MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Experiment No. 4
HEAT EXCHANGER

Evangelio, Joram M. Date Performed: June 18, 2024

2021103843 Date Submitted: June 25, 2024
ME144L-2 / E01
Group 1

ENGR. TEODULO VALLE

INSTRUCTOR
GRADE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Objectives 1
Theories and Principles 1
List of Apparatus 3
Procedure 4
Set-up of Apparatus 5
Final Data Sheet 6
Sample Computations 7
Test Data Analysis 11
Questions and Answers 12
Conclusion 13
Recommendation 14
References 15
Preliminary Data Sheet 16

i
OBJECTIVE
● To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of brass tubing operating at parallel and
counter flow using steam as the medium.

THEORY AND PRINCIPLE

A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between one or more fluids. The fluids
may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing, or they may have indirect contact. They are
widely utilized in a variety of applications, including space heating, refrigeration, air
conditioning, power plants, chemical and petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas
processing, and sewage treatment. The basic example of a heat exchanger is seen in an internal
combustion engine, where a circulating fluid known as engine coolant passes through radiator
coils while air flows past the coils, cooling the coolant and heating the incoming air.

Figure 1. Example of a Heat Exchanger System

A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment designed to efficiently transfer heat from one
medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid wall to avoid mixing, or they may be
in direct touch. They are commonly used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power
plants, chemical and petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing, and
sewage treatment. The basic example of a heat exchanger is seen in an internal combustion
engine, where a circulating fluid known as engine coolant passes through radiator coils while air
flows past the coils, cooling the coolant and heating the incoming air.

The Formulas used in the experiment:

1
 A mechanical device called a heat exchanger transfers heat from one or more from one
fluid to another. A sturdy wall might separate these working fluids such that they will be
rendered incapable of blending together. It is common to encounter this equipment in companies
that use sewage, power plants, chemical plants, air conditioning, and space heating treatments.
These components are frequently encountered in internal combustion engines with functional A
fluid that may be referred to as engine coolant passes through the radiator's coils. As well as runs
across these coils, cooling the coolant and heating the air that passes through.

Heat exchangers have points at each of their surfaces with various specific temperatures,
much like any other thermodynamic apparatus. These sites might be fluid to tube or fluid to
fluid, among others. Even if this is the case, it should be emphasized that the only locations
where the temperature differences may be readily observed are the intake and outflow of the heat
exchangers. As a result, it should be highlighted that having an expression that includes the
average or mean temperature differential between the intake and output temperatures is
desirable.

It can be demonstrated that the average temperature difference is also the logarithmic
mean of the two temperature differences using the integration of the parallel flow and counter
low if the values of the substance's specific heat and film coefficient are constant. The extreme
extremities of the heat exchangers are where the two temperature disparities may be measured.
The equation below shows how the variables relate to one another.

2
LIST OF APPARATUS

1. Heat Exchanger Piping system (L = 5. Thermometer bulb (4pcs)

10.26 m and D0 = 0.0381 m)

6. Steel Tape

2. Steam Boiler

7. Steel Drums

3. Steam Injector

8. Asbestos Gloves
4. Flow Meter (Rotameter)

3
PROCEDURES

Parallel Flow:
1. Set the heat exchanger piping system so that the parallel flow will take effect.
2. Put the thermometer bulb in their proper places for temperature readings.
3. Open the steam injector valve and let the hot fluids flow continuously inside the brass
tubing.
4. While the hot water is flowing, set the flow meter of the cooling water at 5 gallons
per
5. minute by throttling the exit valve as trial 1.
6. After the system has been set-up, start the timer and time the trial for 3 minutes.
7. 30 seconds before the duration ends, obtain the temperature readings.
8. After the duration of the trial, close the injector valve.
9. For trial 2, set the flow meter at 10 gallons per minute and repeat the step-by-step
procedures.
Counter Flow:
1. Set the piping system so that counter flow will take effect.
2. Put the thermometer bulb in their proper places for temperature readings.
3. Open the steam injector valve and let the hot fluids flow continuously inside the brass
tubing.
4. While the hot water is flowing, set the flow meter of the cooling water at 5 gallons
per
5. minute by throttling the exit valve as trial 1.
6. After the system has been set-up, start the timer and time the trial for 3 minutes.
7. 30 seconds before the duration ends, obtain the temperature readings.
8. After the duration of the trial, close the injector valve.
9. Complete all necessary requirements needed to complete the data sheet.

4
SET-UP OF APPARATUS

Figure 2. Set-up of Apparatus Figure 3. Drum Measurement

Figure 4. Measurement of Temperature of Figure 5. Heat Exchanger Pipe

mixture Measurement

5
 FINAL DATA SHEET

L= 10.26 m
D= 0.0381 m

TRIAL FLOW Thin Thout Twin Twout Vflow mw Qm LMTD U

(oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) gpm Kg/S W (oC) (W/m^2-
o
C)

PARALLEL 68 45 32 41 5 0.3154 1189 14.56 663.59

1
COUNTER 68 43 32 43 5 0.3154 1453 17.05 692.56

PARALLEL 61 41 32 38 6.3 0.4 1005 11.46 712.98

2
COUNTER 65 41 32 40 6.8 0.43 1440 15 747.55

6
COMPUTATIONS

Solving for Mass:

3 3
𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚
5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
* 264.2𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
* 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
= 0. 000315 𝑠

3 3
𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚
6. 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
* 264.2𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
* 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
= 0. 000397 𝑠
3 3
𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚
6. 8 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
* 264.2𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
* 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
= 0. 000429 𝑠

Using 1000 kg/^3 as density of water. Reciprocate it to determine the specific volume
3
𝑚
𝑉 0.000315 𝑠
𝑚= 𝑣𝑓
= 𝑚
3 = 0. 315 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
0.001 𝑘𝑔

3
𝑚
𝑉 0.000397 𝑠
𝑚= 𝑣𝑓
= 𝑚
3 = 0. 397 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
0.001 𝑘𝑔
3
𝑚
𝑉 0.000429 𝑠
𝑚= 𝑣𝑓
= 𝑚
3 = 0. 429 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
0.001 𝑘𝑔

Solving for Q:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑇

(
𝑄1(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = 0. 3154 )(4. 187 )(41 − 32) = 11. 8872
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
𝑘𝑗
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑗
𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊

𝑄 (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = (0. 3154 )(4. 187 )(43 − 32) = 14. 5264

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑗
1 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊

𝑄 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = (0. 3974 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)(4. 187 )(38 − 32) = 10. 05

𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑗
2 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊

𝑄 (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = (0. 4290 𝑘𝑔/𝑠)(4. 187 )(40 − 32) = 14. 40

𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑗
2 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊

7
Solving for LMTD:

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥−∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = (61 − 41) = 20 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = (38 − 32) = 6

(61−32)−(45−41)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = = 11. 46°𝐶
𝑙𝑛( 61−32
45−41 )

𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = 11. 46°𝐶

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = (65 − 41) = 24 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = (40 − 32) = 8

(41−32)−(65−40)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = = 15°𝐶
𝑙𝑛( 41−32
65−40 )
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 15°𝐶

8
∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = (68 − 32) = 36 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = (45 − 41) = 4

(68−32)−(45−41)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = = 14. 5638°𝐶
𝑙𝑛 ( 68−32
45−41 )

𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = 14. 5638°𝐶

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = (68 − 43) = 25 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = (43 − 32) = 11

(68−43)−(43−32)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = = 17. 0528°𝐶
𝑙𝑛( 68−43
43−32 )
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 17. 0528°𝐶

9
Determination of U
𝐴 = π𝐿𝐷
(
𝐴 = π(10. 26 𝑚) 1. 5 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ *
0.0254 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ ) = 1. 23𝑚 2

𝑞
μ= 𝐴
(𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷)
10050𝑊
µ1(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = 2 (11. 46 𝐶) = 712. 98 W/m^2- oC
1.23 𝑚
14400 𝑊
µ1(𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 2 (15 𝐶) = 747. 55 W/m^2- oC
1.23 𝑚

11887𝑊
µ2(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) = 2 (14. 5638 𝐶) = 663. 59 W/m^2- oC
1.23 𝑚
14526 𝑊
µ2(𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 2 (17. 0528 𝐶) = 692. 56 W/m^2- oC
1.23 𝑚

10
TEST DATA ANALYSIS

The objective of the experiment is to determine the coefficient of the overall heat transfer
of the brass tubing operation in two different flows. The values of the temperatures of the cooling
water and the working fluid are determined by using the thermometer bulbs. After determining
the, these values are then subjected to different formulas in order to determine the missing values
in the table of data.

The average of the temperature of water is determined and then by using the steam table,
its corresponding specific volume is determined. This value was then reciprocated to determine
the density of water in that specific temperature. By using it and the volume flow that was already
given, the mass was then obtained. After which, the heat is obtained as the necessary properties
are already determined. It can be seen in the data that as the trials were conducted, the
temperature increased. It was also note sharing that the heat in the counter flow is higher than in
the parallel flow. The Logarithmic mean temperature difference was then determined and it can
be seen that counter flow also has a higher LMTD compared to the parallel flow.

As seen on the data recorded, we can see that the overall heat coefficient show that a
counter flow consistently yields a larger value, and that the values of the overall heat coefficient
rise with an increase in volumetric flow rate. The mass flow rate for the counterflow and parallel
can be seen that it has similar values. Human error may occur in the calculation.

With the data computation done, we can see that the lab experiment's objectives are
reflected in the data, various measurement devices and equipment were used to determine the data
however as it was only discussed it is recommended to do the experiment hand on. The
thermometer bulbs are used to calculate the temperatures of the working fluid and the
coolingwater. After the given values are found, it is then put through several formulas to identify
themissing values in the data table,

11
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What are the main types of heat exchangers?

Heat exchangers are divided into four categories: shell-and-tube, plate,
finned-tube, and double-pipe. Each type has a distinct design and use, catering to specific
needs across sectors.

2. How does a shell-and-tube heat exchanger work?

In a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, one fluid runs through a series of tubes, while
another flows over the tubes within a shell. Heat is transferred from one fluid to another
via the tube walls. This design promotes effective heat exchange and is widely employed
in industrial operations and HVAC systems.

3. What is the importance of fouling in heat exchangers?

Fouling is the collection of undesirable deposits on heat exchanger surfaces, which
reduces their efficiency over time. Impurities in the fluids, scaling, or biological growth
are all possible causes. Regular maintenance and cleaning are required to prevent fouling
and maximize heat transfer performance.

4. How do heat exchangers contribute to energy efficiency?

Heat exchangers improve energy efficiency by recovering and recycling heat from
diverse operations. For example, in an industrial context, waste heat from one process
might be used to warm fluids in another, lowering overall energy usage and increasing
efficiency.

5. What factors should be considered in selecting a heat exchanger for a specific

application?
Temperature and pressure requirements, fluid characteristics, space limits, and
desired heat transfer efficiency are all important considerations. The material for the heat
exchanger must also be compatible with the properties of the fluids being treated and the
environmental circumstances.

12
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the experiment's stated objective, which is to familiarize ourselves with a

heat exchanger and it can be concluded that using just four temperature readings and a volumetric
flow measurement, the coefficient of total heat transfer may be calculated. Another conclusion
that can be drawn from the data is that there is an observation since the values for Qw, LMTD,
and coefficients for the counter flow are substantially higher than those for the parallel flow.
The experiment examined the overall heat transfer coefficient of tubing when operated in
parallel and counterflow. The experimental results indicate that the amount of heat transmission is
greater in counter flow than in parallel flow, as evidenced by the higher heat transfer coefficient.
As a result, counter flow heat exchangers outperform parallel flow heat exchangers in terms of
heat removal or absorption. The experimental findings also show that the heat transfer coefficient
is dependent on the fluid flow rate, with a higher flow rate yielding a larger coefficient.
It can be concluded that the determination of the coefficient of overall heat transfer can be
done with only four temperature values and a volumetric flow value. It can also be concluded that
there is an observation in the data acquired as the Qw, LMTD, and the coefficient values of the
counter flow is much larger compared to the values of the parallel flow.

13
RECOMMENDATION

The experiment aims to determine the coefficient of the overall heat transfer that occurs in
a brass tubing operation. The experiment should be done with fully equipped safety materials and
equipment so that the operation can be done successfully. Also, it can also be noted that to use the
AMTD and LMTD on any occasion so that one can see what the values obtained differs to each
other when the two equations are used. Lastly, in order to fully understand and use the equations
of LMTD and AMTD well, please illustrate a graph so that it can be illustrated and much more
easier to understand.
To ensure that the temperature of the mixture stays constant, start recording the
temperature readings at the conclusion of the two-minute duration, preferably in the last second.
Wear the proper clothing when operating, especially when measuring the mixture's temperature,
to prevent heat-related injuries. To ensure their safety throughout the experiment, I strongly
advise the students to wear the appropriate protective gear. This might also stop injuries caused
by hot equipment. There should be more information provided, such as boiler operation
instructions. The students may find this useful in their future careers.
Therefore, as the data analysis showed the following result, I recommend considerably
higher-quality measuring equipment for such an experiment. In order to avoid errors affecting the
accuracy of the data, measurements should be taken with great care and accuracy, especially
analog ones. It is also recommended to use the standard unit measurement within calculation for
accuracy and lower tolerance of change while converting numbers. It is also recommended to
have an accurate measurement to use multiple trials in gathering the data and It should be
emphasized that the AMTD and LMTD should always be used together so that the results of the
two equations may be compared to determine how they differ from one another. Last but not
least, create a graph to depict the LMTD and AMTD equations in order to make them more
understandable and effective to employ

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REFERENCES

Ronquillo R. (2023). THOMAS publishing co. Understanding Heat Exchangers. Retrieved from:
https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/process-equipment/understanding-heat-exchangers/
Heat Transfer Coefficient. Retrieved
from:https://www.thermopedia.com/:https://www.thermopedia.com/content/841/

Standard Heating & Air Conditioning. (2018, March 19). What Is a Heat Exchanger and How
Does It Work? Retrieved from:
https://www.standardheating.com/blog/2018/march/ask-the-expert-what-is-a-heat-exchanger-

Çengel, Y. A., Cimbala, J. M., & Turner, R. H. (2017). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences
(5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.Kurganov, V. (n.d.).

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