IBM Spectrum Protect

8.1.16

Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

IBM
 Note:
Before you use this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page
47.

Edition notice
This edition applies to version 8, release 1, modification 16 of IBM Spectrum® Protect (product numbers 5725-W98,
5725-W99, 5725-X15), and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions.
© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1993, 2022.
US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with
IBM Corp.
Contents

About this publication............................................................................................v

Who should read this guide..........................................................................................................................v
Publications ................................................................................................................................................. v

Part 1. Product concepts........................................................................................1

Chapter 1. IBM Spectrum Protect overview................................................................................................3

Data protection components..................................................................................................................3
Data protection services.........................................................................................................................4
Data protection management processes...............................................................................................6
User interfaces........................................................................................................................................9

Chapter 2. Data storage concepts............................................................................................................. 11

Data storage devices............................................................................................................................ 11
Storage pools........................................................................................................................................14
Data transport to storage..................................................................................................................... 20

Chapter 3. Data protection strategies....................................................................................................... 23

Backup storage space minimization.................................................................................................... 23
Disaster protection strategies..............................................................................................................24
Disaster recovery concepts..................................................................................................................28

Part 2. Data protection solutions.......................................................................... 31

Chapter 4. Single-site disk solution.......................................................................................................... 33

Chapter 5. Multisite disk solution..............................................................................................................35

Chapter 6. Tape solution............................................................................................................................37

Chapter 7. Multisite appliance solution.................................................................................................... 39

Chapter 8. Solutions comparison.............................................................................................................. 41

Chapter 9. Solution roadmap.....................................................................................................................43

Appendix A. Accessibility.................................................................................... 45

Notices................................................................................................................47
Glossary..............................................................................................................51

Index.................................................................................................................. 53

iii
iv
About this publication
This publication provides an overview of IBM Spectrum Protect concepts and data protection solutions
that use best practices for IBM Spectrum Protect. A feature comparison chart helps you select the best
solution for your organization's needs.

Who should read this guide

This guide is intended for anyone who is registered as an administrator for IBM Spectrum Protect.
A single administrator can manage IBM Spectrum Protect, or several people can share administrative
responsibilities.
You should be familiar with the operating system on which the server resides and the communication
protocols required for the client/server environment. You also need to understand the storage
management practices of your organization, such as how you are currently backing up workstation files
and how you are using storage devices.

Publications
The IBM Spectrum Protect product family includes IBM Spectrum Protect Plus, IBM Spectrum Protect
for Virtual Environments, IBM Spectrum Protect for Databases, and several other storage management
products from IBM®.
To view IBM product documentation, see IBM Documentation.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 v

vi IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Part 1. IBM Spectrum Protect concepts
IBM Spectrum Protect provides a comprehensive data protection environment.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 1

2 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Chapter 1. IBM Spectrum Protect overview
IBM Spectrum Protect provides centralized, automated data protection that helps to reduce data loss and
manage compliance with data retention and availability requirements.

Data protection components

The data protection solutions that IBM Spectrum Protect provides consist of a server, client systems and
applications, and storage media. IBM Spectrum Protect provides management interfaces for monitoring
and reporting the data protection status.

Server
Client systems send data to the server to be stored as backups or archived data. The server includes an
inventory, which is a repository of information about client data.
The inventory includes the following components:
Database
Information about each file, logical volume, or database that the server archives, migrates or creates
a backup of, is stored in the server database. The server database also contains information about the
policy and schedules for data protection services.
Recovery log
Records of database transactions are kept in this log. The recovery log helps to maintain data
consistency in the database.

Client systems and applications

Clients are applications, virtual machines, and systems that must be protected. The clients send data to
the server, as shown in Figure 1 on page 3.

Figure 1. Components in the data protection solution

Client software
For IBM Spectrum Protect to protect client data, the appropriate software must be installed on the
client system and the client must be registered with the server.
Client nodes
A client node is equivalent to a computer, virtual machine, or application, such as a backup-archive
client that is installed on a workstation for file system backups. Each client node must be registered
with the server. Multiple nodes can be registered on a single computer.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 3

 Storage media
The server stores client data to storage media. The following types of media are used:
Storage devices
The server can write data to hard disk drives, disk arrays and subsystems, stand-alone tape drives,
tape libraries, and other types of random-access and sequential-access storage. Storage devices can
be connected directly to the server or connected through a local area network (LAN) or a storage area
network (SAN).
Storage pools
Storage devices that are connected to the server are grouped into storage pools. Each storage pool
represents a set of storage devices of the same media type, such as disk or tape drives. IBM Spectrum
Protect stores all of the client data in storage pools. You can organize storage pools into a hierarchy,
so that data storage can be transferred from disk storage to lower-cost storage such as tape devices.
Cloud object storage
IBM Cloud Object Storage (COS) is a scalable cloud storage service that is designed for durability,
resiliency, and security. The service helps to store, manage, and access your data through IBM's
self-service portal and RESTful APIs. You can also use the COS service to connect applications directly
to COS for using other IBM Cloud services with your data.
Data that is stored by using IBM Cloud Object Storage is encrypted and dispersed across multiple
geographic locations and accessed over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) by using a REST API.
The COS service makes use of the distributed storage technologies provided by IBM Cloud Object
Storage System.

Data protection services

IBM Spectrum Protect provides data protection services to store and recover data from various types of
clients. The data protection services are implemented through policies that are defined on the server. You
can use client scheduling to automate the data protection services.

Types of data protection services

IBM Spectrum Protect provides services to store and recover client data as shown in Figure 2 on page
4.

Figure 2. Data protection services

IBM Spectrum Protect provides the following types of data protection services:
Back up and restore services
You run a backup process to create a copy of a data object that can be used for recovery if the original
data object is lost. A data object can be a file, a directory, or a user-defined data object, such as a
database.

4 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

 To minimize the use of system resources during the backup operation, IBM Spectrum Protect uses the
progressive incremental backup method. For this backup method, a first full backup of all data objects
is created and in subsequent backup operations only changed data is moved to storage. Compared to
incremental and differential backup methods that require taking periodic full backups, the progressive
incremental backup method provides the following benefits:
• Reduces data redundancy
• Uses less network bandwidth
• Requires less storage pool space
To further reduce storage capacity requirements and network bandwidth usage, IBM Spectrum
Protect includes data deduplication for data backups. The data deduplication technique removes
duplicate data extents from backups.
You run a restore process to copy an object from a storage pool to the client. You can restore a single
file, all files in a directory, or all of the data on a computer.
Archive and retrieve services
You use the archive service to preserve data that must be stored for a long time, such as for regulatory
compliance. The archive service provides the following features:
• When you archive data, you specify how long the data must be stored.
• You can request that files and directories are copied to long-term storage on media. For example,
you might choose to store this data on a tape device, which can reduce the cost of storage.
• You can specify that the original files are erased from the client after the files are archived.
The retrieve service provides the following features:
• When you retrieve data, the data is copied from a storage pool to a client node.
• The retrieve operation does not affect the archive copy in the storage pool.
Migrate and recall services
You use migrate and recall services to manage space on client systems. The goal of space
management is to maximize available media capacity for new data and to minimize access time to
data. You can migrate data to server storage to maintain sufficient free storage space on a local file
system. You can store migrated data in the following ways:
• On disk storage for long-term storage
• In a virtual tape library (VTL) for fast recall of files
You can recall files to the client node on demand, either automatically or selectively.

Types of client data that can be protected

You can protect data for the following types of clients with IBM Spectrum Protect:
Application clients
IBM Spectrum Protect can protect data for specific products or applications. These clients are
called application clients. To protect the structured data for these clients, in other words the data
in database fields, you must back up components that are specific to the application. IBM Spectrum
Protect can protect the following applications:
• IBM Spectrum Protect for Enterprise Resource Planning clients:
– Data Protection for SAP HANA
– Data Protection for SAP for Db2®
– Data Protection for SAP for Oracle
• IBM Spectrum Protect for Databases clients:
– Data Protection for Microsoft SQL server
– Data Protection for Oracle

Chapter 1. IBM Spectrum Protect overview 5

 • IBM Spectrum Protect for Mail clients:
– Data Protection for HCL Domino®
– Data Protection for Microsoft Exchange Server
Virtual machines
Virtual machines that are backed up by using application client software that is installed on the virtual
machine. In the IBM Spectrum Protect environment, a virtual machine can be protected by the IBM
Spectrum Protect for Virtual Environments.
System clients
The following IBM Spectrum Protect clients are called system clients:
• All clients that back up data in files and directories, in other words unstructured data, such as
backup-archive clients and API clients that are installed on workstations.
• A server that is included in a server-to-server virtual volume configuration.
• A virtual machine that is backed up by using backup-archive client software that is installed on the
virtual machine.

Processes for managing data protection with IBM Spectrum

Protect
The IBM Spectrum Protect server inventory has a key role in the processes for data protection. You define
policies in the IBM Spectrum Protect server inventory that the server uses to manage data storage.

Data management process

Figure 3 on page 6 shows the IBM Spectrum Protect data management process.

Figure 3. Data management process

IBM Spectrum Protect uses policies to control how the server stores and manages data objects on various
types of storage devices and media. You associate a client with a policy domain that contains one active
policy set. When a client creates a backup, archives, or migrates a file, the file is bound to a management
class in the active policy set of the policy domain. The management class and the backup and archive
copy groups specify where files are stored and how they are managed. If you set up server storage in a
hierarchy, you can migrate files to different storage pools.

6 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Inventory components
The following inventory components are key to the operation of the server:
Server database
The server database contains information about client data and server operations. The database
stores information about client data, called metadata. Information about client data includes the file
name, file size, file owner, management class, copy group, and location of the file in server storage.
The database includes the following information that is necessary for the operation of the server:
• Definitions of client nodes and administrators
• Policies and schedules
• Server settings
• Records of server operations, such as activity logs and event records
• Intermediate results for administrative queries
Recovery log
The server records database transactions in the recovery log. The recovery log helps to ensure that a
failure does not leave the database in an inconsistent state. The recovery log is also used to maintain
consistency across server start operations. The recovery log consists of the following logs:
Active log
This log records current transactions on the server. This information is required to start the server
and database after a disaster.
Log mirror (optional)
The active log mirror is a copy of the active log that can be used if the active log files cannot be
read. All changes that are made to the active log are also written to a log mirror. You can set up
one active log mirror.
Archive log
The archive log contains copies of closed log files that were in the active log. The archive log is
included in database backups and is used for recovery of the server database. Archive log files
that are included in a database backup are automatically pruned after a full database backup
cycle is complete. The archive log must have enough space to store the log files for database
backups.
Archive failover log (optional)
The archive failover log, also called a secondary archive log, is the directory that the server uses to
store archive log files when the archive log directory is full.

Policy-based data management

In the IBM Spectrum Protect environment, a policy for data protection management contains rules that
determine how client data is stored and managed. The primary purpose of a policy is to implement the
following data management objectives:
• Control which storage pool is the client data initially stored in
• Define retention criteria that controls how many copies of objects are stored
• Define how long copies of objects are retained
Policy-based data management helps you to focus on the business requirements for protecting data
rather than on managing storage devices and media. Administrators define policies and assign client
nodes to a policy domain.
Depending on your business needs, you can have one policy or many. In a business organization, for
example, different departments with different types of data can have customized storage management
plans. Policies can be updated, and the updates can be applied to data that is already managed.
When you install IBM Spectrum Protect, a default policy that is named STANDARD is already defined. The
STANDARD policy provides basic backup protection for user workstations. To provide different levels of
service for different clients, you can add to the default policy or create a new policy.

Chapter 1. IBM Spectrum Protect overview 7

 You create policies by defining the following policy components:
Policy domain
The policy domain is the primary organizational method of grouping client nodes that share common
rules for data management. Although a client node can be defined to more than one server, the client
node can be defined to only one policy domain on each server.
Policy set
A policy set is a number of policies that are grouped so that the policy for the client nodes in the
domain can be activated or deactivated as required. An administrator uses a policy set to implement
different management classes based on business and user needs. A policy domain can contain
multiple policy sets, but only one policy set can be active in the domain. Each policy set contains a
default management class and any number of extra management classes.
Management class
A management class is a policy object that you can bind to each category of data to specify how the
server manages the data. There can be one or more management classes. One management class is
assigned to be the default management class that is used by clients unless they specifically override
the default to use a specific management class.
The management class can contain a backup copy group, an archive copy group, and space
management attributes. A copy group determines how the server manages backup versions or
archived copies of the file. The space management attributes determine whether the file is eligible
for migration by the space manager client to server storage, and under what conditions the file is
migrated.
Copy group
A copy group is a set of attributes in a management class that controls the following factors:
• Where the server stores versions of backed up files or archive copies
• How long the server keeps versions of backed up files or archive copies
• How many versions of backup copies are retained
• What method to use to generate versions of backed up files or archive copies

Security management
IBM Spectrum Protect includes security features for registration of administrators and users. After
administrators are registered, they must be granted authority by being assigned one or more
administrative privilege classes. An administrator with system privilege can perform any server function.
Administrators with policy, storage, operator, or node privileges can perform subsets of server functions.
The server can be accessed by using the following methods, each controlled with a password:
• Administrator access to manage the server
• Client access to nodes to store and retrieve data
Also includes features that can help to ensure security when clients connect to the server with the
following closed registration method:
Closed registration
Closed registration is the default method for client registration to the server. For this type of
registration, an administrator registers all clients. The administrator can implement the following
settings:
• Assign the node to any policy domain
• Determine whether the user can use compression or not, or if the user can choose
• Control whether the user can delete backed up files or archived files
You can add more protection for your data and passwords by using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). SSL
is the standard technology that you use to create encrypted sessions for servers and clients, and
provides a secure channel to communicate over open communication paths. With SSL, the identity of
the server is verified by using digital certificates. If you authenticate with a Lightweight Directory Access

8 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

 Protocol (LDAP) server, passwords between the server and the LDAP server are protected by Transport
Layer Security (TLS). The TLS protocol is the successor to the SSL protocol. When a server and client
communicate, TLS ensures that third parties cannot intercept messages.

User interfaces for the IBM Spectrum Protect environment

For monitoring and configuration tasks, IBM Spectrum Protect provides various interfaces, including the
Operations Center, a command-line interface, and an SQL administrative interface.

Interfaces for data storage management

The Operations Center is the primary interface for administrators to monitor and administer servers. A key
benefit of the Operations Center is that you can monitor multiple servers, as shown in Figure 4 on page
9. You can also monitor and administer IBM Spectrum Protect from a command-line administrative
interface.

Figure 4. User interfaces for data storage management

You use the following interfaces to interact with IBM Spectrum Protect:
Operations Center
The Operations Center provides web and mobile access to status information about the IBM
Spectrum Protect environment. You can use the Operations Center to complete monitoring and
certain administration tasks, for example:
• You can monitor multiple servers and clients.
• You can monitor the transaction activity for specific components in the data path, such as the server
database, the recovery log, storage devices, and storage pools.
Command-line interface
You can use a command-line interface to run administration tasks for servers. You can access
the command-line interface through either the IBM Spectrum Protect administrative client or the
Operations Center.

Chapter 1. IBM Spectrum Protect overview 9

 Access to information in the server database by using SQL statements
You can use SQL SELECT statements to query the server database and display the results. Third-party
SQL tools are available to aid administrators in database management.

Interfaces for client activity management

IBM Spectrum Protect provides the following types of interfaces for managing client activity:
• An application programming interface (API)
• Graphical user interfaces for clients
• Browser interface for the backup-archive client
• Command-line interfaces for clients

10 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Chapter 2. Data storage concepts in IBM Spectrum
Protect
IBM Spectrum Protect provides functions to store data in a range of device and media storage.
To make storage devices available to the server, you must attach the storage devices and map storage
pools to device classes, libraries, and drives.

Types of storage devices

You can use various storage devices with IBM Spectrum Protect to meet specific data protection goals.

Storage devices and storage objects

The IBM Spectrum Protect server can connect to a combination of manual and automated storage
devices. You can connect the following types of storage devices to IBM Spectrum Protect:
• Disk devices that are directly attached, SAN-attached, or network attached
• Physical tape devices that are either manually operated or automated
• Virtual tape devices
• Cloud object storage
IBM Spectrum Protect represents physical storage devices and media with storage objects that you define
in the server database. Storage objects classify available storage resources and manage migration from
one storage pool to another. Table 1 on page 11 describes the storage objects in the server storage
environment.

Table 1. Storage objects and representations

Storage object What the object represents
Volume A discrete unit of storage on disk, tape, or other
storage media. Each volume is associated with a
single storage pool.
Storage pool A set of storage volumes or containers that is
the destination that is used to store client data.
IBM Spectrum Protect uses the following types of
storage pool:
• Directory-container storage pools
• Cloud-container storage pools
• Sequential-access storage pools that are
associated with a device class
• Random-access storage pools that are
associated with a device class

Container A data storage location, for example, a file,

directory, or device.
Container storage pool A storage pool that a server uses to store
data. Data is stored in containers in file
system directories or in cloud storage. Data is
deduplicated, if necessary, as the server writes
data to the storage pool.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 11

 Table 1. Storage objects and representations (continued)
Storage object What the object represents
Device class The type of storage device that can use the
volumes that are defined in a sequential-access or
random-access storage pool. Each device class of
removable media type is associated with a single
library.
Library A storage device. For example, a library can
represent a stand-alone drive, a set of stand-alone
drives, a multiple-drive automated device, or a set
of drives that is controlled by a media manager.
Drive An object of a tape library device that provides
the capability to read and write data to tape
library media. Each drive is associated with a single
library.
Path The specification of the data source and the device
destination. Before a storage device can be used, a
path must be defined between the device and the
source server that is moving data.
Data mover A SAN-attached device that is used to transfer
client data. A data mover is used only in a data
transfer where the server is not present, such as
in a Network Data Management Protocol (NDMP)
environment. Data movers transfer data between
storage devices without using significant server,
client, or network resources.
Server A server that is managed by another IBM Spectrum
Protect server.

The administrator defines the storage objects in the logical layer of the server, as illustrated in Figure 5 on
page 13.

12 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Figure 5. Storage objects

Disk devices
You can store client data on disk devices with the following types of volumes:
• Directories in directory-container storage pools
• Random-access volumes of device type DISK
• Sequential-access volumes of device type FILE
IBM Spectrum Protect offers the following features when you use directory-container storage pools for
data storage:
• You can apply data deduplication and disk caching techniques to maximize data storage usage.
• You can retrieve data from disk much faster than you can retrieve data from tape storage.

Chapter 2. Data storage concepts in IBM Spectrum Protect 13

 Physical tape devices
In a physical tape library, the storage capacity is defined in terms of the total number of volumes in the
library. Physical tape devices can be used for the following activities:
• Storing client data that is backed up, archived, or migrated from client nodes
• Storing database backups
• Exporting data to another server or offsite storage
Moving data to tape provides the following benefits:
• You can keep data for clients on a disk device at the same time that the data is moved to tape.
• You can improve tape drive performance by streaming the data migration from disk to tape.
• You can spread out the times when the drives are in use to improve the efficiency of the tape drives.
• You can move data on tape to off-site vaults.
• You can limit power consumption because tape devices do not consume power after data is written to
tape.
• You can apply encryption that is provided by the tape drive hardware to protect the data on tape.
Compared to equivalent disk and virtual tape storage, the unit cost to store data tends to be much less for
physical tape devices.

Virtual tape libraries

A virtual tape library (VTL) does not use physical tape media. When you use VTL storage, you emulate
the access mechanisms of tape hardware. In a VTL, you can define volumes and drives to provide greater
flexibility for the storage environment. The storage capacity of a VTL is defined in terms of total available
disk space. You can increase or decrease the number and size of volumes on disk.
Defining a VTL to the IBM Spectrum Protect server can improve performance because the server handles
mount point processing for VTLs differently than for real tape libraries. Although the logical limitations of
tape devices are still present, the physical limitations for tape hardware are not applicable to a VTL thus
affording better scalability. You can use the IBM Spectrum Protect VTL when the following conditions are
met:
• Only one type and generation of drive and media is emulated in the VTL.
• Every server and storage agent with access to the VTL has paths that are defined for all drives in the
library.

Data storage in storage pools

Logical storage pools are the principal components in the IBM Spectrum Protect model of data storage.
You can optimize the usage of storage devices by manipulating the properties of storage pools and
volumes.

Types of storage pools

The group of storage pools that you set up for the server is called server storage. You can define the
following types of storage pools in server storage:
Primary storage pools
A named set of volumes that the server uses to store backup versions of files, archive copies of files,
and files that are migrated from client nodes.
Copy storage pools
A named set of volumes that contain copies of files that are stored in primary storage pools. Copy
storage pools are used only to back up the data that is stored in primary storage pools. A copy storage
pool cannot be a destination for a backup copy group, an archive copy group, or a management class
for space-managed files.

14 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Container-copy storage pools
A named set of volumes that contain a copy of data extents that are stored in directory-container
storage pools. Container-copy storage pools are used only to protect the data that is stored in
directory-container storage pools.
Active-data storage pools
A named set of storage pool volumes that contain only active versions of client backup data.
Retention storage pools
A named set of volumes that the server uses to store copies of backup data that is to be retained for
long-term storage. Retention storage pools are used only to store retained data. A retention storage
pool cannot be a destination for a backup copy group, an archive copy group, or a management class
for space-managed files.

Primary storage pools

When you restore, retrieve, recall, or export file data, the requested file is obtained from a primary storage
pool. Depending on the type of primary storage pool, the storage pools can be onsite or offsite. You can
arrange primary storage pools in a storage hierarchy so that data can be transferred from disk storage to
lower-cost storage such as tape devices. Figure 6 on page 15 illustrates the concept of primary storage
pools.

Figure 6. Primary storage pools

You can define the following types of primary storage pool:

Chapter 2. Data storage concepts in IBM Spectrum Protect 15

 Directory-container storage pools
A storage pool that the server uses to store data in containers in storage pool directories. Data that
is stored in a directory-container storage pool can use either inline data deduplication, client-side
data deduplication, inline compression, or client-side compression. Inline data deduplication or inline
compression reduces data at the time it is stored.
Tip: Data that is compressed first cannot be deduplicated. However, deduplicated data can be
compressed.
By using directory-container storage pools, you remove the need for volume reclamation, which
improves server performance and reduces the cost of storage hardware. You can protect and repair
data in directory-container storage pools at the level of the storage pool. You can tier data that is
stored in a directory-container storage pool to a cloud-container storage pool.
Restriction: You cannot use any of the following functions with directory-container storage pools:
• Migration
• Reclamation
• Aggregation
• Colocation
• Simultaneous-write
• Storage pool backup
• Virtual volumes
Cloud-container storage pools
A storage pool that a server uses to store data in cloud storage. The cloud storage can be on premises
or off premises. The cloud-container storage pools that are provided by IBM Spectrum Protect can
store data to cloud storage that is object-based. By storing data in cloud-container storage pools, you
can leverage the cost per unit advantages that clouds offer along with the scaling capabilities that
cloud storage provides. You can use cloud tiering to lower costs by moving data from disk storage
to a cloud-container storage pool. IBM Spectrum Protect manages the credentials, security, read and
write I/Os, and the lifecycle for data that is stored to the cloud. When cloud-container storage pools
are implemented on the server, you can write directly to the cloud by configuring a cloud-container
storage pool with the cloud credentials. Data that is stored in a cloud-container storage pool uses
both inline data deduplication and inline compression. The server writes deduplicated, compressed,
and encrypted data directly to the cloud. You can back up and restore data or archive and retrieve
data directly from the cloud-container storage pool.
You can define the following types of cloud-container storage pools:
On premises
You can use the on premises type of cloud-container storage pool to store data in a private cloud,
for more security and maximum control over your data. The disadvantages of a private cloud are
higher costs due to hardware requirements and onsite maintenance.
Off premises
You can use the off premises type of cloud-container storage pool to store data in a public cloud.
The advantage of using a public cloud is that you can achieve lower costs than for a private cloud,
for example by eliminating maintenance. However, you must balance this benefit against possible
performance issues due to connection speeds and reduced control over your data.
Storage pools that are associated with device classes
You can define a primary storage pool to use the following types of storage devices:
DISK device class
In a DISK device type of storage pool, data is stored in random access disk blocks. You can use
caching in DISK storage pools to increase client restore performance with some limitations on
server processing. Space allocation and tracking by blocks uses more database storage space and
requires more processing power than allocation and tracking by volume.

16 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

 FILE device class
In a FILE device type of storage pool, files are stored in sequential volumes for better sequential
performance than for storage in disk blocks. To the server, these files have the characteristics of a
tape volume so that this type of storage pool is better suited for migration to tape. FILE volumes
are useful for electronic vaulting, where data is transferred electronically to a remote site rather
than by physical shipment of tape. In general, this type of storage pool is preferred over DISK
storage pools.
The server uses the following default random-access primary storage pools:
ARCHIVEPOOL
In the STANDARD policy, this storage pool is the destination for files that are archived from client
nodes.
BACKUPPOOL
In the STANDARD policy, this storage pool is the destination for files that are backed up from client
nodes.
SPACEMGPOOL
This storage pool is for space-managed files that are migrated from IBM Spectrum Protect for
Space Management client nodes.

Copy storage pools

Copy storage pools contain active and non-active versions of data that is backed up from primary storage
pools. You cannot use a directory-container storage pool as a copy storage pool. In addition, data from a
directory-container storage pool cannot be copied into a copy storage pool.
Figure 7 on page 17 illustrates the concept of copy storage pools.

Figure 7. Copy storage pools

Copy storage pools provide a means of recovering from disasters or media failures. For example, when a
client fails to retrieve a damaged file from the primary storage pool, the client can restore the data from
the copy storage pool.
You can move the volumes of copy storage pools offsite and still have the server track the volumes.
Moving these volumes offsite provides a means of recovering from an onsite disaster. A copy storage pool
can use sequential-access storage only, such as a tape device class or FILE device class.

Container-copy storage pools

You can protect data in a directory-container storage pool by copying the data to container-copy storage
pools, which are represented by tape volumes. The tape copy is used to repair damage to data in a
directory-container storage pool. Data in container-copy storage pools is stored on tape volumes, which
can be stored onsite or offsite. Damaged data in directory-container storage pools can be repaired by

Chapter 2. Data storage concepts in IBM Spectrum Protect 17

 using deduplicated extents in container-copy storage pools. Container-copy storage pools provide an
alternative to using a replication server to protect data in a directory-container storage pool.
Restriction: If all server data is lost, container-copy storage pools alone do not provide the same level of
protection as replication:
• With replication, you can directly restore client data from the target replication server if the source
replication server is not available.
• With container-copy storage pools, you must first restore the server from a database backup and then
repair directory-container storage pools from tape volumes.
Figure 8 on page 18 illustrates the concept of container-copy storage pools.

Figure 8. Container-copy storage pools

Depending on your system configuration, you can create protection schedules to simultaneously copy
the directory-container storage pool data to onsite or offsite container-copy storage pools to meet your
requirements:
• If replication is enabled, you can create one offsite container-copy pool. The offsite copy can be used to
provide extra protection in a replicated environment.
• If replication is not enabled, you can create one onsite and one offsite container-copy storage pool.
Depending on the resources and requirements of your site, the ability to copy directory-container storage
pools to tape has the following benefits:
• You avoid maintaining another server and more disk storage space.
• Data is copied to storage pools that are defined on the server. Performance is not dependent on, or
affected by, the network connection between servers.
• You can satisfy regulatory and business requirements for offsite tape copies.

Active-data storage pools

An active-data pool contains only active versions of client backup data. In this case, the server does not
have to position past non-active files that do not have to be restored. A directory-container storage pool
cannot be used as an active-data storage pool. You use active-data pools to improve the efficiency of
data storage and restore operations. For example, this type of storage pool can help you to achieve the
following objectives:
• Increase the speed of client data restore operations.
• Reduce the number of onsite or offsite storage volumes.
• Reduce the amount of data that is transferred when you copy or restore files that are vaulted
electronically in a remote location.
Data that is migrated by hierarchical storage management (HSM) clients and archive data are not
permitted in active-data pools. As updated versions of backup data are stored in active-data pools,

18 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

older versions are removed as the remaining data is consolidated from many sequential-access volumes
onto fewer, new sequential-access volumes. Figure 9 on page 19 illustrates the concept of active-data
storage pools.

Figure 9. Active-data storage pools

Active-data pools can use any type of sequential-access storage. However, the benefits of an active-data
pool depend on the device type that is associated with the pool. For example, active-data pools that are
associated with a FILE device class are ideal for fast client restore operations because of the following
reasons:
• FILE volumes do not have to be physically mounted.
• Client sessions that are restoring from FILE volumes in an active-data pool can access the volumes
concurrently, which improves restore performance.

Retention storage pools

Retention storage pool is used to store copies of data that is retained by the server in retention sets. The
data is copied from primary storage to a retention storage pool on tape or cloud object storage.
Figure 10 on page 19 illustrates the concept of retention storage pools.
Retention storage pool

Data stored in
sequential-access volumes
(tape device classes)

STGTYPE=DEVCLASS

Backup of primary storage

pool data
Or

Data stored in cloud storage

containers
Primary storage pools:
Random-access or sequential-access
STGTYPE=CLOUD

Containers

Volumes on tape devices Cloud storage containers

Figure 10. Retention storage pools

With retention storage pools, you can optimize the processes for storing retained data at an offsite
location. You can separate long-term data from data that you want to keep on a short-term basis.

Chapter 2. Data storage concepts in IBM Spectrum Protect 19

 By using retention storage pools, you can reduce the need for other maintenance activities, such as
reclamation. These activities are necessary when long-term data is stored together with short-term data.
The short-term data is kept for operational recovery.
Tip: When you create a retention storage pool, a retention-copy storage rule with the same name is
created automatically at the same time. The retention-copy storage rule runs once each day to copy
retention set data from primary storage to the retention storage pool. However, you can run a retention-
copy storage rule without waiting for the scheduled time.
A retention storage pool represents 3592 tape devices, LTO tape devices, Ecartridge devices, or CLOUD
device classes. The retention storage pool can also use the tape library like other non-retention storage
pools. Therefore, the storage devices such as tape drives and tape libraries defined with retention storage
pool can be used to store all types of data.

Data transport to storage across networks

The IBM Spectrum Protect environment provides ways to securely move data to storage across various
types of networks and configurations.

Network configurations for storage devices

IBM Spectrum Protect provides methods for configuring clients and servers on a local area network (LAN),
on a storage area network (SAN), LAN-free data movement, and as network-attached storage.
Data backup operations over a LAN
Figure 11 on page 20 shows the data path for IBM Spectrum Protect backup operations over a LAN.

Figure 11. IBM Spectrum Protect backup operations over a LAN

In a LAN configuration, one or more tape libraries are associated with a single IBM Spectrum Protect
server. In this type of configuration, client data, electronic mail, terminal connection, application
program, and device control information must all be handled by the same network. Device control
information and client backup and restore data flow across the LAN.
Data backup operations over a SAN
Figure 12 on page 20 shows the data path for IBM Spectrum Protect backup operations over a SAN.

Figure 12. IBM Spectrum Protect backup operations over a SAN

20 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

 A SAN is a dedicated storage network that can improve system performance. On a SAN, you can
consolidate storage and relieve the distance, scalability, and bandwidth limitations of LANs and wide
area networks (WANs). By using IBM Spectrum Protect in a SAN, you can take advantage of the
following functions:
• Share storage devices among multiple IBM Spectrum Protect servers. Devices that use the
GENERICTAPE device type are not included.
• Move data from a client system directly to storage devices without using the LAN. LAN-free data
movement requires the installation of a storage agent on the client system. The storage agent is
available with the IBM Spectrum Protect for SAN product.
Through the storage agent, the client can directly back up and restore data to a tape library or
shared file system such as GPFS. The IBM Spectrum Protect server maintains the server database
and recovery log, and acts as the library manager to control device operations. The storage agent on
the client handles the data transfer to the device on the SAN. This implementation frees bandwidth
on the LAN that would otherwise be used for client data movement.
• Share tape drives and libraries that are supported by the IBM Spectrum Protect server.
• Consolidate multiple clients under a single client node name in a General Parallel File System
(GPFS) cluster.
Network-attached storage
Network-attached storage (NAS) file servers are dedicated storage servers whose operating systems
are optimized for file-serving functions. NAS file servers typically interact with IBM Spectrum Protect
through industry-standard network protocols, such as network data management protocol (NDMP)
or as primary storage for random-access or sequential access storage pools. IBM Spectrum Protect
provides the following basic types of configurations that use NDMP for backing up and managing NAS
file servers:
• IBM Spectrum Protect backs up a NAS file server to a library device that is directly attached to
the NAS file server. The NAS file server, which can be remote from the IBM Spectrum Protect
server, transfers backup data directly to a drive in a SCSI-attached tape library. Data is stored in
NDMP-formatted storage pools, which can be backed up to storage media that can be moved offsite
for protection in case of an onsite disaster.
• IBM Spectrum Protect backs up a NAS file server over the LAN to a storage-pool hierarchy. In this
type of configuration, you can store NAS data directly to disk, either random access or sequential
access, and then migrate the data to tape. You can also use this type of configuration for system
replication. Data can also be backed up to storage media that can be moved offsite. The advantage
of this type of configuration is that you have all of the data management features associated with a
storage pool hierarchy.
• The IBM Spectrum Protect client reads the data from the NAS system by using NFS or CIFS
protocols and sends the data to the server to be stored.

Storage management
You manage the devices and media that are used to store client data through the IBM Spectrum Protect
server. The server integrates storage management with the policies that you define for managing client
data in the following areas:
Types of devices for server storage
With IBM Spectrum Protect, you can use directly attached devices and network-attached devices
for server storage. IBM Spectrum Protect represents physical storage devices and media with
administrator-defined storage objects.
Data migration through the storage hierarchy
For primary storage pools other than directory-container storage pools, you can organize the storage
pools into one or more hierarchical structures. This storage hierarchy provides flexibility in a number
of ways. For example, you can set a policy to back up data to disks for faster backup operations. The
IBM Spectrum Protect server can then automatically migrate data from disk to tape.

Chapter 2. Data storage concepts in IBM Spectrum Protect 21

 Removal of expired data
The policy that you define controls when client data automatically expires from the IBM Spectrum
Protect server. To remove data that is eligible for expiration, a server expiration process marks data
as expired and deletes metadata for the expired data from the database. The space that is occupied
by the expired data is then available for new data. You can control the frequency of the expiration
process by using a server option.
Media reuse by reclamation
As server policies automatically expire data, the media where the data is stored accumulates unused
space. For storage media other than directory-container storage pools or random disk storage pools,
the IBM Spectrum Protect server implements reclamation, a process that frees media for reuse
without traditional tape rotation. Reclamation automatically defragments media by consolidating
unexpired data onto other media when the free space on media reaches a defined level. The
reclaimed media can then be used again by the server. Reclamation allows media to be automatically
circulated through the storage management process and minimize the number of media that are
required.

Consolidating backed up client data

By grouping the client data that is backed up, you can minimize the number of media mounts required for
client recovery. The IBM Spectrum Protect server provides the following methods for grouping client files
on storage media other than directory-container storage pools:
Collocating client data
The IBM Spectrum Protect server can collocate client data, in other words store client data on a
few volumes instead of spreading the data across many volumes. Collocation by client minimizes
the number of volumes that are required to back up and restore client data. Data collocation might
increase the number of volume mounts because each client might have a dedicated volume instead of
data storage from several clients in the same volume.
You can set the server to collocate client data when the data is initially placed in server storage. In
a storage hierarchy, you can collocate the data when the server migrates the data from the initial
storage pool to the next storage pool in the storage hierarchy. You can collocate by client, by file space
per client, or by a group of clients. Your selection depends on the size of the file spaces that are stored
and restore requirements.
Associating active-data pools with various devices
Active-data pools are useful for fast restoration of client data. Benefits include a reduction in the
number of onsite or offsite storage volumes, or reducing bandwidth when you copy or restore files
that are vaulted electronically in a remote location. Active-data pools that use removable media, such
as tape, offer similar benefits. Although tape devices must be mounted, the server does not have
to position past inactive files. However, the primary benefit of using removable media in active-data
pools is that the number of volumes that are used for onsite and offsite storage is reduced. If you
store data to a remote location, you can minimize the amount of data that must be transferred by
copying and restoring only active data.
Creating a backup set
A backup set contains all of the active backed-up files that exist for that client in server storage. The
backup set is portable and is retained for the time that you specify. A backup set is in addition to the
backups that are already stored and requires extra media.
Moving data for a client node
You can consolidate data for a client node by moving the data within server storage. You can move
a backup set to different media, where the backup set is retained until the time that you specify.
Consolidating data can help to improve efficiency during client restore or retrieve operations.

22 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Chapter 3. Data protection strategies with IBM
Spectrum Protect
IBM Spectrum Protect provides ways for you to implement various data protection strategies.
You can configure IBM Spectrum Protect to send data to storage devices that are on the local site or on a
remote site. To maximize data protection, you can configure replication to a remote server.

Strategies to minimize the use of storage space for backups

To minimize the amount of storage space that is required, IBM Spectrum Protect backs up data by using
the data deduplication and progressive incremental backup techniques.

Data deduplication
When the IBM Spectrum Protect server receives data from a client, the server identifies duplicate data
extents and stores unique instances of the data extents in a directory-container storage pool. The
data deduplication technique improves storage utilization and eliminates the need for a dedicated data
deduplication appliance.

Figure 13. Data deduplication process

If the same byte pattern occurs many times, data deduplication greatly reduces the amount of data that
must be stored or transferred. In addition to whole files, IBM Spectrum Protect can also deduplicate parts
of files that are common with parts of other files.
IBM Spectrum Protect provides the following types of data deduplication:
Server-side data deduplication
The server identifies duplicate data extents and moves the data to a directory-container storage pool.
The server-side process uses inline data deduplication, where data is deduplicated at the same time
that the data is written to a directory-container storage pool. Deduplicated data can also be stored in
other types of storage pools. Inline data deduplication on the server provides the following benefits:
• Eliminates the need for reclamation
• Reduces the space that is occupied by the stored data
Client-side data deduplication
With this method, processing is distributed between the server and the client during a backup
process. The client and the server identify and remove duplicate data to save storage space on the
server. In client-side data deduplication, only compressed, deduplicated data is sent to the server.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 23

 The server stores the data in the compressed format that is provided by the client. Client-side data
deduplication provides the following benefits:
• Reduces the amount of data that is sent over the local area network (LAN)
• Eliminates extra processing power and time that is required to remove duplicate data on the server
• Improves database performance because the client-side data deduplication is also inline
You can combine both client-side and server-side data deduplication in the same production
environment. The ability to deduplicate data on either the client or the server provides flexibility in terms
of resource utilization, policy management, and data protection.
Compression
Use inline compression to reduce the amount of space that is stored in container storage pools. Data
is compressed as it is written to the container storage pool.
Restriction: The IBM Spectrum Protect server cannot compress encrypted data.

Progressive incremental backup

In a progressive incremental backup process, the server monitors client activity and backs up any files
that are new or have changed since the last backup. Entire files are backed up, so that the server does not
need to reference base versions of the files. This backup technique eliminates the need for multiple full
backups of client data thus saving network resources and storage space.

Strategies for disaster protection

IBM Spectrum Protect provides strategies to protect data if a disaster occurs. These strategies include
node replication to a remote site, multi-site replication to two remote sites, storage pool protection,
database backups, moving backup tapes offsite, and device replication to a standby server.

Replication to a remote site

Node replication is the process of incrementally copying data from one server to another server. The
server from which client data is replicated is called a source replication server. The server to which client
data is replicated is called a target replication server. For the purposes of disaster protection, the target
replication server is on a remote site. A replication server can function as a source replication server, a
target replication server, or both. You use replication processing to maintain the same level of files on the
source and the target replication servers.
Node replication provides for immediate availability of data through failover. Although node replication
protects most of the metadata, this approach does not provide adequate protection for database damage.
You can provide more comprehensive protection by using storage pools to store data backups.
Advantages
• Failover so that data is available immediately if a disaster occurs.
• Incremental replication, which results in fast transmission of data.
• Electronic transfer
• Protects both data and most metadata
Disadvantages
• Both data and metadata must be recovered.
• Data on the source replication server must be replicated again from the remote site.
Figure 14 on page 25 shows the node replication process to a remote site.

24 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Figure 14. Node replication process

When client data is replicated, data that is not on the target replication server is copied to the
target replication server. When replicated data exceeds the retention limit, the target replication server
automatically removes the data from the source replication server. To maximize data protection, you
synchronize the local server and the remote server; for example, Site B replicates data from Site A and
Site A replicates data from Site B. As part of replication processing, client data that was deleted from the
source replication server is also deleted from the target replication server.
IBM Spectrum Protect provides the following replication functions:
• You can define policies for the target replication server in the following ways:
– Identical policies on the source replication server and target replication server
– Different policies on the source replication server and target replication server to meet different
business requirements.
If a disaster occurs and the source replication server is not available, clients can recover data from the
target replication server. If the source replication server cannot be recovered, you can direct clients to
store data on the target replication server. When an outage occurs, the clients that are backed up to
the source replication server can automatically fail over to restore their data from the target replication
server.
• You can use replication processing to recover damaged files from storage pools. You must replicate
the client data to the target replication server before the file damage occurs. Subsequent replication
processes detect damaged files on the source replication server and replace the files with undamaged
files from the target replication server.

Role of replication in disaster protection

If a disaster occurs, you can recover replicated data from the remote site and maintain the same level of
files on the source and target replication servers. You use replication to achieve the following objectives:
• Control network throughput by scheduling node replication at specific times
• Recover data after a site loss.
• Recover damaged files on the source replication server.

Chapter 3. Data protection strategies with IBM Spectrum Protect 25

 Storage pool protection
As part of a disaster recovery strategy, ensure that a backup copy of data in storage pools is available at a
remote site.
Advantages
• Fast recovery and rebuild of the source system.
Disadvantages
• Only data is protected; metadata is not protected.
• For each storage pool, you must define the storage medium.
You use different techniques to protect against the permanent loss of data that is stored in container
storage pools and in FILE and DISK storage pools.
Directory-container storage pools
If you do not need to replicate all the data that is contained in a client node, you use container-copy
storage pools to protect some directory-container storage pools. By protecting a directory-container
storage pool, you do not use resources that replicate existing data and metadata, which improves
server performance.
The preferred method is to protect the directory-container storage pool before you replicate the client
node. When node replication is started, the data extents that are already replicated through storage
pool protection are skipped, which reduces the replication processing time. If the data in a directory-
container storage pool becomes damaged, you can repair the data from a copy in a container-copy
storage pool.
Container-copy storage pools
You protect directory-container storage pools by copying the data in the directory-container storage
pool to container-copy storage pools. Use container-copy storage pools to create up to two tape
copies of a directory-container storage pool. The tape copies can be stored onsite or offsite. Damaged
data in directory-container storage pools can be repaired by using container-copy storage pools.
Container-copy storage pools provide an alternative to using a replication server to protect data in a
directory-container storage pool.
Storage pools that are associated with FILE and DISK device classes
For storage pools that are associated with FILE and DISK device classes, you use node replication
to maintain a node-consistent copy of the data at the target replication server. The data copy can be
directly restored from the target replication server to the storage pools.

Database backups
You use database backups to recover your system following database damage. Also, database backup
operations must be used to prevent Db2 from running out of archive log space. Database backup
operations are not part of node replication. A database backup can be full, incremental, or snapshot.
To provide for disaster recovery, a copy of the database backups must be stored offsite. To restore the
database, you must have the backup volumes for the database. You can restore the database from backup
volumes by either a point-in-time restore or a most current restore operation.
Point-in-time restore
Use point-in-time restore operations for situations such as disaster recovery or to remove the effects
of errors that can cause inconsistencies in the database. Restore operations for the database that use
snapshot backups are a form of point-in-time restore operation. The point-in-time restore operation
includes the following actions:
• Removes and re-creates the active log directory and archive log directory that are specified in the
dsmserv.opt file.
• Restores the database image from backup volumes to the database directories that are recorded in
a database backup or to new directories.

26 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

 • Restores archive logs from backup volumes to the overflow directory.
• Uses log information from the overflow directory up to a specified point in time.
Most current restore
If you want to recover the database to the time when the database was lost, recover the database to
the most current state. The most current restore operation includes the following actions:
• Restores a database image from the backup volumes to the database directories that are recorded
in a database backup or to new directories.
• Restores archive logs from backup volumes to the overflow directory.
• Uses log information from the overflow directory and archive logs from archive log directory.
The most current restore does not remove and re-create the active log directory or archive log directory.

Alternative methods for disaster protection

In addition to replication, storage pool protection, and database backups, you can also use the following
methods to protect data and implement disaster recovery with IBM Spectrum Protect:
Sending backup tapes to a remote site
Data is backed up to tape at scheduled times by the source replication server. The tapes are sent to a
remote site. If a disaster occurs, the tapes are returned to the site of the source replication server and
the data is restored on the source clients. Offsite copies of data on backup tape can also help you to
recover from ransomware attacks.
Multisite appliance replication to a standby server
In the multisite appliance configuration, the source appliance is replicated to a remote server in a SAN
architecture. In this configuration, if the client hardware at the original site is damaged, the source
device can be replicated from the standby server at the remote site. This configuration provides
disk-based backup and restore operations.

Comparison of protection configuration strategies

Consider the following potential data-loss scenarios:
• Database data is damaged: protect against loss of data in the database by using onsite database
backup.
• Storage pool data is damaged: protect against loss of data in storage pools by using onsite copy storage
pools or node replication.
• Disaster scenario where both the onsite database and storage pools are lost: protect against a full
disaster by using node replication and both off-site database backup and storage pool backup copies.
The following possible configurations address the most common data protection scenarios:
Configurations for damage protection only
• Implement database backup operations onsite with an optional container-copy storage pool onsite
to protect data in directory-container storage pools.
• Implement database backup operations onsite and node replication onsite.
Configurations for disaster recovery and damage protection
• Implement database backup operations offsite with container-copy storage pools offsite to protect
data in directory-container storage pools.
• Implement database backup operations onsite and node replication offsite with an optional
container-copy storage pool onsite for faster recovery of damaged data.

Chapter 3. Data protection strategies with IBM Spectrum Protect 27

Strategies for disaster recovery with IBM Spectrum Protect
IBM Spectrum Protect provides several ways to recover the server if the database or storage pools fail.

Automatic failover for disaster recovery

Automatic failover is an operation that switches to a standby system if a software, hardware, or network
interruption occurs. Automatic failover is used with node replication to recover data after a system failure.
Figure 15 on page 28 shows the IBM Spectrum Protect automatic failover process.

Figure 15. Automatic failover process

Automatic failover for data recovery occurs if the source replication server is unavailable because of a
disaster or a system outage. During normal operations, when the client accesses a source replication
server, the client receives connection information for the target replication server. The client node stores
the failover connection information in the client options file.
During client restore operations, the server automatically changes clients from the source replication
server to the target replication server and back again. Only one server per node can be used for failover
protection at any time. When a new client operation is started, the client attempts to connect to the
source replication server. The client resumes operations on the source server if the source replication
server is available.
To use automatic failover for replicated client nodes, the source replication server, the target replication
server, and the client must be at the V7.1 level or later. If any of the servers are at an earlier level,
automatic failover is disabled and you must rely on a manual failover process.

Recovery of IBM Spectrum Protect components

The server database, recovery log, and storage pools are critical to the operation of IBM Spectrum Protect
and must be protected. If the database is unusable, the entire server is unavailable and recovering data
that is managed by the server might be difficult or impossible.
Even without the database, fragments of data or complete files might be read from storage pool volumes
that are not encrypted and security can be compromised. Therefore, you must always back up the
database. Also, always encrypt sensitive data by using the client or the storage device, unless the storage
media is physically secured.

28 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

IBM Spectrum Protect provides several data protection methods, which include backing up storage pools
and the database. For example, you can define schedules so that the following operations occur:
• After the initial full backup of your storage pools, incremental storage pool backups are run every night.
• Incremental database backups are run every night.
• Full database backups are run once a week.
For tape-based environments, you can use disaster recovery manager (DRM) to assist you in many of
the tasks that are associated with protecting and recovering data. DRM is available with IBM Spectrum
Protect Extended Edition.

Preventive actions for recovery

Recovery is based on the following preventive actions:
• Mirroring, by which the server maintains a copy of the active log
• Backing up the database
• Backing up the storage pools
• Auditing storage pools for damaged files and recovery of damaged files when necessary
• Backing up the device configuration and volume history files
• Validating the data in storage pools by using cyclic redundancy checking
• Storing the cert.kdb file in a safe place to ensure that the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is secure
If you are using tape for storage, you can also create a disaster recovery plan to guide you through the
recovery process by using DRM. You can use the disaster recovery plan for audit purposes to certify the
recoverability of the server. The disaster recovery methods of DRM are based on taking the following
actions:
• Creating a disaster recovery plan file for the server
• Backing up server data to tape
• Sending the server backup data to a remote site or to another server
• Storing client system information
• Defining and tracking the storage media that is used for storing and recovering client data
If you take preventive actions for recovery, you should have backups for the following files and directories.
The files and directories that are required to restore a server and its operations:
• Server options file (dsmserv.opt)
• Device configuration file (for example, devconf.dat)
• Volume history file (for example, volhist.dat)
• Master encryption key files (dsmkeydb.kdb or dsmkeydb.sth)
• Server certificate and private key files (cert.kbd or cert.sth)

Chapter 3. Data protection strategies with IBM Spectrum Protect 29

30 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Part 2. IBM Spectrum Protect solutions for data
protection
To help you to deploy a data protection environment, review information about IBM Spectrum Protect
configurations, and select the best solution for your business needs.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 31

32 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Chapter 4. Disk-based implementation of a data
protection solution for a single site
This disk-based implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses inline data
deduplication and provides protection for data on a single site.

This data protection solution provides the following benefits:

• Server system and storage hardware at a single site
• Cost-effective use of storage through the data deduplication feature
• Space-efficient solution with minimal hardware setup
• Minimal implementation that requires installation and configuration for only one server and supporting
storage hardware
In this solution, the client sends data to the IBM Spectrum Protect server, where the data is deduplicated
and stored in a directory-container storage pool that is implemented in disk storage. Data from the
inventory is also backed up to disk storage. This solution is suitable for entry-level environments for which
a second copy of data is not required.
Related reference
Comparison of data protection solutions
Compare the key features for each IBM Spectrum Protect solution to determine which configuration best
meets your data protection requirements. Then, review the available documentation to implement the
solution.
Roadmap for implementing a data protection solution
Plan and implement the most suitable data protection solution for your business environment with IBM
Spectrum Protect.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 33

34 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Chapter 5. Disk-based implementation of a data
protection solution for multiple sites
This disk-based implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses inline data
deduplication and replication at two sites.

This data protection solution provides the following benefits:

• Replication can be configured at both sites so that each server protects data for the other site
• Offsite data storage for each location is simplified
• Bandwidth is used efficiently because only deduplicated data is replicated between the sites
• Clients can automatically fail over to a target replication server if the source replication server is
unavailable
In this solution, clients send data to the source replication server, where the data is deduplicated and
stored in a directory-container storage pool that is implemented in disk storage. The data is replicated to
the storage pool on the target replication server for each site. This solution is suitable for environments
that require disaster protection. If mutual replication is configured, clients at both sites can use failover
recovery for continued backups and data recovery from the available server on the other site.
Related reference
Comparison of data protection solutions
Compare the key features for each IBM Spectrum Protect solution to determine which configuration best
meets your data protection requirements. Then, review the available documentation to implement the
solution.
Roadmap for implementing a data protection solution

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 35

 Plan and implement the most suitable data protection solution for your business environment with IBM
Spectrum Protect.

36 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Chapter 6. Tape-based implementation of a data
protection solution
This implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses one or more tape
storage devices to back up data. Tape backup provides low-cost scalability that is optimized for long-term
retention.

This data protection solution provides the following benefits:

• Performance is optimized for backup operations on high-speed storage area networks (SAN) directly to
tape for large data types and for long-term retention of data.
• Data availability is optimized by storing copies of data at offsite locations for disaster recovery. If
you enable the disaster recovery management (DRM) function and a disaster occurs, DRM helps to
streamline the process of recovering your servers.
• Data security is optimized because copies of data are stored offsite on tape devices that are not
connected to the internet. Ransomware attacks rely on internet connections; therefore, offsite storage
can help to protect against such attacks.
• Low-cost scalability is achieved by reducing the need for additional disk hardware and lowering energy
costs.
Related reference
Comparison of data protection solutions
Compare the key features for each IBM Spectrum Protect solution to determine which configuration best
meets your data protection requirements. Then, review the available documentation to implement the
solution.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 37

38 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Chapter 7. Appliance-based implementation of a data
protection solution for multiple sites
This implementation of a multi-site IBM Spectrum Protect data protection solution uses appliance-based
data deduplication and replication. A standby server is configured at a second site to recover data if the
primary server is unavailable.

This data protection solution provides the following benefits:

• Performance is optimized for backups on high-speed storage area networks (SAN) and for use with IBM
Spectrum Protect for SAN, when clients back up directly to SAN-attached virtual tape devices.
• Fast, appliance-based replication frees the server from having to track replication metadata in the
server database.
• Bandwidth and storage space are used efficiently because only deduplicated data is replicated between
the sites.
• A standby environment provides for disaster recovery, but does not require the amount of resources
that are needed for a fully active site.
In this data protection configuration, the server uses hardware appliances to deduplicate and replicate
data. The appliance at Site A deduplicates data and then replicates the data to the appliance at Site B for
disaster protection. If a failure at Site A occurs, you make the standby server active by restoring the most
recent database backup, and by activating the replicated copy of data.
For instructions about setting up a multisite appliance solution, see Chapter 9, “Roadmap for
implementing a data protection solution,” on page 43.
For more information about configuring virtual tape libraries, see Configuring virtual tape libraries.
Related reference
Comparison of data protection solutions

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 39

 Compare the key features for each IBM Spectrum Protect solution to determine which configuration best
meets your data protection requirements. Then, review the available documentation to implement the
solution.
Roadmap for implementing a data protection solution
Plan and implement the most suitable data protection solution for your business environment with IBM
Spectrum Protect.

40 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Chapter 8. Comparison of data protection solutions
Compare the key features for each IBM Spectrum Protect solution to determine which configuration best
meets your data protection requirements. Then, review the available documentation to implement the
solution.

Single-site Multisite Multisite Tape

disk disk appliance

Highlights
Cost $ $$$ $$$$ $$
Protection level One data Two or more Two or more Two or more
copy data copies data copies data copies
Disaster recovery None Active Standby server Offsite copies
server
Key benefits
Leading-edge data reduction

Fast and efficient disk-based backup and

restore operations
Simplified offsite management

Data deduplication feature at no extra cost

Replication processing included at no extra

charge
Data deduplication at both the source and
target replication server
Low-cost scalability and optimized for long-
term retention
Efficiency and cost
Optimized for high-speed storage area network
(SAN) backup operations
Optimized for high-speed local area network
(LAN)
Global data deduplication across all data types
and sources
Bandwidth-efficient replication

Lower energy costs

Option for a second copy without extra disk

hardware
Availability

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 41

 Single-site Multisite Multisite Tape
disk disk appliance

Offsite copy capability

Appliance-based replication

Client recovery from high-availability server

Replication target in the cloud

Independent management of retention policies

for replication data; ability to keep more or less
data at recovery site
Application-level replication; ability to choose
which systems and applications are replicated
Scalability
Global data deduplication across servers

SAN-optimized backup directly to tape for large

data types
Single-instance petabyte scalability

What to do next
Review available documentation for the solutions in Chapter 9, “Roadmap for implementing a data
protection solution,” on page 43.
Related reference
Disk-based implementation of a data protection solution for a single site
This disk-based implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses inline data
deduplication and provides protection for data on a single site.
Disk-based implementation of a data protection solution for multiple sites
This disk-based implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses inline data
deduplication and replication at two sites.
Appliance-based implementation of a data protection solution for multiple sites
This implementation of a multi-site IBM Spectrum Protect data protection solution uses appliance-based
data deduplication and replication. A standby server is configured at a second site to recover data if the
primary server is unavailable.
Tape-based implementation of a data protection solution
This implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses one or more tape
storage devices to back up data. Tape backup provides low-cost scalability that is optimized for long-term
retention.

42 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Chapter 9. Roadmap for implementing a data
protection solution
Plan and implement the most suitable data protection solution for your business environment with IBM
Spectrum Protect.

Single-site disk solution

For steps that describe how to plan for, implement, monitor, and operate a single-site disk solution, see
Single-site disk solution.

Multisite disk solution

For steps that describe how to plan for, implement, monitor, and operate a multisite disk solution, see
Multisite disk solution.

Tape solution
For steps that describe how to plan for, implement, monitor, and operate a tape device solution, see Tape
solution.

Multisite appliance solution

For an overview of the tasks that are required to implement a multisite appliance solution, review the
following steps:
1. Begin planning for the solution by reviewing information at the following links:
• AIX: Capacity planning
• Linux: Capacity planning
• Windows: Capacity planning
2. Install the server and optionally, the Operations Center. Review information at the following links:
• Installing and upgrading the server
• Installing and upgrading the
3. Configure the server for storage in a virtual tape library.
• Managing virtual tape libraries
• Attaching tape devices for the server
For guidance about improving system performance, see Configuration best practices.
4. Configure policies to protect your data. Review the information in Customizing policies.
5. Set up client schedules. Review the information in Scheduling backup and archive operations.
6. Install and configure clients. To determine the type of client software that you need, review the
information in Adding clients for details.
7. Configure monitoring for your system. Review the information in Monitoring storage solutions.
Related reference
Comparison of data protection solutions
Compare the key features for each IBM Spectrum Protect solution to determine which configuration best
meets your data protection requirements. Then, review the available documentation to implement the
solution.
Disk-based implementation of a data protection solution for a single site

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 43

 This disk-based implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses inline data
deduplication and provides protection for data on a single site.
Disk-based implementation of a data protection solution for multiple sites
This disk-based implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses inline data
deduplication and replication at two sites.
Appliance-based implementation of a data protection solution for multiple sites
This implementation of a multi-site IBM Spectrum Protect data protection solution uses appliance-based
data deduplication and replication. A standby server is configured at a second site to recover data if the
primary server is unavailable.
Tape-based implementation of a data protection solution
This implementation of a data protection solution with IBM Spectrum Protect uses one or more tape
storage devices to back up data. Tape backup provides low-cost scalability that is optimized for long-term
retention.

44 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

Appendix A. Accessibility features for the IBM
Spectrum Protect product family
Accessibility features assist users who have a disability, such as restricted mobility or limited vision, to
use information technology content successfully.

Overview
The IBM Spectrum Protect family of products includes the following major accessibility features:
• Keyboard-only operation
• Operations that use a screen reader
The IBM Spectrum Protect family of products uses the latest W3C Standard, WAI-ARIA 1.0
(www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/), to ensure compliance with US Section 508 and Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 (www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/). To take advantage of accessibility features, use the
latest release of your screen reader and the latest web browser that is supported by the product.
The product documentation in IBM Documentation is enabled for accessibility.

Keyboard navigation
This product uses standard navigation keys.

Interface information
User interfaces do not have content that flashes 2 - 55 times per second.
Web user interfaces rely on cascading style sheets to render content properly and to provide a usable
experience. The application provides an equivalent way for low-vision users to use system display
settings, including high-contrast mode. You can control font size by using the device or web browser
settings.
Web user interfaces include WAI-ARIA navigational landmarks that you can use to quickly navigate to
functional areas in the application.

Vendor software
The IBM Spectrum Protect product family includes certain vendor software that is not covered under the
IBM license agreement. IBM makes no representation about the accessibility features of these products.
Contact the vendor for accessibility information about its products.

Related accessibility information

In addition to standard IBM help desk and support websites, IBM has a TTY telephone service for use by
deaf or hard of hearing customers to access sales and support services:

TTY service
800-IBM-3383 (800-426-3383)
(within North America)

For more information about the commitment that IBM has to accessibility, see IBM Accessibility
(www.ibm.com/able).

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 45

46 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Notices
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© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 47

 Such information may be available, subject to appropriate terms and conditions, including in some cases,
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UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.

48 Notices
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Notices 49
50 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Glossary
A glossary is available with terms and definitions for the IBM Spectrum Protect family of products.
See the IBM Spectrum Protect glossary.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 1993, 2022 51

52 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions
Index

A device class 11
device replication 24, 28
About this publication v directory-container storage pools 14
accessibility features 45 disability 45
active-data pools 20 disaster recovery
active-data storage pools 14 automatic failover 28
API, See application programming interface DRM 28
application clients 4 manager 28
application programming interface 9 methods 24
archive service 4 preventive measures 28
drive 11
B
F
backup service 4
failover, automatic 28
C
G
client data
consolidation of 20 GUI, for clients 9
create a backup set for 20
management of 20
migration of 20
I
moving to storage 20 IBM Documentation v
clients IBM Spectrum Protect solutions
applications 4 data protection solutions
client nodes 3 comparison 41
client software 3 multisite disk 35
concepts 3 single-site disk 33
system clients 4 multisite solution
types of 4 disk-based 35
virtual machines 4 roadmap 43
cloud-container storage pools 14 single-site solution
collocation 20 disk-based 33
command-line interface 9 inline data deduplication 23
concepts interfaces
clients 3 API 9
database 3 backup-archive client 9
inventory 3 client GUI 9
overview 3 command-line 9
recovery log 3 operations center 9
server 3 SQL statements 9
storage 3 inventory 6
container storage pools 23
container-copy storage pools 14
copy storage pools 14 K
keyboard 45
D
data deduplication L
client-side 23
layer
inline 23
logical 11
server-side 23
physical 11
data mover 11
library 11
data protection
log
strategies 23
active log 6
data protection services 4
archive failover log 6

Index 53
log (continued) security management (continued)
archive log 6 open registration 6, 20
log mirror 6 passwords 6, 20
recovery log 6 SSL 6, 20
TLS 6, 20
server
M concepts 3
media data stores 6
reclamation of 20 inventory 6
media, removable 11 recovery log 6
migrate service 4 services
multi-target replication 24 archive and retrieve 4
backup and restore 4
migrate and recall 4
N solutions
data protection solutions
network, types of
appliance-based 39
LAN 20
multisite solution
LAN-free 20
appliance-based 39
NAS 20
SQL statements, to access server database 9
Network attached storage 20
storage
SAN 20
concepts 3
node replication 24, 28
device support for 20
devices 3, 11
O hierarchy 3, 20
management of 20
operating systems 4 networks 20
operations center objects 11
access to 9 pools 3, 11, 14
functions 9 representations 11
types 11
P volumes 14
storage pools
path 11 archive-data 14
policy cloud 14
data management by 6 container 14, 23
policy domain 6 container-copy 14
policy set 6 copy 14
standard 6 primary 14
primary storage pools 14 representation 14
progressive incremental backup 23 types of 14
publications v system clients 4

R T
recall service 4 tape devices
recovery physical 11
data 28 virtual 11
system components 28 tape transport 24, 28
recovery log 6
replication
V
node 24
role in disaster recovery 24 virtual machines 4
source server 24 volume 11
target server 24 volumes 14
restore service 4
retrieve service 4
W
S web interface, for backup-archive client 9

SAN architecture 24, 28

security management
closed registration 6, 20

54 IBM Spectrum Protect: Introduction to Data Protection Solutions

IBM®

Product Number: 5725-W98

5725-W99
5725-X15