COMPLEX MATRICES

If at least one element of a matrix is a complex number + , where a, b are real andi = √−1,
then the matrix is called a complex matrix.
The matrix obtained by replacing he elements of a complex matrix A by the

by ̅.
corresponding conjugate complex number is called the conjugate of the matrix A and is denoted

2+3 −7 2−3 7
= , then ̅ =
5 1− 5 1+
Thus, if

It is easy to see that the conjugate of the transpose of . . , ( ′) and the transposed
conjugate of A . . , ( ′) are equal, Each of them is denoted by A*.
Thus, ( )( )= ∗
.
A square matrix =[ ]is said to be Hermitian if ∗= or = .
A square matrix =[ ] is said to be skew. Hermitian if ∗
= − or =− .

In a Hermitian matrix, the diagonal elements are all real, while every other element is the
conjugate complex of the element in the transposed position. For example.
5 2+ −3
= !2 − −3 1 − # is a Hermitian matrix.
3 1+ 0

form $, where $ is real. Every other element is the negative of the conjugate complex of the
In a skew-Hermitian matrix, the diagonal elements are zero or purely imaginary of the

3 1+ 7
element in the transposed position.

For example, % = !−1 + 0 −2 − # is a skew-Hermitian matrix

−7 2− −
A square matrix A is said to be unitary if ∗
=&= ∗

The determinant of a unitary matrix is of unit modulus. For a matrix to be unitary, it must
be non-singular.
A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if AA'=I= A'A or A' =A-1

(i) ( ̅) = +%− ̅+%

Note. The following results hold:
(ii) (iii) ' = '
(iv) % = % (v) (A*)*=A (vi) (A+B)* = A*+B*
(vii) (' )∗ = '̅ ∗
(viii) ( %)∗ = % ∗ ∗

51
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

2+ 3 −1 + 3
Example1. &( = , verify that A*A is a Hermitian matrix where
−5 4−2
A* is the conjugate transpose of A.
2+ −5
=! 3 #
−1 + 3 4−2
Sol.

2− −5
∗
=( )=! 3 − #
−1 − 3 4+2
2− −5
2+ 3 −1 + 3
∗
=! 3 − #
−5 4−2
−1 − 3 4+2
Now,

30 6−8 −19 + 17
=! 6+8 10 −5 + 5 # = %(- .)
−19 − 17 −5 − 5 30
30 6+8 −19 − 17
% = ! 6−8 10 −5 − 5 #
−19 + 17 −5 + 5 30
∴

30 6−8 −19 + 17
% ∗ = (% ) = ! 6 + 8 10 −5 + 5 # = %
−19 − 17 −5 − 5 30
Now,

⇒ %= ∗
is a Hermitian matrix.

Example 2. Show that the matrix

0+ 1 −$ + 2
/ 3is unitary if 0 4 + $ 4 + 1 4 + 2 4 = 1.
$+ 2 0− 1
0+ 1 −$ + 2
=/ 3
$+ 2 0− 1
Sol. Let

̅ = /0 − 1 −$ − 2
3
$− 2 0+ 1
∴

0− 1 $− 2
∗
= ( ̅) = / 3
−$ − 2 0+ 1
⇒

For a square matrix A to be unitary,

∗
=&= ∗
…(1)
0 4 + $4 + 1 4 + 2 4 0
∗
=/ 3
0 0 + $ + 14 + 24
4 4
Now,

52
 0 4 + $4 + 1 4 + 2 4 0
∗
=/ 3
0 0 + $ + 14 + 24
4 4
Also,

Eqn. (1) is satisfied only when

0 4 + $4 + 1 4 + 2 4 = 1
Example 3. If A and B are Hermitian, show that AB-BA is skew-Hermitian.
Sol. A and B are Hermitian ⇒ A* = A and B* = B
Now, ( % − % )*−(% )*
%∗ ∗
− ∗
% ∗ = % − % = −( % − % )
⇒ AB - BA is skew-Hermitian.
Example 4. If A is 0 skew-Hermitian matrix ⇒ ∗
=−
Now, ( )∗ = 5 ∗
= (− )(− ) =
⇒ iA is a Hermitian matrix.
Example 5. Show that every square motrix is expressible as the sum of of a Hermitian
matrix and a skew-0 Hermitian matrix.
Sol. Let A be any square matrix.
Since ( + ∗ ∗
) = ∗
+( ) =
∗ ∗ ∗
+ = + ∗

and ( − ∗ ∗
) = ∗
−( ) =
∗ ∗ ∗
− = −( − ∗
)
∴ + ∗
is Hermitian and − ∗
is skew-Hermitian.

= 4( + ∗)
+ ( − ∗)
= 7 + 8 (say)
6 6
4
Now,

where P is Hermitian and Q is skew- Hermitian. Thus, every square matrix can be

0 1+2
expressed as the sum of a Hermitian matrix and a skew-Hermitian matrix.

Example 6. If 9 = , obtain the matrix (& − 9)(& + 9):6, and shw

−1 + 2 0

1 0 0 1+2 1 −1 − 2
that it is unitary

1−9 = − =
0 1 −1 + 2 0 1−2 1
Sol.

1 0 0 1+2 1 1+2
1+9 = + =
0 1 −1 + 2 0 −1 + 2 1
1 1+2
|& + 9| = < < = 1 − (4 4
− 1) = 6
−1 + 2 1

(& + 9):6 1 −1 − 2
@A (& + 9) = B
6 6
|=>?| 1−2 1

53
 (& − 9)(& + 9):6 = < 1 −1 − 4 6
< <
1 −1 − 2
<
1−2 1 B 1−2 1
∴

−4 −2 − 4
= = (- .)
6
2−4
B −4
−4 2+4
=B
6
−2 − 4 −1
−4 2+4
( )= =B
C 6
−2 + 4 −4
C 6 −4 2+4 6 −4 −2 − 4
B −2 + 4 −4 B 2−4 −4
36 0 1 0
= =&
6
DB 0 36 0 1
⇒ = (& − 9)(& + 9):6 is unitary

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Show that the matrix A is Hermitian and iA is Skew-Hermitian where A is.

3 5+2 −3
2 3−4
(ii) !5 − 2 7 4 #
3+4 2
−3 −4 5
(i)

−1 2+ 5−3 2 3+2 −4
(iii) ! 2 − 7 5 # (iv) !3 − 2 5 6 #
5+3 −5 2 −4 −6 3
2−3 4+5
= !6 + 0 4 − 5 #. as a sum of Hermitian and Skew-
− 2− 2+
2. (i) Express the matrix

− 1
1+
Hermitian matrix.

(ii) Express the Hermitian matrix = 1 ! 0 2 − 3 # as 7 + 8 where P is a

1− 2+3 2

0 0
real symmetric and Q is a real skew-symmetric matrix.

= !0 0 # is skew- Hermitian and also unitary

0 0
3. Show that

4. (i) If A is any square matrix, prove that + ∗

, ∗
, ∗
are all Hermitian and − ∗
is
Skew-Hermitian.
(ii) If A, B are hermitian or Skew-Hermitian, then so is A + B.
(iii) Show that the matrix % ∗ % is Hermitian or Skew-Hermitian as A is Hermitian or
Skew-Hermitian.

54
 (iv) If A is a Hrmitian matrix, then show that is a Skew-Hermitian matrix.

1 1+
5. (i) Define unitary matrix. Show that the following matrix is unitary.
6
√D 1− −1
6 1+ −1 +
1+ 1−
(ii) Prove that 4 is a unitary matrix.

1 1 1
= !1 E E4 # is a unitary matrix, where E is complex cube root
6

1 E4 E
√D
(iii) Show that

of unity.
6> 6:

6. Verify that the matrix = F6:

4 4
6>
G have eigen values with unit modulus.
4 4

1.36. CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION:

If A is square matrix of order H, we can form the matrix − '&, where ' is a scalar and I
is the unit matrix of order H, The determinant of this matrix equated to zero, . .,
66 −' 64 … 6J
| − '&| = ! 46 44 − ' … 4J # = 0 is called the characteristic equation of
J6 J4 … JJ −'
A.

polynomial equation of degree H in ' of the form (−1)J 'J + K6 'J:6 + K4 'J:4 + ⋯ +
On expanding the determinant, the characteristic equation can be written as a

KJ = 0.
The roots of this equation are called the characteristic roots or latent roots or eigen
values of A.
The set of eigen values of a square matrix A is called the spectrum of A.
Note. The sum of the eigen values of a matrix A is equal to trace of A.
[The trace of square matrix I the sum of the diagonal elements]
1.37. EIGEN VECTORS
Consider the linear transformation M = N …(1)
Which transforms the column vector X into the column vector Y. In practice, we are
often required to find those vectors X which transform into scalar multiples of
themselves.
Let X be such a vector which transforms into 'N (' being a non -zero scalar) by the
transformation (1).

55
 Then M = 'N …(2)
From (1) and (2), N = 'N ⇒ N − '&N = O ⇒ ( − '&)N = O …(3)
This matrix equation gives H homogeneous linear equations
( 66 − ')Q6 + 64 Q4 + ⋯ + 6J QJ = 0
P 46 Q6 +( 44 − ')Q4 +. . + 4J QJ = 0 R
J6 Q6 + J4 Q4 +. . +( JJ − ')QJ = 0
…(4)

These equations will have a not-trivial solution only if the co-efficient matrix − '& is
singular
. . if | − '&| = 0 …(5)
This is the characteristic equation of the matrix A and has H roots which are the eigen
values of A. Corresponding to each root of (5), the homogeneous system (3) has a non-

Q6
zero solution.

Q
N = F 4 G which is called an eigen vector or latent vector.
⋮
QJ
Note. If X is a solution of (3), then so is KN, where l is an arbitrary constant. Thus, the
eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.
1.38. THE CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS OF A UNITARY MATRIX ARE OF UNIT
MODULUS
Let A be a unitary matrix so that
∗
=&= ∗
…(1)
If ' is a characteristic root of the matrix A and X is its latent vector, then we have
N = 'N …(2)

…(3) |∴ '∗ = ': P

Taking transpose conjugate of (2), we obtain
( N)∗ = ('Q)∗
N∗ ∗
= '̅N ∗

N) = U'̅N ∗ V('N)
On multiplying (2) and(3), we get
(N ∗ ∗ )(

⇒ N∗( ∗ )N = '' (N ∗ N) |W- HX (1)P

⇒ N ∗ N = ''(N ∗ N) …(4)

⇒ U1 − ''VN ∗ N = 0

56
 Since X is a characteristic vector, N ≠ O
Consequently, N∗N ≠ O
Hence equation (4) gives

1 − '' = 0

⇒ '' = 1
⇒ |'|4 = 1 ⇒ |'| = 1
Hence the characteristic roots of a unitary matrix are of unit modulus
1.39. THE LATENT ROOTS OF A HERAMITIAN MATRIX ARE ALL REAL
Let ' be the characteristic or latent root of a Hermitian matrix A. Then ∃ a non-zero
latent vector X such that
N = 'N …(1)
Pre-multiplying both sides of (1) by N ∗ , we get
N ∗ N = N ∗ 'N …(2)
Transpose conjugate of (2) gives
(N ∗ N)∗ = ('N ∗ )∗
N∗ ∗
(N ∗ )∗ = N ∗ (N ∗ )∗ '∗ |%. [ \ [- ] ] ^ P

_∵ '∗ = 'P
⇒

⇒ N∗ ∗
N = N ∗ N'
∗
But A is a Hermitian matrix so that
Hence above equation becomes

N ∗ N = 'N ∗ N …(3)
From (2) and (3), we have

N ∗ ('N ∗ N)

⇒ U' − 'VN ∗ N = 0 …(4)

Since X is a non-zero latent vector
∴ N∗N ≠ O
Hence from (4), we have

'−' =0 ⇒' = '

Which is possible only when ' is real.
Hence the latent roots of a Hermitian matrix are all real.

57
1.40. THE CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS OF A SKEW-HERMITIAN MATRIX IS
EITHER ZERO OR PURELY AN IMAGINARY NUMBER
Since A is a Skew- Hermitian matrix
∴ is Hermitian matrix.
Let ' be a characteristic root of A.
Then, N = 'N ⇒ ( )Q = ( ')N
⇒ ' is a characteristic root of matrix .
But ' is a Hermitian matrix.
Therefore, ' should be real.
Hence, ' is either zero or purely imaginary.
1.41. THE CHARACTERISDTIC ROOTS OF AN IDEMPOTERNT MATRIX ARE
EITHER ZERO OR UNITY
Since A is an idempotent matrix. ∴ 4
= .
Let X be a latent vector of the matrix A corresponding to the latent root ' so that
N = 'N …(1)
⇒ ( − '&)N = O such that N ≠ O
Per - multiplying (1) by A
( N) = ('N) = '( N)
( )N = '('N) | . (1)P
= P
⇒
4
N = '4 N ⇒ N = '4 N |∵ 4

| . (1)P
⇒
⇒ 'N = '4 N
⇒ ('4 − ')N = O ⇒ '4 − ' = 0 (a Hb N ≠ O)
⇒ '(' − 1) = 0
⇒ ' = 0, 1

58
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1. Show that if 'c '4, … 'J are the latent roots of the matrix A, then D

latent roots '6D , 'D4 , … 'DJ .

has the

Sol. Let ' be a latent root of the matrix A. Then there exists a non- zero vector X such
that
N = 'N …(1)
4(
⇒ N) = 4
('N) ⇒ D
N = '( 4
N)
But 4
N = ( N) = ('N) |W- HX (1)|
= '( N) = '('N) = '4 N
∴ 4
N = '('4 N) = 'D N
⇒ 'D is a latent root of D
.
∴ If '6 , '4 , … 'J are the latent roots of A, then '6D , 'D4 , … 'DJ are then latent roots of
D
.
Example2. If '6 , '4 … 'J are eigen values of A, then find eigen values of the matrix
( − '&)4
Sol. ( − '&)4 = 4
− 2' & + '4 & 4
= 4
− 2' + '4 &
Eigen values of 4
are '64 , '44 , … '4J
Eigen values of 2' are 2''6 , 2''4 , … ''J .
Eigen values of '4 & are '4
∴ Eigen values of ( − '&)4 are
'64 − 2''6 + '4 , '44 − 2''4 + '4 , … , '4J − 2''J + '4
or ('6 − ')4 , ('4 − ')4 , … , ('J − ')4 .
Example3. If ' is an eigen value of a non-singular matrix A, show that
(i) ':6 is an eigen value of :6
.
|d|
e
(ii) is an eigen value of adj. A.

Sol. (i) ' is an eigen value of A

⇒ There exists a non-zero matrix X such that AX ='X
⇒ N= :6
('N)
⇒ N = '( :6
N)
59
 N= N
6 :6
e
⇒

⇒ :6
N = ':6 N
⇒ ':6 is an eigen value of :6
.
(ii) ' is an eigen value of A
⇒ There exists a non-zero matrix X such that AX = 'X
⇒ ( @A. )( N) = ( @A. )('N)
⇒ f( @A. )gN = '( @A. )N
⇒ | |&N = '( @A. )N [∵ ( @A. ) = | | &]
⇒ | |N = '( @A. )N

N = ( @A. )N
|d|
e
⇒

( @A. )N = N
|d|
e
⇒
|d|
e
⇒ is an eigen value of adj. A.

Example4. Find the eigen values of the following matrices:

1 0 4 2 5 7
= !0 2 0# = !5 3 1 #
3 1 −3 7 0 2
(i) (ii)

Sol. (i) Characteristic equation is

| − '&| = 0
1−' 9 4
! 0 2−' 0 #=0
3 1 −3 − '
⇒

⇒ 'D − 19' + 30 = 0
⇒ ' = 3, −5, 2
(ii) Characteristic equation is
| − '&| = 0
2−' 5 7
! 5 3−' 1 #=0
7 0 2−'
⇒

⇒ 'D − 7'4 − 58' + 150 = 0

⇒ ' = 11.026, −6.215, 2.1888

60
Example5. Show that for any square matrix A,
(i) @H A \ - h - i j( X H \ ]k -.
(ii) The product of all eigen values of A is equal to determinant (A).
Sol. Let A be a square matrix.
(i) The characteristic equation of A is | − '&| = 0 …(1)
Let A' be the transpose of A.
Then the characteristic equation of A' will be
| − '&|=0 …(2)
Since the interchange of rows and columns does not alter the value of the
determinant we have,
| − '&| = | − '&|
|∵P | − '&|= | − P'&|′P = | ′P − '&′|= | − P'&|P as I' = I
Hence the eigen values of matrix A and its transpose A' are identical.
(ii) Let = [ ]J×J be a given square matrix and '6 , '4 , 'D,… 'J be its eigen values. If
m(λ) be the characteristic polynomial then,
m(') = | − '&|
66 −' 64 …. 6J
− ' … .
=o o
64 44 4J
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
J6 J4 …. JJ − '

= (−1)J f'J + 76 'J:4 + 74 'J:4 + ⋯ + 7J g

= (−1)J f(' − '6 )(' − '4 )(' − 'D ) … (' − 'J )g
Putting ' = 0, we get
m(0) = (−1)J (−1)J '6'4 'D … 'J
| | = '6 '4 'D … 'J
Hence the product of all eigen values of A is equal to determinant (A).
Example6.Show that for a square matrix,
(i) There are infinitely many eigem vectors corresponding to a single eigen value
(ii) Every eigen vector corresponds to a unique eigen value.

eigen value '. Then we have,

Sol. (i) Let X be a characteristic vector of a square matrix A correspoinding to a single

61
 N = 'N
Let k be any non -zero scalar. Than,
K( N) = K('N) ⇒ (KN) = '(KN)
Therefore, kX is also a characteristic vector of A corresponding to the same characteristic root '
Since k is any non-zero scalar, ∃ infinitely many eigen vectors corresponding to a single
eigen value
(ii) Let there exist two distinct eigen values '6 and '4 corresponding to an eigen vector X of a

|'6 ≠ '4 P
square matrix A. Then, we have
N = '6 N
N = '4 N
∴ N = '6 N = '4 N
('6 − '4 )X = O
|∵ '6 − '4 ≠ 0P
⇒
⇒ N=O
Which is impossible since X is a non-zero vector. Hence every eigen vector corresponding to a

1 −2
unique eighen value

=
−5 4
Example 8. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of matrix

Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is

| = '&| = 0
1−' −2
< <=0
−5 4−'
Or

⇒ '4 − 5' − 6 = 0
⇒ ' = 6, −1.
Thus, the eigen values of A are 6, −1,
Corresponding to ' = 6, the eigen vectors are given by
( − 6&)N6 = O
1 − 6 −2 Q6
=O
−5 4 − 6 Q4
or

−5 −2 Q6
=O
−5 −2 Q4
or

We get only one independent equation −5Q6 − 2Q4 = 0

= :sr = K6 (- .)
pq p
4
⇒

62
 Q6 = 2K6 , Q4 = −5K6
1
∴ The eigen vectors are N4 = K4 .
1
Example 8. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix is.
Sol. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is
| − '&| = 0
−2 − ' 2 −3
t 2 1−' −6t = 0
−1 −2 −'
or

or (−2 − ')[−'(1 − ') − 12] − 2[−2' − 6] − 3[−4 + 1(1 − ')] = 0

or 'D + '4 − 21' − 45 = 0
By trail, ' = −3 satisfies it.
(' + 3)('4 − 2' − 15) = 0 ⇒(' + 3)(' + 3)(' − 5) = 0 ⇒ ' = −3, −3, 5
Thus, the eigen values of A are −3, −3, 5.
∴

Corresponding to ' = −3, the eigen vectors are given by

( + 3&)N6 = O
−1 2 −3 Q6
!2 4 −6# !Q4 # = O
−1 −2 3 QD
or

We get only one independent equation Q6 + 2Q4 − 3QD = 0

Let QD = K4 , Q4 = K4 then Q6 = 3K6 − 2K4
The eigen vectors are given by
3K6 − 2K4 3 −2
∴

N6 = ! K4 # = K6 !0# + K4 ! 1 #
K6 1 0
Corresponding to ' = 5, the eigen vectors are given by ( − 5&)N4 = O

−7 2 −3 Q6 0
! 2 −4 −6# FQ4 = !0#G
−1 −2 −5 QD 0
⇒

⇒ −7Q6 + 2Q4 − 3QD = 0

Q6 − 2Q4 − 3QD = 0
Q6 − 2Q4 − 5QD = 0
From first two equation,

63
 Q6 Q4 QD
= =
10 − 6 3 + 5 −2 − 2
= = :6u = KD (say)
pq pr p
6 4
⇒

∴ Q6 = KD , Q4 + 2KD , QD = −KD

1
Hence the eigen vectors are given by.

N4 = KD ! 2 #
−1

Example. 9. Prove that

( ) 0 is a characteristic root of a matrix if and only if the matrix is singular.
( ) The characteristic root of a real symmetric matrix are all real.
( ) If A and B are square matrices of same type and if P be invertible then A and 7:6 AP have
same eigen values.
( \) The sum of the eigen values of a square matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of its
principal diagonal.
Sol. ( ) The characteristic roof of a matrix A is given by | − '&| = 0
If ' = 0, then it gives | | = 0
⇒ A is singular.
Again if matrix A is singular, then
| − '&| = 0
⇒ | | − '|&| = 0
⇒ 0 − '. & = 0
⇒ '=0
( ) Let A be a real symmetric matrix
∵ A is real

∴ =

( ) = ′
- -.hh i[ b P
⇒
⇒ ∗
= |∵
⇒ A is Hermitian.

64
Hence the characteristic roots of A are all real
( ) Let % = 7:6 7
Then % − '& = 7:6 7 − '&
= 7 :6 7 − 7:6 '&7 = 7:6 ( − '&)7
∴ |% − '&| = |7:6 ( − '&)7| = |7:6 | | − '&||7|
= | − '&||7:6 | |7| = | − '&||7:6 − 7|
= | − '&| |&| = | − '&| |∵ |&| = 1P
Hence matrices A and 7:6 7 have the same characteristic roots.
(iv) Le = [ ]D×D be a square matrix of order 3. The characteristic equation is
| − '&| = 0
66 −' 64 6D
t 46 44 −' 4D t=0
DD − '
⇒
D6 D4

⇒ −'D + '4 ( 66 + 44 + DD ) −⋯ =0 … (1)

But we know that,
| − '&| = (−1)D (' − '6 )(' − '4 )(' − 'D )
= −'D + '4 ('6 + '4 + 'D ) …. …(2)
Comparing equations (1)and (2), we get
'6 + '4 + 'D = 66 + 44 + DD

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Fine the eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of the following matrices:
1 2 2 ℎ X
−5 2 5 4
(iii) ! 0 2 1# (iv) !0 0#
2 −2 1 2
−1 2 2 0 0 b
(i) (ii)

1 2 2
=! 0 2 1#
−1 2 2
2. (i) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix

65
 2 −3 1
=! 3 1 3#
−5 2 −4
(ii) Find the eigen values of the matrix

1 −1
=
2 −1
(iii) Find the eigen vectors for the matrix

1 2 −3
Find the eigen values of 3 D
+5 4
− 6 + 2& where = !0 3 2#
0 0 −2
3.

4 2 101
2 4 101
4. Find the eigen value of matrix corresponding to the eigen vector .

(i) Show that if ' ios a characteristic root of the matrix then ' + K is a characteristic
root of the matrix + K&.
5.

(ii) Show that if '6 (1 ≤ ≤ H) are the eigen values of a square matrix x

eigen values 'x (1 ≤) ≤ H, m beigen a positive integer

then gas the

(iii) Prove that the characteristic roots of a diagonal matrix are the diagonal elements of
the matrix
0 ℎ X 0 ( ℎ 0 X (
Verify that the matrices N = F ℎ 0 ( G , M = F( 0 X G , y + FX 0 ℎG have same
X ( 0 ℎ X 0 ( ℎ 0
6.

characteristic equation.
b
+ + b = 0, Find the characteristic roots of the matrix = !b #
b
7. If

2 1 1
=! 2 3 4 #, all its eigen values are distinct and real.
−1 −1 −2
8. Prove that for matrix

Hence find the corresponding eigen vectors.

3 10 5
Show that the matrix !−2 −3 −4# has leas than three linearly independent eigen
3 5 7
9.

vectors. Also find them.

0 1 1 +b b− −
If z = !1 0 1# and 7 = 4 !b − b+ − #, Show that the transform of 7 byM
6

1 1 0 −b −b +
10.

. ., z7z:6 is a diagonal matrix and hence find the eigen values of 7.

3 2 2 −4
=F2 3 2 −1 G
1 1 2 −1
2 2 2 −1
11. Find characteristic equation and eigen values of the matrix

66
 4 −1 −1
!−1 4 −1# and % = 1 − { , then show that | = 1 − ' , Where ' and | are
6 6
{
−1 −1 4
12. If

the eigen values of and % respectively.

ANSWERS

1 2 1 4
(i) −1, −6; K6 ,K (ii) 1, 6; K6 ,K
2 4 −1 −1 4 1
1.

1 2 1 ℎ X
(iii) 1, 2, 2 ; K6 ! 1 # , K4 !1# (iv) , , b ; K6 !0# , K4 ! − # , KD ~ 0 •
−1 0 0 0 b−
1 1
(i) 'D − 5'4 + 8' − 4 = 4 (ii) 0, 1, −2 (iii) K6 , K4
1− 1+
2.

3. 4, 110, 10
4. 6
6/4
' = 0, = ( + + b4)
D 4 4
4
7.

2 0 1
3, −1, 1; K6 ! 3 # , K4 !−1# , KD !−1#
−1 1 0
8.

5 1
2, 2, 3; K6 ! 2 # , K4 ! 1 #
−5 −2
9.

10. , ,b
11. '{ − 7'D + 17'4 − 17' + 6 = 0; ' = 1, 1, 2, 3

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