OralCom Reviewer (GAWA NI ACE) - E.

Historical (whatever is agreed

Communication upon during previous
- Continuous and constantly changing communication)
process
- Systematic Noise
- Involves communicators, not just a - Interferes the communication
speaker and a listener process
- Irreversible
- Proactive Types of Noise:
- Symbolic - External (environment)
- Individually Construed - Internal (mind)
- Always a part of everyday lives - Semantic (emotion)
- Two-way process which goes
beyond exchanging messages Verbal Communication
- Words, spoken, written or signed
Communication Process - WRITING IS A FORM OF VERBAL
- Speaker generates an idea COMMUNICATION
- Speaker encodes an idea
- Speaker transmits the message Non-Verbal communication
- Receiver gets the message - Facial expressions, body movement
- Receiver decodes or interprets the and gestures
message
- Receiver sends or provides Communication Model
feedback - Describes what is necessary for an
act of communication to take place
Elements of Communication - Helps a person to understand how
- Speaker (source) the communication process works
- Message (information) and helps to expand the
- A. Encoding (converting the understanding of an effective
message) communication
- B. Decoding (interpreting the
message) 5 Communication Models
- Channel (medium)
- Receiver (recipient) Aristotle’s Communication Model
- Feedback (response) - Aristotle(384-322 B.C) was a Greek
- Context (location) philosopher and writer born in
- A. Physical (location) Stagira, Northern Greece. He was
- B. Social (relationship) also the teacher of Alexander the
- C. Cultural (orientations, beliefs, Great. He studied physics, logic,
values) mathematics, etc.
- D. Psychological (feelings, - One of the earliest recorded models
emotions, moods) - exists a sender (speaker) who
delivers a message to a receiver
(listener).
 - Reduce the communication process
Lasswell's Communication Model to a set of mathematical formulas;
- Lasswell’s communication model and
was developed by communication - Discuss problems that could be
theorist Harold D. Lasswell handled with the model.
(1902-1978) in 1948. Lasswell’s - The model introduces three
model of communication (also elements not found in Aristotle’s
known as action model or linear model: a transmitter, a receiver and
model or one way model of sources of noise.
communication) is regarded as one
the most influential communication
models. Schramm's Communication Model
- In 1948, Harold Dwight Lasswell, a - Schramm proposed the model of
social scientist designed a communication in 1954.
communication exchanges type - Wilbur Schramm (1954), the
mixing the four (4) main elements of well-known communication theorist,
communication exchanges in a designed an easy device
linear pattern. Lasswell focuses on communication model. In his model
the oral message emphasizing the he notes that communication always
terms such as speaker, message requires three elements – the
and audience, even though he uses source, the message and the
different terminology and also sees destination. Ideally, the source
communication as a unidirectional encodes a message and transmits it
process in which the individual to its destination via some channel,
influences the others with his/her where the message is received and
message. decoded.
- The point in Lasswell’s idea is that
there must be an “effect” if Berlo's SMCR Communication Model
communication takes place, - David Berlo developed a model
otherwise, communication named S-M-C-R model of
breakdown happens. If we have communication in 1960. Rather than
communicated, we’ve “motivated” or attempting to identify elements of
produced an effect. interest, and relationships between
those elements, he created what he
Shannon-Weaver Communication Model called “a model of the ingredients of
- Claude Shannon and Warren communication.”
Weaver produced a new - The elements of Berlo’s model are
mathematical theory regarding discussed below:
conversation in 1949. About a year - Source: All communication must
after Lasswell’s presentation of his come from some sources. These
point of view, Shannon put out sources actively exchange
results in the area of signal transfer. messages to achieve the maximum
Shannon and Weaver tried to do two form of communication.
things:
 - Message: these are the information, Listening
views of thoughts to be sent by the - Skill and process to complete
source. The source must choose the communication
code or the language for sending the
message. a. Informative - understand the
- Channel: This is the method through messages
which the messages will be b. Empathic - understand someone’s
transmitted. feelings
- Receiver: This is the final element in c. Appreciative - listening is for
the communication process. The enjoyment
receiver is the audience of the d. Critical - judgment of all aspects;
message. ethos (expertness and
trustworthiness); logos
Effective communication (well-supported arguments); pathos
- Requires great effort among the (emotional elements)
participants of the communication e. Discriminative - ability to determine
process subtle changes in speaker’s voice
- Requires the speaker to convey his quality, speech fillers, pauses, verbal
message in a manner which it could and non-verbal cues.
be easily perceived and understood
by its receiver Features of an Effective Communication
a. Completeness – the quality of
1. Becoming an engaged listener - communication process can be
listener must be attentive and generally discerned if there is
particular to the speaker’s voice, complete communication. In this
pitch, tone, intonation, and volume. feature, the speaker must provide all
2. Paying Attention to nonverbal the necessary information that the
signals - tells more about the receiver needs to hear so that he
personality of the participants of can adjust properly on its response
communication rather than their and reactions.
verbal languages b. Conciseness – this involves making
3. Keeping Stress in Check - know your idea precise without sacrificing
how to stay calm and manage your the whole thought of your message
stress. must be done to eliminate irrelevant
4. Asserting yourself - express ideas, or repetition of information to be sent
thoughts, feelings, emotions and to the audience.
beliefs in an open, honest, direct c. Consideration – the speaker must
manner. always consider the backgrounder of
his receiver particularly his mood,
emotions, race, preference,
education, social status, needs, and
interests. To become an effective
communicator, the speaker must be
 considerate of his audience to build Importance of Intercultural
rapport. Communication
d. Concreteness – the message is a. Develop multiple cultural
considered as concrete if it is perspectives and approaches to
supported by factual information, conducting business
figures, real-life examples and b. Understand the worldwide political,
situations. By doing so, the receiver cultures and business environment
will be more connected to the from a global perspective
message being conveyed, making c. Learn to interact with international
the communication process partners as equals
effective. d. Become skillful at working with
e. Courtesy – the speaker’s respect people from many cultures
towards the culture, values, and simultaneously
beliefs of his receivers is what we e. Adapt comfortable to living in
called as courteous. Through this different cultures
feature, the speaker can create a f. To better understand your own
positive impact among his audience. identity
f. Clearness – the free-flowing g. To enhance your personal and social
communication can happen if the interactions
speaker uses simple and specific h. To help solve cultural
words in expressing his ideas. In this misunderstanding,
way, the speaker creates clear mis-communication and mistrusts
argument for he is focusing only on i. To value the ways it enriches the
a single objective to avoid confusion. quality of our civilization
g. Correctness – the speaker can j. To become effective citizens of our
eliminate negative impact among his national communities
audience if his message portrays
good and correct grammar usage. Characteristics
Applying such will increase the a. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate
credibility and reliability of the high level of uncertainty
message being conveyed. b. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
c. Open-mindedness
Intercultural Communication d. Sensitivity
- According to Gudykunst (2003), this e. Adaptability
type of communication happens to f. Creative thinking
those people having different g. Politeness
nationalities.
Tips on how to refrain from showing bias
Culture - Avoid stereotyping
- Set of values, traditions, social and - Challenge gender norms
political relationship, and world - Do not talk down on younger people
views created by people from - Be sensitive
different backgrounds - Do not belittle people you perceive
to be on a lower social class
 Remember:
5 do’s One of the fundamentals in the existence
a. Avoid assumptions, jokes and survival of humans is communication. It
b. Study other cultures and tradition is used in reaching a common
c. Maintain an attitude of respect understanding through sharing of ideas,
d. Use symbols, diagrams and pictures information, feelings, emotions, views, facts,
from much clearer expression of etc. The functions of communication are
ideas designed to understand others better,
e. Avoid using slang and idioms express thoughts and feelings, share ideas
f. Say what you do and do what you and plans, encourage others to do more
say and be more, to resolve differences, and to
drive change.
6 don'ts
a. Using the same non-verbal
communication world-wide
b. Judge other’s way of expressing
themselves
c. Discriminate gender and religion
affiliation

Barriers
a. Language Differences
b. Body language
c. Level of Context
d. Value of time
e. Feelings and emotions
f. Emotional barrier
g. Use of jargon
h. Lack of confidence
i. Noisy environment

Five basic functions to which

communication is designed for:
a. Social interaction - interact with the
people around us
b. Motivation - encouragement to
make people live better
c. Regulation/Control - controlling
behaviors
d. Emotional Expression - expressing
one’s feelings and emotion
e. Information Dissemination -
provide information