1

1) Ans:{4}

Explanation: Since the light is travelling

from air to glass, total internal reflection
does not occur due to the lower
refractive index of air compared to glass.

In this case, the light will always refract

into the glass when travelling from air to Where,
glass, regardless of the angle of incidence.
i = Angle of incidence = critical angle= θc
Therefore, for the scenario where light is
travelling from air to glass with a refractive r = Angle of refraction = 90°
index of 1.5, total internal reflection does
Since the bulb is a point source, the
not occur, and the light will always refract
emergent light can be considered as a
into the glass at the air-glass interface.
circle of radius,
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics, Total
R = AC/2 = AO = OB
internal reflection, Pg.no: 319,
Statement based, Difficulty-Easy, Using formula for critical angle:
NCERT]
θc = sin-1(1/μ)

θc = sin-1(1/1.33)
2) Ans:{4}
∴θc = 48.750
Explanation: Actual depth of the bulb in
water, d = 100 cm = 1 m Using the given figure, in triangle BOC:

Refractive index of water, μ = 1.33 tan i = OC/OB = R/d

The given situation is shown in the ∴ R = tan 48.75° × 1 = 1.14 m

following figure:
∴ Area of the surface of water = πR2 =
π(1.14)2 = 4.08 m2.

Hence, the area of the surface of water

through which the light from the bulb
emerges is approximately 4 m2.

2
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics, Explanation:
Refraction, Pg.no: 317, Numerical
based, Difficulty-Medium, NCERT]

3) Ans:{1}

Explanation:
Given,
The glass slab will produce a shift in the
image parallel to the principal axis. Object distance (u) = −60 cm,

focal length (f) =− 20 cm

let the image distance be v.

According to the mirror formula,

1/v + 1/u = 1/f

⇒ 1/v − 1/60 = −1/20

⇒ 1/v = 1/60 − 1/20 = (1−3)/60 = −2/60

= ⇒ 1/v = −1/30
Here,
⇒ v = −30 cm.
Shift, x = t(1-1/μ)
The image distance is negative⟹ The
0.5 = t(1-1/2) image is formed on the same side of the
mirror as the object, and is real and
0.5 = t/2
inverted.
t = 1 cm.
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics, Refraction by lens, Pg.no: 326,
Refraction, Pg.no: 317, Numerical Numerical based, Difficulty-Medium,
based, Difficulty-Medium, NCERT] NCERT]

4) Ans:{1} 5)Ans:{2}

3
Explanation:

The combined focal length of the

sini/sinr = μₐᵢᵣ/μ ᵣᵢ arrangement shown in the figure above is
ₚ
ₛ
ₘ
given as
sin(30°)/sin(e) = 1/√3
f=0.2m
∠r = ∠e emergent angle
1/F = 1/f + 1/f - 1/f = 1/f =1/20
sin(e) = √3 x ½
P = 1/0.2 = +5D
∠e = 60°.
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics, Combination of thin lenses in
Refraction through a prism, Pg.no: contact, Pg.no: 329, Numerical
330, Numerical based, based, Difficulty-Medium, NCERT]
Difficulty-Easy, NCERT]

7) Ans:{2}
6) Ans:{1}
Explanation:
Explanation:
The relation between the critical angle
The figure below shows the arrangement and the refractive index is given by
where two convex lenses are kept in
contact with each other with glycerin in sinθ = 1/μ
between.
μR < μY < μv
When we add glycerine in between the
θ₁ > θ₃ > θ2
two convex lenses, it takes the shape of a
concave lens of the same focal length but
negative in sign, refractive index of
glycerine and material of lens being same.

4
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics, [Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
Refraction, Pg.no: 317, Numerical Combination of thin lenses in
based, Difficulty-Easy, NCERT] contact, Pg.no: 329, Statement
based, Difficulty-Easy, NCERT]

8) Ans:{3}
10) Ans:{3}
Explanation:
Explanation:
When a convex lens of glass (μ=3/2) is
immersed in water (μ=4/3) , its focal Power of the first lens, P₁ = +15 D
length increases. It happens 4 times.
Power of the second lens, P₂ = -5 D
This reduces its power to one-fourth its
Object distance (u) = -20 cm (since the
previous value.
object distance conventions)
But the nature of the lens has not changed
The equivalent power is given by,
in this case.
Peq = P₁ + P₂ = +15 D + (-5D) = +10 D
When a lens is immersed in a medium
whose refractive index is greater than that So, feq = 1/Peq = 1/10 D = 0.1 m = 10 cm.
of the material of the lens , its nature
reverses. Now, using lens formula to calculate v,

[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics, 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

Refraction by lens, Pg.no: 326, AR
1/10 = 1/v - 1/(-20)
based, Difficulty-Medium, NCERT]
Then v is calculated as,

v = 20 cm.
9)Ans:{3}
The position of the image of an object
Explanation:
placed at 20 cm will be 20 cm on the
The equation μ2/v − μ1/u = (μ2 − μ1)/R opposite side of the lens system (object
holds true for both concave and convex distance negative)
refracting surfaces, only proper sign of u, v
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
and R are to be used.
Combination of thin lenses in

5
contact, Pg.no: 329, Numerical [Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
based, Difficulty-Medium, NCERT] Refraction through a prism, Pg.no:
330, Numerical based,
Difficulty-Medium, NCERT]
11)Ans:{4}

Explanation:
12)Ans:{3}
We know,
Explanation:
angle of deviation in a prism is given by,
Let us draw the object and image position.
δ=i+e−A

and for minimum deviation, i = e

So minimum deviation, δm = 2i − A

From the graph, minimum deviation,

δm = 60°, and the corresponding angle of

incidence is i = 60°

So 60 = 2 × 60 − A ⟹ A = 60°
Here,
So for the given graph, the angle of the
Object distance, u=−(f+x1)
prism is 60°
Image distance, v=−(f+x2)
Now, Refractive index of the prism is
given by, Focal length = f

n = sin(A + δm/2)/sin(A/2) From mirror formula,

n = [sin(60+60)/2]/sin(60/2) = √3 1/v+1/u=1/f

δ₁ = i₁ + e − A ⇒−1/(f+x2)−1/(f+x1)=−1/f

65° = i₁ + 70° - 60° (or) i₁ = 55° ⇒f=(f+x1)(f+x2)/(f+x1)+(f+x2)

The δ versus i curve is not parabolic. Putting x1 = 16 and x2 = 9 we get

⇒f =±12 cm

6
As the mirror is concave, f=−12 cm [Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
Dispersion by a prism, Pg.no: 332,
Hence, the focal length of the mirror is 12
Statement based, Difficulty-Medium,
cm
NCERT]
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
Refraction by lens, Pg.no: 326,
Numerical based, Difficulty-Medium, 14) Ans:{2}
NCERT]
Explanation:

The size of the object is du=1mm

13)Ans:{2}
The focal length is f=10cm
Explanation:
The object distance is u=−15cm
When we see something that doesn't emit
light, we're seeing light that hits the target Using lens formula
and then reflects back to us.
1/v−1/u=1/f …… (1)
Anything would appear green if we shine
green light on it. Hence,

The only exception is if the light we're 1/v−1/(−15)=1/10⇒1/v=1/10−1/15

using is a mixture of wavelengths that
∴v=30cm
appears green but contains other colours.
Now differentiating the equation (1) with
If we use a light that is mainly green but
respect to du.
still contains some yellow and blue, when
we shine it on a green, white, and yellow d/du(1/v-1/u) = d/du(1/f)
flag, the yellow part will show yellow
more strongly than the green or blue -dv/du(1/v²) + 1/u² = 0
portions, making the flag look
dv = (v²/u²)du
comparatively yellow.
So, dv = 1 mm x (30/15)²
Saffron light, according to spectrum
theory, can absorb all green light that dv = 4 mm.
strikes it.As a result, it will appear black.
Therefore, the length of the image dv is 4
The green portion will simply represent
mm.
the green light that has been directed at it.
As a result, it will appear green.

7
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics, The power in diopters of the combination
Refraction by lens, Pg.no: 326, of a convex lens and a concave lens, each
Numerical based, Difficulty-Medium, having the same focal length of 25 cm, is 0
NCERT] D.

​
[Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
Combination of thin lenses in
15) Ans:{4}
contact, Pg.no: 329, Numerical
Explanation: based, Difficulty-Medium, NCERT]

Given:

Focal length of the convex lens (f1) = 16) Ans:{3}

​
+25 cm
Explanation:

Focal length of the concave lens (f2)

Given:
​
= -25 cm
Refractive index of the lens, μ1 = 2
Conversion to Diopters: Refractive index of the surrounding liquid,
μ2 = 1.5
The power of a lens in diopters (D) is
Radii of curvature: R1 = +20 cm ; R2 = –
given by the reciprocal of the focal length
20 cm
in metres:
The lens formula 1/f = ( μ2/μ1 – 1)(1/R1 –
P = 1/f (in metres) 1/R2)
Substitute the values of μ1, μ2, and R1, R2
Calculate the power of each lens:
into the equation we get
Convex lens: 1/f = -0.025
P₁ = 1/f₁ = 1/0.25 m = +4 D
To find the focal length (f), take the

Concave lens: reciprocal of -0.025: f = -1 / 0.025 f = -40

cm
P₂ = 1/f₂ = 1/(−0.25) m = −4 D Therefore, the focal length of the
equiconvex lens is -40 cm. The negative
Total power of the combination:
sign indicates that the lens is behaving as a
Ptotal = P₁ + P₂ = + 4 D + (−4 D) = 0 D. diverging lens.

Conclusion: [Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,

Refraction by lens, Pg.no: 326,

8
Numerical based, Difficulty-Medium, [Tags-Class 12, Ray optics,
NCERT] Refraction, Pg.no: 317, Numerical
based, Difficulty-Medium, NCERT]

17) Ans:{3}
18) Ans:{2}
Explanation:
Explanation:

The apparent depth da when an object is

viewed in a medium of refractive index μ
is related to the actual depth d by the
formula:
It is clear that for third reflection the ray
da = d/μ must hit the mirror normally, i.e., the
​
angle of incidence = 0°.
Given:
In Δ OBC, ∠OBC=90∘−θ
The refractive index of the glass slab, μ =
1.5 ∴∠CBN=θ

The apparent depth of the bubble when Now, in Δ ABC, θ+θ+θ+90∘=180∘

viewed from one side, da1 = 8 cm
⇒θ=30∘.
The apparent depth of the bubble when
viewed from the other side, da2 = 4 cm

Let the thickness of slab be d, 19) Ans:{3}

d-x/μ = 8 cm Explanation:

And x/μ = 4 cm We know that when the light passes

through the glass or prism, due to
Then, d-x+x/μ = 12 cm dispersion, the white light gets separated
into coloured wavelengths. Therefore, the
So, d = 18 cm.
lens cannot focus these deviated light rays

9
at the same focus. This failure of the lens becomes parallel to the base of the prism
to focus the light rays at the same focus is which is horizontal in given case. Hence
known as chromatic aberrations. QR has to be horizontal for minimum
Chromatic aberrations can be resolved by deviation.
combining two lenses together.

21) Ans:{4}
Let’s define a chromatic lens as the
Explanation:
combination of two different types of lens
of different focal lengths such that the Given:
image formed by the combination of these
two lenses is free from chromatic i = r/2 ⇒ r = 2i
aberrations. To do so, we combine one
By snell’s law
convex lens and one concave lens and
place them next to each other. The Sin i/sin r = μ
combination of these two lenses is such
that the chromatic aberrations formed by Sin i /sin 2i = μ
one lens is balanced by the aberrations of
Using sin2A = 2 sin A cos A
another lens.
Sin i /2 sin i cos i = μ

1/2cos i = μ
The concave lens is generally formed of
flint glass which has higher dispersion and Cos i = 1/2μ
the convex lens is formed of crown glass
i = cos-1(1/2μ)
which has low dispersion.

22) Ans:{3}
20) Ans:{2}

Explanation:
Explanation:

The length of the telescope, L =f0+ue, as

the objective forms the image at its focus,
as the rays are from infinity, and this image
In case of minimum deviation through an
acts as the object for the eyepiece.
equilateral prism, light ray passes
symmetrically. Light ray inside the prism

10
Now, using lens formula, and using the fact v =2m
that the eyepiece forms image at near
point, that is v=D(=−25cm):
24) Ans:{4}
1/f=1/v−1/u.
Explanation:At first we can use the lens
Putting the values and applying sign
formula to get the relation between ‘f’ and
convention,
‘v’. After solving it we get v=f so using the
1/4 = 1/–25 – 1/ue lens maker formula i can get ‘f’.

1/ue=−1/25−1/4.

ue = –100/29

Therefore, L=f0+ue

L = 50+ 3.49

L is approximately equal to 53cm

23) Ans:{2}
Directly can also be remembered that if
Explanation:
rays is coming parallel then will converge
Step 1: Given at a point on focus,so answer will be 30cm

μ1= 4/3 25) Ans:{2}

μ2= 3/2 Explanation:

Radius of curvature (R)= +2/9m Given: Original wavelength of light (λ) =

3900 Å
Object is at infinity, so (u)=∞
Refractive index of glass (n) = 3/2
Step 2: Formula used and calculation Using the refraction formula: New
wavelength = original wavelength /
μ2/v – μ1/u = (μ2 – μ1)/R
refractive index

3/2v – μ1/∞ = (3/2 – 4/3)/(2/9) New wavelength = 3900 Å / (3/2)

New wavelength = 3900 Å x (2/3)
1/v = 0.5

11
New wavelength = 2600 Å
Therefore, the correct new wavelength of
the light in the glass is indeed 2600 Å.

26) Ans:{2}

Explanation:

28). Ans:{1}

27) Ans:{1}

Explanation:

12
 Let the vessel is filled with water upto
height x when it appears to be exactly half
filled, when viewed from the top. i.e., the
depth of the vessel below the water
surface seems to be the same as its height
above it.

Apparent depth of water=Actual depth of

water/μw

Putting the values we get ⇒21−x=x/(4/3)

Sinθ = √ ( μ2-1) ⇒(21−x)4=3x

⅓ = μ2 - 1 ⇒21×4=7x

μ = 2/√3 ⇒x=12 cm

29) Ans:{2}

Explanation: Given,

31) Ans:{2}

Explanation:

As an object moves with constant speed

towards a convex lens from infinity, its
image also moves towards the focal point
30) Ans:{3} of the lens, and the speed of the image
changes accordingly.
Explanation:
Initially, when the object is at an infinite
distance from the lens, the image is

13
located at the focal point. As the object
moves closer to the lens, the image moves
away from the focal point and towards the
lens. At this point, the speed of the image
is also changing because it is dependent on
the changing distance between the object
and the lens.
The image's speed increases as the object
moves closer to the lens and as the image
moves away from the focal point.
However, as the object approaches the
33) Ans:{4}
focal point, the speed of the image
decreases since the image gets closer to Explanation:
the focal point.
According to Snell's law, the angle of
When the object is at the focal point, the
deviation is given by the refracting angle
image would theoretically move infinitely
and the refractive indices of the prism and
slowly, and once the object passes the
the surrounding medium. The refractive
focal point and gets closer to the lens, the
index of the prism material is given as
image starts moving away from the lens
cot(A/2).
again, and its speed increases.
When the angle of refraction equals the
Therefore, the speed of the image changes
angle of incidence, the angle of minimum
as the object moves towards the lens and
deviation occurs
the image converges towards the focal
point.

When object moves from infinity to 2f,

speed will be slower, and from 2f to f
image will be faster.

32) Ans:{1}

Explanation:

14
34)Ans:{1}

Explanation : 36) Ans:{1}

Explanation:
Focal length of convex lenses, f1=20cm
For total internal reflection, i > ic
Focal length of concave lenses, f2=−30cm
Here i=450
⇒1/f=1/f1+1/f2
Sin ic = 1/μ
1/f = 1/20 + 1/-30
sin450>1/μ
1/f = 1/20 – 1/30
μ>√2
f=60cm. Therefore Converging lens
μ>1.414

μred < 1.414 but μgreen > 1.414 and μviolet >
35) Ans:{3}
1.414.
Explanation:
Hence, green and violet will be totally
internally reflected.

Red will be refracted.

37) Ans:{1}

The apparent depth of bubble as seen Explanation:

from one surface = d1/μ=dapp1=5 cm
Given,
⟹ Real depth of bubble from one surface
d1= 1.5 x 7.5cm m=9, L=20 cm

Similarly, real depth of bubble from other Let, the focal lengths of the objective and
surface d2=1.5×3 cm= 4.5 cm eye-piece are f0 and fe respectively.

We know,

Hence the thickness of the glass is m=f0/fe=9

d1+d2=12 cm
⇒f0=9fe ....(i)

15
and L=f0+fe=20 ....(ii)

Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get

f0=18 cm and fe=2 cm

Hence, (A) is the correct answer.

Key Concept: Magnifying power of a

telescope is the ration of focal length of
the objective to that of the eye piece,
when the final image formed at infinity.

40) Ans:{2}
38) Ans:{3}
Explanation:
Explanation:
Velocity of light in a medium, v=c/μ
Given biconves lens is acting as a plan glass
sheet,then focal length of the combination where, μ is the refractive index, c is the
of lens and liquid becomes Infinity velocity of light in vacuum.

F=Infinity Distance travelled = thickness = t

Apply lens maker formula Therefore,

μg1/f = (μ2/μ1 - 1) (1/ R1 - 1/R2) Time =t/v=μt/c

Here R1=R, R2=-R and mu2= mug

1/infinity= (μg - μ1)/(μ1) × (2/R) 41) Ans:{3}

=μ1=1.47 Explanation:

39) Ans:{2} By Snell's law

Explanation: 1× sin45°= μ sin (90-θC)

16
1/√2 = μ cosθC behave like a plane surface with focal
length infinity.
For second surface

1/μ = sinθC
44) Ans:{4}
Sin2θC+cos2θC=1
Explanation:
So we get CosθC=√(1-Sin2θC)
Mirror can be shifted to the new position
Put here values and we get
C' D'. Distances are shown in the figure

1/√2 = μ √ (1- 1/μ2) below.

Sharing both side we get

½ = μ2-1

So mu= refractive index = √(½ +1) = √3/2

42) Ans:{2}

Explanation:

Image distance from C' D'

In any medium other than air or vacuum,
=10+(5/{3/2})=10+(10/3)
the velocities of different colours are
different. Therefore, both red and green =40/3 cm
colours are refracted at different angles of
refraction. Hence, after emerging from a Separation between object and image is
glass slab through opposite parallel face, =80/3 cm
they appear at two different points and
Alternate solution:
move in the two different parallel
directions. The polished mirror face CD shifts to
apparent depth as face C'D'.

Apparent depth =Real depth/Refractive

43) Ans:{2}
index=5/μ=(5×2)/3
Explanation:
Thus, distance of object from shifted
When the refractive index of lens is equal mirror face
to the refractive index of liquid, the lens
=10+(10/3)=40/3 cm

17
Distance between object and image The graph between u and v for a convex
mirror when the object is real is a real and
=40/3+40/3=80/3 cm
finite virtual image. The graph is a
(Image is as behind the plane mirror as hyperbola, where v is plotted against u,
object in front of it.) and the shape is similar to a magnitude
versus distance curve. As u increases, v
decreases, meaning the image distance (v)
becomes more negative (i.e., the image
gets closer to the mirror) as the object
distance (u) increases. This is because
convex mirrors always produce virtual and
upright images of real objects.

45) Ans:{1}

Explanation:

Tube length, L=fo+fe=105cm

The correct option is 1
Magnification, m=fo/fe=20
Mirror equation is given by
⇒fo=20fe
1/v+1/u=1/f,when u→∞,V=f
20fe+fe=105
Also, for a convex mirror, u is always
⇒21fe=105 negative.

⇒fe=105/21

⇒fe=5cm

∴fo=20×5=100cm

46) Ans:{1}

Explanation:
47) Ans:{4}

18
Explanation: Greater the value of wavelength, greater
the apparent depth and least the object
When the lens is cut horizontally there is
raised.
no change in the focal length. Hence focal
length and the power of part A are the We know that the wavelength of red
same as the original lens i.e power of A is colour is greatest, thus, its apparent depth
P. will be greatest, hence, the letter R will
appear least raised

When the lens is cut vertically its focal

length doubles i.e part B and C has focal 49) Ans:{1}
length 2f.
Explanation:
As we know P=1/f

Thus, power of B and C is P/2

48)Ans:{1}

Explanation:

We know that,

For air-glass medium, refractive index of

glass, 50) Ans:{1}

μ=c/v=λo/λ Explanation:

So, μ∝1/λ .............(1)

A magnifying glass is used as the
Also, apparent depth=real depth/μ object to be viewed can be brought
closer to the eye than the normal
So, apparent depth∝1/μ .............(2) near point. This results in a larger
angle to be subtended by the object
From (1) and (2),
at the eye and hence viewed in
apparent depth∝λ greater detail. Also, it results in the
formation of a virtual, erect image..

19
CHEMISTRY Properties & Uses , Fill in the blanks,
Difficulty level- 2, NCERT Concept
51.Ans - 3
Based)
Explanation :

➔ For PH5 and BiCl5, P, and Bi

have to extend the octet,
hydrogen and chlorine don't 52.Ans -4
have sufficient electronegativity
Explanation :
to excite electrons to vacant
d-orbitals in P and Bi The strong reducing behavior of H3PO2 is
respectively. So, PH5 and BiCl5 due to the presence of one - OH group
do not exist because the and two P - H bonds.
overlapping of orbitals is not
stable.

➔ In SO2, sulphur is sp2 (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

hybridized and 1 lone pair is Group 15 - Preparation, Properties
present. Hence, the 2 π bond & Uses[ , Fill in Difficulty level- 1,
with 2 oxygen atoms forms 1 NCERT Concept Based)
pπ−pπ and pπ−dπ bonds.

➔ In I+3, due to 2 lone pairs of

53. Ans- 3
electrons and 2 bond pairs on
the central atom, it has a bent Explanation:
shape.

➔ CH4 has 4 bond pairs and

no lone pair and is tetrahedral
while SeF4 with 4 bond pair At room temperature sulfur (Rhombic) is
and 1 lone pair is a see-saw the most stable form.
shape.
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group 16 elements, Statement type,
Difficulty level- 1, NCERT Concept
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Based,Test series)
Group 17 - Preparation, Properties
& Uses | Group 15 - Preparation,

20
54. Ans- 3 AsH3

Explanation: SbH3

(a) Haber's process is used for NH3, BiH3

synthesis.
In NH3, the hydrogen atom gets a partial
(b) Ostwald's process is used for HNO3, positive charge due to less
synthesis. electronegativity.

(c) Contact process is used for H₂SO₄ But in BiH3, the hydrogen atom gets a
synthesis. partial negative charge because hydrogen
is more electronegative than bismuth. i.e.
(d) In the Hall-Heroult process,
BiH3 is a stronger reducing agent than
electrolytic reduction of impure alumina
others
can be done.
because H- is a strong reducing agent.
(Aluminium extraction)
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group 16 elements, Fill in the blanks
Applications, Match the following
type, Difficulty level- 1, NCERT
type, Difficulty level- 2, NCERT
Concept Based,Test series)
Concept Based,Test series)

56.Ans- 2
55.Ans- 4
Explanation:
Explanation:
Among 15th group hydrides, BiH3 is the
strongest reducing agent.

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group 16 elements, Fill in the blanks
type, Difficulty level- 1, NCERT
Concept Based,Test series)

Hydrides of group 15 elements are NH3

PH3 57.Ans- 3

Explanation:

21
[SiCl4]2- does not exist due to steric 59. Ans- 2
crowding of surrounding atoms.
Explanation:
The main reasons are :
Group 16 oxygen family is known as
(i) Six large chloride ions cannot be
Chalcogens the members are O, S, Se, Te,
accommodated around Si4+ due to
Po.
the limitation of its size
(ii) Interaction between lone pair of (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
chloride ion and Si4+ is not very Group 16 elements, Fill in the blanks
strong. type, Difficulty level- 1, NCERT
Concept Based,Test series)

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group 16 elements, Fill in the blanks
type, Difficulty level- 1, NCERT
60.(Ans 1)
Concept Based,Test series)
Explanation:

Metals form basic oxides as they can

58. Ans- 1
donate electrons while non-metals form
Explanation: acidic oxides as they can accept electrons.
CO is Neutral oxide, BaO is Basic oxide,
(i) Reactivity order : F₂ > CIF (inter Al2O3 is Amphoteric oxide and Cl2O7 is
halogen) > Cl₂ Acidic oxide.

(ii) CIF + H2O → HOCI + HF Out of the given oxides,

(iii) Oxidizing power in aqueous solution ●Barium is an alkaline earth metal. Hence,
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 oxides of it are basic. So, BaO is a Basic
oxide
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group 17 elements, ●Chlorine is a halogen (non-metal) and
correct-incorrect type, Difficulty can easily accept an electron. Its oxide is
level- 1, NCERT Concept-Based,Test acidic. So, Cl2O7 is an Acidic oxide
series)
●CO neither reacts with acid nor with
base. So, CO is a Neutral oxide

22
●Al can react with both acids as well as
bases. Its oxides are amphoteric in nature.
So, Al2O3 is amphoteric

61.Ans- 4

Explanation:

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group 16 elements, Fill in the blanks
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
type, Difficulty level- 1, NCERT
Group 16 elements, Fill in the blanks
Concept Based,Test series)
type, Difficulty level- 1, NCERT
Concept Based,Test series)

62.Ans- 4

Explanation: 63.Ans-3

Explanation-

23
 The compounds formed by the highly
reactive non-metals with highly reactive
metals are generally ionic because of large
differences in their electronegativities.

The compounds formed by non-metals

are covalent because of small differences
in their electronegativities.

(Class 11 & 12, P block

elements,General Trends , Fill in the
blanks type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)

64.Ans - 2 66.Ans - 1

Explanation: Explanation

The number of possible oxidation states

increases. This is due to the increase in
While the 4s orbital gets filled before the
the number of valence electrons which
3d orbital, the energy level of the 3d
allows these elements to exhibit a greater
orbitals lies between the energy levels of
variety of oxidation states. Elements in
the 3p and 4s orbitals.
higher groups have more oxidation states
because they can use all their valence (Class 11 & 12, P block
electrons for bonding. elements,General Trends , Fill in the
blanks type, Difficulty level- 1,
(Class 11 & 12, P block
NCERT Concept Based)
elements,General Trends , Fill in the
blanks type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)
67. Ans : 4

Explanation :
65.Ans -2
The atomic radii increases on moving
Explanation down the group 13 elements because of

24
the successive addition of one extra shell The ionisation enthalpy values as expected
of electrons. from the general trends, do not decrease
smoothly down the group.
However, there is an anomaly in case of
atomic radius. Atomic radius of Ga is The decrease from B to Al is associated
lesser as compared to that of Al. with increase in size.

Gallium (Ga) with electronic The observed discontinuity in the

configuration, [Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4p1 has extra ionisation enthalpy values between Al and
d-electrons.On moving down the group Ga, and that between In and Tl are due to
the atomic radius of Ga is slightly lower the inability of d-and f-electrons, which
than that of Al. This is due to the
have low screening effect, to compensate
presence of d - electrons in Ga which do
the increase in nuclear charge down the
not shield the nucleus effectively. As a
group
result, the electrons in Ga experience
greater force of attraction by the nucleus
than in Al and hence the atomic radius of
Ga 135 pm is slightly less than that of Al 69.Ans -3
143 pm.
Explanation :
Thus, the increasing order of atomic radii
of the group 13 elements is B (85 pm) <
Ga (135 pm) < Al (143 pm) < In (167 pm)
< Tl (170 pm).

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group - 13 Elements, Fill in the
blanks type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group - 13 Elements, Fill in the
68.Ans : 4 blanks type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)
Explanation :

70.Ans : 2

25
Explanation : Explanation :

The stability order of + 3 and + 1 There is a considerable increase in

oxidation states of group 13 elements are covalent radius from C to Si, thereafter
as follows : from Si to Pb a small increase in radius is
observed. This is due to the presence of
B3+ > Al3+ > Ga3+ > In3+ > Tl3+
completely filled d and f -orbitals in
(order of + 3 oxidation state) heavier members.

B+1 <Al+1 <Ga+1 <In+1 <Tl+1 (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group - 13 Elements, Difficulty level-
(order of + 1 oxidation state) 1, NCERT Concept Based)

The presence of two oxidation states in

p-block elements is due to the inert pair
effect. 73.Ans : 2

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements, Explanation :

Group - 13 Elements, Fill in the
There is a small decrease in ∆iH from Si
blanks type, Difficulty level- 1,
to Ge to Sn and slight increase in ∆iH
NCERT Concept Based)
from Sn to Pb.

As we move down the group, the

71.Ans : 2 ionisation energy decreases, due to
increase in atomic size, thereby, increasing
Explanation : the distance of the electrons from the
nucleus. The first ionisation energy of lead
In a trivalent state, the number of
is slightly higher than that of tin. The
electrons around the central atom of
reason is due to lanthanide contraction.
group 13 elements in a molecule will be
The atomic size of tin and lead are very
six because sharing of only three electrons
close, and hence, the charge density is
is possible.
more in case of lead, due to more charge.
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements, Due to higher charge density, the outer
Group - 13 Elements, Difficulty level- electrons are attracted more by the
1, NCERT Concept Based) nucleus in lead and hence, the ionisation
energy is more in the case of lead.

72.Ans : 2

26
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements, 76.Ans : 4
Group - 13 Elements, Difficulty level-
Explanation :
1, NCERT Concept Based)
Carbon differs from the rest of the
members of its group due to
74.Ans : 2
● its smaller size
Explanation :
● non-higher electronegativity
The tendency of Ge, Sn and Pb to show and ionisation enthalpy
+2 oxidation state increases on moving
● non-availability of d-orbitals in
from Ge to Pb. Thus, the correct
C
sequence is Ge < Sn < Pb. It is due to
inertpair effect, because of which ns2
electrons of valence shell are unable to
participate in bonding. (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group - 13 Elements, Difficulty
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements, level- 1, NCERT Concept Based)
Group - 13 Elements, Difficulty level-
1, NCERT Concept Based)

77.Ans : 2

75.Ans : 1 Explanation :

Explanation : The C atom in CO2 possesses

sp-hybridisation due to the presence of 2π
PbI4 does not exist because Pb—I bond, bonds. (2π bonds).
initially formed during the reaction, does
not release enough energy to unpair 6s2 (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
electrons and excite one of them to Group - 14 Elements, Fill in the
higher orbital to have four unpaired blanks type, Difficulty level- 1,
electrons around lead (Pb) atom. NCERT Concept Based)

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group - 13 Elements, Difficulty level-
78.Ans : 2
1, NCERT Concept Based)
The correct statement is that
discrepancies in atomic size of the

27
elements are the reason for the trend in ➔ Melting point of Ga is unusually
electronegativity in Group 13 elements. low (i.e. 303 K).

The atomic size generally increases down (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
the group, but not uniformly due to the Group - 13 Elements, Statement
poor shielding effect of d- and f-electrons type, Difficulty level- 2, NCERT
in heavier elements like Ga, In, and Tl. Concept Based)
This irregularity causes variations in
effective nuclear charge and hence
electronegativity. For instance, Gallium 80.Ans : 4
(Ga) is smaller and has a higher
electronegativity than Aluminum (Al) due Explanation :
to poor d-electron shielding.
(4) Statement III is incorrect.
Thus, the trend in electronegativity is
It’s correct form is as follows :
influenced by these discrepancies in
atomic size. The compounds of group-13 elements in
+1 oxidation state, as expected from
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
energy considerations, are more ionic
Group - 13 Elements, Statement
than those in +3 oxidation state.
type, Difficulty level- 2, NCERT
Concept Based) .(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group - 13 Elements, Statement
type, Difficulty level- 2, NCERT
79.Ans : 2 Concept Based)

Explanation :

Statement (2) is correct, while other

statements are incorrect.
81.(Ans 1)
The correct form are as follows :
Explanation:
➔ Density of the group-13
In Hydrides, as we move top to bottom,
elements increases down the
the acidic nature increases .
group from boron to thallium
So, with the increase in the acidity from
➔ Boron is a hard non-metal.
top to bottom, the Ka value increases and
pKa value decreases.

28
Order of pKa is H2O > H2S > H2Se > Covalent and ionic radii of group-15
H2Te elements increase down the group due to
the addition of more shells.
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group - 13 Elements, (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group - 15 Elements, Correct -
NEET 2019, NCERT
Incorrect type, Difficulty level- 1,
Concept-Based, Correct-incorrect
NCERT Concept Based)
type]

84.Ans : 4
82.Ans : 1
Explanation :
Explanation :
Nitrogen differs from other members of
the family in several properties due to its
small size, high ionization enthalpy, and
non-availability of d-orbitals. Therefore,
the correct option is:

All of the above

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group - 15 Elements, Fill in the
Blank type, Difficulty level- 1,
Melting point of group-15 elements NCERT Concept Based)
increases upto arsenic and then decreases
upto bismuth

85.Ans : 4
Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group - 15 Elements, Correct - Explanation :
Incorrect type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based) N does not form pentahalides due to the
non-availability of d-orbitals in its valence
shell.

83.Ans : 2 (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group - 15 Elements, Fill in the
Explanation :

29
Blank type, Difficulty level- 1, energy for bond dissociation and can be
NCERT Concept Based) easily broken.

So, HI is the strongest acid of all.

86.Ans : 2 Both Statements I & II are correct.

Explanation : [Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group 17 - Preparation, Properties
Nitrogen does not show allotropy. All
& Uses | Group 16 - Preparation,
others are the properties of nitrogen.
Properties & Uses,NEET 2021,
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
NCERT Concept-based, Statement
Group - 15 Elements, Correct -
type]
Incorrect type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)

87. (Ans 4) 88.Ans : 4

Explanation: Explanation :

●Acidic Strength depends on two factors Some metallic oxides exhibit a dual
which are Electronegativity & Bond behavior. They show characteristics of
Strength. both

●Electronegativity: As electronegativity acidic as well as basic oxides. Such oxides

increases acid strength will also increase. are known as amphoteric oxides. Al2O3 is
such an example.
●Bond Strength: The longer the bond, the
weaker it will be, hence if bond strength is (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
weaker acid will be stronger. Group - 16 Elements, Fill in the
Blank type, Difficulty level- 1,
Acidic Strength increases in the order
NCERT Concept Based)
given as

HI > HBr > HCl > HF.

89.Ans : 1
●As we move from Fluorine to Iodine, the
size of halogen increases. The larger the Explanation :
size of the halogen , the longer the bond
The decreasing oxidizing ability of the
will be formed. Hence, bond strength will
halogens in aqueous solution down the
decrease which means it requires less

30
group is evident from the standard (Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
electrode potentials. Therefore, the Group - 17 Elements, Fill in the
correct option is: Blank type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)
Standard electrode potential
92. Ans : 2
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Group - 17 Elements, Fill in the Explanation :
Blank type, Difficulty level- 1,
Helium has the lowest boiling point (4.2
NCERT Concept Based)
K) of any known substance. It has the
unusual property of diffusing through most
commonly used laboratory materials such
90.Ans : 1
as rubber, glass, or plastics.

Explanation :
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Because bond length increases with an Group - 18 Elements, Fill in the
increase in size of the halogen atom. Blank type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)
As the size of the halogen increases, the
magnitude of Van der waals forces
increases and the boiling point increases
93.Ans : 2
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Explanation :
Group - 17 Elements, Fill in the
Blank type, Difficulty level- 1, The noble gases exhibit very high
NCERT Concept Based) ionization enthalpy which down the group
decreases.

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

91.Ans : 2.
Group - 18 Elements, Fill in the
Explanation : Blank type, Difficulty level- 1,
NCERT Concept Based)
On moving down the group, the H—X
bond length increases so the correct
increasing order of their acidic strength is
94. Ans : 3
HF < HCl < HBr < HI.
Explanation :

31
Noble gases are sparingly soluble in water. Explanation :

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements, The correct option is 4

Group - 18 Elements,Statement
The boiling point increases down the
type, Difficulty level- 1, NCERT
group in halogens
Concept Based)
The correct statements for (1), (2) and (3)
are:

(1) The bond dissociation energy of F2 is

less than that of Cl2

(2) Cl has higher E.A. than fluorine.

95.Ans : 1 (3) HF is a weaker acid than HCl due to

higher bond energy.
Explanation :
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
The correct atomic radius order for noble
Group 17 - Preparation, Properties
gases :
& Uses, Fill in the blanks, Difficulty
He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe level- 2, NCERT Concept Based)

The atomic radius increases from He to

Ra because of a new shell insertion which
97.Ans : 4
causes an "increase in distance of valence
shell from the nucleus" of the noble gas. Explanation :

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

Group 17 - Preparation, Properties
& Uses | Group 16 - Preparation,
Properties & Uses, Sequence based,
Difficulty level- 1, NCERT Concept
Based)

96.Ans : 4

32
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements, molecules of the hydrides get bigger as
Group 17 - Preparation, Properties you go down the Group.
& Uses | Group 16 - Preparation,
Oxygen is so much more electronegative
Properties & Uses, Sequence based,
that the molecules have H-bonding in
Difficulty level- 1, NCERT Concept
water. This gives rise to almost a different
Based)
(and higher) order of intermolecular
force, which gives rise to such a high BP in
water.
98.Ans- 3
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,
Explanation-
Group 16 - Preparation, Properties
Odd electron molecules like NO, and & Uses, Sequence based, Difficulty
NO2 are paramagnetic as they contain level- 2, NCERT Concept Based)
one unpaired electron each.

(Class 11 & 12, P block elements,

100.Ans : 3
Group 15 - Preparation, Properties
& Uses, Fill in the blanks, Difficulty Explanation :
level- 1, NCERT Concept Based)

99.Ans :3

Explanation :

Higher BP`s mean higher forces (because

more thermal energy is needed to
separate the molecules in a liquid state)
Even though Sulfur is more
electronegative than Se or Te (so you
would expect a higher dipole moment and
so higher attractive forces between
molecules) the size of the molecules is a
bigger factor in their interactions. More
energy is needed simply because the

33
 (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, RNA
world, page number, 88, fill in the
blank type, easy, direct from ncert
lines)

102. Answer- 2

Duration of replication of E.coli means the

time taken by the bacterium to undergo a
complete round of DNA replication and
divide into two daughter cells. E. coli
usually divides in 20 minutes.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance,
replication, page number 89, fill in
(Class 11 & 12, P block elements, the blank type, easy, direct from
Group 17 - Preparation, Properties ncert lines)
& Uses, Fill in the blanks type,
Difficulty level- 2, NCERT Concept
Based)
103. Answer- 2

The DNA that was extracted from the

BIOLOGY culture one generation after the transfer
from 15N to 14N medium [that is after 20
minutes; E. coli divides in 20 minutes] had
a hybrid or
101. Answer- 2

intermediate density. DNA extracted from

RNA was the first genetic material. It is
the culture after another generation [that
believed that it played a crucial role in
is after 40 minutes, II generation] was
early life due to its ability to store genetic
material and catalyse chemical reactions.

34
composed of equal amounts of this hybrid The discontinuously synthesised fragments
DNA and of ‘light’ are later joined by the enzyme DNA
ligase.
DNA.
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
page number 88, fill in the blank type,
page number 89, fill in the blank type,
easy, direct from ncert lines)
easy, direct from ncert lines)

104. Answer-2
107. Answer- 1
Escherichia coli has 4.6 × 10⁶ bp
A failure in cell division after DNA
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
replication results in polyploidy. It is a
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
chromosomal anomaly in which an
number 80, fill in the blank type, easy,
organism's cells have more than two
direct from ncert lines)
complete sets of chromosomes.

105. Answer- 3
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates serve Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,

dual purposes. In addition to acting as page number 91, fill in the blank type,
substrates, they provide energy for easy, direct from ncert lines)
polymerisation reactions (the two
terminal phosphates in a deoxynucleoside
triphosphate are high-energy phosphates, 108. Answer -4
the same as in the case of ATP).
A molecule that can act as a genetic
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, material must fulfil the following criteria.
Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
(i) It should be able to generate its replica
page number 88, fill in the blank type,
(Replication).
easy, direct from ncert lines)
(ii) It should chemically and structurally be
stable.
106. (4)

35
(iii) It should provide the scope for slow on the other (the template with polarity
changes (mutation) that are required for 5'-3'), it is discontinuous. The newly
evolution. synthesized DNA strands are synthesized
in opposite directions. Thus, the polarity
(iv) It should be able to express itself in
of the continuously synthesized new
the form of 'Mendelian Characters’.
strand is 5’-3’.
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
number 87, fill in the blank type, easy,
direct from ncert lines)

109. Answer -3

The scheme suggested that the two

strands would separate and act as a
template for the synthesis of new
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
complementary strands. After the
Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
completion of replication, each DNA
page number 89, fill in the blank type,
molecule would have one parental and
easy, direct from ncert lines)
one newly synthesised strand. This
scheme was termed as semiconservative
DNA replication.
111. Answer - 1
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, replication, There is a definite region in DNA where
page number 88, fill in the blank type, the replication originates. Such regions are
easy, direct from ncert lines) termed as the origin of replication.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
110. Answer -1 page number 89, fill in the blank type,
easy, direct from ncert lines)
The DNA-dependent DNA polymerases
catalyse polymerisation only in one
direction, that is 5'-3'. Consequently, on
one strand (the template with polarity 112. Answer - 1
3'-5'), the replication is continuous, while

36
There are at least three RNA polymerases 114. Answer -1
in the nucleus (in addition to the RNA
Sigma factor serves as an initiation factor
polymerase found in the organelles).
to initiate the process of transcription.
There is a clear-cut division of labour. The
RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNAs. (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Whereas RNA polymerase III is Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
responsible for the transcription of tRNA, number 80-81, fill in the blank type, easy,
5srRNA, and snRNAs (small nuclear direct from ncert lines)
RNAs). The RNA polymerase II
transcribes a precursor of mRNA, the
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
115. Answer -2

The transcription and translation can be

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, coupled in bacteria or prokaryotes. In
Molecular basis of inheritance, bacteria, the mRNA does not require any
transcription, page number 94-95, fill in processing to become active, and also
the blank type, easy, direct from ncert transcription and translation take place in
lines) the same compartment (there is no
separation of cytosol and nucleus in
bacteria).

113. Answer - 4 (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance, translation,
The two major types of Nucleic acids are
page number 98, fill in the blank type,
DNA and RNA. The process by which
easy, direct from ncert lines)
DNA makes a copy for itself is called
replication and, the process of making
RNA from DNA is called transcription.
Thus, replication and transcription are the 116. Answer - 4
two processes by which a nucleic acid is
(i) The codon is triplet. 61 codons code
copied to form another nucleic acid.
for amino acids and 3 codons do not code
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, for any
Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
amino acids, hence they function as
page number 88, fill in the blank type,
stop codons.
medium,ncert concept based)

37
(ii) One codon codes for only one amino (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
acid, hence, it is unambiguous and specific. Molecular basis of inheritance, genetic
code, page number 95, fill in the blank
(iii) Some amino acids are coded by more
type, easy, direct from ncert lines)
than one codon, hence the code is
degenerate.

(iv) The codon is read in mRNA in a 118. Answer - 4

contiguous fashion. There are no
The regulation of gene expression can be
punctuations.
regulated at several levels. In eukaryotes,
(v) The code is nearly universal: for the regulation could be exerted at
example, from bacteria to humans, UUU
(i) Transcriptional level (formation of
would code for
primary transcript),
Phenylalanine (phe). Some
(ii) Processing level (regulation of splicing),
exceptions to this rule have been found in
mitochondrial (iii) Transport of mRNA from nucleus to
the cytoplasm,
codons and in some protozoans.
(iv) Translational level.
(vi) AUG has dual functions. It codes for
Methionine (met), and it also acts as an
initiator codon.
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation
of gene expression, page number 99, fill in
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
the blank type, easy,direct from ncert
Molecular basis of inheritance, genetic
lines)
code, page number 95, fill in the blank
type, easy, direct from ncert lines)

119. Answer - 1

117. Answer - 1 The elucidation of the lac operon was also

a result of a close association between a
The relationships between genes and
geneticist, Francois Jacob and a
DNA are best understood by mutation
biochemist, Jacque Monod.
studies. Mutation gives rise to alterations
in the phenotype.

38
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, According to Avery, Macleod, and
Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation McCarty DNA is the genetic material.
of gene expression, page number 99, fill in Prior to their work, the genetic material
the blank type, easy, direct from ncert was thought to be a protein.
lines)
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,
transformation, page number 84, fill in the
120. Answer -4
blank type, easy, direct from ncert lines)
DNA elements, which can switch their
position are called transposons.
123. Answer -4

Hershey and Chase demonstrated that

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
DNA and not protein is the genetic
Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation
material with the help of the radioactive
of gene expression, page number 99, fill in
Isotopes sulphur-35 and phosphorus 32.
the blank type, easy, direct from ncert
lines) (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
page number 81, fill in the blank type,
121. Answer -3 easy, direct from ncert lines)

In DNA when AGCT occurs, Adenine (A)

pairs with Thymine (T) i.e. (A-T) and
124. Answer - 3
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
(G-C). Hence, their association will occur A+G=T+C
is as per the AT-GC pair.
A = T, G = C
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
A = 10%, T = 10%,
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
number 80, fill in the blank type, easy, G + C = 100% –20% = 80%
direct from ncert lines)
G = 40% and C= 40%

122. Answer - 1
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page

39
number 81, fill in the blank type, easy, S–P–S
direct from ncert lines)
Phosphodiester bond

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

125. Answer -1 Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
number 81,fill in the blank type, easy,
DNA strands are antiparallel means they
direct from ncert lines)
run in opposite directions.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page 129. Answer - 2
number 81, fill in the blank type, easy,
Sugars are attached to pyrimidines by the
direct from ncert lines)
formation of an N glycosidic bond and it
forms a nucleoside, such as adenosine or
deoxyadenosine, guanosine or
126. Answer - 4
deoxyguanosine, cytidine or deoxycytidine
3.3 × 10⁹ bp and uridine or deoxythymidine.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
number 81, fill in the blank type, easy, number 81, fill in the blank type, easy,
direct from ncert lines) direct from ncert lines)

127. Answer - 1 130. Answer -1

Purines → A, G Cytidine is a Nucleoside.

Common Pyramidines → C (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, number 81, fill in the blank type, easy,
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page direct from ncert lines)
number 81, fill in the blank type, easy,
direct from ncert lines)

128. Answer - 2 131. Answer - 2

40
In bacteria, catalytic RNA is found in the (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
50S subunit of ribosomes. Molecular basis of inheritance, translation,
page number 99, fill in the blank type,
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
medium,ncert concept based)
Molecular basis of inheritance, translation,
page number 98, fill in the blank type,
difficult, out of ncert)
134. Answer - 3

Francois Jacob and Jacque Monod

132. Answer - 1 proposed a model of gene regulation
known as operon model/lac operon.
Coding strand is the one that codes for
mRNA. The coding strand and mRNA – Alec Jeffreys – DNA fingerprinting
have the same nucleotide sequence technique.
except, ‘T’ – Thymine is replaced by
– Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase –
‘U’–Uracil in mRNA.
Proved DNA is genetic material, not
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, protein.
Molecular basis of inheritance,
– Matthew Meselson and F. Stahl –
transcription, page number 91, fill in the
Semi-conservative DNA replication in E.
blank type, medium,ncert concept based)
coli.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

133. Answer - 1 Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation
of genetic expression, page number 95, fill
Ribozyme is a catalytic RNA, which is
in the blank type, medium,ncert concept
nucleic acid.
based)
F2 × Recessive parent - Test cross

G. Mendel - Discovered the basic

135. Answer - 3
principles of heredity.
999 bases in RNA codes for a protein
TH Morgan -Discovered the phenomenon
with 333 amino acids. If the base at 901
of linkage in Drosophila melanogaster.
position is deleted then the first 900 bases
will be normal. The bases after 901th base
will be altered. However, due to deletion,

41
the length of the RNA becomes 998 They play a crucial role in the splicing of
bases. Hence, 98 bases will be altered. introns.

3 bases stand for 1 codon, so, 98 bases = (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
33 codons (approx.). So 33 codons will be Molecular basis of inheritance,
altered due to the deletion of one base at transcription, page number 91, fill in the
the 901 position. blank type, difficult, out of ncert)

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, 138. Answer -1

Molecular basis of inheritance, genetic
Operator gene is functional when the
code, page number 96, numerical type,
repressor does not block it.
medium,ncert concept based)

Regulator gene produces a repressor

protein that is active and it binds to the
136. Answer -3 operator region to block operon genes.

DNA replication in bacteria occurs prior (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
to fission. Prokaryotes do not show a Molecular basis of inheritance, lac operon,
well-marked S-phase due to their primitive page number 100, assertion reason type,
nature. medium, ncert concept based)

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance, replication,
139. Answer - 3
page number 88, fill in the blank type,
medium,ncert concept based) The large ribosomal subunit contains the
site of catalysis—the peptidyl transferase
(PT) centre—which is responsible for
making peptide bonds during protein
elongation and for the hydrolysis of
peptidyl-tRNA (pept-tRNA) during the
137. Answer -4 termination of protein synthesis. However,
the enzyme is not contributed by the 16S
Spliceosomes are large ribonucleoprotein ribosomal subunit as it is part of the 30S
complexes that are found in eukaryotic ribosomal unit.
cells. Such as plants, animals, fungi etc.

42
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, 142. Answer - 3
Molecular basis of inheritance, translation,
Polypeptide sequences are dictated by
page number 98, assertion reason type,
DNA and represented by RNA. Sequence
medium, ncert concept based)
of amino acids on polypeptide cannot be
predicted by t-RNA.

140. Answer - 2 (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance, translation,
cDNA refers to complementary DNA, it
page number 98, assertion reason type,
is synthesized from mRNA. It is important
medium, ncert concept based)
for scientists who are involved in the
human genome project.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, 143. Answer - 3

Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA
A - Replication, B - Transcription, C-
fingerprinting, page number 105, assertion
translation
reason type, medium, ncert concept
based) (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA, page
number 80-81, diagram type, easy, direct
141. Answer -2 from ncert lines)

RNA used to act as a genetic material as

well as a catalyst (there are some
144. Answer - 2
important biochemical reactions in living
systems that are catalysed by RNA
catalysts and not by protein enzymes).
Also, RNA being a catalyst was reactive Process - Termination
and hence unstable.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, Molecular basis of inheritance, genetic
Molecular basis of inheritance, RNA code, page number 95, diagram type, easy,
world, page number 88, assertion reason direct from ncert lines)
type, medium, ncert concept based)
145. Answer - 4

43
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, Lac operon under the control of the
Molecular basis of inheritance, packaging repressor is a negative regulation. The
of DNA, page number 83, fill in the blank nature of the operon is inducible.
type, easy, direct from ncert lines)
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation
of gene expression, page number 99,
146. Answer - 2
statement type, easy, direct from ncert
lines)

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution, 149. Answer - 1

Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation
Transcription is the process of Writing
of gene expression, page number 99,
information from DNA to mRNA, and not
diagram type, easy, direct from ncert lines)
tRNA.

(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,

147. Answer - 3 Molecular basis of inheritance,
regulation of gene expression, page
A = 20 % number 99, statement type,
medium, ncert concept based)
T = 20 %

G = 30 %
150. Answer - 4
C = 30 %
ATCTG
A + G = 50 %
UAGAC
(Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA, page
number 81, numerical type, medium,ncert
concept based) (Class 12, Genetics and Evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,
transcription,page number 95, fill in
the blank type, easy, direct from
148. Answer - 3
ncert lines)

44
151. Answer (2) (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation
Sequence completed in the year 2006
of gene expression,page number 99,
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, statement type,easy,direct from ncert
Molecular basis of inheritance,human lines)
genome project,page number 95,
statement type,easy,direct from ncert
lines) 155. (4)

The process of copying genetic

information from one strand of the DNA
152. Answer (1)
into RNA is termed as transcription. Here
Caenorhabiditis elegna, Drosophila also, the principle of complementarity

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, governs the process of transcription,

Molecular basis of inheritance,human except the adenosine now forms base pair
genome project,page number 95,fill in the with uracil instead of thymine. However,
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines) unlike in the process of replication, which
once set in, the total DNA of an organism
gets duplicated, in transcription only a
segment of DNA and only one of the
153. Answer 1
strands is copied into RNA. This
Y gene is having nonsense mutation which necessitates defining the boundaries that
does not affect the it's function leading to would demarcate the region and the
production of lactose permease. strand of DNA that would be transcribed.

(Class 12,Genetics and evolution, (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance,lac Molecular basis of inheritance, replication
operon,page number 100,fill in the blank and transcription ,page number 88-95,
type,easy,direct from ncert lines) statement type,medium,ncert concept
based)

154. Answer (3)

156. (4)
Lac operon won't shows feed back
repression. The second complexity is that the primary
transcripts contain both the exons and the

45
introns and are non-functional. Hence, it is (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
subjected to a process called splicing Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA,page
where the introns are removed and exons number 81,fill in the blank type,easy,direct
are joined in a defined order. hnRNA un- from ncert lines)

dergo two additional processing called as

cappingnand tailing. In capping an unusual
159. Answer (4)
nucleotide (methyl guanosine
triphosphate) is added to the 5'-end of In prokaryotes, such as, E. coli, though
hnRNA. In tailing, adenylate residues they do
(200-300) are added at 3'-end in a
template independent manner. It is the not have a defined nucleus, the DNA is
fully processed hnRNA, now called not scattered throughout the cell. DNA
(being negatively charged) is held with
mRNA, that is transported out of the some proteins (that have positive charges)
nucleus for translation in a region termed as ‘nucleoid’. The DNA
in nucleoid is organised in large loops held
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
by proteins. In eukaryotes, this
Molecular basis of inheritance,
organisation is much more complex.
transcription ,page number 91, statement
type,easy,direct from ncert lines) (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA,page
number 81,fill in the blank type,easy,direct
157. Answer (2) from ncert lines)

RNA dependent DNA synthesis is related

to reverse transcription
160. Answer (2)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
4.6 × 10⁶ × 0.34 mm = 1.36 mm
Molecular basis of inheritance,
transcription,page number 91,fill in the (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines) Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA,page
number 81,fill in the blank type,easy,direct
from ncert lines)
158. Answer (1)

8 mole of histones
161. Answer (3)

46
S35 → Protein coat, P32 → DNA replication,page number 89,fill in the blank
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,
replication,page number 88,fill in the blank
165. Answer (2)
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
DNA pol III Read DNA segment and add
nucleotide of DNA
162. Answer (2)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Splicing proves dominance of RNA world Molecular basis of inheritance,
replication,page number 89,fill in the blank
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
Molecular basis of inheritance,
transcription,page number 95, fill in the
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
166. Answer (2)

5' → 3’ Polymerisation direction

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,

163. Answer (2) Molecular basis of inheritance,
replication,page number 89,fill in the blank
Vicia faba was used by Taylor to prove
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
semiconservative replication at
chromosomal level.

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, 167. Answer (3)

Molecular basis of inheritance,
dUTP → Does not exist
replication,page number 90,fill in the blank
type,easy,direct from ncert lines) (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,
replication,page number 89,fill in the blank
164.Answer (2) type,easy,direct from ncert lines)

Topoisomerase remove twisting stress

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, 168. Answer (4)

Molecular basis of inheritance,
Antisense or template strand

47
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, Unambiguous → Like AUG →
Molecular basis of inheritance, Methionine not for any other AA.
transcription,page number 91,fill in the
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
Molecular basis of inheritance, genetic
code,page number 95-96,fill in the blank
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
169. Answer (1)

Introns in DNA or Intervening sequence

173. Answer (1)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, UTRs are present before start codon and
transcription,page number 91,fill in the after stop codons.
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, genetic
code,page number 95-96,fill in the blank
170. Answer (4)
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
mRNA of eukaryotes carry poly during
post-transcriptional change.
174. Answer (1)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, 5S rRNA, tRNA and SnRNA
transcription,page number 91,fill in the
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
Molecular basis of inheritance,
transcription,page number 95,fill in the
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
171. Answer (2)

UAG → Nonsense codon on stop codon

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance,genetic 175. Answer (4)
code,page number 95-96,fill in the blank
In lac operon, the regulator gene codes
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
for Active repressor

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,

172. Answer (2) Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation

48
of gene expression,page number 99,fill in Both are correct.
the blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA
fingerprinting ,page number 105,fill in the
176. Answer (1)
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
1.4 million locations have been identified
in human genome where single base
differences occur. 180. Answer (3)

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, By taking radioactive isotopes.

Molecular basis of inheritance,human
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
genome project,page number 95,fill in the
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
fingerprinting ,page number 105,fill in the
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)

177. Answer (4)

(1) and (3) 181. Answer (4)

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, VNTR → Variable number Tandem

Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA repeat.
fingerprinting,page number 105,fill in the
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA
fingerprinting,page number 105,fill in the
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
178. Answer (1)

Gel electrophoresis will separate the

DNA segment.

(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, 182. Answer (4)

Molecular basis of inheritance, DNA
• Enhancer sequences are present in
fingerprinting ,page number 105,fill in the
eukaryotes.
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
• Operon concept is for prokaryotes.

179. Answer (2)

49
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution, rRNA is most abundant in animal cells. It
Molecular basis of inheritance, regulation constitutes 80% of the total RNA of the
of gene expression,page number 99, fill in cell.
the blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,RNA
world,page number 88, fill in the blank
183. Answer (2)
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
The unequivocal proof that DNA is the
genetic material came from the
experiments of Alfred Hershey and 186. Answer (4)
Martha Chase (1952). They worked with
Two DNA polymerase molecules work
viruses that infect bacteria called
simultaneous at the DNA fork, one on the
bacteriophages.
leading strand and the other
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
on the lagging strand.
Molecular basis of inheritance,
transcription ,page number 91, fill in the Each Okazaki fragment is synthesised by
blank type,medium,ncert concept based) DNA polymerase at lagging strand in 5 3
direction. New Okazaki

fragments appear as the replication fork

184. Answer (3)
opens further.
The association of H1 protein indicates
As the first Okazaki fragment appears
the complete formation of the
away from the replication fork, the
nucleosome.
direction of elongation would be away
Therefore the DNA is in condensed form.
from replication fork
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA,page
Molecular basis of
number 80-83, fill in the blank type,easy,
inheritance,replication,page number
direct from ncert lines)
88,statement type,easy,direct from ncert
lines)

185. Answer (1)

187. Answer (4)

50
The two French scientists, Jacob and genetic systems responsible for the
synthesis of such an enzyme are known as
Monod proposed the lac operon of E. coli.
inducible operons.
The lac operon (an inducible operon)
contains a promoter, an operator, a (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
regulator gene and three structural genes Molecular basis of
z, y, and a, coding for the enzymes inheritance,replication,page number
β-galactosidase, β-galactoside permease 88,statement type,easy,direct from ncert
and β-galactoside transacetylase, lines)
respectively. β-galactoside permease
“pumps” lactose into the cell, where
β-galactosidase cleaves it into glucose and 188. Answer (2)
galactose. The function of the
transacetylase is still not clear. The lac Cistron is a segment of DNA coding for a
regulator gene, designated the i gene, polypeptide.
codes for a repressor. In the absence of
Eukaryotic structural gene is
the inducer (i.e., lactose, actually
monocistronic whereas the prokaryotic
allolactose), the repressor binds to the lac
structural gene is polycistronic.
operator sequence, preventing RNA
polymerase from binding to the promoter (Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
and transcribing the structural genes. The Molecular basis of inheritance,the lac
inducer of the operon, allolactose, is operon,page number 100, fill in the blank
derived from lactose in a reaction that is type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
catalysed by β-galactosidase. Once
formed, allolactose binds to the repressor,
causing it to be released from the
189. Answer (3)
operator; in doing so, it induces
transcription of the z, y and a structural 23S rRNA is a component of a larger
genes. CAP is activator called catabolic subunit of ribosome and it acts as peptidyl
activator protein. It exerts a positive transferase (ribozyme).
control in lac operon because in its
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
absence RNA polymerase is unable to
Molecular basis of
recognise promotor gene. CAP activates
inheritance,translation,page number 98,fill
lac genes only when glucose is absent.
in the blank type,easy,direct from ncert
Such enzymes whose synthesis can be
lines)
induced by adding the substrate are
known as inducible enzymes and the

51
 (Class 12,Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA
190. Answer (1)
fingerprinting,page number 105,fill in the
The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
catalyses the polymerisation in only one
direction that is 5’ → 3’, the strand with
polarity 5’→ 3’ acts as template and is 193. Answer (2)
called template strand.
AUG is the start codon.
(Class 12, Genetics and evolution,
UAA, UAG and UGA are stop codons.
Molecular basis of
inheritance,transcription,page number (Class 12,Genetics and evolution,
91,fill in the blank type,easy,direct from Molecular basis of inheritance, genetic
ncert lines) code,page number 96,fill in the blank
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)

191. Answer (4)

194. Answer (4)
Lac operon is an inducible operon.
Lactose is the substrate for the enzyme Order of organisation of genetic material
beta-galactosidase and it also regulates
switching on and off of the operon.
Hence, it is termed as inducer.

(Class 12,Genetics and evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance,lac
operon,page number 100,fill in the blank
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
(Class 12,Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA,page
number 80,fill in the blank type,easy,direct
192. Answer (3)
from ncert lines)
A zinc finger is a small protein structural
motif that characterised by the
co-ordination of one or more Zn ions in 195. Answer (3)
order to stabilise the folds.

52
Satellite DNA is the repetitive DNA Removal of introns and joining of exons in
which does not code for any protein. a defined order during transcription is
They show a high degree of polymorphism called Splicing
and form the basis of DNA fingerprinting.
(Class 12,Genetics and evolution,
Since DNA from every tissue from an
Molecular basis of inheritance,
individual shows the same degree of
transcription,page number 92,fill in the
polymorphism, they become a very useful
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
identification tool in forensic applications.

(Class 12,Genetics and evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance,DNA 199. Answer (3)
fingerprinting,page number 105, statement
type,easy,direct from ncert lines) Inducer → is a chemical which will trigger
the DNA to switch on gene in its
presence.

196. Answer (2) (Class 12,Genetics and evolution,

Molecular basis of inheritance,
UAA, UAG, UGA are stop terminator
transcription,page number 91,fill in the
codons.
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
(Class 12,Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,genetic
code,page number 95,fill in the blank 200. Answer (3)
type,easy,direct from ncert lines)
In 1928, Frederick Griffith, in a series of
experiments with Streptococcus
pneumoniae (bacterium responsible for
197. Answer (3)
pneumonia), witnessed a miraculous
Polymerase III → Synthesize tRNA transformation in the bacteria. During the
course of his experiment, a living
(Class 12,Genetics and evolution,
organism (bacteria) had changed in
Molecular basis of inheritance,
physical form.
transcription,page number 95,fill in the
blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines) (Class 12,Genetics and evolution,
Molecular basis of inheritance,
transformation,page number 84,fill in the
198. Answer (2) blank type,easy,direct from ncert lines)

53
54