Air pollutants Source Harmful effect

Definitions to memorise
1. Element Substance made up of one type of atom
Substance that cannot be broken down into anything
simpler by chemical means
2. Compounds Substance made of 2 or more different elements
chemically bonded
3. Soluble Dissolves in water
4. Isotopes Atoms with the same proton number but different
neutron/mass number
5. Diatomic A molecule that has 2 atoms
2 atoms combined together
6. Ionic bonding Strong force of attraction,
between positive and negative ions / oppositely
charged ions
7. Alloy Mixture of a metal and another element
8. Thermal Breakdown of a substance by heat
decomposition
9. Electrolysis Breakdown of an ionic compound by electricity
10.Oxidation Gain/ addition of oxygen
11.Reduction Removal of oxygen
12.Reversible Reaction which goes both backwards and forwards
reaction
13. Hydrated (salt) A salt that contains water of crystallisation
14. Anhydrous (salt) A salt that has lost its water of crystallisation
15.Exothermic Reaction which gives out heat to the surroundings
Reaction
16.Endothermic Reaction which takes in heat from the surroundings
Reaction
17.Homologous A group of organic compounds that have similar
series chemical properties as they have the same functional
group
18.Hydrocarbon A compound made of carbon and hydrogen ONLY
19.Unsaturated Contains C=C bond
20.Cracking Breakdown of long hydrocarbon molecules into smaller
(more useful) ones
21.Polymer Substance containing very large molecules formed when
many small molecules (monomers) join together

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22.Petroleum A group of hydrocarbons/molecules with similar boiling
fraction points / molecular masses
23.Enzyme Biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction

Types of chemical reactions (understand them)

Displacement When a more reactive elements takes the place of a less
reactive element in a compound (metals and halogens)
Neutralization When an acid and a base react together to form salt and
water
Addition When an element is added to a compound without the
removal of any atoms
Thermal When one reactant breaks down into 2 or more products
decomposition using heat
Substitution When an element is added to a compound and removes
atoms to take their place
Combustion When a fuels burns (reacts with oxygen) to give out heat
(CO2 and H2O)
Exothermic A reaction that gives out heat
Endothermic A reaction that takes in heat
Polymerisation It is a process in which small molecules (monomers) are
built up together by linking to form a giant macromolecule
(polymer
fermentation Formation of ethanol using yeast and glucose
Dehydration Removal of water
Hydration Addition of water
Redox A reaction where both oxidation and reduction take place
simultaneously
Cracking Breaking down of long alkanes into smaller alkanes and
alkenes
Volatile/volatility Ability of a liquid to change to gas

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Structures that you need to memorize

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Diagrams you need to recognize

Alloy Diffusion

Graphite Diamond

Polymerisation

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Names of salts
Salt name starts with a metal (or ammonium sometimes)
Acid used Salt name ends in
Hydrochloric acid -chloride
Sulfuric acid -sulfate
Nitric acid -nitrate
Ethanoic acid -ethanoate

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Organic Chemistry Chemical Reactions
Process Reactants Conditions Products
Substitution by Alkane UV light Chloromethane
halogen chlorine
Addition by Alkene No conditions Dibromoethane
halogen Bromine
Cracking Long alkane Heat >300C Alkene
Catalyst (silicon dioxide/ shorter alkane
aluminium dioxide) Hydrogen (sometimes)
Pressure
Polymerisation Monomers which are Catalyst Polymer
alkenes (ex ethene) Poly ethene
Dehydration of Alcohol (ex ethanol) Conc H2SO4 Alkene + water
alcohol
Hydration of ethene Temp 300 C Ethanol
alkene Pressure 60-70 atm
Acidic catalyst (phosphoric
acid)
Fermentation Glucose Yeast (catalyst) Ethanol
water No air/ no oxygen Carbon dioxide
Room temp / 20-40 C

Organic Chemistry Homolgous Series

Series Functional General Name ends

group formula in
Alkanes Single bonds CnH2n+2 -ane
(Hydrocarbon) between carbon
atoms
Alkenes C=C CnH2n -ene
(Hydrocarbon)
Alcohols -OH CnH2n+1 OH -ol
Carboxylic acid -COOH CnH2nO2 -oic

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Valencies / oxidation states

Colours
Elements Hydrogen : colourless
Oxygen: colourless
Nitrogen: colourless
Metals: silver / grey (except Gold: yellow, Copper: reddish brown)
Fluorine: pale yellow
Chlorine: pale green
Bromine: orange, orange-brown
Iodine: (solid: black, brown: liquid
Graphite: grey/black
Diamond: colourless
Noble gases: colourless
(Halogens lose their colour when they become ions/a compound)
Compounds Alcohols : colourless
Water: colourless
Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) hydrated: pink, anhydrous: blue
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) hydrated: blue, anhydrous: white
Copper oxide (black)
Compounds with group 1 metals: white solids
Compounds with transition metals: coloured
Potassium manganate: purple
Limewater: colourless
Milky with Carbon dioxide
Indicators 1. Litmus with acids: red, with alkalis: blue
2. Thymolphthalein with acids: colourless, with alkalis: blue
3. Methylorange with acids: red, with alkalis: yellow
4. Universal indicator with acids: red/orange/yelllow,
with neutral/water: green
with alkalis: blue/purple
Also study all colours in topic 12: chemical analysis

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Graphs:
Temperature vs Volume of a gas: Pressure vs volume of a gas

Changing state graph

Heating curve Cooling curve

Titration curve

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Exothermic Endothermic

Measuring rate of reaction

Volume of product formation vs time Rate of mass decrease vs time

Factors affecting rate of reaction

1. Temperature 2. Pressure and 3. Concentration

2.

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4.Particle size/surface area 5. Catalyst

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