Climatic Disturbances

Geography
Class -XII Moti Sir (Cont – 9748113626)

Identify the correct answer :

1. Origin of tropical cyclone is: sea level / cool sea surface / warm surface / ice surface.
Ans: Warm surface
2. Jet air mainly flows in upper troposphere / lower troposphere / upper stratosphere /
mesosphere
Ans: In the upper stratosphere
3. Atmospheric disturbances are observed at the level - troposphere / tropopause /
stratopause / statosphere
Ans- tropopause
4. High local air flowing over Egypt - Levech / Santa Ana / Khamsin / Bora
Ans: Khamsin
5. The most important of the greenhouse gases: SO / Methane / CO₂ / O₂
Ans: CO₂
6. Cyclone is a kind of - intentional / temporary / sudden / local - wind
Ans: Accidental
7. The circulatory cell that exists between subclinical hypertension and equatorial
depression is called: headley cell / ferrel cell / polar cell / none.
Ans: Hadley Cell
8. Ferrell Room ‘Which airflow belongs to? Westerly winds / polar winds / ion winds /
monsoon winds
Ans: Westerly wind
9. The gas emitted in Bhopal gas accident is - N²O / MIC / H²O / CO²
Ans: MIC
10. Most of the world's tornadoes originate in the Prairie region / China / India / Russia
Ans: In the Prairie region
11. The cool local breeze blowing in the Rhone Valley of France is: Bora / Mistral / Levech
/ Santa Ana
Ans: Mistral
12. Cyclone Eyes Seen—
Ans: Tropical
13. Selva Climate is: Seasonal / Equatorial / Mediterranean / Savannah.
Ans: Equatorial
14. Original cyclones originate in the equatorial region / low latitude / high latitude / mid
latitude
Ans: At high latitudes
15. Examples of atmospheric disasters are: cyclone / earthquake / tsunami / eruption
Ans: Cyclone
16. International Ozone Layer Protection Day is celebrated - 5 June / 16 September / 5
August / 15 December
Ans: 16 September
17. Soil formation rate in high-humid climate is: Extreme / Slow / Fast / Medium.
Ans: Fast
18. Bolson is found in: Nepal / Bangladesh / Sri Lanka / USA
Ans: America in the United States
19. Headley Cell Location: 0 ° –30 ° North and South Latitude / 30 ° –45 ° North and South
Latitude / 45 ° –60 ° North and South Latitude / 80 ° –90 ° North and South Latitude
Ans: 0 ° –30 ° in north and south latitudes
20.Jet air flow is observed - in upper troposphere / lower troposphere / in thermosphere
in mesosphere
Ans- In the upper troposphere
Climate zone in California is - Monsoon Climate / Mediterranean Climate / Tundra Climate
/ Desert Climate
Ans- Mediterranean climate
21. Ocean currents that weaken the monsoon - El Nino/ La Nina / Curocio / Labrador
Ans- El Nino
22. The first mention of the existence of ozone gas - Dobson / Farman / Warming /
Schoenby
Ans- Sconby
Cyclone / Tornado / Typhoon / Harmattam
Ans- Cyclone
23. Jet wind flow is seen above ground level - 2-4 km altitude / 8.5 - 14 km altitude / 20-24
km altitude / 25-30 km altitude.
Ans- 6.5 - 14 km altitude
24. Explain why tropical cyclones in the East China Sea are known as - Typhoon / Hurricane
/ Willy Wiley / Tornado
Ans- Typhoon
25. One of the sources of chlorofluorocarbons - air conditioning equipment / vehicles /
fires / volcanoes
Ans- Temperature control device
26. Hurricane Cyclone is formed - in China Sea / Bay of Bengal / Caribbean Sea / Japan Sea
Ans- In the Caribbean Sea
27. Jet wind direction is - north south / east - west / south - north / west - east
Ans- West - East
28. The trade name of chlorofluorocarbons is -
Neon / Freon / Organ / Xenon
Ans- Freon
29. The part with calm weather in the center of the whirlwind is called - whirlpool / coil /
eye / top.
Ans- eye
30. The main greenhouse gas is ozone / carbon dioxide / chlorofluorocarbon / sulfur
dioxide
Ans- Carbon dioxide
31. Basundhara Conference was held in 1992/1999/1996/1982
Ans- 1992
32. Rainfall occurs in the Mediterranean region - in summer / monsoon / winter / spring.
Ans- In winter
Ans- Ozone hole was first observed - in America / Antarctica / Asia / Australia
Ans- In Antarctica
 33. In the Southern Hemisphere, the monsoon season is observed in the Mediterranean
region - June-July / November-December / January-February / March-April.
Ans- In June-July
34. Main source of methane gas in India - Paddy Land / Orchard / Flower Garden / Tea
Garden
Ans- Paddy cultivation land
35. Signed for Ozone Control - Montreal Protocol / London Protocol / Kyoto Protocol /
Paris Protocol
Ans- Kyoto Protocol
36. A tornado off the coast of Australia is called - Tornado / Bagui / Taifu / Willy Wiley.
Ans- Willie Willie
37. Among the following gases which are not greenhouse gases - ozone / carbon dioxide /
chlorofluorocarbon / oxygen
Ans- Oxygen
38. The type of climate zone in the Amazon River Basin in South America
Includes - Monsoon / Mediterranean / Warm Desert / Equatorial Climate
Ans- Equatorial climate
39. Naming the jet air - Bergeron / C.G. Rosby / Gilbert Walker / Silkoff
Ans- Silcoff
40. Who first discovered the ozone hole in Antarctica - Dobson / Farman / Schonby / Ferrell
Ans- Farman
41. The rate of ozone layer depletion is highest in the seasons - summer / monsoon /
autumn / spring.
Ans- Spring period
42. Which winds cause winter rainfall in the Mediterranean climate - Monsoon winds /
westerly winds / ion winds / none
Ans- westerly wind
43. Equatorial lines are seen in temperate rotation - round / elliptical / funnel shaped /
rectangular.
Ans- funnel shaped
 The English word ‘cyclon’ is derived from the Greek word ____- cyclone / kuklom / kikloma
/ kuklomae.
Ans- kukloma
45. During a cyclone the wind blows in the northern hemisphere - south / left / west / west
/ straight.
Ans-
46. Approximately the diameter of a cyclone
-3000-5000 km / 2000-5000 km / 3000-9000 km / 1000-5000 km
Ans- 3000-9000 km
47. The ring formed by the cumulonimbus cloud around the eye of a whirlwind is called-
ring of rings / coil ring / border ring / eye wall
Ans- eye wall
48. The most tornado-prone region in the world is the China Sea / Caribbean Sea /
Southwest Indian Ocean / Mississippi-Missouri River estuary.
Ans- Mississippi-Missouri River estuary
The origin of temperate cyclones is in Northern Hemisphere - 30 degrees -65 degrees north
and south latitudes / 15 degrees -35 degrees north and south latitudes / 35 degrees -45
degrees north latitudes / 35 degrees -75 degrees north and south latitudes.
Ans- 30 degrees -65 degrees north and south latitude
50. The actual position of the ferral storage cell is - in the region of subarctic depression /
polar hypertension / equatorial depression / subtropical hypertension and the middle of
subarctic depression
Ans-
51. The internal boundary of temperate cyclone is formed - early stage / mature stage /
blocked stage / immature stage
Ans- Blocking stage
52. In tropical regions, the conduction that occurs as a result of wind flow along east-west
is called walker conduction / headley conduction / ferrule conduction / polar conduction.
Ans- Walker performance
53. In the year of El Ni নিিo, tidal currents were observed - off the coast of Madagascar,
on the coast of Peru-Ecuador, on the coast of Japan, on the coast of Australia.
Ans- On the coast of Peru-Ecuador
 54. The high-velocity wind blowing eastward from the west over the troposphere is called
trade wind / monsoon wind / jet wind / westerly wind.
Ans- Jet wind
55. Cyclone Pratip flows in Northern Hemisphere - Straight Path / Left Round / West Round
/ South Round
Ans-
Rainfall during El Nino in the arid regions of Ecuador and Peru is about 300-400 cm / 400-
600 cm / 200-400 cm / 200-500 cm.
Ans- 300-400 cm
57. The pressure of air around a whirlwind is steep / steep / like a step of a staircase / is
gentle / does not stay
Ans- steep
58. Hurricane gives rise to tropical cyclones - China Sea / Bay of Bengal / Bay of Biscay /
Caribbean Sea
Ans- Caribbean Sea
59. The spatial position of the atmosphere affected by homogeneous masses is called
barometer / barograph / barotropic / baroclinic.
Ans- Barotropic
60. The type of tropical cyclone that causes warm sea surface temperatures - 10--15 সে C
/ 15 -20 -20 সে C / 20--25 সে C / 26--27 সে C.

Ans- 26 degrees -27 degrees Celsius

61. El Nino is the month seen on the coast of Peru - December / September / November /
August
Ans- December
62. Atmospheric conditions or flows with index cycles or index cycles - heavy rainfall / jet
wind / walker chambers / thunderstorms
Ans- Jet airflow
63. Cyclones in the South China Sea are called Typhoon / Tornado / Hurricane / Willy-Willy.
Ans- Typhoon
64. The air flowing out of a high pressure area is called - cyclone / depression / ITCZ /
prototype cyclone.
Ans- Pratip whirlwind
65. The word ‘El-Nino’ means - Baby Christ / Naughty Girl / Calm Girl / Calm Baby
Ans- Baby Christ
66. The word cyclone was first used by Pallman / Rosby / Barkness / Henry Paddington.
Ans- Rasbi
67. Tropical Cyclone Convergence Lines Shape-Round / Rectangular / Square / V-Shaped
Ans- round
68. The convex lines of temperate cyclones are shaped like - square / round / V-shaped /
rectangular
Ans- V-shaped
69. Clouds seen in tropical cyclones are called - Status / Altostatus / Nimbostatus /
Cumulonimbus.
Ans- Cumulonimbus
70. The overall process of border formation is called - Frontogenesis / Frontier / Frontolysis
/ Occluded Front
Ans- Frontogenesis
71. One of the pioneers of polar frontier theory regarding temperate cyclones is- V.
Barkness / Rosby / Pullman / Henry Paddington
Ans-V. Barkness
72. Presents Trigonometry Theory of Air Circulation - George Hadley / Pullman / V.
Barkness / Rasbi
Ans- Paulman
73. The meteorologist named the jet stream - Heinrich Silkoff / V. Barkness / Wasaburo
OIC / George Hadley
Ans- Heinrich Silkov
74. Pratip named Anticyclone- V. Barkness / George Hadley / Pullman / Francis Galton
Ans- Francis Galton
75. The strongest cyclone in the world is called - Hurricane / Typhoon / Tornado / Super
Cyclone.
Ans- Tornado
76. Hurricanes off the coast of Australia are called Willy-Willy / Tornado / Bagui / Typhoon.
Ans- Willie-Willie
77. Typhoon cyclone is seen in the Red Sea / China Sea / Arabian Sea / Caribbean Sea
Ans- In the China Sea
78. The diameter of tropical cyclone is 80-300 km / 200-250 km / 100-300 km / 500-600 km.
Ans- 80-300 km
79. Tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal is called Tornado / Typhoon / Hurricane / Cyclone.
Ans- Cyclone
80. Worker Circulation Seen - Pacific Ocean / Indian Ocean / Atlantic Ocean / Arctic Ocean
Ans- In the Pacific Ocean
81. Typhoon / Hurricane / Baguio / Twister
Ans- Twister
82. The process associated with border destruction is called - frontogenesis / occupied
front / frontolysis / border.
Ans- Frontolysis
83. What is the name of the tropical cyclone in the Caribbean Gulf? - Hurricane / Cyclone
/ Tornado / Typhoon
Ans- Hurricane
84. The word ‘la-nina’ means - baby christ / naughty girl / quiet girl / quiet child
Ans- cool girl
85. At the beginning of which season does the flow of jet stream start? -Summer / Autumn
/ Rain / Winter
Ans- Winter
86. The wind speed in a cyclone is about 20-50 km / 100-150 km / 180-200 km / 250-300
km / h
Ans- 20-50 km
87. The jet speed of jet stream is about -100-200 km / 200-250 km / 300-350 km / 350-400
km per hour.
Ans- 350-400 km
88. Occupied border is commonly seen in cyclones - tropical / temperate / weak tropical /
weak temperate
Ans- Temperate
89. How long does El Ni নিিo usually last? -2 years / 3 years / 5 years / 10 years

Ans- 2 years
90. Temperate cyclones occur mainly in summer / autumn / winter / monsoon.
Ans- In winter
91. The nature of the pressure slope of temperate cyclones is- mild / moderate nature /
salinity / very salinity
Ans- Mild
92. Thermal or tropical cyclones are mainly formed in the region which is - frost / tropical
/ subtropical / temperate.
Ans- Tropical
93. The world's largest tornado outbreak is usually found in the Nile Valley / Yangsing-
Qiang Valley / Gangetic Valley / Mississippi River Valley.
Ans- Mississippi River Valley
94. The meeting point of warm air mass and cool air mass is called - border / warm border
/ cold border / intermediate border.
Ans-border
95. Warm and cold boundaries are formed - in tropical cyclones / mid-latitudinal cyclones
/ tropical depression / thunderstorms
Ans- In mid-latitudinal rotation
96. The amount of air pressure at the center of a tornado is less than 900 millibars / 1000
millibars / 1100 millibars / 1200 millibars.
Ans- less than 900 millibars
97. According to the nature and intensity of the tide, the World Meteorological
Organization has divided tropical cyclones into several categories - two / four / six / eight.
Ans- four
98. The Indian Meteorological Department has divided tropical cyclones in the North
Indian Ocean into two parts দুটি two / four / six / eight.

Ans- Two
99. How many air cells have been identified as the cause of global air flow - two / three /
four / five
Ans- three
 100. The position of the intertropical convergent zone (ITCZ) on either side of the equator
- 0 degrees - between 10 degrees / 15 degrees - between 20 degrees / 25 degrees - between
30 degrees / 35 degrees - between 45 degrees
Ans- Between 0 degrees - 10 degrees
101. The diameter of the cyclone eye area is -10 m / 15 m / 20 m / 25 m.
Ans- 20 m
102. The year in which La Nina did not arrive is - 1998-99 AD / 2005 AD / 2008 AD / 2011
AD.
Ans- 2005 AD
103. What is known as tropical cyclone off the coast of Japan? - Typhoon / Cyclone /
Typhoon / Hurricane
Ans- Taifun

Answer in one or two sentences :

1. At what level in the atmosphere is ozone found?
Ans: Ozone is found in the stratosphere of the atmosphere.
2. What is the name given to the wind that blows along the border and pushes the cool
air?
Ans: Warm border.
3. What is Mistral?
Ans: Mistle is the cool local air which flows down the Mediterranean depression along the
Rhone River in France.
4. What is the name of the process by which the surface height decreases?
Ans: Descent process.
5. What is a natural solar screen?
Ans: Ozone layer.
6. Which is the most tornado prone region in the world?
Ans: Mississippi - Missouri estuary.
7. What is the main source of CO, growth in the atmosphere?
Ans: Combustion of fossil fuels.
8. What is a tornado called in the United States?
Ans: Tornado is known as 'Twister' in the United States.
9. What is the eye of the storm?
Ans: The circular center of a tropical cyclone is called the cyclonic eye. Its diameter is about
30-65 kilometers.
10. What is CFC?
Ans: It is a greenhouse gas. The full name is chlorofluorocarbon. This gas depletes the
ozone layer.
11. What is a tsunami?
Ans: A tsunami in Japan is a massive catastrophic tidal wave caused by an earthquake at
the bottom of the ocean floor.
12. What is a natural solar screen called?
Ans: The ozone layer is called the 'natural solar system' of the earth as it protects the
earth's living world from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays.
13. Who is the proponent of triangular theory related to air circulation?
Ans: Scientist Paulman presents the triangular theory of air circulation.
14. What is the doldrum ‘zone’?
Ans: The sailors named it 'Doldrum' because the ship passed through the ITCZ region of
the Atlantic Ocean.
15. Which ray is absorbed in ozone layer?
Ans: Harmful Ultra Violet Ray from the sun is absorbed in the ozone layer.
16. Where does El Nino originate?
Ans: El Nino originates on the west coast of Peru, Ecuador, on the eastern tip of the tropical
Pacific Ocean.
17. What is the ‘other name’ of Hadley Kosh?
Ans: Another name for headley cell is 'direct thermal cell'.
18. In which type of cyclone the weather is always punishable?
Ans: The weather is always calm during the cyclone.
19. Where is more rainfall due to El Nino effect?
Ans: El Nino causes rainfall on the Peruvian coast of South America and in the Atacama
Desert.
20. Write the name of a landslide prone state in India.
 Ans: The most landslide prone state in India - Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand. Most
landslide prone states - Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram.
21. What is the annual change in airflow in a seasonal climate zone?
Ans: South-west monsoon winds blow in summer and north-east monsoon winds in
winter.
22. What is the main source of CO, growth in the atmosphere?
Ans: The main reason for the increase in CO in the atmosphere is the combustion of fossil
fuels.
23.What is the whole point of DART?
Ans: The whole point of DART is - Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami.
24. What is meant by BS climate in the climate classification category of Kppen?
Ans: In the Koppen climate classification, BS climate refers to the desert or steppe climate.
25. What is a tsunami?
Ans: A giant ocean wave is called a tsunami in Japanese. A tsunami is caused when the
magnitude of an earthquake in the ocean floor exceeds 4.

Essay Questions and Answers -

1. Analyze the effect of jet winds on weather and climate. What is Rasvi wave? When
does irregular or sudden wind flow occur?
Ans: Significant effect of jet air flow on weather and climate can be noticed. E.g.
1) Effect of jet wind on vortex and perturbation vortex: Jet wind and vortex vortex on the
position of jet air and jet vortex control the character and characteristics of jet vortex and
vortex vortex.
2) Mid-latitude cyclones: The combination of two opposite winds causes global cyclones,
precipitation and snowfall in the winter.
3) Low latitude disturbances: Jet winds increase the likelihood of severe storms, rains and
thunderstorms by creating deep depressions at low air levels in the final stages of the life
cycle.
4) Monsoon winds: The activity of south-east monsoon winds in India depends largely on
the tropical east jet. When depression and cyclones hit India during the monsoon season,
its intensity largely depends on the tropical eastern jet.
 In both hemispheres, the atmosphere is constantly moving from west to east in the
upper atmosphere encircling the earth. The massive waves that are created in this air
stream are called ripple waves. When jet air flows in a zigzag path, it is known as rasabi
wave.
If in any place in a very short time or suddenly the air pressure drops too much. Or
increases, then the wind that blows at high speed is called sudden or irregular wind.
2. Explain the origin of El Nino. What do you mean by (Monsoon Trough)?
Ans: What is called Western Storm and ‘Monsoon Tarff’ El Nino is a Spanish word meaning
little boy. About 100 years ago, Peruvian fishermen first caught sight of this current, and it
has been named since then. El Nino is a southerly wind that blows along the Peruvian coast
to the east of the Pacific Ocean.
Here are some of the notable reasons for the origin of Nino:
1) Depression of the Nazca plate: The oceanic plate called Nazaka enters the bottom of the
South American continental coast off the coast of Peru and Chile, causing heated magma
to come out of the ground and heat the sea water. Thus El Nino originated.
2) Atmospheric eruptions: The eruption of the Peruvian coast of El Nino as a result of the
eruption of living volcanoes such as Chimbarazo, Cotopakri, etc. along the south and east
Pacific coasts in the western part of South America.
3) Doctrine of Barkness: J. According to Barkness, walker and trade winds weaken as
disproportionate heat points are created in the eastern Pacific Ocean. As a result, El Ni
নিিo originated as the water level in the east gradually increased. Due to the return of
monsoon winds, the winter winds in the Mediterranean region caused disruptive weather
conditions in northern India and central Pakistan. During this time the sky is covered with
clouds for 3-4 days, light rain falls and snow falls in the hilly areas. This is called western
Disturbances or western trouble. With the setting of the sun in summer, the ITCZ moves
northwards and stays on land. The North-West India and adjoining Pakistan border then
formed the depression chamber and the monsoon trough in the Gangetic plain.
3. Determine the difference between a cyclone and a cyclone.
Subject Cyclone Anti-cyclone
1. Center location The center of the cyclone is High pressure is in the
the depression. center of the cyclone.

2. Direction of air flow The wind of the cyclone The wind blows around
blows towards the center from the center in a
from all sides. whirlwind

3. Vertical flow of air The air in the center of the The wind of Pratip cyclone is
cyclone is warm and upward cool and downward
The direction of air flow In the northern hemisphere In a whirlwind the wind
according to the the wind blows blows in the northern
hemisphere counterclockwise and in the hemisphere to the south
southern hemisphere the and in the southern
wind blows hemisphere to the left
counterclockwise. counterclockwise.

Speed Medium to high speed. Slow motion.

5. Rainfall There is a lot of rainfall in There is no rain in Pratip

cyclones. whirlwind. The weather is
dry.

6. Clouds The sky is full of clouds. There is no sign of clouds.

The sky is glistening with
sunshine.

7. Durability Lasts a short time. But very Lasts longer. But it is not as
strong and destructive. strong and destructive as a
whirlwind.

4. Write the characteristics of the cyclone.

Ans- A deep depression center is formed when a short range of space rises due to angle.
In order to maintain the balance of air pressure, the air in the surrounding area flows to
the center of depression and rises upwards over time. This wind is called cyclone. The
characteristics of a cyclone are:
• Presence of low pressure in the center: The air pressure is low in the whole area of
the cyclone. The pressure is minimal, especially at the center of the cyclone. At the
center of a cyclone this pressure is also 850-900 millibars.
• Wind speed: The wind speed in a cyclone is not less than 20 kmph and the speed
can be up to 400 kmph.
• Direction of air flow: Air flows as it rotates around the lower chamber. It flows to
the left in the Northern Hemisphere and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Catastrophic weather: As long as the cyclone stays, the weather is catastrophic.
• Presence of vertices: Each vortex has a vertex of vertices. When this top-level jet
is attached to the air current, the direction of the cyclone follows the path of that
 air current. In addition, the movement of the air pressure zone also changes its
direction.
• Difference in pressure: As the difference in heat between the outer boundary and
the center of a cyclone is intense, so is the difference in pressure.
• Centrifugal wind: The wind blows from all sides towards the center of the cyclone,
i.e. the wind in the cyclone is centripetal.
• Strength: Cyclones gain strength from heat and water vapor. This energy becomes
kinetic energy and keeps the vortex active.

5. Describe the stages of origin of mid-latitude cyclones. What is PSC?

Ans: The stage of formation of cyclone in Natishito can be explained as under:
1) Early Stage (Equilibrium Boundary Formation): The cool breeze from the polar region
and the developed air masses from the tropics flow parallel to each other in opposite
directions and form equilibrium boundary.
2) Stage II (Creation of Uy and Cool Boundary): As cool air mass moves towards Uy air mass
and Uy air mass progresses towards cool air mass, Uy air boundary is formed at the back
of Uy air and Uy boundary is formed behind the cool air.
3.Stage – IV: As a result of the collision of UA air masses and cool air masses along the
equilibrium boundary, Uhna air masses enter the cold air masses. This causes air waves.
4) Stage IV (predominance of cyclone): The cool air bubbles push behind the air masses,
forcing the humid air to be projected towards the polar region and the cool and dry air
coming from the polar region surrounds the humid air.
5) Stage 5 (Occupied border): When the cold air border moves rapidly towards the Ui
border, it effortlessly comes in contact with the Ui border along a curved border. This kind
of curved border is called occluded border.
6) Extreme stage: At this stage the warm air mass along the acclaimed boundary is
surrounded by cool air mass. As a result, it separates from the main air mass. Extremely
low temperatures cause water vapor in the atmosphere to condense and form supercooled
clouds in the stratosphere, known as the 'Polar Stratospheric Cloud' (PSC).

6. Describe the effects of El Nino on monsoon winds.

Ans: Effects of El Nino on monsoon winds: The most recent theory regarding the origin of
monsoon winds in the subcontinent is the ENSO theory. It states that in the northern
hemisphere, there are several walker rooms extending east-west along the equator in the
summer. Walker chambers are associated with El Niস o, southerly oscillations, and
seasonal winds. The period during which these walker chambers activate the air flow
through normal circulation is called the normal and strong state of the walker chamber. At
this stage there are four large walker chambers with low pressure. Namely: 1) Amazon
region, 2) Central Africa, 3) India and 4) Indonesia. As a result, there is a lot of rainfall in
these four regions. In India, due to the influence of monsoon winds, south-west monsoon
winds arrive at normal times. At the same time four low pressure chambers as well as
three high pressure chambers were created. Namely: (a) East Pacific Ocean, (b) West
Indian Ocean, (c) South Atlantic Ocean.
As a result, the Indian subcontinent experiences high pressure in summer instead of
low pressure. As a result, south-west monsoon winds come late in India. South-west
monsoon winds receive at least 10 percent less rainfall. The result is drought.

7. Write three main man-made causes of climate change. What causes winter rainfall in
the Mediterranean climate?
Ans: Climate change has been caused by ozone depletion, greenhouse effect and global
warming as a result of various indiscriminate human activities. E.g.
1) Combustion of fossil fuels: Indiscriminate increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere due to indiscriminate use of industries, vehicles, thermal power
generation, cooking, mineral oil and natural gas in developed and developing countries
around the world.
2) Deforestation: Currently deforestation is being carried out for agriculture, industry,
roads, settlement construction to meet the continuous demand due to population growth.
As a result, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing rapidly, which is
causing climate change.
3) Agriculture: People are using chemical fertilizers and pesticides to cultivate fast and high
yielding crops to meet their desired needs, resulting in increase in NH, CH, N, O gas. These
continue to play a major role in climate change.
Reasons why most of the rainfall in the Mediterranean climate occurs in winter: The main
features of the climate of the Mediterranean region are dry and dry summers and humid
winters. Rainfall is usually caused by a combination of westerly winds and cyclones in
winter. During the solar eclipse, the subtropical high pressure belt gradually moves south.
As a result, westerly winds influence the Mediterranean coast. The combined process of
westerly winds from the Mediterranean region and the temperate winds created in the
Mediterranean Sea causes winter rainfall in the Mediterranean climate.

8. Discuss the causes of climate change.

Ans: There are many causes of climate change. The main ones are continental migration,
volcanic eruptions, ocean currents and tilting of the earth.
 1) Continental migration: When the earth's surface began to move little by little, the
continent was gradually created. This shifting of the soil has resulted in a change in the
position of the earth's water bodies. These changes affect the climate.
2) Volcanoes: Volcanic eruptions emit large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas, water vapor,
dust, ash. The result is a long-term adverse effect on nature and climate change.
3) Tilt of the Earth: The Earth is tilted at an angle of 231, 2 with the vertical plane of its
orbit. Climate change affects the climate.
4) Ocean currents: Oceans have a big role to play in climate. The oceans cover 71 percent
of the earth. The oceans absorb twice as much sunlight as the atmosphere.
9. What causes dry summers and humid winters in the Mediterranean climate?
Ans: In countries with Mediterranean climate, about 75% of the total annual rainfall occurs
in winter. The reasons for this are:
1) In summer: North-east ion winds cause rain in the eastern part of the continent and
come in the western part of the continent. The air is compressed and the temperature is
constantly rising due to the arrival of cool and dry air at the equatorial low pressure and
polar provincial high pressure. As a result, summer is hot and dry.
2) In winter: South-westerly winds collect water vapor from the Mediterranean and
Atlantic Oceans, causing shallow precipitation in the highlands. As a result, winter is humid
and cool.
10. What is global warming? Briefly discuss its causes and effects.
Global Warming: Global warming is the increase in global average temperature due to the
effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO), methane (CH), nitrous oxide (NO),
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in the atmosphere.
Reasons for global warming :
1) Combustion of fossil fuels increases the amount of carbon dioxide (CO) in the
atmosphere. 2) Increase in CO in the atmosphere from smoke emitted from factories and
vehicles.
3) Combustion of fuel wood increases the amount of CO in the atmosphere.
4) Increase in the amount of methane (CH) from gas emitted from decomposing waste,
cattle dung, wetlands, paddy fields etc.
5) Increase the amount of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere from
refrigeration, cold storage, paint industry, electronics industry etc.
6) Increasing the amount of CO in the atmosphere increases respiration and waste as a
result of the massive increase in the world's population.
 Results Global Warming:
1) Climate change: As the earth's development progresses, various changes will occur in
the weather and climate. Such as - floods, droughts, prolonged summers, thunderstorms,
thunderstorms - rain, cyclones, tornadoes, etc. will increase.
2) Ice melting: As the Earth improves, the deep thick ice sheets of the Arctic and other
continental and mountain glaciers will continue to melt and sea level will rise.
3) Increase in sea level rise: As the sea level rises due to melting of polar ice in the world,
landforms will change, agricultural production will be disrupted, and marine environment
will change.
4) Creation of fires: If the development of the earth increases, the forest will be destroyed
by the creation of fires again and again by rubbing on the trees.
5) Decrease in biodiversity: Increase in the average size of the earth will lead to loss of life
of many animals and plants and endanger the biodiversity.
11. What is the greenhouse effect? Describe the effects of greenhouses.
Ans- Ans: Greenhouse effect: Glass houses are made to protect the plants from extreme
cold in cold countries. It promotes good plant growth but increases the temperature of the
atmosphere by adding various gaseous elements such as carbon dioxide, methane,
chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, ozone, water vapor etc. to the atmosphere, which is
called greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect:
1) Increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere: Due to the increase in the
amount of carbon dioxide from the smoke emitted from factories, vehicles, etc., the
temperature of the atmosphere is increasing rapidly.
2) Climate change: As a result of continuous improvement, the amount of rainfall will
decrease and the incidence of drought will increase. Somewhere there will be heavy rain
and somewhere there will be no rain.
3) Average sea level rise: Due to the rise in temperature, the massive frozen iceberg will
melt and the sea water will expand. As a result, the sea level will continue to rise.
4) Decrease in agricultural production and drinking water: Climate change will occur as a
result of increasing rainfall. As a result, agricultural land will shrink and crop production
will decrease. Canals, beels, ponds, rivers, etc. will dry up as a result of rising temperatures.
As a result, the fauna will face a deep water crisis.
5) Deforestation and biodiversity crisis: Increased development will lead to deforestation
due to wildfires, desertification, etc., and the destruction of biodiversity can be noticed.
12. Discuss about Ozon layer.
· Definition: The ozone layer or ozone layer (OzonosphereOzone Layer) is a gas layer that
weighs 15-30 km (20-50 km) in the stratosphere.
Expansion: The ozone layer is located at an altitude of 15-30 km (20-50 km) in the
stratosphere.
Characteristics: The characteristics of the ozone zone or ozone layer are as follows:
• This layer is mainly composed of weight gas (O3)
• This layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun
• This layer regulates the temperature of the atmosphere.

Importance:
The importance of the ozone layer is as follows -
• At this level there is a screen of ozone gas, which absorbs the ultraviolet rays (Ultra-
Violet Ray) emitted from the sun and prevents them from reaching the earth's
surface, thus protecting the living world from destruction.
• Maintains ecological balance.
• Protects biodiversity.
• Ozone gas absorbs the sun's heat and ultraviolet rays, so it helps to maintain the
balance of atmospheric heat even when the temperature of this layer is very high.
13. What is ozone depletion, ozone depletion or ozone cavity? Write down the causes,
effects and prevention.
Ans- The ozone layer is a natural solar system that prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun from entering the earth's surface from entering the atmosphere. But over the last
few decades, the ozone layer has been depleted by the effects of increasing chlorine atoms,
which is becoming known as ozone depletion. In the winter in Antarctica, due to the
absence of the sun, the temperature in the lower stratosphere decreases rapidly and the
air temperature decreases rapidly. Vortex is formed in Antarctica due to this rapid
reduction of air temperature and rapid rotation of the earth. The wind speed in this vortex
is more than 300 km per hour. This results in the collision of hydrogen chloride and chlorine
nitrate in the middle of the vortex to produce molecular chlorine gas, which is subsequently
dissociated by ultraviolet rays in early spring to form the chlorine atom. These chlorine
atoms gradually break down millions of ozone molecules in that region; As a result, the
ozone layer in Antarctica is depleting and thinning, and in places it is almost completely
destroyed, through which the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays are coming directly to the
earth's surface. This is called the Ozone Hole.

Causes of ozone depletion:

 There are two main causes of ozone depletion. Namely - a) natural causes and b)
man-made causes. These are discussed below -
A) Natural causes:
The natural causes responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are –
• Lightning
• Agnudgam
• Photochemical reaction
• Effects of ultraviolet rays etc. All of these factors lead to the destruction of the
ozone layer by breaking down the ozone gas molecule through the following
processes. However, it is important to keep in mind that just as the ozone layer is
depleted by natural causes, it is also formed by natural causes. So the natural causes
behind the depletion of the ozone layer do not have such a serious effect.

B) Man-made causes:
Man-made causes are mainly responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
• Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or freon is a special compound
that is particularly responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. It is again of
three kinds; Namely - CFC-11 (CFCl3), CFC-12 (CF2Cl2), CFC-113 (CF2Cl.CF2Cl); Since
1995, experts have blamed chlorine emissions for the depletion of the ozone layer.
A chlorine atom remains unchanged after breaking down about one million ozone
molecules.
O3 + Cl> O2 + O + Cl
• Source: CFC is emitted from the field of refrigerator, air conditioner, foam industry,
paint industry, plastics industry, perfume industry, circuit cleaning of computer and
other devices. Also toxic black smoke from factories and vehicles, tannery waste
products which are subsequently involved in the production of chlorine gas in the
atmosphere through various chemical reactions.
• Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is another important gas that plays a role in
ozone depletion.
• Source: Use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, vehicles, nylon industry etc.
• Nitrogen Oxide (NO): Nitrogen oxide is another important element responsible for
the depletion of the ozone layer.
• Source: Jet aircraft
• Bromine atoms: Bromine atoms are formed by the breakdown of halon compounds
under ultraviolet rays. These bromine atoms act as ozone destroyers.
• Source: Fire extinguisher
 • Sulfur particles: Sulfur particles are one of the factors responsible for ozone
depletion.
• Source: Smoke from factories, vehicles, etc.
In addition to the reasons mentioned above Methane, Methyl bromide, Other
man-made causes include the formation of ozone-depleting gases, such as methyl chloride.

Effects of ozone depletion

Scientists have given various information about the effect of weight loss on the living
world. They speculate that the loss of ultraviolet rays due to weight loss could cause the
following disadvantages:
A) Effects on humans and other animals: The effects of weight loss on humans and other
animals are as follows -
· Immunity will be reduced
· Cataracts in the eyes.
It will start skin cancer and other diseases. (It is estimated that 500,000 people
worldwide will suffer from skin cancer due to a 5% weight loss. One study found that a 1%
increase in ultraviolet rays would increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer by 4 times
in white people.)
Extinction of many species in the animal kingdom may occur.
5. The effects of ultraviolet rays on cells are very harmful. It can disrupt cell formation
and growth and in many cases can break down cells
• Fertility will decrease.
• Nails and hair will be damaged
• The average life expectancy will decrease
The number of amphibians will decrease rapidly.
C) Effects on plants: The effect of weight loss on plants is as follows –
• Ultraviolet rays will damage food grains.
• The amount of trees and forests will gradually decrease
• The leaves of the plant will become small and yellow in size, i.e., the plant will be
infected with chlorosis.
• The effects of ultraviolet rays are very harmful on plant cells. It can disrupt the
growth and development of plant cells and in many cases break down the cells
• The incidence of premature death of plants will increase
• The productivity of plants will decrease
• Normal immunity of plants will be reduced
C) Impact on environment: The effect of weight loss on environment is as under -
• Will damage the natural food cycle
• Global warming will occur and the global warming balance will be threatened
• Biodiversity will be endangered
• Global warming will accelerate
• The amount of fog and acid rain will increase
• Ways to prevent ozone depletion

Ways to prevent ozone depletion are as follows:

A) Decreased use of CFC: Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC11, CFC12) or freon is a special
compound which is especially responsible for depletion of ozone layer. This CFC mainly
comes from the field of refrigerator, air conditioner, foam industry, paint industry, plastics
industry, perfume industry, circuit cleaning of computer and other instruments etc. All of
these sources of CFC emissions need to be closed or maximized in some cases.
B) Nitrous Oxide, Nitrogen Oxide, Sulfur Particle Control: Use of Chemical Fertilizers in
Agriculture, Toxic Black Smoke from Vehicles, Vehicles, Nylon Industries, Vehicles, Tannery
Waste Materials, Nitrogen from Nitrogen, Sulfur particles are emitted which is one of the
most important ozone destroyers. They need to reduce their quantity in the environment
by controlling their sources.
C) Implementation of the Montreal Agreement: In order to preserve the ozone layer,
necessary steps must be taken to ensure that the Montreal Agreement, signed in 1986 in
Montreal, Canada, is implemented in practice.
D) Implementation of Agenda 21: All the observances included in Agenda 21 adopted at
the Bashundhara Conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992, must be complied
with by all.
E) Alternatives and use of environmentally friendly products: Emphasis should be placed
on the use of alternatives to ozone depleting elements and environmentally friendly
products.
F) Citizen Responsibility: Protecting the environment is the basic responsibility of the
citizens. Therefore, everyone should be responsible for ensuring that other ozone
depleting substances, including CFCs, are produced in small quantities in the environment.

14. Differences between tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones

Subject Tropical cyclone Temperate cyclone
1. Positional differences Tropical cyclones are usually Upward temperate cyclones
located in the tropics range in latitude from 35
between 5 সেকে and 20 অ degrees to 60 degrees.
latitudes.

2. Volumetric differences Tropical cyclones range in Temperate cyclone

diameter from 100 km to maximum 3000 km
600 km. Is extended to.

3. The last difference in the Tropical cyclones form on Temperate cyclones are
place of origin the surface of the sea. more common on land.

4. The last difference at the More tropical cyclones are Temperate cyclones appear
time of creation formed in summer and mainly in winter
autumn.

5. The last difference in the The humidity generated by Temperate cyclones are
source of energy condensation is the main formed from the heat
source of cyclonic energy in gained from the
the tropics. atmosphere.

6. Pressure gradient past The pressure difference In temperate cyclones there

difference between the center and the is a gentle pressure slope.
outer surface of a tropical
cyclone is so great that the
pressure slope is steep.

7. Intensity is the last Tropical cyclones usually Temperate cyclones move

difference flow from east to west from west to east.

8. Weather is the last Tropical cyclones are Temperate does not cause
difference destructive in character. any erosion damage.
This results in a lot of
erosion damage.

9. The last difference in the Hurricanes in the tropics Temperate cyclones have
direction of flow cause heavy rain for a few Nimbostratus clouds, so
hours as the sky is covered there is light rain for many
with cumulonimbus clouds. days.
10. Morphological In a tropical rotation, In temperate rotation the
differences isosceles lines are isosceles are funnel or V-
concentric, circular, shaped.
condensed, that is, at equal
distances.

Moti Sir
Teacher of RKVM
Cont - 9748113626