer system a) ALU b)cu c) Registers ) Cache Shortanswer type questions. 1. Write the limitations of computer. Write aboutbasic components of computer. Whatare three parts of CPU? Whatis main memory? Givean example, What is the use of ROM? Write the differences between RAM Vs. ROM. Write the uses of computer in the education field. Write the uses of computerin the science, research and engineering field. Write the uses of computer in the communication field. 10. Write theuses of computerin the banks. 11, Write the uses of computerin the entertainment field. 12. Write theuses of computerby military. 13, Write the uses of computer by police for law and enforcement. Long answer type questions. 1. _ Explain following types of RAM: DRAM, SRAM and DDR RAM. 2. Explain following types of ROM: PROM, EPROM and EEPROM 3, What is cache? Also write its use, Fill in the blanks. 1, Acomputercan performall and functions. 2. Computer can perform millions ofcalculations per, 3, The ‘components attached to the computerare called,4, isasetofprogram. 5. Aprocessin computer goesthrough cycle. 6. ACPUhasthreeparts(i)__ (i) and (iit) __. 7. Acomputerisadumb machine with 1Q. 8 __unitholds the data and instructions. 9, Cachememoryisatype of RAMic. . State true or false. 1. Computerhaslack of decision-making ability. 2. Secondary memory isthe main memory ofthe computer. 3. Hard Discisused to store the data permanently. 4, Processing unit provides the result of the operation performed by computer. 5, RAMand ROMare the examples of primary memory, 6. Acomputeris basically made up of two parts: live ware and software. 7. ALUcontrolsallthe hardware parts ofthe computer. Practical/ lab Activity 1. Surf the internet and find the applications of computer (with the areas where computers are beingused, with theirimages). 2. Divide the class in four groups. Name each group on a hardware unit eg, Input Unit, Processing Unit, Output Unit, Memory Unit. Ask each group to carefully study the properties of their related hardware devices with their mode of use and make scrap book. 3. Drawthe outline of IPO process ona chart (with its explanation).COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER CHAPTER FOCUSES ON Y Input Unit Y Output Unit Y Storage Unit INPUTUNIT Ifyou want to feed the data and give some instructions to computer to carry out various tasks then you need input devices to do this. These devices convert the input data and instruction into computer understandable form and sendit to the CPU for processing Therearevarioustypesofinput devices used fordifferent computer applications. Letuslearnaboutthese devices. Keyboard The keyboard is one of the common input devices. It looks like a typewriter. It is used to feed the data into computer It contains a number of buttons/ keys like typing (alphanumeric) keys, control keys, function keys, navigation keys and numerickeypad + Typing (alphanumeric) keys~These keys include the alphabet, number, punctuation, and symbol keys. + Control keys: These are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key (8) and Esc. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain actions. + Function keys The function keys are used to perform specifictasks. They are labeledas F1, F2,F3...to F12, + Navigation keys- They include the arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert. ‘These keysare used for movingaroundin documents or web pages and editing text. + Numeric keypad- On numeric keypad, keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator forentering the numbers quickly. Keyboard 1. Navigation Keys 2 Numeric Keypad 3 Function Keys 4 Control Keys 5 Alphanumeric Keys Keyboard can be categorized according to key arrangement. Above given is a traditional QWERTY layout keyboard. A standard QWERTY contains at least 104 keys.According to key layoutthere are two types of keyboard, (a) QWERTY Keyboard: - It is the standard keyboard which comes in English language. Its top row of alphabets consist Q W,E,R,T,and Y keys from the left that's why itis called the QWERTY keyboard. (b) DVORAK Keyboard: This keyboard has the key layout which is created to make the typing work easier and faster on when compared with other keyboards. Tip: Christopher Latham Sholes invented the QWERTY keyboard in 1875, Te ET Oe TOE OTA 2 |3 [4 7_|s |e Jo | |= Pee) -(1/2]/3/4/5)6 7/8 901 1|@ me ERT TY Yl PPR RE | pub dele ieialelete felis]. RS PFEPP RE 2 @ Ale E U)1 pimit[N|s|-| 2 @ i) 8)5) KX BMWiYi2) oO shit i; |sne. | tl] ].| ay] caps low alt an crt | ie cao 2 QWERTY Keyboard DVORAK Keyboard Advantages: 1. Easy toinput textand numbers 2, Various formats are available, such as standard, multimedia, DVORAK, etc. Disadvantages: 1.Un-suitable for creating diagrams. 2. Very slow to move the cursor on the monitor. Mouse Itis another important input device. Itis a handy hand-operated pointing device that rolls ona flat surface, It controls the movement of pointer on monitor screen. It is used to point at or select things on the computer screen, draw sketches/diagrams, drag and drop the object. It has two or three buttons on the top and a scroll wheel, Functions which can be performed using mouse buttonsare left-click, double-click, right-click and dragand drop. ‘Thereare differenttypes of mouse used these days. These are, (a) Mechanical Mouse (b) Optical Mouse _(c) Cordless Mouse (a) Mechanical Mouse: This type of mouse has a rubber or metal ball on its Mechanical Mouse underside, which can be rolled in any direction. A sensor within the mouse detects the motion of ball and moves the pointer on screen (monitor) in the same direction. (b) Optical Mouse: This type of mouse uses light-emitting diode or laser to detect the movement of mouse relative to the surface ic,,by sensing changes in reflected light. (0) Cordless Mouse: Itis also known as wireless mouse. It can be used from a distance to operate a computer Itis not physically connected to the computer. Thus itis portable Optical Mouse and comfortableto the users. Mostly, a cordless mouse uses radio waves to communicate with the computer. It comes witha receiver connected to the computer. Tip: The computer mouse, as we know it today, was invented ee and developed by Douglas Englebart during the 60's Cordless MouseA laser mouse is a type of optical mouse that uses laser light to detect mouse movement. Laser is more accurate than |The latest cordless mouse is coming up with Bluetooth the standard optical mouse design, technologies that don't need such a receiver. providing for up to 20x greater sensitivity and precision. This improved sensitivity and precision can be key for gaming applications and graphical or engineering design applications, where pinpointaccuracy isimportant. Advantages: 1. |dealtousewith desktop computers. 2. Easy to use to point an item or objecton the screen. Disadvantages: 1. They needa flat surface close to the computer. 2, Excessive use can lead to health problems such as repetitive strain injury (in the wrist) Joystick Itisalso a pointing device. A joystick consists ofa stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the controlling device. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. Joysticks are used in civilian and military aircraft, cranes, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Advantages: 1, They give a better gamming experience for racing or flying styles of Joystick computer game Disadvantages: 1. They canbebroken ftoo much force isused on them, 2, Excessive use can lead to health problems such as repetitive strain injury (in the wrist) ‘The computer joystick was invented by Shu-Ming Liu of Taipe, A-Ming Chang of Taiwan and Lu-Chou of Taiwan in 1998, Scanner Ascanner isa device that converts a document, film, graphic, or photograph to a digital image, which can be manipulated according to the requirement through an appropriate software Scanners come in hand-held, flatbed, sheet fed and drum types. Taiwan-based Microtek introduced the world’s first 200 dpi black and white sheet-fed scanner in 1984, (2) Hand-held scanner: Asthe name suggests, itisa handy device useful for their portability and low price. ‘While scanned images from these type of scannerare considerably of low quality. Itis generally used for capturing thetext. Hand-held scanner Flatbed scanner(b) Flatbed scanner: Itis the most commonly used scanners. Itis made up of flat glass surface on which we can place the document or photo that are to be scanned. Itisa type of optical scanner. This type of scanner ismostly used in offices (©) Sheet fed scanner: This type of scanner scans only one piece of paper at a time. It moves the paper acrossa stationary scan head, It lookslike afax machine, (@)_ Drum scanner: This type of scanner is used to capture the highest resolution from an image. Drum scanners use photo-multiplier tubes (PMT). Images are mounted on a glass cylinder/drum, The optical system shinesa light through the film, The optical system picks up the transmitted light on the other side and directs it to the photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs) via mirrors and lenses and generates an electrical signal. This type of scanners is mostly used in printing industries. LL > qs Sheet fed Scanner Drum Scanner Advantages: (Flatbed) scannersare very accurate and can produce reasonably high quality images, Any image which is digitized by the scanner can then be included on electronic documents. Images once digitized can be enhanced with agraphicapplication, Itcan accurately capture an image, but the original source may be more important than the scanned image. Disadvantages: Image produce by the scanner can take up alot of memory space. 2. Images lose some quality in the scanning and digitizing process, 3. The quality ofthe final image is dependent on the quality of the original image. Microphone ‘A microphone sometimes referred to as a mike or mic, is a device used to convert voice/sound into electrical signals. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders, hearing aids, motion picture production, live recording, audio engineering, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice. Advantages: 1, Voice recognition software can be used to convert your voice into Microphone text orto control menu options onaphonesystem. Disadvantages: 1. Stored audio files can take up alot of memory. 2. Voice commands can be difficult to recognise by the software. OCR (Optical Character Reader) It is an optical input device which is used to read alphabets and numeric characters on a document either hand-written or typed or special type of font printed on special paper. OCR system includes an optical scanner to read the text and software to recognize the characters. It uses light source to read characters and then convert images of text into characters which are editable using word- processor. Advantages: 1. Itischeaperthan paying someone to manually enter large amounts of text.2, Much faster than someone manually entering large amounts of text, > 3. Thelatestsoftwarecanrecreatetablesandtheorginallayout. | jg Sy 1. Not 100% accurate, there are likely to be some mistakes made during the process. 2, All document need to be checked over carefully and then Optical Character Reader manually corrected 3. If the original document is of poor quality or the handwriting difficult to read, more mistakes will occur, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) MICR is used to read magnetic ink characters primarily used by banking industry for the processing of cheques ie. to read numbers and characters found on the bottom of cheques (usually containing the cheque number, Branch code, and account code) and processes to produce and analyze these characters. The characters are printed using magneticink, [>—S a2a4567890 iy MICR Font Bank Cheque Magnetic Ink Character Reader ‘When a document that contains this ink, needs to be read, is passes through a machine, which magnetizes the inkand then translates the magnetic information into characters. MICR provides secure high-speed method of scanning and processing information. Advantages: 1. Itisdifficultto forge the MICR. 2. Documents can still be read 1, To print Magnetic Ink, you need a laser when folded orwritten on. printer thataccepts MICR toner, 1. Itcanreadonly 14characters. | 2. Thereading speed ofthe MICR is around 300 cheques per minute. 2. MICR readers and encoders are expensive. Light Pen Light Pen isa light-sensitive pen shaped pointing device. It | was invented at MIT in 1952 as part of the Alight pen cannot work with LCD screens. It allows the user to point the displayed objects or draw on the screen, [tis used with computer's CRT display. The light pen consists of a photo sensor at the tip. When we place it ; against the screen, itdetects the light from the screen which in turn helps the computer to identify the location ofthe light pen on the screen, Whirlwind project. Advantages: 1. They have extremely good positional accuracy on a computer screen. 2, Itdraws directly onthescreen, Light Pen Disadvantages: 1. Usingalight pen can become uncomfortableas it sometimes involves the user. 2, They donotworkwith LCD screen,You must have noticed, during cricket match, light pen is used to mark various Barcode Reader A bar code is an optical machine-readable representation of data in the form of points/locations of the playground. vertical black lines of different widths, which shows data about the object to ae which it attaches. Some bar codes also have a series of alphanumeric codes around the bars, The bar codes identify the price and the description ofthe item, Abar code reader is used to read printed bar codes. The bar code reader is equipped with three main components: an infrared light source, a photo diode and a bidirectional inktoa computer, The infrared light source projectsabeam oflighton Barcode Reader the bars and records the breaks in the beam, which representthe widths and the lengths. ‘The photo diode interprets this information and sendsitto the computer via the bidirectional ink, Advantages: 1 Disadvantages: Digital Camera Digital camera records and store photographic images in digital form, It stores the images either ona Disc or a special memory, called flash memory. t doesn't require films like the traditional camera for recording the images, Once a picture has been taken, it can be downloaded to a computer system using a USB (Universal Serial bus) cable or via Blue tooth and then itcan be processed and printed Digital cameras can display images on ascreen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from memory. Many digital cameras can also record A barcode scan is fast and reliable, and takes infinitely less time than entering data by hand. Data obtained through bar codesis available rapidly. Barcodesare inexpensive to design and print. Ifabar codeis ripped or damaged there isno way to scan the product. Barcode scanners needa direct line of sight to the bar code to be able to read. Digital Camera moving video with sound. Some digital cameras can crop and stitch pictures and performs other elementary image editing, Advantages: 1 2 3 Disadvantages: 1. 2 3 Web Camera Eliminating film processing (you don’t need to waste your time and energy in developing the roll offilm ina darkroom). Itcan easily store up to 10,000 photos, depending on the size ofthe memory card, Digital photography enables you use editing software to doa variety ofthings toyourimages. Good digital camerasare expensive. Battery consumption is much more faster in case of digital cameras. A corrupted memory card may resultin lost photos, Aweb cameraisavideo camera that feeds its image in real time toa computer or computer network. In this age of video chatting with friends/relatives or video conferencing with the colleagues, you can use itto transmit audio or video over the internet, You can communicate with other people who have web cams, each of youwatchinga video ofthe otherasyoutalk. Note: web camera comeswith built-in microphone.Web camera can also be used to capture an image. Note: You need to install - required software (device driver) to your computer (which you get when you buy a web camera. 6 Advantages: 1, _Abletointeractwith peopleacrosslong distances. Both sound and video is used, making the communication & more sophisticated, ‘Web Camera Disadvantages: 1. Discourages peopleto interact face-to-face. OUTPUTUNIT This unit helps the user to get output generated by the computer in different formats. If we want to view images, letters or listen to songs or taking printout etc. then we need different types of output devices like monitor, speakers and printers. Let's learn aboutthese devices. Monitor ‘The Monitor is one of the most important parts of the computer. tis an output device. Itis used to show the result returned by the computer. Itis also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU). It shows the data entered by the user and the output generated by the computer (CPU). The monitor displays the video and graphics information generated by the computer. ‘There are three most common types of monitors available now-a-days. These are, Karl Ferdinand Braun invented CRT monitor in 1897. (1) CRT (Cathode Rays Tube) Monitor: Itis similar to television and works on the cathode ray tube technology which is the oldest technology and usesa lot CRT Monitor of electricity. Itis bigger in size, Itis heavy in weight and difficult in terms of portability. This type of monitorisno longer popular, (2) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitor: A liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in frontofa light source orreflector. Itis smaller and lighter than CRT, often called flat panel, which makes them, ideal for use with portable computers such as Laptops, Tablet PCs, and Palmtop etc. LCD monitors use much less desk space, electricity and are lightweightand thinner. LCD Monitor TFT (Thin Film Transistor) is a variant of LCD which uses Thin- Film Transistor (TFT) technology to improve image quality. TFT-LCD is one type of active matrix LCD, though itis usually synonymous with LCD. (3) LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitor: LED monitor use light emitting diodes. It is the most modern technology in the field of VDU (monitor) development. LED monitor gives much more gradation in intensity and a larger light wavelength spectrum, giving a truer color quality. It offers a better dynamic contrastratio too, Advantages of CRT: 1. They operate at any resolution, geometry and aspect ratio without the need forre-scalingtheimage. 2, CRIsarelessexpensive than comparable displays usingother display technologies. ‘They are having geometric distortion and screen regulation problems, Also affected by magnetic fields from other equipmentincluding other CRTs. Disadvantages of CRT: 2. They are large, heavy,and bulky. They consumea lot of electricity and produce a lotofheat.Advantages of LC 1. Zero geometric distortion. 2, Thin, witha small footprint. Consume little electricity and produce little heat. DisadvantagesofLCD: 1. Fach panel has a fixed pixel resolution format determined at the time of ‘manufacture thatcannotbe changed. ‘These are expensive than CRTs. Comfortable viewing, High quality resolution with vivid colours. Environmentfriendly. In 1953, the first high-speed printer was developed by Remington-Rand for use on the Univac computer, Very expensive Delicate device and needs careful handling, Printer A Printer is an output device which is used to take print out of information/ data on paper: Printer is avery widely used device, Itis used in Offices, Railways, Banks, Airports etc, Printers are divided into two broad categories: a) Impact Printers: Impact printers are the oldest printing technology. In this category, printers operate by striking a metal or plastic head against an ink ribbon. The ink ribbon is pressed against the paper, ‘marking the page with the appropriate character, dot, line, or symbol. These printers are mostly used in the fields where low- cost printing is essential. This printer produces sound while it is printing. For example, Dot-matrix printers, Daisy Wheel printers, Line printers, and Drum printers. Dot Matrix Printer: Dot matrix printer works by striking a grid of pins against a ribbon. It prints one character ata time, It prints the character in dotted format. In this type of printers, there is a vertical array of pins. As the head moves across the paper, the selected pins hit on the ribbon to form the character in the pattern of dots on the paper. Advantages ofDot Matrixprinter: 1. Cheaperintermsofcost. 2. Canuse continuous paper. Disadvantages of Dot Matrix printer: 1. Printing qualityislow. 2. Canbeused to print carbon copies. 3. Printingspeedisslow. 4. Itisvery noisy. Output Print of Dox Matrix Printer Dot Matrix Printerb) Daisy-Wheel Printer: Daisy-wheel printer uses a circular wheel with “petals” that each has a different character or symbol on the end. In order to print each character, the wheel spins to the appropriate petal anda hammer strikes the petal against the ribbon and the page, Itcannot printany graphics, Daisy-wheel Printer Print Petals ‘Non-Impact Printer: In this category of printer, printing head do not strike the paper. These printers produce no sound while printing, The two major types of non-impact printers are Inkjet printer and Laserprinter. Inkjet Printer : An Inkjet printer is a kind of printer that works by spraying ionized ink on a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink's path direct the ink onto the paper in the desired shapes to create impression of textor image, Itis used in home and small offices. 1C hardware nd reports to, oking to buy Inkjet Printer Output of Inkjet Printer Advantages of inkjetprinter: 1. Printing quality is much better than impact printers, 2. Almostsilent, don't make noise while printing, 3. Interms of costing, cheaper than laser printer. 4. Used forboth blackand colour printouts. Disadvantages of Inkjetprinter: 1. Slowerthanlaser printer. 2. ‘The printing speed is good but slower than laser printer. 3. Due to expensive replacement of ink cartridges, running cost is much higher than the dot- matrix and laser printer. Need to dry the printouts because ink on the paperisin droplets 5. Can’tuse forhigh volume printing,Laser Printer: ‘The laser printer is the latest technology printers which prints the character by laser beams. It has a photocopier drum which works with the help of laser beam and prints the characters. It consists of toner inks. Monochrome (black) laser printer, which use single tonerare being used atoffices. Laser Printer Output of Laser Printer Advantages of Laser printer: Very high quality printing, Print speed is good. tcan be up to 10-20 pages per minute, Per page printing costisless than inkjet printer, Canbe used for high volume printing. Disadvantages ofLaser printer: 1. _Colourlaserpprintersare expensive in comparisonto monochromelaser printer, 2. Itismore expensivethan inkjetprinter. 3. Tonerand drum replacementis expensive. Thermal Printer Thermal printers used for digital printing, This printer uses heat energy for printing. Athermal paper passes over the print head and heat produces image on the paper. Thermal paper is also known as thrmochromic paper. Advantages of Plotter: 1. Longerlife because there are few moving parts Quiet operation Nocostforink ortoner Disadvantages of Plotter: Paper is expensive Paperhasashortshelflife, Images are poor quality. ‘Thermal PrinterPlotter A Plotter is used to print high-quality graphics or drawings using ink pens of different colours. In the past, plotters were used in applications such as computer-aided design eg, engineering and architectural drawingsi.e,, making maps, plotting civil engineering drawings and machine components, ‘There are two types of plotters: flatbed plotter and drum plotter. Flatbed Plotter Drum Plotter Flatbed Plotter: In latbed plotter paper is fixed on a flat surface and pens of different colours are mounted in the pen holding mechanism that moves on the surface (paper) in two orthogonal (vertical and horizontal) directionsto draw theimage Drum Plotter: In drum plotters, the paper on which the design has to be made, is placed over a drum that rotates back and forth to produce vertical motion. The pen is mounted on a carriage, which moves across the width of the paper. Pen moves only in horizontal direction and paper in vertical and this combination of movements of pen and paper create the required design. Pen having ink of different colours can be used to produce output in multi-colours. The plotter size may be very large with paper widths ofup to 1 meter, Advantages ofPlotter: 1. Printmorepreciselines, 2. Hasahigh colouraccuracy & printer quality. Disadvantages ofPlotter: 1. Cantakehalfan hour to print drawings. 2, More expensive than a regular printer, 3. Ittakesalotofspace. Speakers Speakers are used to generate sound, They convert analog electric signals into air vibrations. Speakers are used to listen to music and sounds on the computer. Advantages: 1. Everyone in the room can hear the output from the computer. 2. They help blind people to use the computer because text can beconverted into sound ‘Speakers Disadvantages: 1. The output from speakers can disturb others who are trying to work. 2. High quality external speakers can be expensive.STORAGE/ MEMORY UNIT Storage devices are used to store the data or information in the computer so thatwe can use itlater. Computer can remember many things i memory tostore the information and data its mind because it has memory. So, as like us computer also has Computer memory is divided into two parts 1. Primary Memory (Main Memory)/ Internal Memory. 2, Secondary Memory (Permanent Memory)/ External Memory/ auxiliary memory, When CPU executes a program, primary memory stores instructions and data, Primary memory consists of RAM and ROM, We have already learned about them in chapter 1. Here, we will learn about secondary memory. On the other hand, secondary memory stores programs and data which are not currently in use and provides permanent storage. These memory devices are also known as auxiliary memory. Their only use is to keep the information stored fora longer period, so that users can refer to itwhenever itis required Letuslearn aboutthe various secondary storage devices. ‘The Hard Disc ‘A Hard Disc is also known as Hard Disc Drive (HDD). The Hard Disc is a common storage device for the computer: Itis located inside the system unit. ll the work we do on the computer, by default gets stored in the hard disc A single Hard Disc usually consists of several metal placters coated with a magnetic material. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one foreach side. Allthe read/write heads are attached toa single access arm. Each platter has some concentric circles called tracks, Tracks are logically divided into sectors. The data is stored in the sectors. These platters spin ata speed of 4500 to 7200 rpm. Advantages: 1. Largestoragecapacity. 2, Storesand retrieves data much faster than a optical disc. 3. Usually fixed inside the computer so cannot getmislaid 1 Disadvantages: 1, Regular‘head’ crashes can damage the surface of the disk, leading to loss of data in that sector. 2, Usually fixed inside the computer and cannot be transferred to another computer: Track) Cylinder