Physical Quantities and Measurement ‘Theme : In the earlier classes, teaching-learning emphasised on the measurement of length, mass, time and temperature using devices made for such measurements and how a particular unit and symbol is used to express the result of measurement of each physical quantity. In continuity, this theme aims at enabling children to develop the ability to measure volume and determine the density of a regular solid. They will be introduced to the concept of speed, that contains simple problems to get an idea of the speed of objects around them and also to know how fast or slow an object is moving. 4 4 PRM define volume; express volume of an object in a proper unit with proper symbols; measure volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder and a graduated beaker; estimate the area of an object of irregular shape using a graph paper; measure the volume of an irregular solid using a graduated cylinder/a graduated beaker; define density and write its formula; express density in a proper unit and symbol; measure density of a regularfirregular solid express result of measurement in a proper unit with proper symbol; define speed and write its formula; express speed in proper units with proper symbol; solve simple numerical problems based on formula of density and speed. Physical Quantities and Measurement ey LEARNING OBJECTIVES Demonstration of graduated cylinder and graduated beaker Explanation of the process of measurement of volume Explaining the use of graph paper to measure area of irregular shape objects Explanation of the process of measuring density of a regular solid Explanation of the concept of speed with ‘examples from daily life Explaining calculation of speed Engaging children in activities involving measurement of volume, area and density. Engaging children in solving simple Problems involving the concept of density and speed.Its_S.1. unit is kelvin (symbol_K), Other common units are °C and °F It is measured using a thermometer. KNOWING CONCEPTS, urement af volume (3D concept) = Concept of unit valu In this chapter, we shall study the measurement of volume, density and speed, asurement of area ‘imate the area of irregular shape objetes ising a graph paper Note : S.1. is the short form of Standard. > Measurement of density of regular solids : Internationale, i.e. S.1. unit is the unit accepted * Basic concept * Formula internationally. + Simple Numericals (SI units not required) > Calculation of speed : MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME = Basic concept * Formula We have read that matter occupies space. + Simple Numericals (SI units not required). Alll solids, liquids and gases occupy space. INTRODUCTION The space occupied by an objects] In class VI, we learnt the measurement _|_called its volume. of four basic quantities in our daily_life, namely length, mass, time and temperature. This can be demonstrated by the following i isc activity. _ magnitude of the quantity is expressed as Take a glass tumbler, Paste a paper strip on it Magnitude = number of times the unit is | & shownin Fig. 1.1. Poursome waterin the tumbler. ee the strip as A. Take a piece Bat of stone and tie it with a string. LengiW’ is the distance between two points, Its S.I. unit is metre (symbol m). It is measured with the help of a metr measuring tape. — Mésilis the quantity of matter contained in the body, Its S.1. unit is kilogram (symbol kg). It is measured using a beam balance or _an electronic balance, a event. Its S.J. unit s second (symbol s). It is measured with the help of a pendulum clock. or a watch and for short.time intervals we a stop-clock or stop watch, Temperature is_a quantity which measures the hotness_or col Suspend the stone pie the tumbler, You will obser Water has risen, Mark the new wate suggests that the piece of St equal to its volume becausa & If we say that a brick is bigger than a match box, we mean that the volume occupied by the brick is more than that occupied by the match box. Similarly if we say that a school hall is bigger than a class-room, we mean that the volume of air in the empty hall is more \} than that in the empty class room. Sd. unit of volume oy G7 The S.1. unit of volume is_eul metre. One cubic metre is the volume of a cube with each side 1 metre long as shown in Fig. 1.2. ie., Im=lmximxim ) a n irregular object ‘MEASURMENT OF VOLUME OF A LIQUID oe (1) By using a measuring cylinder is_used in a id. For this, proceed as follows : 'Y Take a measuring cylinder. Wash it with water and dry it. WW Place the measuring cylinder on a flat surface and then pour the given liquid completely into the measuring cylinder gently so that no liquid splashes out of the cylinder. Fig. 1.6 Measuring the volume of a tiquid by a measuring cylinder {Concise PHYSICS — Middle Schoo!Gil Wait for sometime till the liquid becomes stationary in the cylinder. You will notice that the meniscus (i.e., upper surface) of liquid is curved when the iquid becomes stationary. ivy Read the level of liquid in the measuring cylinder by keeping your eye horizontally in line with the lower surface of liquid as shown in Fig. 1.6. In Fig. 1.6., the reading is 70 mL. Thus, the volume of the given liquid is 70 mL. (2) By using a measuring beaker A measuring beaker is used to measure a fixed volume of liquid from a large volume, Suppose it is required to measure 500 mL of milk from the milk contained in a bucket. For this, take the measuring beaker of capacity 500 mL. Wash it and dry it. Then, immerse the measuring beaker well inside the milk contained in the bucket so that the beaker gets completely filled with the milk. Take out the measuring beaker from the bucket gently so that no milk splashes out and then pour the milk from the measuring beaker into another empty vessel. MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME OF REGULAR OBJECTS The volume of a regular object is measured by finding its three dimensions he, length, breadth, height or radius and then using the following relations as applicable : { Nolume of a cube = (one side)? 2¢ Volume of a cuboid = length x breadth x height A . Volume of aAphere 5 a x (radius)? . Volume off cylindgt = 1x (radius)? x height Physical Qdantities and ‘Measurement }—— x one = > 3 ‘Volume (radius)? x height where/t = 3-14 o1 re. fF MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME OF AN IRREGULAR BODY The volume of a solid of irregular shape can be measured by using a measuring cylinder by the method of displacement of liquid. Each body occupies space equal to its own volume. Therefore, if a body of irregular shape is immersed in a liquid, it displaces the volume of liquid equal to its own volume so as to occupy the space of liquid. Thus Volume of a body of irregular shape = Volume of liquid displaced by the body when it is immersed completely into the liquid. To find the volume of the displaced liquid, we note the initial level of liquid in the measuring cylinder and then the level of liquid after immersing the given body completely into the liquid inside the measuring cylinder. The difference in the final level from the initial level, gives the volume of the liquid displaced which is equal to the volume of the given irregular body. This can be demonstrated by the following activity. ‘To measure the volume of a piece of stone. Take a piece of stone, a measuring cylinder, fine thread of suftic Pl nt length and some water, ‘measuring cylinder on a flat horizontal surface and fill it partially with water, Note the reading V, of the water level very carefully, Now tie the piece of stone with a thread and dip it completely into water (Fig 1,7), We see that the level of water rises, Note the reading V, of the new water level. The —_—Fig. 1.7 Measuring the volume of a piece of stone (an irregular object) difference in the two levels of water gives the volume of the piece of stone. Initial level of water V, = 60 mL Level of water when stone is immersed V, = 80 mL Volume of water displaced = V,~ V, = 80 mL - 60 mL =20mL ~. Volume of the piece of stone = 20cm? = Note: | mL =1 cm}. Note : The volume of an empty vessel like a bottle, can be found by filling it completely with water and then pouring the water in a clean measuring cylinder. AREA We have learnt in class VI that the surface occupied by an object is called its area. The S.L. unit of area is square metre (symbol m2), It is equal to the area of a square of side I m. ie, ‘ Im=Imxim To express the area of a play ground, a football field, a village or a town, squa is a small unit, The bigger un of area are square decametre (or are), hectare and square kilometre. One afe is the area of a square with each side measuring 10 m. ie., 1 are = 10 mx 10 m= 100 m? One hectare is the_area of a square with each side measuring 100 m. ie., 1 hectare = 100 m x 100 m ~ = (10,000 m?) = 104 m? = 100 ares the area of a square with each side measuring 1km. ie., Lkm? = 1 km x 1 km = 1000 m x 1000 m= 10% On the other hand, to express the area of small objects like pencil, rubber etc., square metre is a big unit. The smaller units of area are square centimetre (symbol cm?) or square millimetre (symbol mm?). 1 lem? =1 cmx 1 om= —mx — m? =1omx Lem= Homx Tom = 104 m2 i 1 2 = = aie 1 mm? = 1 mm x1 mm = F555 Mx Toop M = 10% m’. °Thus, the units of area are related as " Measurement of area of regular objects The area of a regular object can be found by measuring the two dimensions ie., length, breadth or radius of the object and using the following relations as applicable \ Area of a square = (one side)? ~Area of a rectangle = length x breadth Area-ofa-eirctes=1-x-(radius)~ 6 ————__—_______________ Concise PHYSICS — Middle School—7 aSurface area ef ac} ter \ oe » Giadius)% length face Neva of a pe ae (rddius)? 34 or aN t= 7" Measurement of area of an irregular object To estimate the area of an irregular object (lamina), graph paper is used. Graph paper : It is a sheet of paper on which horizontal and vertical lines are ruled at a regular interval of | mm. The lines showing the spacing of 1 cm between them, are made thick. Then the area of one big square becomes 1 cm x lem = 1 cm? while the area of one small square is 1 mm x 1 mm = | mm?, The graph paper is shown in Fig. 1.8. Procedure : First, place the lamina over a graph paper and draw its boundary line on the graph paper with a pencil. Then remove the lamina and count and note the number of complete squares as well as the number of squares half and more than half within the boundary line (only the squares less than half, are left while counting). The area of lamina is equal to the sum of the areas of complete squares and that of squares half and more than half. Let m be the total number of complete and more than half or half squares within the boundary of lamina. Since area of one big square is 1 cm x Icm = | cm’, so the area of Jamina will be n x 1 cm? or n cm’. This can be explained by the following activity. Place an irregular object on a graph sheet, Draw an outline of the object and remove count the . Then, count the number ch are half and more than half (within the outline). Ignore the squares which are less than half (within the outline). The sum of the areas of the number of complete squares and the number of incomplete squares gives the approximate area of the irregular object. tom es Fig. 18 tom In Fig. 1.8, No. of complete squares marked as (V) = 4 No. of incomplete squares marked as (* Total number of squaresn = 44+4=8 Area of irregular object = 8 x1 cm? = 8cm? ‘The approximate area of the given object is 8 cm? ‘You may be asked to find the volume of an irregular sheet of finite thickness. For this, find the area by using the graph paper and thickness by metre ruler. Then, use the relation {__ Volume = area x thickness. DENSITY Each body has a certain ma definite volume. Experimentally it is observed that (1) Equal masses of different substances have different volumes, . and_Lkg of cotton will have different volumes and (2) Equal volumes of different substances have different masses, ¢ iron and wood (1 em x Lem x 1 em dimensions) will weigh differently. and a Physical Quantities and Measurement }———_$S$>_AiwwacaHoo>w ma(1) Equal masses of different substances hav different volumes : This can be understood by the following simple activity. ACTIVITY 4 Take a common beam balance. Place a one kg piece of iron (ora weight of mass | kg) in one pan of the beam balance and sugar in the other pan. Adjust the amount of sugar to balance the beam, Now take them out and look at the one kg piece of iron and the one kg of sugar. You will notice that one kg of iron occupies less space (i.e, it has less volume) as compared to one kg of sugar, as shown in Fig. 1.9. Thus, equal masses of iron and sugar have different volumes. Fig. 1.9 Equal masses of iron and sugar have different volumes (2) Equal volumes of different substances have different masses : This can be understood by the following activities. Take four cubes of same size, but made of different substances such as iron, aluminium, glass and wood. Label these cubes as A, B, C and D respectively. Since all the cubes are of the same size, they have equal volume. Now take a common beam balance. Place the Fig. 1.10 Mass of iron cube is more than the mass of aluminium cube of same volume SIRs iron cube A in one pan and the aluminium cube B in the other pan as shown in Fig. 1.10. You will notice that the mass of iron cube A is more than that of the aluminium cube B. Now compare the masses of the aluminium cube B and the glass cube C as shown in Fig. 1.11. You will notice that the mass of aluminium cube B. is more than that of the glass cube C. Fig. 1.11 Mass of aluminium cube is more than the mass of glass cube of same volume Then compare the masses of the glass cube C and the wooden cube D as shown in Fig. 1.12. You will notice that the mass of glass cube Cis more than that of the wooden cube D. Fig. 1.12 Mass of glass cube is more than the mass of wooden cube of same volume Thus, equal volumes of different substances iron, aluminium, glass and wood have different masses. p> Genny 6) ——§$¢m Take a common beam balance and wo identical tumblers A and B. Fill one tumbler A completely with water and the other tumbler B with milk. Place tumbler A in the right pan and the other tumbler B in the left pan of the beam balance as shown in Fig. 1.13. You will notice that the mass of tumbler B containing milk is more than the mass of tumbler A containing water. Since the two [Concise PHYSICS — Middle School —Fig. 1.13 Equal volumes of milk and water have different masses. (Mass of milk is more than the mass of water) tumblers are identical, they contain equal volumes of milk and water, but they are different in their masses, ‘Thus, equal volumes of milk and water have different masses. In general we can say that equal volumes of different substances have different masses. From the above activities, it is noted that, (i) One kg of sugar occupies more volume than one kg of iron, so we say that iron is denser than sugar. In other words, the particles of iron are closely packed while those of sugar are loosely packed. (ii) The mass of iron cube is more than the mass of identical aluminium cube, so we say that_iron_is denser than aluminium. veh sie (iii) The mass of aluminium cube is mor: than the mass of identical glass cube, i.e., aluminium is denser than glass. oer (iv) The mass of glass cube is more than the mass of identical wooden cube, so glass is denser than wood. (v) Acertain volute 6f milk has more than an equal volume of water, so milk is denser than water. Thus, to distinguish between different substances, we use a term called density. Physical Quantities and Measurement Dat jon of density : °(\ The density of a substance is defined as _ the mass of a unit volume of that s ibstance. If a volume V of a substance has a mass M, the density d of the substance is given as : Mass Phensity = Fare oF d Examples : (i) The mass of an iron cube of volume 10 cm? is found to be 78 g. Be 10cm =78 gcm> (ii) The mass of I cm? of waters 1 g, hence Therefore, density of iron density of water = 125 = 1 cm?: lem’ Note : The density of a substance does not change with the change in its shape or size. Units of density : Unit of density = —Usitof mass_ Unit of volume The S.1. unit of mass is kilogram (symbol _kg) and_of volume i ic_metre (symbol kg ; Therefore S.I. unit of density is = or m 2) and of volume is re (syimBol cm’). Therefore, the C. G of density is 5, org cm. ‘em’ 8 S Relationship between kg m-* and g em~ We know that | kg = 1000 g eae aby ci 7 ke: and 1m} =(100 em)? = 100 x 100 x 100 em? 0,00,000 cm> 000 kg m3 1,000 kg m3 Know?) |. The density of almost all solids, liquids and gases decreases with the increase in temperature, because they all expand on heating with the exception of water. ‘Water contracts on heating from 0°C to 4°C and expands on heating above 4°C. 2.The density of water is maximum at 4°C. It decreases when it is cooled from 4°C to 0°C oF it is above 4°C. DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF REGULAR SOLIDS To find the density of a regular solid by mass (M Ds volume(V) using the formula, density (d) = we proceed as follows : (J) Using « beam balance, measure the mass M of the solid (2) Using the metre ruler, measure the length, breadth and height of the regular solid and find the volume (V) using the relation V = length x breadth x height. Once we know the mass (M) and volume (V), the density is calculated using the relation TERMINATION OF DENSITY OF AN IRREGULAR SOLID To determine the density of an irregular solid (such as a coin or a piece of stone), we have to measure its mass and volume. For this, proceed as follows : 1. Measure the mass of the given solid using a beam balance. Let the mass be M gram, 2. To measure the volume of the solid, we use displacement method. For this, take a measuring cylinder. Fill it partly with water as shown in Fig. 1.14(a). 3. Note the level of water. Let it be V, mL. 4. Now tie the given solid with a thread and gently immerse the solid in water contained in the measuring cylinder as shown in Fig. 1.14 (b). Take care that no water splashes out. Note the level of water again. Let it be V, mL. Water @ ” Fig. LIS Determination of volume of a solid 5. ind the difference V,— V, which gives the volume (V) of the solid V=(V,—V,) crm (since Lml. Vom’), —{Concise PHYSICS -6. Then calculate the density of the solid by! using the following relation : Mass _ M Volume ~ DETERMINATION OF vaRSY OFALIQUID To determine the density of a liquid (say, milk), follow the procedure given below : Take a beaker. Measure the mass of the empty beaker using a common beam balance. Let the mass be M, gram, Now take a measuring cylinder and pour milk into it to a certain level say 50 mL. Thus, volume of milk, V = 50 cm? (since ImL= lcm). 3. Transfer the milk into the empty beaker. Measure its mass again. Let its ma M, gram. 4. The difference between M, and M, will give the mass M of the milk. Thus, mass of the milk M = (M, ~ M,) gram. Let M=5I-5 gram. Density = y gen" v 5. Calculate the density of milk using the following relation : Density = MM goad ensity = Volume . = 2582103 gen = 50 em Different substances have different densities. The table given alongside gives the densities of some common substances. pressure, makes use of mercury because of its high density. Physical Quantities and Moasurement |— ‘Table : Densities of some common substances a ui Density Csiistanees oa | in kgm Solid 1. Cork 025 250 2, Wood 07 700 0.92 920 1.97 1,970 27 2,700 78 7,800, 7. Brass 84 8,400 8. Silver 10-3 10,300 9. Lead 5 11,500 Liquid 1. Alcohol 08 800 ‘2. Water (at 4°C) 1-0 1,000 3. Milk 1-03 1,030 4. Mercury 13-6 13,600 SPEED In class VI, we have learnt that a body is said to be at rest when it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings, while a body is said to be in motion when it changes its position with respect to its surroundings When a body is in motion, the length of path travelled by it in a certain time is called the distance moved by it in that duration. This is expresed in the unit metre (symbol m). We see many moving objects To find which one is moving measure the distance travelled by different objects in the same time interval. For example, if we compare the motions ound us. that a car travels more distance than the bullock- cart in the same time interval. So we say that the car moves faster than the bulloc! Similarly, a boy on a bicycle travels a longer: nDdistance than a boy on foot in the same time. Thus, the boy on foot is moving slower than the boy on bicycle. The idea about the motion of a body, that is, how fast or slow it is moving, is obtained by a quantity known as speed. Definition of speed ‘“S’The distance covered or travelled by a body in unit time is called the speed-of-the bod: . Distance travelled NY Time taken Speed is usually denoted by the symbol v. If a body travels a distance D in time 1, then its speed is given as Speed (v) = 2 Speed = Units of Speed In S.1. system, distance is_measured-in metre and time is measured in second,-so the S.I. unit of speed is_metre/second_(read_as metre per second). Its symbol is m s~!, ~ Sometimes, we measure distance in Kilometre and time in hour, then the unit of speed is kilometre per hour (km h-), Relationship between km h7! and m s-1 a 1000 m _ Sm ee 36005 ~ 18s or 3-6 kmh! However, if di ‘ance is measured in centimetre and time in second, then the unit 5 of speed is centimetre per second (in short form, cm s“!), Obviously, 100 cm s*! Im 1. 18kmb! = Sms! 2. The speedometer of yehices such as scooter, sat-etc. shows the speed of the. 12 —___ —_ Note : If distance is measured in km and time in minute, then speed has the unit km min! 1000 ™ _ 16.67 ms! 60s The table below gives approximate speed of some common objects. Table : Approximate speed of some ‘common objects 1 km min! = Speed jObiect inms? inkmi 1. Man while walking f 36 2. Man when running 5 18 3. Bicycle 7 25 4, Scooter i 40 5.Car 14 50 6.Train 7 60 7. Sound 330 1188 8, Light a| | 3x 108 1.08 x 109 SOLVED EXAMPLES 1. A box is of dimensions 2-4 m x 1-0 m x 75 cm. Find the volume of the box. Given ; length 1=2-4 m, breadth b = 1-0 m and height\fr= 75 cm'= 0-75 m. Volume of box V =24mx - Calculate the volume of a book which is 24 cm inert Tem incheigh}, ; Given :1= 24cm, b= 15 cm, h= 1m (a) Volume of book V =x b xh =24em x IS emx Lem = 360m? v (b) Since | em? = 10m 1 1000000 Volume of book V ='360.x.10-° m? \=36 x 1071 Concise PHYSICS: iddle School3. A measuring cylinder contains water to a Total number-of squares n = 14 + 11 =25 level of 22 mL. The water level rises to Area of the square = lent 1 cm = | cm? 30.mL when a piece of copper is ‘Area of lamina = 25 x | cm? = 25:em? completely immersed in it, Find the piece of iron has a volume of 25 cm? volume of copper piece in (a) cm? (b) m3. . i and mass 195 g. Find the density of iron in Given : Initial level of water V,.= 22 mL Final level of water V, = 30 mL. (a) Volume of copper piece V = V, -V, Volume Y= 25 cm? =30mL~22 mL=8 mL mass M Since | mL = lem’, V=8.an3 Density d= ~Chame V Z (b) Since 1 cm? = 10-6 m3 = 1298-78 gem) Volume of copper piece = 8 x 10- m3 25cm! 4. The diameter of a circular park is 30 m,—_-(©) Since mass M195, ¢ = 0:195 kg) 5 out Find its surface area. SSS Volume V = 2a.cmy’ = no on - 8 0.195 ke Given : Diameter = 30 m ; Density d = 25x10 m> Radius r& = x diameter = = x 30 m : =78 x 103 kg m3 Sm _7. The density of silver is 10-3 g em”®. Find the Surface area of circle = m2 when w= 3-14 mass of a silver block of volume 200 cm}, = 3-14 x (15)? = 7065 m? Given : d= 103 g cm3/V = 200 cm3 a lOh golem ent ® The boundary line of an irregular lamina, From relation d = 5 7 on a graph paper is shown in Fig. 1.15. Mass, M= pe aS) Find the approximate area of the lamina. = 103 5 200 ik In Fig. 1.15, the number of complete >| 2.06% = 2,060 g or 2-06 kg 8. The mass of a wooden block is 56 g. If the density of wood is 0-8 ¢ cm”, find the squares = 14 The number of squares more than half'= 11 7 volume of block. 4. tt Perk iakss 7 Given : Mass M = 56 g, 7 Ne | wi Density d= 0-8 g cme d yee Since, d= TAL Ze Vary fe | le af 9. The mass of 1 litre of water is 1 kg. i Find the density of water in (a) g cm, (b) kg me’, Fig. 11S Physical Quantities and Measuremont | 13°Given : Mass M = | kg = 1000 g, volume V = 1 litre = 1000 cm? , j= Mq1000 (a) Density of water d = T= T95 aF F =lgem3 = gir (b) Since 1 g cm = 1000 kg m3 Density of water = 1 x 1000 kg m3 = 1000 kg m3 Alternative method : M=Ikg, V=1 litre = 103 m3 M__tk sens V > 103m? = 10° kg 10. The length, breadth and height of a room are 8 m, 5 m and 3 m respectively. If density of air is 1-29 kg mr, find the mass of air in the room. Given: 1=8m,b=5m,h=3m, density of air d = 1-29 kg m3. Volume of room V =1xbxh =8mx5mx3m TN =120m)-—- | From relation d=). | _M ‘rom r¢ mn Vv : Vpome mass of air M= V x d M = 120 m3 x 1.29 kg m3 = 1548 kg or 11. A copper piece of mass 88 g\ when immersed completely water contained in a measuring cylinder, raises the level of water from 15 mL to 25 mL, = 19 - V Find : Aa) the volume of copper piece and (b) the density of copper. M4 —— Za 13, 14, Given : M = 88 g, V, = 15 mL, V, = 25 mL (a) Volume of copper piece V = V, - V, = 25 mL - 15 mL = 10 mL = 10 cm} (since, 1 mL = 1 cm) M (b) Density of copper d = _ 88g ~ 10cm3 88 gem . Convert the following speeds in m s~!, (a) 3 km min“ and (b) 36 km h~!, 1 (2-3 km mine! = 221009 gy 7 7 60s, (b) 36 km ht = 36x10 = 10 ms", 1S 3 A car travels a distance of 360 km in 3 h, Find the speed of car in m s“!. Given : D = 200 km = 200 x 1000 m 1=3h=3x 60x 60s Distance D timer 200x1000 m 3x60x60 s A cyclist is moving with a speed of 20 km h-!. How long will he take to travel a distance of 1-5 km ? Given : Speed v = 20 km h-!, distance D = 1-5 km Speed V = mst ; . D From relation vy = ~i time taken r= , eB = 00754 OF 39 mnt = 9-075 = 0-075 x 60 x 60 s = 270515. A car travels for 20 min with a constant speed of 54 km he!. Find the distance travelled by the car. Given ; time f = 20 min = 20 x 60 s = 1200 s Speed v = 54 km hr! 54x1000 m 3600 s Sms From relation v= 2 , distance D =v x1 1 or D=15 ms" x 1200s = 18000 m or 18 km. 16. A body A travels a distance 600 m in 1 min while body B travels a distance 1 km in 20 s. Which body moves faster ? Give reason, Given : For body A distance D, = 600 m, time 1, = 1 min = 60 s. D, _ 600m . Speed of body A, (V,)= 7° = Egg =10ms7 For body B distance D, = 1 km = 1000 m, 20s _ 100m ~~ 20s =50ms! Thus, body B moves faster than body A. <. Speed of body B, (V, t > The space occupied by an object is called its volume. > The S.L unit of volume is cubic metre (symbol m*). Other units of volume are cm? and mm?, where 1 em} = 10 m3 and 1 mm? = 10? m> The volume of liquids is expressed in litre (symbol L) and milliitre (symbol mL) where 1. L = 10 m3 = 1000 cm} and 1 mL = 1 cm? ‘The volume of an irregular solid is found by the method of displacement of aliquid using a measuring cylinder | nA ‘The area of an object is the surface occupied by it. ‘The S.1. unit of area is square metre (symbol m?). The S.1. unit of density is ke & Lgem? = 1000kg mm. > Density = sity and its C.GS. unit is gem > The density of a substance does not change with change in its size or shape, $$ Physical Quantities and Mei> The density ofa substance decreases with the increase in its temperature because the substance expands on heating. | Thi 5 liquids and still less in solids for the same rise in temperature. However, when heated from 0°C to 4°C and then decreases on heating above 4°C. > The density of water is maximum at 4°C, equal to 1 g em? or 1000 kg m-*. > Speed is a quantity which tells us about the motion of a body i.e. how fast or slow it is moving. > Speed of a moving body is defined as the distance travelled by it in unit time. Distance travelled by the body D > Speed of = ince traveled by thebody |, D ane Time of travel ° distance D Distance D = speed v x time 1 and time 1= speedy v ‘The S.1. unit of speed is metre per second (symbol m s > Other units of speed are km hr! and cm s where Imst=346 kmh” (or Sms“! = 18 km hr!) Ims A. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (i) both will be same 1. Choose the correct answer from the multiple Gi)_ aluminium will be less than that of brass choices given below. Gi’ aluminium will be more than that of brass (a) One litre is equal to : iv) nothing can be said, () Lem} Gi) Lm (g) A block of wood of density 0-8 g cm” has ‘ iii) 103 cm? 103 m a volume of 60 em’, The mass of block will (b) A metallic piece displaces water of volume be -Ay 15 mL. The volume of piece is : @ 608g Gi) 15g M= xd @AS cm? Gi) 15m NG 48 g (iv) 0013 g Gil) 15% 10° m3 (iv) 15x 10° cm? (h) The correct relation for speed is : (()A piece of paper of dimensions 1-5 m x 20 em (Speed = distance x time has area : ' distance soy’ w ii) 300 em? Wi spe = time i903 (iv) 3000 m> (4) The correct relation i @) d=MxV — (/M=dxv (ii) VedxM (iv) d=M4V (iii) Speed = (iv) Speed = (c) The density of alcohol is 08 g cm”. In S.L. (i) A boy travel: unit, it will be: His speed is , ) 98 kg mr} (i) 0.0008 kg m3 (i) 150m i) 25 mst (iF 800 kgm? (iv) 8x 10? kg me Gii) 25mst dv) 9mst. () The density of aluminium is 2-7 g em and of brass is 8-4 g cm”, Por the same the volume of : G)_ The density of a substance vos With the inerease in the temperature 16\Gid decreases (iv) none of the above (iii), (Gi), (©)-ii), Gi), (Gi, GC) Ans. (a)-fiv), (b)-( (O-Gii), (g) 2. ill in the blanl cy ) em The volume of an irregular solid is (©) Volume of a cube = Cone dd) The area of an imegular lamina is measured by using a Aroha. Mass = density x ao . unit of density is Kal © wo ) (h) (i) Distance travelled D = spas, x time ¢. Ans. (a) 10°, (b) displacement of liquid, (©) (one side)’, (4) graph paper, (e) volume, (f) kg m™, (g) 1000, (h) 10, (i) speed v. 3. Write true or false for each statement (a) The S.1. unit of volume is litre. FaQy,& (b) A measuring beaker of capacity 200 mL can measure only the volume of 200 mL of a liquid. Toast () (d) Equal volumes of two different substances have equal masses. = The Si. unit of density is em 000 ke mr. Tak ©) fy 1 gem = (2) The density of water is maximum at actu (h) The speed 5m sis Tess than 25 km b4y 5, (i) The S.L. unit of speed is m s“!, Tow Ans, True — (b), (c), (1), (g)s (h), False — (a), (d), (e) 4. Match the following : Column A Column B (a) Volume of a liquid gi kg mv (b) Area of a let m? (c) S.1. unit of volum graph paper (a) S.L. unit of density gv) ms! (e) SA. unit of spe ) measuring cylinder Ans. (a)-(v), (biti), (€) ii), (dy), (e)-(iv). Physical Quantities and Measurement |}-—— determined by the method ofdieglacemnertt fe : tei cm? is a smaller unit of area than m*, Js, ug B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, Define the term volume of an object. State and define the S.1. unit of volume. State two smaller units of volume. How are they related to the S.1. unit ? How will you determine the volume of a cuboid ? Write the formula you will use. You are required to take out 200 mL of milk from a bucket full of milk. How will you do it ? Define the term density of a substance. State the S.1. and C.GS. units of density. How are they related ? ‘The density of brass is 8-4 g cm™. What do you mean by the statement ? ‘Arrange the following substances in order of their increasing density : (a) iron (b) cork (@) water (e) mercury. How does the density of water change when = (a) it is heated from 0°C to 4°C, (b) it is heated from 4°C to 10°C ? Write the density of water at 4°C. Explain the meaning of the term speed. Write the S.1. unit of speed. A car travels with a speed 12 ms“, while a scooter travels with a speed 36 km h~', Which of the two travels faster ? (c) brass C. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS |. Name two devices which are used to measure the volume of an object. Draw their neat diagrams, How can you determine the volume of an irregular solid (say a piece of brass) ? Describe in steps with neat diagrams, Deseribe the method in steps to find the area of an irregular lamina using a graph paper. D. NUMERICALS 1. The length, breadth and height of a water tank mand 1-25 m respectively. Calculate ipacity of the water tank in (a) m’ (b) litte. Ans, (a) 15-625 mm (b) 15,625 litre, A solid silver piece is immersed in water contained in a measuring cylinder. The level of water rises from SO mL to 62 mL, Find the volume of silver piece. Ans, 12 em’, ——173. Find the volume of a liquid presemt in a dish of dimensions 10 em x 10. em x Sem. Ans. 500 mL. 4. A rectangular field is of length 60 m and breadth 35 m. Find the area of the field. Ans. 2100 m2 Find the approximate area of an irregular lamina of which boundary line is drawn on the graph Paper shown in Fig, 1.16. below. | E Tom tem Fig. 1.16 Ans, 21 cm? 6. A piece of brass of volume 30 cm? has a mass of 252 g. Find the density of brass in (i) g em™, Gi) kgm. Ans. (i) 8-4 g cm™ (ii) 8400 kg m= 7. The mass of an iron ball is 312 g. The density of iron is 7-8 g cm™. Find the volume of the ball. ‘Ans, 40 cm? 8. Acork has a volume 25 em. The density of cork is 0-25 g cm™, Find the mass of the cork. Ans. 625 g 9. The mass of 5 litre of water is 5 kg. Find the density of water in g cm? Ans. 1 g cm 10. A cubical tank of side 1 m is filled with 800 kg of a liguid. Find : (i) the volume of tank, Gi) the density of liquid in kg m-, Ans. (i) 1 m? (ii) 800 kg m=. 11. A block of iron has dimensions 2 m x 0-5 m * 0-25 m. The density of iron is 7-8 g cm™, Find the mass of block. Ans, 1950 kg 12, The mass of a lead piece is 115 g. When it is immersed into a measuring cylinder, the water evel rises from 20 mL mark to 30 ml. mark. \\ be its density in kg m=? ? Find ; (i) the volume of the lead piece, (ii) the density of the lead in kg m=, Ans. (i) 10 cm? (ii) 11500 kg m3 $3. Yhe density of copper is 8:9 g cm. What will 6 Ans. 8900 kg m3, 14, A car travels a distance of 15 km in 20 minute, Find the speed of the car in (i) km h-!, (ii) ms. Ans. (i) 45 km h"! (ii) 12-5 m st 15. How long a train will take to travel a distance of 200 km with a speed of 60 km h-! ? Ans, 3h 20 min 16. A boy travels with a speed of 10 m s“! for 30 minute. How much distance does he travel ? Ans, 18000 m or 18 km 17. Express 36 km he! in m s Ans. 10 m s+ 18. Express 15 ms"! in kmbhr!. Ans, 54 km br! Crossword Puzzle + Read the clues across and clues downwards and fill up the blank squares Across : “A oO 1. The device i is used to L] H Bet measure the] atmospheric = [|| = LL TTT TT a 3. The areaofa a regular object] q can be found by measuring its 5. The Si. unit of volume is mete. Down : 2. The of a substance does not change with change in its shape or size, 4. The volume of using a graph paper 6. The space occupied by an object Think and Answer + [kg of salt occupies more space than 1 kg of copper. Give reason, . lamina is measured by Take different objects of regular and compare with standard values, IU) T Le heya and irregular shape and determine their respective density 18 ——_____________ anaes BRYSIGS = Middle Scho