GPON Fundamentals

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Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 References

ITU-T 984.1

ITU-T 984.2

ITU-T 984.3

ITU-T 984.4

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 Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Describe GPON Network Architecture

 Outline GPON Basic Concepts

 Outline GPON Applications

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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 Architecture of Optical Access Network
Customer Premise
Center Office
Equipment
3.5-5km
xDSL 2~20Mbps Remote Business
DSLAM

ODN Curb
xDSL
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTC OLT
DSLAM

2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up

FTTH OLT
ONT

2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up

FTTB OLT
ONU

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What is Optical Access Network?

From the architecture diagram, the optical access network comprises the
following scenarios:
 FTTB scenario
 SBU : Single business unit ; providing a comparatively small number of ports such as
POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports
 MTU :Business Multi-tenant unit ; providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
including POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports.

 FTTC & FTTCab scenario

 MDU : Multi-dwelling unit ;providing a comparatively larger number of ports, including
10/100/1000BASE-T, VDSL2, and so on.

 FTTH scenario
 SFU : Single family unit , providing a comparatively small number of ports, including
following types: POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T, and RF.

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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 What is GPON?
Passive Optical Network
Optical
Network Termination
PSTN
Passive Optical
Splitter ... ...
Internet
Optical Network
Optical Line Unit

...
Terminal

IPTV ...

GPON: Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network

PON is short for Passive Optical Network ;

GPON architecture: Passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point;
 Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
 Optical Network Unit (ONU)
 Optical Distribution Network (ODN).

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Why GPON?
<1Mbps 3M 8M 25M 2.5G

Access ADSL/ADSL2+ VDSL / ADSL2+ PON

Technology Copper Based Copper Based Fiber Based

Coverage ~20km
<3km <2km <1km
diameter

Internet VoD Live TV

Service Video conference HDTV VoD
requirements Game
Remote control HDTV

2002 2003 2006 2010

Time

GPON supports :
 Triple-play service
High-bandwidth up to 1.25Gbps/2.5Gbps
 HDTV: 16-20M/program; Long-reach up to 20km
 Data: 10M;
 Video Conference: 4.5M

GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.

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GPON Principle----Data
Multiplexing

GPON adopts Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology,
facilitating bi-direction communication over a single fiber.
1310nm

ONU/ONT

OLT ODN

1490nm

To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a single

fiber, GPON adopts two multiplexing mechanisms:
 In downstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a broadcast
manner;
 In upstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a TDMA manner
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GPON Principle----Downstream
Data for specified ONU

1
Data for specified ONU 3
2
1
1 2 3 1 2 3 2

1
2
3 3

Broadcast mode

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GPON Principle----Upstream
Data from specified user

1
Data from specified ONU

1
1 2 3 2 2

3 3

TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access) mode

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GPON Standards
ITU-T G.984.1 ITU-T G.984.2
• Specifications of ODN parameters
• Parameter description of GPON
• Specifications of 2.488Gbps downstream optical
network
port
• Requirements of protection switch-
• Specifications of 1.244Gbps upstream optical port
over networking
• Overhead allocation at physical layer

Simple development process

Powerful compatibility

ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4
ITU-T G.984.3
• Specifications of TC layer in the GPON
ITU-T G.984.4
system
• OMCI message format
• GTC multiplexing architecture and protocol
• OMCI device management frame
stack
• GTC frame
• OMCI working principle
• ONU registration and activation
• DBA specifications
• Alarms and performance
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Basic Performance Parameters
Upstream Downstream
Rate(Gbps) Rate(Gbps)
0.15552 1.24416

0.62208 1.24416
1.24416 Gbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s
1.24416 1.24416 down is the mainstream speed
combination supported at current
time.
0.15552 2.48832

0.62208 2.48832

1.24416 2.48832

2.48832 2.48832

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Basic Performance Parameters
Maximum logical reach 60 km

Maximum physical reach 20 km

Maximum differential fibre 20 km

distance

Split ratio 1：64/up to1：128

The distance
between nearest
and farthest
ONTs

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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 GPON Network Model Reference
UNI R/S ODN S/R SNI

ONU/ONT OLT Service node

WDM WDM V reference point

T reference point IFpon IFpon
Optical
splitter NE
NE

ONU Optical Network Unit

ONT Optical Network Terminal

ODN Optical Distribution Network

OLT Optical Line Terminal

WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Module

NE Network Element

SNI Service Node Interface

UNI User Network Interface

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GPON Multiplexing Architecture

GEM Port: the minimum unit for carrying
Port services.
Port
OO T-CONT Port
T-CONT Port
T-CONT: Transmission Containers is a kind of
Port
NN Port buffer that carries services. It is mainly used to
UU Port transmit upstream data units. T-CONT is
T-CONT Port
T-CONT Port introduced to realize the dynamic bandwidth
Port
assignment of the upstream bandwidth, so as to
enhance the utilization of the line.
OO
IFpon
IFpon Port
Port
IF pon: GPON interface.
NN T-CONT
T-CONT
Port
Port
Based on the mapping scheme, service traffic
UU
is carried to different GEM ports and then to
different T-CONTs. The mapping between the
OO GEM port and the T-CONT is flexible. A GEM
T-CONT Port
NN T-CONT Port port can correspond to a T-CONT; or multiple
UU GEM Ports can correspond to the same T-
CONT.

A GPON interface of an ONU contains one or
ONU-ID Alloc-IDs Port-ID
identifies GEM multiple T-CONTs.
identifies identifies T-
ONUs CONTs ports

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GPON Multiplexing Architecture
OLT ONT
GEM Port GEM Port
T-CONT

T-CONT

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 GPON Frame Structure
Downstream Framing
125us
Physical Control Block Downstream
(PCBd)
Upstream Payload
Bandwidth Map
ONT 0

AllocID Start End AllocID Start End

1 100 200 2 300 500

OLT
T-CONT0 T-CONT 0
(ONT 1) (ONT 2)
Slot Slot Slot Slot
100 200 300 500
ONT 63
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu X Payload x DBRu Y Payload y

Upstream Framing

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 GPON Upstream Frame Structure
Upstream Framing
PLI Port ID PTI HEC

GEM Frame GEM Full GEM Frame

header fragment header frame header fragment

DBA Report Pad if needed

PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu x Payload x DBRu y Payload y PLOu DBRu z Payload z

ONT A ONT B
DBA CRC
1,2,4bytes 1byte
Preamble Delimiter BIP ONU-ID Ind Msg ID Message CRC
ONU ID
A bytes B bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 10 bytes 1 bytes

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GPON Downstream Frame Structure
125us

PCBd Payload PCBd Payload Downstream Framing

n n n+1 n

Psync Ident PLOAMd BIP Plend Plend US BW Map

4 bytes 4 bytes 13 bytes 1 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes N*8 bytes

Coverage of this BIP Coverage of next BIP

FEC Ind Reserved Super-frame Blen BW Map Alen ATM Partition CRC
1 bit 1 bit Counter 30 bits Length 12 bits Length 12 bits 8 bits

Access 1 Access 2 Access n

…..
8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes

Alloc ID Flags SStart SStop CRC

12 bits 12 bits 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte

Send PLS Send PLOAMn Use FEC Send DBRu Reserved

1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 2 bits 7 bits

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Mapping of TDM Service in GPON
GEM Frame
TDM Buffer
PLI
Port ID
Ingress buffer PTI
HEC

TDM/E1
Payload
TDM/E1 data
TDM fragment

TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is
multiplexed in to fixed-length GEM frames for transmission.

This scheme does not vary TDM services but transmit TDM services
transparently.

Featuring fixed length, GEM frames benefits the transmission of TDM services
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Mapping of Ethernet Service in GPON
Ethernet Packet GEM Frame

PLI
Inter packet gap
Port ID 5 bytes
Preamble PTI
SFD CRC
DA

SA GEM
Length\Type Payload

MAC client data

FEC
EOF

GPON system resolves Ethernet frames and then directly maps the data of
frames into the GEM Payload.

GEM frames automatically encapsulate header information.

Mapping format is clear and it is easy for devices to support this mapping. It
also boasts good compatibility.

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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GPON Key Technologies

Ranging

DBA

T-CONT

AES

Attenuation

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Ranging

OLT obtains the Round Trip Delay (RTD) through ranging
process, then specifies suitable Equalization Delay (EqD)
so as to avoid occurrence of collision on optical splitters.

To acquire the serial number and ranging, OLT needs open

a window, that is, Quiet Zone, and pauses upstream
transmitting channels on other ONUs.

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DBA

What is DBA?
 DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment

Why DBA?
 It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.

 More users can be added on a PON port.

 Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those requiring

comparatively greater change in terms of the bandwidth.

DBA operation modes

 SR-DBA: status report-DBA

 NSR-DBA: non status report-DBA

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SR-DBA Operation
OLT ONU
DBA report
DBA algorithm
logic Control
platform
BW Map

Data
platform
T-CONT

Time slot T-CONT

Scheduler
T-CONT

DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the algorithm result in the
form of BW Map to ONUs .

Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to themselves and utilizes
the upstream bandwidth.

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 SR-DBA Operation
D/S Direction ONT
OLT
Based on the algorithm result of last time,
① PCBd US BW
Payload
Map
OLT delivers BW Maps in the header of
downstream frames.
U/S Direction
② Data Report
Based on the bandwidth allocation
information, ONU sends the status report of
data currently waiting in T-CONTs in the
specified time slots.
③

OLT receives the status report from the
ONU, updates BW Map through DBA
algorithm and then delivers the new BW
Map in the next frame.

ONU receives the BW Map from the OLT
④
and sends data in the specified time slots.

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NSR-DBA Operation

NSR-DBA
 NSR is an algorithm scheme that realizes DBA. It helps to predict the
bandwidth allocated to each ONU based on the traffic from ONUs.

Procedure:
 Step1: Monitor the number of data packets received by OLT within the
specified interval.
 Step2: Use the result of real time monitoring in step 1 to calculate the
utilization rate.
 Step3: Recognize the congestion status by comparing the utilization
rate with the specified limits.

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 DBA Working Principle

Based on service priorities, the system sets SLA for each ONU, restricting service bandwidth.

The maximum bandwidth and the minimum bandwidth pose limits to the bandwidth of each ONU, ensuring
various bandwidth for services of different priorities. In general, voice service enjoys the highest, then video service
and data service the lowest in terms of service priority.

OLT grants bandwidth based on services, SLA and the actual condition of the ONU. Services of higher priority
enjoy higher bandwidth.

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T-CONT Bandwidth Terms

Transmission Containers (T-CONTs): it dynamically receives grants delivered by OLT. T-CONTs
are used for the management of upstream bandwidth allocation in the PON section of the
Transmission Convergence layer. T-CONTs are primarily used to improve the upstream bandwidth
use on the PON.

T-CONT BW type falls into FB, AB, NAB, and BE.

Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5.

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T-CONT Type and Bandwidth Type

Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to delay and services of
higher priorities, such as voice services.

Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video services and data
services of higher priorities.

Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and email), and services of
lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.

Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all services.

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QoS Mechanism of ONU in GPON
VOIP Traffic-flow Service
VOD
GPON Scheduling differentia
DATA
And buffer based on
TDM
control 802.1p

Service traffic based on

OLT GEM Port-id
Splitter
VOIP Traffic-flow Service
VOD Scheduling differentia
GPON
And buffer based on
TDM
control 802.1p

Traffic classification of services based on VLAN/802.1p.

Service scheduling based on the combination of strict priority (SP) and
Weighted Round Robin (WRR) algorithms.

Service transmission based on service mapping with different T-CONTs,
enhancing line utilization and reliability.

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QoS Mechanism of OLT in GPON

802.1p
Ethernet
VOIP
COS
bridging
BTV
GE/10GE Queuing &
DATA Non- GPON
BSR scheduling
TDM blocking
OLT
switching DBA GPON

Upstream service
traffic based on
different VLANs

PSTN TDM Gateway

Traffic classification based on VLAN/802.1p.

Service scheduling based on combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted
Round Robin (WRR) algorithms.

DBA algorithm, enhancing uplink bandwidth utilization.

Access control list (ACL)-based access control on layers above layer-2.

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 AES Encryption in GPON
End User
ONT 1 1 1 End User
3
1
11
1 Decryption
2
3
1
1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 EndUser
End User
OLT ONT 2
22
Encryption 1 Decryption
3
2
1 EndUser
User
3 3 3 End
ONT
1 33
AES: Advanced Encrypt Standard Decryption
A globally-used encryption algorithm

OLT applies Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 encryption.

GPON supports encrypted transmission in downstream direction, such as AES128 encryption.

In the case of GEM fragments, only the payload will be encrypted.

GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the reliability
of the line.

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Fibre Attenuation and Power Budget

Fiber attenuation relates to the fibre length About 0.35 dB per km
for 1310,1490nm

The attenuation of fibre splicing point is
generally less than 0.2dB

Other factors may cause attenuation, such
as fibre bending
Table G.984.2 – Classes for optical path loss
Class A Class B Class Class C
B＋
＋ Huawei’s OLT and ONU
Minimum loss 5 dB 10 dB 13 dB 15 dB 28 dB (Class B+)
Maximum loss 20 dB 25 dB 28 dB 30 dB
NOTE – The requirements of a particular class may be more
stringent for one system type than for another, e.g. the class
C attenuation range is inherently more stringent for TCM
systems due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at each side
of the ODN, each having a loss of about 3 dB.

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Parameters of GPON (Class B+)
Items Unit Single fibre
OLT: OLT
Mean launched power MIN dBm +1.5
Mean launched power MAX dBm +5
Minimum sensitivity dBm -28
Minimum overload dBm -8
ONU: ONU
Mean launched power MIN dBm 0.5
Mean launched power MAX dBm +5
Minimum sensitivity dBm -27
Minimum overload dBm -8

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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Control and Management Plane
PLO AM O M CI

T C A d a p ta tio n s u b -la y e r
O M C I a d a p te r

V P I/V C I P o rt-ID
filte r filte r

A T M T C a d a p te r G E M T C a d a p te r

G T C F ra m in g s u b -la y e r - B W G ra n tin g
A llo c -ID A llo c -ID E m bedded - K e y S w itc h in g
filte r filte r O AM - D BA

PLO AM F ram e
A T M p a rtitio n G E M p a rtitio n header
p a rtitio n

M u ltip le x in g b a s e d o n fra m e lo c a tio n

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GPON Management

OAM message at the physical layer falls into three types:
Embedded OAM, PLOAM and OMCI .
 The embedded OAM and PLOAM channels manage the functions of the PMD
and the GTC layers. The OMCI provides a uniform system of managing higher
(service defining) layers.

 The embedded OAM channel is provided by field-formatted information (such

as BW Map，DBRu) in the header of the GTC frame. The functions that use
this channel include: bandwidth granting, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
signalling and so on.

 The OMCI channel is used to manage the service defining layers that lay
above the GTC.

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GPON Service Provisioning
Carriers’ nightmare
Flexible Configuration plan of GPON
Initial configurations (such as service system information
configuration, data configuration) are required on GPON supports zero configuration on
terminals and then they can be put into use. To finish terminals and plug-and-play of terminals,
these configurations, it is not cost-effective to carriers. which is cost-effective.

Application scenario

1 Subscribe for services

CRM Order Management Service Provisioning Billing

2 Configure service network

NMS 2000

3 Send terminals to users

1 Finish the auto-configuration of OLT

Access Network
Use OMCI to finishing data
configuration on ONT 3

2
STB ONT ONT
Start up ONT and make registration with serial number ONT
User ONT

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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 Triple Play Solution in GPON
BB service platform
VoD
PC TL1/CORBA Server
/API Notification Middle
ware
IPTV SFU Carrier’s OSS
NMS

Phone

L Ethernet Intern
CPE VDS MDU et
IP
Firewall Core
Splitter OLT

PC
SBU BRAS
Phone AAA Server
Softswitc
h
CBU
FE

E1
IP
Voice

CPE ODN NSP ASP/ISP

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 Questions

GPON network architecture?

Describe DBA operation mode?

Describe GPON service provisioning?

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 Summary

In this presentation, we introduced GPON basic
concept ,architecture ,and principle.

We also discussed about GPON service provisioning and

application.

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Thank you
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