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Class 10 Maths Notes

Class 10th Maths Guide

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thisisvinm
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21 views

Class 10 Maths Notes

Class 10th Maths Guide

Uploaded by

thisisvinm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

1.

Real Numbers

𝑎
Euclid’s Division Lemma: For any two positive integers,

𝑏
a and

𝑞
b, there exist unique integers

𝑟
q and

𝑎
r such that

𝑏
=

𝑟
+

a=bq+r, where
0

𝑟
≤

𝑏
<

0≤r<b.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed as a
product of primes, and this factorization is unique, except for the order of the
factors.

𝐻
HCF and LCM:

𝐶
𝐹

𝑎
(

𝑏
,

𝐿
×

𝐶
𝑀

𝑎
(

𝑏
,

𝑎
=

𝑏
×

HCF(a,b)×LCM(a,b)=a×b

𝑝
Irrational Numbers: A number is irrational if it cannot be expressed in the form

𝑞
q
p

𝑝
, where

𝑞
p and
𝑞
q are integers, and

≠
0
q

=0. Examples include
2

𝜋
,

,π.
Decimal Representation:
Terminating decimal: When a rational number terminates.
Non-terminating, repeating decimal: When a rational number repeats after a certain
number of digits.
2. Polynomials
Degree of a Polynomial: The highest power of the variable in the polynomial.
Types of Polynomials:

𝑎
Linear:

𝑏
+

ax+b

𝑎
Quadratic:

𝑥
2

𝑏
+

𝑐
+

ax
2
+bx+c

𝑎
Cubic:

𝑥
3

𝑏
+

𝑥
2

𝑐
+

𝑑
+

ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d

𝑥
Zeros of a Polynomial: The value of

x at which the polynomial equals zero.


Relationship between Zeros and Coefficients:

𝑎
For quadratic polynomials

𝑥
2

𝑏
+

𝑐
+

ax
2
+bx+c:
Sum of zeros =

𝑏
−

𝑎
−
a
b

𝑐
Product of zeros =

𝑎
a
c

3. Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

𝑎
Standard Form:

𝑏
+

𝑐
+

=
0
ax+by+c=0
Graphical Method: The solution is the point where the lines intersect.
Algebraic Methods:
Substitution Method: Solve one equation for one variable and substitute it into the
other equation.
Elimination Method: Multiply the equations to eliminate one variable and solve for
the other.

𝑥
Cross Multiplication Method: Use cross multiplication to find the values of

𝑦
x and

y.
4. Quadratic Equations

𝑎
Standard Form:

𝑥
2

𝑏
+
𝑥

𝑐
+

=
0
ax
2
+bx+c=0
Solutions (Roots) of Quadratic Equations:
By Factorization
By Completing the Square

𝑥
By Quadratic Formula:

𝑏
−

𝑏
±

2
−

𝑎
4

𝑎
2

x=
2a
−b±
b
2
−4ac

𝑏
Nature of Roots:

2
−

𝑎
4

𝑐
>
0
b
2

𝑏
−4ac>0: Two distinct real roots

2
−

𝑎
4

𝑐
=
0
b
2

𝑏
−4ac=0: One real root (repeated)
2
−

𝑎
4

𝑐
<
0
b
2
−4ac<0: No real roots
5. Arithmetic Progressions (AP)

𝑎
General Form of AP:

𝑎
,

𝑑
+

𝑎
,

𝑑
2

𝑎
,

𝑑
3

,
…
a,a+d,a+2d,a+3d,…

𝑎
nth Term of an AP:

𝑎
=

𝑛
(

−
1

𝑑
)

a
n

=a+(n−1)d

𝑆
Sum of First n Terms of an AP:

𝑛
=

2
[

𝑎
2

𝑛
(

−
1

𝑑
)

]
S
n

=
2
n

[2a+(n−1)d]

𝑆
or

𝑛
=

𝑎
[

𝑙
+

]
S
n

=
2
n

[a+l]

𝑙
where

l is the last term.


6. Triangles
Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem): If a line is drawn parallel to one
side of a triangle, it divides the other two sides in the same ratio.
Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle:

𝐻
(

𝑦
𝑝
𝑜
𝑡
𝑒
𝑛
𝑢
𝑠
𝑒
)
2
=

𝐵
(

𝑎
𝑠
𝑒
)
2
+

𝐻
(

𝑒
𝑖
𝑔

𝑡
ℎ

)
2
(Hypotenuse)
2
=(Base)
2
+(Height)
2

Similarity of Triangles:
AA (Angle-Angle): If two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of another
triangle, the triangles are similar.
SSS (Side-Side-Side): If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional,
the triangles are similar.
SAS (Side-Angle-Side): If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
proportional to the corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are
similar.
7. Coordinate Geometry

𝑑
Distance Formula:

𝑥
(

𝑥
−

1
)
2
+

𝑦
(

𝑦
−

1
)
2
d=
(x
2

−x
1

)
2
+(y
2

−y
1

)
2

Section Formula: If a point divides the line joining

𝑥
(

𝑦
,

1
)
(x
1

,y
1

) and

𝑥
(

𝑦
,

2
)
(x
2

,y
2

𝑚
) in the ratio

𝑚
:

2
m
1

:m
2

, then the coordinates are:

𝑚
(

𝑥
1

𝑚
+

𝑥
2

𝑚
1
1

𝑚
+

𝑚
,

𝑦
1

𝑚
+

𝑦
2

𝑚
1

𝑚
+

2
)
(
m
1

+m
2

m
1

x
2

+m
2

x
1

,
m
1

+m
2

m
1

y
2

+m
2
y
1

)
Area of Triangle: The area of a triangle with vertices at

𝑥
(

𝑦
,

1
)
(x
1

,y
1

),

𝑥
(

𝑦
,

2
)
(x
2

,y
2

), and

𝑥
(

𝑦
,

3
)
(x
3

,y
3

) is:
Area
=
1
2

𝑥
∣

𝑦
(

2
𝑦
−

3
)

𝑥
+

𝑦
(

𝑦
−

1
)

𝑥
+

𝑦
(

𝑦
−

2
)
∣
Area=
2
1

∣x
1

(y
2

−y
3

)+x
2

(y
3

−y
1

)+x
3

(y
1

−y
2

)∣
8. Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios:
sin

𝜃
⁡

=
Opposite
Hypotenuse
sinθ=
Hypotenuse
Opposite

cos

𝜃
⁡

=
Adjacent
Hypotenuse
cosθ=
Hypotenuse
Adjacent

tan

𝜃
⁡

=
Opposite
Adjacent
tanθ=
Adjacent
Opposite

Trigonometric Identities:
sin
⁡

𝜃
2

+
cos
⁡

𝜃
2

=
1
sin
2
θ+cos
2
θ=1
1
+
tan
⁡

𝜃
2

=
sec
⁡
𝜃
2

1+tan
2
θ=sec
2
θ
1
+
cot
⁡

𝜃
2

=
csc
⁡

𝜃
2

1+cot
2
θ=csc
2
θ
9. Circles
Tangent to a Circle: A line that touches the circle at exactly one point.
Properties of Tangents:
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
10. Areas Related to Circles

𝐴
Area of a Circle:

𝜋
=

𝑟
2
A=πr
2

𝐶
Circumference of a Circle:

𝜋
2

𝑟
C=2πr
Area of Sector of a Circle:
Area

𝜃
=

360

𝜋
×

𝑟
2
Area=
360
θ
×πr
2

𝜃
where

θ is the central angle.


11. Surface Areas and Volumes
Surface Areas:
Cube:

𝑎
6

2
6a
2

Cuboid:
2

𝑙
(

𝑏
+

ℎ
+

𝑙
ℎ

)
2(lb+bh+hl)
Cylinder:

𝜋
2

𝑟
(

+
ℎ
)
2πr(r+h)
Sphere:

𝜋
4

𝑟
2
4πr
2

𝜋
Cone:

𝑙
(

𝑟
+

𝑙
πr(l+r) where

l is the slant height.


Volumes:
Cube:
𝑎
3
a
3

𝑙
Cuboid:

𝑏
ℎ
lbh

𝜋
Cylinder:

𝑟
2
ℎ
πr
2
h
Sphere:
4

𝜋
3

𝑟
3
3
4

πr
3

Cone:
1

𝜋
3

𝑟
2
ℎ
3
1

πr
2
h
12. Probability

𝑃
Probability of an Event:

𝐸
(

)
=
Number of favorable outcomes
Total number of outcomes
P(E)=
Total number of outcomes
Number of favorable outcomes

Important Facts:
Probability ranges from 0 to 1.
The probability of an impossible event is 0, and the probability of a sure event is
1.

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