MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL) “Media owners and brands must continue to innovate to be

(1ST Semester –G12 S.Y. 2022-2023) able to capitalize on multi-screening behavior and deliver
By end of this semester: It is hoped everyone will be the agent of change in the
enhanced audience engagement with programs and
current Filipino media and information landscape.
advertising,” Jamieson said.
Chapter 1: Introduction of Media and Information Literacy The Nielsen South Asia Cross-Platform Report series,
sponsored by Videology, covers the changing media
Lesson 1: Communication, Media and landscape in some of the most dynamic markets in rising
Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,
Information
the Philippines, Vietnam and India.
The choice to control
The article below is a report of the Nielsen’s South Asia
Cross-Platform that was conducted. Despite the Internet’s accessibility via mobile devices,
newspaper readership (broadsheets, tabloids, and regional
8 TO 10 FILIPINOS CONSUME MEDIA CONTENT newspapers) remains stable over the past year and steady
THROUGH MULTIPLE SCREENS quarter-on-quarter. Around 14% of people in National
Urban Philippines are yesterday readers, according to the
Nielsen’s South Asia Cross-Platform Report shows that the Nielsen’s Consumer and Media View study.
proliferation of smartphones and other mobile devices is Radio listening also shows an upsurge from 53% yesterday
driving the rise in Internet usage. listeners to 62% in the past year. Yesterday TV viewership
By Rappler.com also slightly exhibits increase from 93% to 95% over the
Published Mon, Dec 15, 2014 6:07 PM past year.
But about 7 in 10 digital consumers in the Philippines
MANILA, Philippines – Not one, not two, but 3 screens – report watching TV content and movies via online sources
that is how 8 of 10 Filipinos consume media content these such as video-on-demand – the second highest penetration
days, according to a report released Monday, December of Internet TV in the region after Thailand.
15, by Nielsen, a global information and insights company. YouTube is also increasingly acknowledged as a “TV
According to the Nielsen Cross-Platform Report, multi- channel” or platform.
screening is now a prevalent behavior among digital users, “Online delivery of video content adds yet another
thus the shift in the consumption of media. dimension to Filipinos’ TV viewing habits when planning
The proliferation of smartphones and other mobile devices and strategizing opportunities for brand reach and
is driving the rise in Internet usage and, subsequently, message resonance via video content,” Jamieson said.
how people are now consuming media content not just Dual screening behavior – or people watching TV while also
through one screen but multiple screens, observed Stuart accessing online content related to the TV programs they
Jamieson, managing director of Nielsen Philippines. are watching or they may also be accessing unrelated
content altogether – is fragmented. Thus, it has become Six in 10 or 62% have made a purchase as a result of
increasingly more important to understand how people seeing an online video ad from a laptop or desktop versus
behave across different media, Jamieson said. 49% of Filipino digital consumers who bought a product
According to the Cross-Platform report, among the media after seeing an ad through a mobile device.
formats, online consumption is most stable, as it is A sample of 1,000 frequent online users (used the Internet
accessed throughout the day on various devices. in the past month) aged 16 years and above was captured
Online activity on desktops plateaus during working hours for the Nielsen South Asia Cross-Platform Report series
and peaks on laptops at night, while consistent use is using an online survey methodology. The results and
observed on mobile phones and tablets throughout the analysis do not cover the behaviors or profiles of
day. consumers who do not use the Internet.
In contrast, newspaper readership and radio listening are Responses were collected during April and May 2014, while
most popular in the early morning before working hours, trending analysis compares 2014 with 2011.
while TV viewing dips in the afternoon and increases The Nielsen Consumer and Media View, meanwhile, is the
drastically during primetime. “first and only comprehensive survey” in the Philippines
Internet TV, however, follows online behavior rather than (and also done in the Asia-Pacific) on media exposure,
traditional TV behavior – it is consistent throughout the product usage, and lifestyle of consumers in Metro Manila
day. and 56 key cities and municipalities in balance urban
Demand for online video content Philippines. – Rappler.com
Common pastime – that is how viewing online video
content became ingrained among digital consumers in the Source: http://www.rappler.com/business/industries/215-tech-biz/78090-
filipinos-media-consumption-multiple-screens-nielsen
Philippines, with the majority watching online videos at
least weekly.
Viewing in the Philippines is the second highest in the Communication plays a key role in human development.
region at 85%, following Vietnam at 91%. Laptops or Humans have always communicated with one another even
personal computers are the most popular device used to before traditional media developed and made
view video on demand (89%); followed by TV screen communication easier and faster.
(40%); and mobile phone (39%).
As such, online video advertising is proving to be an
effective means of stimulating product search and
purchase – 89% of Filipino digital consumers search for an
item seen within online video advertising from a laptop or
desktop, versus 67% who do so after seeing an ad on a
mobile device.
 Digital Media is any media that is encoded in a machine-
readable format. Digital media can be created, viewed,
distributed, modified and preserved on digital electronics
devices. Computer programs and software; digital imagery,
digital video; video games; web pages and websites,
including social media; data and databases; digital audio,
such as mp3s; and e-books are examples of digital media.

Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media,

such as printed books, newspapers and magazines, and
other traditional or analog media, such as pictures, film or
audio tape.

Sources:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/raid71/7044388423?ytcheck=1
www.slideshare.net
http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-
government/the-media/section1-2.rhtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media

The word media was derived from the Latin word medius, Are you highly exposed to media?
which means “middle.” It is the plural of medium, which According to Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass
refers to the tool people use to mediate or facilitate the Media Survey (FLEMMS) under Philippine Statistics
transfer of communication between a sender and a Authority (PSA) below are the reports how Filipinos so
receiver.
exposed to Mass Media.
There are three main forms of mass media: print media,
EXPOSURE TO MASS MEDIA
broadcast media, and digital media or the Internet Mass media is one of the tools to disseminate information,
provides entertainment, and a tool that allows global interaction
Print Media - The oldest media forms are newspapers,
through social media. Access to information is essential in
magazines, journals, newsletters, and other printed increasing people’s knowledge and awareness of what is taking
material. These publications are collectively known as the place around them that may eventually affect their perceptions
print media. and behavior. In the 2013 Functional Literacy, Education, and
Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS), exposure to different forms of
Broadcast Media are news reports broadcast via radio and mass media was assessed by answering the self-administered
television. questionnaire by indicating how often a respondents reads a
newspaper, magazine, comics, books, posters, signs, brochures
or flyers; watches or listens to television,
radio, movies, or plays; checks email or surfs the Mass media exposure increases with both educational
internet; writes reports or correspondence; and makes level and socio-economic status of the respondent.
calculations. Specifically, 83.3 percent of Filipinos 10 to 64 years old with
college degree or higher watched television every day,
Majority of Filipinos 10 to 64 years old were
compared with 2.0 percent for persons with no grade
exposed to television (81.0%), radio (65.6%), newspaper completed/preschool. In addition, 21.2 percent of Filipinos 10
(60.7%) and magazine (60.6%). In his survey, exposure to 64 years old with college degree or higher read newspaper,
to the mass media means that respondent accessed the compared with less than one percent of Filipinos 10 to 64
specific forms of mass media every day or at least once a years old with no grade completed/preschool (Table 7.3).
week or seldom in the last 12 months preceding the In terms of socio-economic status, there were more
survey (Figure 7.1). Filipinos 10 to 64 years old in the top 70% stratum who were
exposed to mass media compared to bottom 30% stratum,
Television was the most popular form of mass
however, this varies in terms of frequency of exposure. In
media with 65.0 percent of Filipinos 10 to 64 years old
particular, 41.6 percent of Filipinos 10 to 64 years old in the
watching television everyday while 26.3 percent listened
bottom 30% stratum surfed the internet for social interaction
to radio. Almost one in every ten Filipinos read magazine
every day, compared with 26.2 percent of Filipinos 10 to 64
(12.3%) and newspaper (9.8%) every day. Sixteen
years old in the top 70% stratum. On the other hand, 15.9
percent of Filipinos 10 to 64 years old surfed the internet
percent of Filipinos 10 to 64 years old in the top 70% stratum
for social interaction (facebook, twitter, etc) every day.
surfed the internet for social interaction at least once a week
Another 13.9 percent accessed the internet to do
compared with 9.8 percent of Filipinos 10
research work or study. Among the Filipinos 10 to 64
to 64 years old in the bottom 30% stratum (Table 7.4).
years old, females were more exposed to specific forms
The 2013 FLEMMS also revealed that exposure to
mass media than males. In particular, about 83.0 percent
specific forms of mass media was generally higher among
of females 10 to 64 years old watched television
persons who were functional literate. It ranges from 96.4
compared to 79.1 percent of males. The figures in Table
percent for those who watched television to 97.9 percent for
7.2 also suggests that there is no significant differences
those who surfed the internet for social interaction.
across ages in terms of exposure to specific forms of
Functional literacy rates were about the same for females and
mass media except for surfing the internet for social
males who had exposure to a specific form of mass media.
media and research work. Younger Filipinos had more
exposure to the internet than the older ones.
Almost two in every three Filipinos 15 to 19 years
old had exposure to internet: surf the
internet for social media/interaction (67.8%) and surf the
internet for research work (65.3%), compared with only
24.2 percent and 24.0 percent of those aged 40 to 49
years, respectively.
This media exposure can often lead to several
changes in how people act or interact in society. It
became a powerful source of information, being able
to present all kinds of messages on every topic.
People tend to become attracted to whatever they
read, watch, or hear from media sources that they
keep wanting for more. Since, you cannot avoid the
flood of information from mass media, processing
these information then boils down to two choices.
1. Passively accept all the information; or
2. Actively process this information and filter what are
useful and disregard what are not.
Media and Information - According to New Mexico-based Media Literacy
According to United Nations Education, Scientific Project (MLP) defines media literacy as “the ability
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), media and to access, analyzes, evaluate, and create media.”
information literacy recognizes the primary role of From, this two definition, it is concluded that
information and media in people’s everyday lives. media literacy is to build active, rather than passive,
consumers of media.
UNESCO defined MEDIA as to sources of
However Media Literacy defined by UNESCO as
credible and current information created through an
understanding and using mass media in either an
editorial process determined by journalistic values,
assertive or non-assertive way, including an informed
whereby editorial accountability can be attributed to a
and critical understanding of media, what techniques
specific organization or a legal person. Media are
they employ and their effects. Also the ability to read,
vehicles that carry messages from one person to
analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a
another or from one person to a group of large
variety of media forms, e.g. television, print, radio,
people. They serve as channels which people use to
computers etc. Another understanding of the term is
send or/receive information.
the ability to decode, analyze, evaluate and produce
On the other hand INFORMATION is a broad
communication in a variety of forms.
term that is derived from study, experiences, and or
While Information Literacy is a set of abilities
instructions. It can refer to any facts or details about
subject that depict meanings to a person. which require individuals to recognize when
(A broad term that can cover data, knowledge derived information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use
from study, experience, or instruction, signals or symbols. it effectively (The Association of College and Research
In the media world, information is often used to describe
Libraries, 2000).
knowledge of specific events or situations that has been
gathered or received by communication, intelligence or
UNESCO refers Information Literacy to the
news. (UNESCO MIL Curriculum for Teachers))
abilities to recognize when information is needed and
Media and Information Literacy to locate, evaluate, effectively use, and communicate
- According to William James Potter (2004), a information in its various formats.
Canadian communication educator, defines media
From these bases, media and information
literacy as a set of perspectives that people use
literacy therefore is the ability to access, analyze,
actively to expose themselves to mass media and
evaluate, and create information from media and
interpret the meaning of the messages they
other information sources.
encounter. Perspectives in Potter’s definition relate
to people’s positions.
 UNESCO refers Media and Information Literacy computers and to a person’s ability to perform tasks
also as to the essential competencies and skills that effectively in a digital environment. Digital literacy
allow citizens to engage with media and other includes the ability to read and interpret media, to
information providers effectively and develop critical reproduce data and images through digital
thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and manipulation, and to evaluate and apply new
become active citizens. knowledge gained from digital environments.

Similarities and differences between Media and Thus, if media and information literacy is
Information Literacy and Technology Literacy: concerned with the use of the message,
technology literacy focuses on the responsible
It must be considered that studying Media and
and effective use of technology, tools, or
Information Literacy (MIL), technology literacy is
networks in accessing, analyzing, evaluating,
another important concept and part of Media and
and creating message.
Information Literacy.

Definition of Technology Literacy: Media and Information Literacy: Every person’s

The Colorado Department of Education (2009) need
defines technology literacy as the ability to 1. 1st People Power Revolution in 1986: during the
responsibly use appropriate technology to martial law under Pres. Marcos, the late Jaime
communicate, solve problems, access, manage, Cardinal Sin urges Filipino people to support the
integrate, evaluate, design, and create information to military rebels against the dictatorship, he then used
improve learning in all subject areas and acquire the power of radio to call upon thousands of Filipino to
lifelong knowledge and skills in the 21st century. go to EDSA, prayed, rallied, marched and sang for
According to University of Illinois technology days, which eventually had Marcos oust from
literacy is the ability to use digital technology, presidency.
communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, 2. 2nd People Power Revolution (EDSA Dos) in 2001:
use and create information. It also refers to the ability Filipinos used their cellphones to text messages and
to understand and use information in multiple formats convince their friends to participate in revolution; it
from a wide range of sources when it is presented via was just one day 70million texts were recorded.
 3. In 2014, mobile telecommunications networks, 1. Come up with informed decisions through careful
through widespread text messaging, advised the evaluation and analysis of media messages and
public against falling victim to text scams on supposed information.
“discount,” “prizes,” and other fraudulent claims that
2. Learn about the “real world” around them,
aimed to deceive the consumers into sharing
including the context or setting of messages and
cellphone loads and private information.
information, being able to segregate the truth from
The above examples exemplify how media can be lies.
used to transmit various kinds of information.
3. Build a sense of community through which people
One primary purpose of MIL is to promote freedom of become active participants in producing and sharing
access to information that is essential to both useful media messages and information.
democracy and governance. According to UNESCO:
Overall, learning MIL will help every person
Citizens have the right to free speech and the become a critical thinker, a producer of
right of access to public information. This information, and an innovator of media and
information is equally the property of citizens. information.
Media and other information providers such as
libraries, archives and the Internet should help
to ensure the right to freedom of information for
each citizen.

However, not all information is true and reliable. MIL

promotes critical thinking to empower citizens to
process and raise questions about the information
they receive, the manner it was disseminated, and the
purpose for which it was shared.

In general, it is concerned with giving people

understanding of the importance of media and other
information providers in order to:
Lesson 2: The Evolution of Traditional Media to Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) - The invention of the
New Media transistor ushered in the electronic age. People
harnessed the power of transistors that led to the
transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early
computers. In this age, long distance communication
became more efficient.
Examples:
• Transistor Radio • Television (1941)
• Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC
(1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
• Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704
(1960)
• Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett-Packard 9100A
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - People discovered (1968), Apple 1 (1976) • OHP, LCD projectors
fire, developed paper from plants, and forged
weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and Information Age (1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved
iron. Examples: • Cave paintings (35,000 BC) • Clay the way for faster communication and the creation of
tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) • Papyrus in Egypt the social network. People advanced the use of
(2500 BC) • Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) microelectronics with the invention of personal
• Dibao in China (2nd Century) • Codex in the Mayan computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.
region (5th Century) • Printing press using wood Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are
blocks (220 AD) digitalized. We are now living in the information age.
Examples: • Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet
Explorer (1995) • Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power
(1999), Wordpress (2003) • Social networks:
of steam, developed machine tools, established iron
Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004) •
production, and the manufacturing of various products
Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) • Video:
(including books through the printing press).
YouTube (2005) • Augmented Reality / Virtual
Examples: • Printing press for mass production (19th
Reality• Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts
century) • Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
(2013) • Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo
• Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876)
(1995)• Portable computers- laptops (1980),netbooks
• Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
(2008), tablets (1993) • Smart phones • Wearable
• Commercial motion pictures (1913)
technology • Cloud and Big Data
• Motion picture with sound (1926) • Telegraph
• Punch cards
 EVOLUTION OF MEDIA dependent on speech and word-of-mouth”, who lives
in a world of “acoustic space.” The first of these
Where did these types of media originate? How did the innovations is the development of the phonetic
people in the past communicate without media? How did
alphabet, which paved the way to what McLuhan
media evolve?
termed as the age of literacy.
Marshall McLuhan (1969), a renowned Canadian
2. Age of Literacy – the introduction of phonetics as a
communication theorist from University of Toronto,
bombshell, “installing sight at the head of the
provides a clear story on how media evolved through
hierarchy of senses.” Human beings learned to read
technological determinism.
and write, which amplified the use of the sense of
Technological determinism – is a theory that believes sight, lessening the role of the other sense of the
technology is a steering factor in how a society human body. This development allowed the people to
develops its structure and values. communicate and share information privately. From
auditory sense, the tribal people learned to write and
It tends to posit that technology is a single cause express themselves through hieroglyphs, such as in
resulting in a multitude of complex political, the early writing forms of the Egyptian, Babylonian,
economic, and social changes. Mayan and Chinese cultures, later through the
McLuhan contends that media are critical forces or alphabets. By this age writing also formed a linear
compelling influences that shape how an individual way of communication, example letters form words,
think, feel, and act and how societies organize and words form sentences. This cultivated linear
themselves and operate. In other words, media thinking contributed to the development of disciplines
greatly affect other things, thereby resulting too many such as mathematics. The dominance of sight over
changes in the lives of its users - the audience. the sensory balance of the tribal man characterizes
this age.
McLuhan explained how this setup works by
subdividing the history into four epochs or ages. 3. Print Age – the third period as McLuhan detailed
was highlighted by the invention of the Gutenberg
1. Tribal Age – first period that is characterized by the press or movable type in 15th century. Books and
prevalence of oral communication, its structure of papers were reproduced manually, making these
society being described as “dominant auditory sense forms of media restricted to the ruling class or the
of life.” Tribal age is described also as “Oral society elite members of the society. But when Johannes
Gutenberg invented the printing press, books were three dimensions mentioned above: energy, time and
reproduced by thousands. Knowledge was no longer space.
restricted to the privileged rich and ruling class. This The first phase, which took place over the
period was characterized by the further dominance of course of centuries and dovetailed with the expansion
visual space and logical thinking. Sharing ideas of the ancient empires, was grounded upon certain
became faster and acquiring information became transportation techniques, namely animals and the
easier. The same age laid the groundwork for the wheel, but it culminated in the discovery of new
industrial age, a point in history from the 18th to the intellectual technologies: writing and arithmetic. This
19th centuries, marked by the transition in gave rise to major invasions and migrations from the
manufacturing processes. The mechanization became lands of ancient China to Rome. It opened up major
the blueprint of the forthcoming development during routes that plied the lands from East to West. Along
the industrial age. the way, the communicative energy improved,
communication time was stepped up and space was
4. Electronic Age – last period in McLuhan’s theory is
somehow reduced. However, from today’s
the electronic age, a period characterized by the
perspective, the movements appear very tentative.
dominance of the electric media, such as telegraph,
The second phase, starting around 1400,
radio, film, telephone, computer and television. For
particularly dovetailed with the expansion in maritime
McLuhan, the invention of the telegraph in 1830’s
transport, namely the discovery of new navigation
started an electronic age revolution that diminished
and cartography instruments and techniques, and
the role of the print media. McLuhan further describe
with the development of the book and the consequent
the electronic age as a forced that turned the planet
spread of printing in Europe, which in turn fostered an
into a global village, where are all globally connected,
expansion in the tales that intellectually promoted
even at a distance. With this, the movement of
the adventure of “discoveries” and “new worlds”.
information further expanded and enabled a person to
These transformations proliferated; the cultural
be at one with humankind. Television brought global
climate generated vast successive critical movements
news to everyone’s knowledge.
in the West, including the Renaissance, the
The Stages of Communicative Change Reformation and the Enlightenment. The world began
In history there have been three major phases of to resemble what it is today. But the vast
change in communication and this change affected the compression of energy, time and space of our age had
not yet taken place.
 The third phase became explosive and it has New Media or Information Age
been taking place since World War II until today. It Tribal age, age of literacy, print age and electronic
dovetails with the information explosion and the age all revolved around traditional media. But the
communications revolution — electricity, digitalization, recent decades blossomed with the invention of
information technology and telecommunications. New computers and the internet, paving the beginning of a
languages and codes are emerging, as are new new era of media – the new media or information age.
instruments for processing and spreading information,
New media as defined by Cambridge dictionary as the
and a considerable step has been made toward
products and services that provides information or
mobility and flexibility in transport and the circulation
entertainment using computers or the internet.
of goods, people and information. This process, which
we can encapsulate with the name digital revolution, Dr. W. James Potter (2008) enumerated three key
has radically transformed the way humanity innovations that led to the development of this new
establishes relationships among its members: from mass medium: affordable personal computer, the
now on, these relationships will be universal. A key digitization of information and the internet.
factor in this is the exploitation of fossil fuels and
nuclear energy in both automotives and aviation All other traditional media, Potter explains, were
and the digitalisation of information and its application channels to deliver uniform, intact messages from
to all walks of life. senders. New media changed this landscape. It
marked a major turnaround in communication,
Through these phases, we have arrived at our current transforming the end users of media from being mere
technological civilisation and our own media culture. “receivers” of messages into “senders” who are also
Source: able to create content themselves.
UNESCO: Media Literacy and New Humanism
Author: José Manuel Pérez Tornero and Tapio Varis
Institute for Information Technologies in Education page 11
- 13
Philippine scenario on Media evolution: - La Esperanza (1846) was the first newspaper
distributed daily in the country.
Major media evolution in the Philippines existed in the (All these papers catered to the Spanish elite,
pre-colonial period when the Spaniards introduced the focusing on news from Spain.)
natives to the effects of the print age, but the use of - During this period, strict government censorship
media started in the country during the pre-colonial was applied to newspapers.
times. - Upon the rise of Filipino ilustrados, nationalistic
newspapers came into existence. (E.g. La
Pre-Colonial Period:
Solaridad (1889), Kalayaan (1898), La
- Umalohokan or town crier served as a walking
Independencia (1898), etc.)
bulletin that went around the barangay to deliver
- Cinema came to the Philippines in 1897, just as
public announcements.
the spotlight was dimming for zarzuela and
- Different forms of literature were also developed
vaudeville; a Spaniard named Pertierra introduced
during the pre-colonial years (e.g. sabi (maxim),
the motion picture to Filipinos in Manila on January
bugtong (riddle), kumintang (war song), tutul (folk
1, 1897. By August 1897, the Spanish soldier
tale), darangan (epic poetry).
Antonio Ramos opened up a movie house in Manila
- Decrees and other forms of literature were
for the general public to enjoy. It was also Ramos
immortalized through scripts on leaves and barks
filmed local scenes in Manila, making him the first
of trees, written in ancient Filipino systems of
motion picture producer in the country.
writing (such as baybayin and kavi)
American Period :( 1898 – 1946)
Spanish Period:
- Newspapers published by American journalists
- Spaniards introduced the print media to Filipinos
were introduced. (E.g. The Manila Times (1898),
using paper and ink.
The Bounding Billow and Official Gazette (1898),
- In 1593, Doctrina Christiana, first ever book
Manila Daily Bulletin (1900) and Philippine Free
published in the country.
Press (1908). Similar to Spanish period, most of
- First Spanish information sheet called Aviso al
the editorial content of these newspapers were
public appeared in the country on 1809.
pro-American and were based on religious and
- Del Superior Gobierno was the first regular
political partisanship.
newspaper in the country, introduced on 1811 by
Spanish government.
- The Philippine Herald was among the nationalist Japanese Period :( 1941-1945)
newspapers emerged during these times. - Japanese disbanded all publications during their
- El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) founded by Sergio occupations except those used by the Japanese
Osmeña in Cebu (1900). government such as the Manila Tribune, Taliba and
- El Renacimiento (1908) and Sakdal (1930) La Vanguardia. A board of information was setup
- During these times American regime when the serving as primary regulatory body for regular
broadcast radio was introduced. (It was KZKZ censorship. However, underground papers still
(1922) the first radio station was established by made their rounds in the country. The period that
American ex-soldier Henry Herman Sr. followed, the Postwar Era (1945 – 1972) became
- The first feature films with and without sound also the golden age of Philippine journalism, for the
emerged during this period such as the Rose of Philippine press was considered the “freest in
the Philippines (1909), Ang Aswang (1932) and Asia”. In 1953, television was introduced in the
Punyal na Guinto (1933). country.
- From 1930’s to 1950’s, the golden age of
Martial Law Period: (1969-1986)
Philippine cinema began. It was these period also
- During these times privately owned institutions
when the films such as Zamboanga (1937) and
were taken over by the government. Few
Genghis Khan (1950) were recognized
newspapers that operated during those years were
internationally.
Daily Express, Bulletin Today and the Times
- Another mass medium that was used in the
Journal.
country was the Komiks. Antonio Velasquez
- Media was fully censored and many editors and
“Father of Filipino Komiks” first illustrated with
journalist were arrested. Broadcast stations like
Romualdo Ramos a cartoon character named
ABS-CBN 2, RPN 9, and IBC 13 were also
Kenkoy, published in January 11, 1929 issue in
sequestered by the government but also these
Liwayway. Komiks continued to flourish in
times amid the repressive political environment,
succeeding decades until its decline in the early
the film industry flourished, with notable
2000s.
filmmakers producing what may be considered as
the best Philippine cinema.
Post-Martial Law Period:
- People Power Revolution of 1986 proved beneficial The Philippine media have evolved through many
to the media industry as censorship was lifted and difficulties brought by colonization, wars and
the freedom of expression, of speech and of press political struggles. Although Filipinos lag behind
were reinstituted. Democracy was reestablished other Asian countries in terms of infrastructure
and media institutions were once again thriving. and technologies, this did not limit their capacity
- Internet was first made available in the Philippines to acquire and utilize various forms of media. In
on March 29, 1994 through connection made by terms of governance, especially in a democratic
Benjie Tan at a PLDT network center in Makati society, communication and media play important
City. roles in ensuring that people are able to voice out
- Today, there are 44.2 million active internet users redresses and grievances, and provide citizens the
in the country, representing 44% of the total information they need. Repression during the
population estimated at 101 million. Interestingly, Spanish, American, Japanese and Martial Law
there are 114.6 million mobile subscriptions in the periods paved the way for alternative media,
country as of 2015, which is more than the total which catered to the people’s desire for unbiased
Filipino population. This only means that many and free information.
Filipinos own more than one mobile phone,
Source:
reflecting their need to have greater access to
Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century
information. page 1 – 21.
- Consequently, many government agencies and
private entities are now using the power of mobile
technologies and the internet in communicating
and transacting with their clients. Scheduling of
passport applications are done online; e-
commerce and online shopping have become a
trend; and even complaints and customer
feedback are taken through text messaging, social
media monitoring (on Facebook and Twitter) and
e-mail.