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Thảo Đoàn Nguyễn Phương
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Linear: Time as a line which can be broken up into segments

Past / present/ future : Over – focus on today’s task – plan for future
Event-related : take actions when problems/ issues happen
Cyclical : routines – natural cycles ( repeated)
Short-term and long-term orientation
Short-term orientation Long-term orientation
 Small amount of savings  Large amount of savings
 Quick results  Long-term results
 Overspend to keep up with  Savings/ thrifty
their neighbors  Traditions should be adapted
 Respect for tradition for modern context

Power distance
Tendency to accept unequally distributed power
Small Large
 Minimize inequality  Accept and welcome
 Disapprove status inequality
 Decentralization  Privileges for superior
 Narrow range of salaries positions
 Consult subordinates  Centralization
 Ideal boss democrat  Wide range of salaries
 Ideal boss is autocrat

Individualism/Collectivism:
Collectivism: a system in which people are integrated into groups.
Individualism: a system of culture that people tend to respect privacy/ individual
identity.
System of culture that groups ties are loose /
Individualism Collectivism
 Identity is based on the individual  Identity is based on the group you
belong to
 Honest people speak their mind  Harmony should be maintained

 Communication is low context  Communication is high context

 Relationships between employee


and employer are based on a  Relationships between employee
contract and employer are like family
links
 Decision on employing people
take the skills into consideration  Decision on employing people
 Task is more important than take the group into consideration
relationship
 Management is the management  Relation is more important than
of individual task
 Management is the management
of the group

Uncertainty avoidance
Members of the culture group feel threatened by uncertain/ unknown situations
Weak Strong
 Uncertainty is a normal  Uncertainty is a threat
feature of life
 People feel comfortable in  People fear ambiguous
ambiguous situations situations
 Certain rules  Rules need emotional aspects
 Innovative ideas are tolerant  Innovative ideas are resistant
 Motivation by achievement  Motivation by security

Femininity Masculinity
Roles of men and women overlap Roles of men and women are distinct
- Caring for other is a dominant - Material success is a dominant
value value

- Relationship is important - Things/ material are important


- People should be modest
- Men are assertive
- Men and women deal with facts
and feelings - Men : facts / women: feelings
- People work to live
- Managers aim for consensus - People live to work

- Equality, solidarity, quality - Managers are decisive

- Conflicts are solved by - Competition and performance


compromise
- Conflicts are fought out

High context (Implicit) low context culture (Explicit)


Cultural iceberg
Culture: behavior, clothing, food
Meanings, belief, attitudes, values
5. INDIVISUALISM OR COLLECTIVISM, WHICH ONE IS RUSSIA’S
CULTURE?

According to Hofstede Insights, Russia scores 46 on the Individualism scale,


indicating that Russia is a collectivism with 54 score.

This collectivist orientation can manifest


in various ways:

 Family and close friends play an important role in Russia's lives, reflecting
the collectivistic nature of the culture.

For instance, Russians might say “WE with friends” instead of “I and my friends,”
illustrating how the collective group is prioritized.

 Survey on Family and Social Support (Pew Research, 2020):


85% of Russians stated that their family and close social networks are the
most important sources of personal support and identity. This demonstrates
how Russians prioritize family and group affiliations in shaping their sense of
collectivist cultures.

 In Russian culture, the extended family plays a central role in everyday life. It
is common for multiple generations to live together or maintain close ties,
often sharing resources and supporting one another. This reflects a collectivist
mindset.

For example, Russian grandparents (often referred to as babushkas and


dedushkas) frequently help raise their grandchildren, playing an active role in
family life.

 In Russian organizations, teams work: closely together and are expected to


collaborate and support one another. Individual achievements are often seen as
part of the group’s overall success. Employees may sacrifice their personal
recognition or ambition for the good of the team.

For example: A Deloitte survey showed that 72% of Russian employees


preferred working in close-knit teams, with group cohesion being more
important than individual performance.
6. UNIVERSALISM OR PARTICULARISM , WHICH ONE DOES
RUSSIA TEND TO BE?

56% of Russians reported they would prioritize helping a family member or


friend over focusing on their own personal goals, indicating the tendency to
prioritize particularism.

In particularist cultures like Russia:

 Who you know can often be more important than what the rules say.
 Favoritism and preferential treatment for family, friends, or trusted colleagues
are common in both social and business settings.

• Blat system(favors: блат)

The concept of "blat", which involves using personal networks and


connections to get things done.
Workers often rely on trusted contacts to secure resources, information, or job
opportunities.

According to a study by the Levada Center (2017), 56% of Russians admitted


to using personal connections to achieve tasks, such as securing a job,
accessing healthcare. This reliance on personal relationships over formal
processes is a strong indicator of particularism.

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