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Human Development

Reviewer about human development

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Paul Tipah
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6 views

Human Development

Reviewer about human development

Uploaded by

Paul Tipah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Human Development

Meaning, Concepts and Approaches

Growth is the irreversible increase of an organism’s size over a given period. It may also be defined as
one of the characteristics of a living thing.
Development is a process that creates progress, positive change or the addition of physical,
economic, environmental, social and demographic components.
Traditional Extensive changes from birth to adolescence, little to no change in adulthood and decline
in late old age

Concepts of Life-span Development


1.Life-span Even in adulthood, developmental changes take place as it does in childhood
2.Development is life long It does not end in adulthood. We will continue developingeven in
adulthood.
3. Development is multidimensional Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socio-
emotional dimensions.
Biological processes involve changes in the individual’s physical nature
Cognitive processes involve changes in the individual’s thought, intelligence, and
language.
Socio-emotional processes include changes in the individual’s relationships with other
people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Development is relatively orderly. The muscular control of the trunk and the arms comes earlier than
the hands and fingers
Development takes place gradually. We won’t develop into a teenager overnight. It takes year before
we become one.
4. Development is contextual Individuals are changing beings in a changing world. Individuals
respond to and act on contexts. These contexts include the individual’s biological make up, physical
environment, cognitive processes, historical, social and cultural contexts
5. Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation Growth, maintenance and regulation
are three goals of human development. The goals of individuals vary among developmental changes.

Developmental Stages
Pre-natal period It involves tremendous growth - from a single cell to an organism
complete with brain and behavioral capabilities.
Infancy A time of extreme dependence on adults. Many psychological
activities are just beginning – language, symbolic thought,
sensorimotor coordination and social learning
Early Childhood These are the preschool years. Young children learn to become more
self-sufficient and care for themselves, develop school readiness
skills and spend many hours in play with peers.
Infancy The fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic are
mastered. The child is formally exposed to the larger world and its
culture. Achievement becomes a more central theme of the
child’s world and self-control increases.
Adolescence Begins with rapid physical changes – dramatic gains in height and
weight, changes in body contour, and the development of sexual
characteristics such as enlargement of the breasts, development of
pubic and facial hair, and deepening of the voice.

Pursuit of independence and identity are prominent.

Thought is more logical, abstract and idealistic.

More time is spent outside of the family.


Early Adulthood It is a time of establishing personal and economic independence,
career development, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone
in an intimate way, starting a family and rearing children.
Middle Adulthood It is a time of expanding personal and social involvement and
responsibility, of assisting the next generation in becoming
competent and mature individuals, and of reaching and
maintaining satisfaction in a career.
Late Adulthood It is a time for adjustment to decreasing strength and health, life
review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles.

Ecological Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner
•Russian-born American Psychologist
•Served as a military psychologist
during World War II

The individual Sex,Age,Health


The microsystem Comprises the structures which the child directly interacts with.
Relationship effects happen two directions: both away from the child and toward the child
The mesosystem this layer serves as a connection betweeen the structures of childs microsystem
The exosystem Refers to the bigger social system in which the child does not function directly.
The macrosystem found in the outermost part in child development
Contain in all distant people and places that significantly affect the child
The chronosystem Covers the element of time as it relates to a child’senvironment
Involves “patterns of stability and change”

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