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 PMF IAS Test Series for 2025 – Test 01 – Ancient India – 1

Questions and Solutions

1) With reference to the history of ancient India, Utnur, Piklihal and Paiyampalli
were famous:
a) Neolithic settlements in north India
b) Indus Valley deities
c) Neolithic settlements in south India
d) Vedic Rivers

Explanation
• An important group of Neolithic people lived in south India, south of the Godavari River.
• They usually settled on the tops of granite hills or on plateaus near the river banks.
• They used stone axes and also a kind of stone blade.
• Fire baked earthen figurines suggest that they kept a large number of cattle, besides sheep and goats.
• They used stone querns for grinding corn, which shows that they were acquainted with the art of pro-
ducing cereals.
• South India has the large number of Neolithic settlements, because of the easy availability of stone,
with over 850 settlements spread across Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• Some of the important Neolithic sites or those with Neolithic layers that have been excavated include
Maski, Brahmagiri, Hallur, Kodekal, Sanganakallu, Piklihal, and Takkalakota in Karnataka and Pai-
yampalli in Tamil Nadu.
• Utnur is an important Neolithic site in Andhra Pradesh.
• The Neolithic phase in south India seems to have covered the period from about 2400 to about 1000
BC.
Answer: (c) Neolithic settlements in south India | Difficulty Level: Easy

2) Consider the following pairs of archaeological sites and their present-day loca-
tions:

Archaeological Site Present-day Location

1. Burzahom Kashmir Valley

2. Chirand Bihar
 3. Hallur Karnataka

How many of the pair(s) given above is/are not correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Pair 1 is correct
• Burzahom is an archaeological site located in the Kashmir Valley region of Jammu and Kashmir.
• It is known for its Neolithic settlements and has provided valuable insights into the prehistoric cultures
of the region.

Pair 2 is correct
• Chirand is an archaeological site situated in the Saran district of Bihar.
• It is an important site for understanding the early neolithic and chalcolithic cultures in the Gangetic
plains.

Pair 3 is correct
• Hallur in Karnataka is South India's earliest Iron Age site, lies in a semi-arid region with scrub vegeta-
tion, located on the banks of the River Tungabhadra.
Answer: (d) None of the above | Difficulty Level: Hard

3) Arrange the following periods in Indian archaeology chronologically:

1. Neolithic
2. Lower Paleolithic
3. Middle Paleolithic
4. Upper Paleolithic

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1-2-3-4
 b) 2-3-1-4
c) 2-3-4-1
d) 1-2-4-3

Explanation
• The Palaeolithic Age in India is divided into three phases in accordance with the type of stone tools
used by the people and also according to the nature of climatic change.
• The first phase is called Early or Lower Palaeolithic, the second phase is Middle Palaeolithic, and the
third phase is Upper Palaeolithic.
• Lower Paleolithic:
❖ This period may be placed broadly between 600,000 and 150,000 BC.
❖ The Lower Palaeolithic or the Early Old Stone Age covers the greater part of the ice age.
❖ The Early Old Stone Age may have begun in Africa around two million years ago, but in India it is not
older than 600,000 years. This date is given to Bori in Maharashtra, and this site is considered to
be the earliest Lower Palaeolithic site.
❖ People use hand axes, cleavers, and choppers. The axes found in India are more or less similar to
those of western Asia, Europe, and Africa.
❖ Early Old Stone Age sites have been found in the valley of river Son or Sohan in Punjab, now in
Pakistan. Several sites have been found in Kashmir and the Thar desert.
❖ The people of the Lower Stone Age seem to have principally been food gatherers. They took to small
game hunting and lived also on fish and birds.
• Middle Paleolithic:
❖ The second phase may be placed broadly between 150,000 and 35,000 BC.
❖ The Middle Palaeolithic industries were largely based upon flakes or small pieces of stone which
have been found in different parts of India with regional variations. The principal tools comprise
blades, points, borers, and scrapers, all made of flakes.
❖ The artefacts of this age are found at several places on the river Narmada, and also at several places,
south of the Tungabhadra River.
❖ The Belan valley (UP), which lies at the foothills of the Vindhyas, is rich in stone tools and animal
fossils including cattle and deer.
• Upper Paleolithic:
❖ This period spans from around 35,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago.
❖ In the Upper Palaeolithic phase we find around 566 sites in India.
❖ The climate was less humid, coinciding with the last phase of the ice age when the climate became
comparatively warm.
❖ In the world context, it marks the appearance of new flint industries and men of the modern type
(Homo sapiens sapiens).
 ❖ Caves and rock shelters for use by human beings in the Upper Palaeolithic phase have been discov-
ered at Bhimbetka, 45 km south of Bhopal.
❖ An Upper Palaeolithic assemblage, characterized by comparatively large flakes, blades, burins, and
scrapers has also been found in the upper levels of the Gujarat sand dunes.
• Neolithic:
❖ In the world context, the New Stone or the Neolithic age began in 9000 BC.
❖ The people of the Neolithic age used tools and implements of polished stone. Besides polished tools
of stone, they used microlith blades.
❖ The Neolithic settlers were the earliest farming communities.
❖ Neolithic people led a settled life and produced ragi and horse gram (kulathi), and even rice.

Answer: (c) 2-3-4-1 | Difficulty Level: Easy

4) Consider the following statements regarding Neolithic period:

1. The Neolithic era marked the beginning of agriculture, the domestication of animals, and the estab-
lishment of permanent settlements.
2. As a result of agricultural surplus, sizable villages emerged, initiating cultural advancements during
the Neolithic era.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Both statements are correct
• The Neolithic era marked a significant shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agri-
cultural communities.
• This transition enabled humans to cultivate crops and domesticate animals for food and resources.
• Alongside agriculture, the domestication of animals became a fundamental aspect of Neolithic life.
• Early humans domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens for food, labor, and other
resources. This facilitated the transition to a more sedentary lifestyle and provided a stable source of
food and materials.
• The Neolithic people of Balochistan area produced wheat and barley from the outset. They domesti-
cated cattle, sheep, and goats.
• The people of Gufkral, a Neolithic site, practised both agriculture and animal husbandry.
• The advent of agriculture and animal domestication led to profound social, economic, and cultural
changes. It enabled the establishment of permanent settlements, the development of complex social
structures, and the specialisation of labour.
• Surplus food production supported population growth, trade networks, and the emergence of hierar-
chical societies.
• The Neolithic period witnessed the development of new tools and techniques for agriculture and animal
husbandry. This included the use of plows, irrigation systems, crop rotation, and selective breeding
of animals, which improved productivity and efficiency in food production.
• The beginning of agriculture and animal domestication in the Neolithic era marked a crucial turning point
in human history, laying the foundation for the development of civilizations and the rise of urban socie-
ties.

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2 | Difficulty Level: Very Easy

5) “This north-west, Kashmiri Neolithic culture was distinguished by its dwelling

pits, wide range of ceramics, the variety of stone and bone tools, and the com-
plete absence of microliths. Its name literally means ‘the place of birch’, situated
16 km north-west of Srinagar. The Neolithic people lived there on a lake-side in
pits, and probably had a hunting and fishing economy, and seem to have been
acquainted with agriculture. These people used not only polished tools of stone,
but also numerous tools and weapons made of bone.” Which archaeological site
is described in the above passage?
a) Adamgarh
b) Chirand
c) Gufkral
d) Burzahom

Explanation
• In the north-west, Kashmiri Neolithic culture was distinguished by its dwelling pits, wide range of ce-
ramics, the variety of stone and bone tools, and the complete absence of microliths. Its most important
site is Burzahom, which means ‘the place of birch.’
• The people of Burzahom used coarse grey pottery.
• It is interesting that at Burzahom, domestic dogs were buried with their masters in their graves.
o This practice does not seem to be evident in any other Neolithic culture in India.
o The earliest date for Burzahom is about 2700 BC.
• The practice of pit-dwelling also prevailed in Burzahom.
• Gufkral:
 Gufkral is also an important Neolithic site of Kashmir, it lies 41 km south-west of Srinagar.
 The people of Gufkral practised both agriculture and animal husbandry.
  The name Gufkral literally translates into the ‘cave of the potter.’
• Adamgarh:-
❖ It is a mesolithic site in Madhya Pradesh.
❖ Adamgarh in MP and Bagor in Rajasthan provide the earliest evidence for the domestication of
animals in the Indian part of the subcontinent; this could be around 5000 BC.
• Chirand:-
❖ Chirand is an archaeological site situated in the Saran district of Bihar (Saran District), 40 km west of
Patna on the northern side of the Ganges.
❖ Several Chalcolithic sites have been found in the Vindhyan region of Allahabad district.
❖ Chirand is a riverine site, Chirand became important because it was located on the junction of the
Ganges and the Ghaghara, and sites around it seem to have been forested. This is indicated by the
excavation of Neolithic tools in Chirand.
❖ Many of them are made of antler bones which suggest that deer were hunted in the nearby forest.

Answer: (d) Burzahom | Difficulty Level: Hard

6) Consider the following pairs:

Site Significance

1. Adamgarh A riverine site.

2. Chirand Earliest evidence for the domestication of animals.

3. Mehrgarh More advanced people, they produced wheat and barley, and lived in
mud-brick houses.

How many of the above pair(s) is/are correctly matched?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Pair 1 and 2 are not correct
• Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh and Bagor in Rajasthan provide the earliest evidence for the domes-
tication of animals in the Indian part of the subcontinent; this could be around 5000 BC.
• Chirand is a riverine site, situated 40 km west of Patna on the northern side of the Ganges.
• Considerable bone implements are found in Chirand, made of antlers (horn of deer), these implements
have been found in a late Neolithic settlement in an area with about 100 cm rainfall.
• The establishment of the settlement was made possible by the open land available at the junction of four
rivers, the Ganges, Son, Gandak, and Ghaghra and is marked by a paucity of stone tools.
• The bones recovered from Chirand cannot be dated earlier than 2000 BC and possibly belong to the late
Neolithic phase.

Pair 3 is correct
• The Neolithic people of Mehrgarh were more advanced.
• They produced wheat and barley, and lived in mud-brick houses.
• The only known Neolithic settlement in the Indian subcontinent, attributed to 7000 BC, is in Mehrgarh,
which is situated in Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan. Mehrgarh is located on the bank of the Bolan
River in the Kochi plain which is called the ‘breadbasket’ of Baluchistan.
• The settlement lay on the edge of the Indus plains. It is called one of the largest Neolithic settlements
between the Indus and the Mediterranean.
• The Neolithic settlers were the earliest farming communities. They broke the ground with stone hoes
and digging sticks at the end of which ring stones weighing one to half a kilogram were fixed. Besides
polished tools of stone, they used microlith blades.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

7) Which of the following is not correct with respect to Chalcolithic Culture?

a) The Chalcolithic stage is applied to the pre-Harappan phase only.
b) Chalcolithic people mostly used stone and copper objects, but they also occasionally used low grade
bronze and even iron.
c) The Jorwe culture covered modern Maharashtra except parts of Vidarbha and the coastal region of
Konkan.
d) The Chalcolithic people used tiny tools and weapons made of stone in which the stone blades and
bladelets were an important element.

Explanation
• The end of the Neolithic period saw the use of metals. The metal first used was copper, and several
cultures were based on the use of copper and stone implements. Such a culture is called Chalcolithic,
which means the copper–stone phase.
• Technologically, the Chalcolithic stage is applied to the pre-Harappan phase. However, in various parts of
India the Chalcolithic cultures followed the Bronze Age Harappan culture.
• The Chalcolithic people mostly used stone and copper objects, but they also occasionally used low grade
bronze and even iron.
• They were primarily rural communities spread over a wide area with hilly land and rivers. On the other
hand, the Harappans used bronze and had urbanized on the basis of the produce from the floodplains
in the Indus Valley.
• Several Chalcolithic sites, such as Jorwe, Nevasa, and Daimabad in Ahmadanagar district; Chandoli,
Songaon, and Inamgaon in Pune district; and also Prakash and Nasik have been excavated. They all
relate to the Jorwe culture named after Jorwe, the type-site situated on the left bank of the Pravara
River, a tributary of the Godavari.
• The Jorwe culture owed much to the Malwa culture, but it also shared elements of the Neolithic
culture of the south.
• The Jorwe culture, c. 1400 to 700 BC covered modern Maharashtra except parts of Vidarbha and the
coastal region of Konkan.
• Although the Jorwe culture was rural, some of its settlements, such as Daimabad and Inamgaon, had
almost reached the urban stage.

Answer: (a) The Chalcolithic stage is applied to the pre-Harappan phase only. | Difficulty Level: Easy

8) With reference to Ahar, a Chalcolithic site, consider the following statements:

1. Unlike the other contemporary Chalcolithic farming cultures, Ahar virtually used no microlithic tools,
stone axes or blades are virtually absent here.
2. Ahar was situated more or less in the dry zones of the Banas valley in Rajasthan.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 2 is correct
• In south-eastern Rajasthan, two sites, one at Ahar and the other at Gilund, have been excavated. They
lie in the dry zones of the Banas valley.
• These settlements show a large number of copper objects.

Statement 1 is correct
• Unlike the other contemporary Chalcolithic farming cultures, Ahar virtually used no microlithic tools;
stone axes or blades are virtually absent here. Objects relating to it include several flat axes, bangles,
several sheets, all made of copper, although there is also a bronze sheet.
• Copper was locally available. The people of Ahar practised smelting and metallurgy from the very
outset, and the original name of Ahar is Tambavati or a place that has copper.
• The Ahar culture is dated to between 2100 and 1500 BC, and Gilund is considered a regional centre of it.
Gilund shows only fragments of copper, but it had a stone blade industry.
• Most settlements in the Banas valley in Rajasthan are small, but Ahar and Gilund spread over an area of
nearly four hectares.
• The people in Ahar lived in stone houses.

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2 | Difficulty Level: Medium

9) With reference to Chalcolithic age, consider the following statements:

1. People primarily used Iron during this period.
2. Agricultural practices were observed during this period.
3. The Chalcolithic people were generally not acquainted with burnt bricks.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The Chalcolithic Age, also known as the Copper Age or Eneolithic period, represents a transitional
phase between the Neolithic (Stone Age) and the Bronze Age.
• During this period, humans began to use copper alongside stone tools, hence the term ‘Chalcolithic’
which combines the Greek words for copper (chalkos) and stone (lithos).
• Ironworking emerged later, during the subsequent period known as the Iron Age, which followed the
Bronze Age.
• The Iron Age represents a significant technological advancement where humans began to smelt and
forge iron for various tools, weapons, and implements.
• The Chalcolithic people mostly used stone and copper objects, but they also occasionally used low
grade bronze and even iron.

Statement 2 is correct
• Agricultural practices were observed during the Chalcolithic Age.
• The people living in the Chalcolithic Age in south-eastern Rajasthan, western Madhya Pradesh, western
Maharashtra, and elsewhere domesticated animals and practised agriculture.
• While the Chalcolithic period is primarily characterized by the use of copper alongside stone tools, it also
saw the continuation and further development of agricultural practices that had begun in the preceding
Neolithic period.
• During the Chalcolithic Age, communities engaged in agriculture to cultivate crops and rear domes-
ticated animals, contributing to their subsistence and societal development.
• Agricultural practices started in the Neolithic stage itself.

Statement 3 is correct
• The Chalcolithic people were generally not acquainted with burnt bricks, which were seldom used, as in
Gilund around 1500 BC.
• Occasionally their houses were made of mud-brick, but mostly these were constructed with wattle and
daub, and seem to have been thatched houses.
• However, the people in Ahar lived in stone houses.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Medium

10) Consider the following pairs:

Chalcolithic Sites State

1. Jorwe Madhya Pradesh

2. Ahar Rajasthan

3. Gilund Maharashtra

4. Kayatha Madhya Pradesh

Which of the above pair(s) is/are correctly matched?

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 1 and 4 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation
• In India, settlements relating to the Chalcolithic phase are found in southeastern Rajasthan, the western
part of MP, western Maharashtra, and in southern and eastern India.

Pair 2 is correct and 3 is not correct

• In south-eastern Rajasthan, two sites, one at Ahar and the other at Gilund, have been excavated.
• They lie in the dry zones of the Banas valley.
• They show a large number of copper objects.
• Unlike the other contemporary Chalcolithic farming cultures, Ahar virtually used no microlithic tools;
stone axes or blades are virtually absent here.
• Objects relating to it include several flat axes, bangles, several sheets, all made of copper, although there
is also a bronze sheet.
• Since copper was locally available, the people of Ahar practised smelting and metallurgy from the very
outset, and the original name of Ahar is Tambavati or a place that has copper.
• The Ahar culture is dated to between c. 2100 and 1500 BC, and Gilund is considered a regional centre
of it.
• Gilund shows only fragments of copper, but it had a stone blade industry.

Pair 4 is correct
• In western MP or Malwa, Kayatha and Eran have been excavated.
• Malwa-ware characteristic of the Malwa Chalcolithic culture of central and western India is considered
the richest among Chalcolithic ceramics, and some of this pottery and other related cultural elements
also appear in Maharashtra.

Pari 1 is not correct

• The most extensive excavations have taken place in western Maharashtra.
• Several Chalcolithic sites, such as Jorwe, Nevasa, Daimabad in Ahmadanagar district; Chandoli,
Songaon, and Inamgaon in Pune district; and also Prakash and Nasik have been excavated.
• They all relate to the Jorwe culture named after Jorwe, the type-site situated on the left bank of the
Pravara River, a tributary of the Godavari, in Ahmadnagar district.
• The Jorwe culture owed much to the Malwa culture, but it also shared elements of the Neolithic culture
of the south.

Answer: (c) 2 and 4 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

11) Consider the following statements about Chalcolithic social and cultural life:
1. Unlike the Harappan civilisation, there was no fortified settlement at any of the Chalcolithic sites.
2. They domesticated animals primarily for milk and dairy products.
3. The Chalcolithic people living in the black cotton soil areas of central and western India used plough-
ing to practice agriculture intensively.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• There were settlements at Kayatha and Eran in Madhya Pradesh, and at Inamgaon in western Maha-
rashtra, which were fortified.
• Daimabad in the Godavari valley, is the largest of the 200 Jorwe sites discovered so far.
o Daimabad is famous for the recovery of many bronze goods, some of which were influenced by the
Harappan culture.
Statement 2 is not correct
• The Chalcolithic people domesticated cattle, sheep/goats, which were tethered in the courtyard.
• In all probability, the domesticated animals were slaughtered for food and not used for milk and dairy
products.
• The tribal people, such as the Gonds of Bastar, believe that milk is meant only to feed young animals and,
therefore, they do not milk their cattle.
• Consequently, the Chalcolithic people were not able to make full use of the animals.

Statement 3 is not correct

• The Chalcolithic people living in the black cotton soil area of central and western India did not practise
cultivation on any intensive or extensive scale.
• Neither hoe nor plough has been found at Chalcolithic sites.
• They used digging sticks with perforated stone discs tied as weights which could be used in slash–
burn or jhum cultivation.
• It was possible to sow in the ashes with the aid of such a digging stick.
• Intensive and extensive cultivation on the black soil required the use of iron implements which rarely
occured in the Chalcolithic culture.
• The Chalcolithic people living in the red soil areas of eastern India also faced the same difficulty.
• However, they founded the first large villages in peninsular India and cultivated far more cereals than
were known to the Neolithic communities.
• In particular, they cultivated barley, wheat, and lentil in western India, and rice in southern and eastern
India.
• Their cereal food was supplemented by non-vegetarian food.
• In western India, more animal food was consumed, but fish and rice formed important elements in the
diet of eastern India.

Answer: (d) None of the above | Difficulty Level: Medium

12) With reference to Chalcolithic Pottery, consider the following statements:

1. They were the first to use painted pottery in the pre-bronze phase of development.
2. Their pots were meant for cooking, eating, drinking, and storage and they used both the lota and
thali.
3. Their Pottery is Known as the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW).

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are not correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• In the pre-Bronze phase of development, Chalcolithic culture was the first to use painted pottery.
• Wheel-turned black-and-red pots were used by almost all Chalcolithic communities.
• The Ochre-Coloured Pottery (OCP) was also in use.

Statement 2 is correct
• They used pots for cooking, eating, drinking, and storage.
• And they used both the lota and thali even on those days.

Statement 3 is not correct

• Almost all Chalcolithic communities used wheel-turned black-and-red pots 2000 BC onwards.
• Later, they developed Ochre-Coloured Pottery (OCP) culture 2000 and 1500 BC.
• Jodhpura, on the border of Haryana and Rajasthan, evidences the thickest OCP deposits of 1.1 m.
• The Northern Black Polished Ware culture (NBPW/NBP) emerged during the urban Iron Age in the
Indian Subcontinent, spanning approximately from 700 to 200 BC.
• It followed the Painted Grey Ware culture and Black and Red Ware culture.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

13) Consider the following Pairs:

Indus Valley Civilization Site Excavated by

1. Harappa Ravindra Singh Bisht

2. Mohenjo-daro Rakhal Das Banerjee

3. Kot Diji Dr. Fazal Ahmad Khan

4. Juna Khatiya Rajesh S V

How many of the above pair(s) is/are correctly matched?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Pair 1 is not correct
• The urban culture of the Bronze Age found in Harappa in Pakistani Punjab was a path-breaking discovery.
• The Harappa site was first briefly excavated by Sir Alexander Cunningham.
• He found an Indus seal of unknown origin.
• The first extensive excavations at Harappa were started by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni in 1920
• He discovered pottery and other antiquities indicative of a developed civilization.
• Vats excavated at Harappa in 1940. In 1946 Mortimer Wheeler excavated Harappa, and the excavation of
the pre-Independence and pre-Partition period brought to light important antiquities of the Harappan culture
at various sites where bronze was used.

Pair 2 is correct
• Rakhal Das Banerjee (R.D. Banerjee), a historian, excavated the site of Mohenjo-daro in Sindh and discov-
ered pottery and other antiquities indicative of a developed civilization.
• Large-scale excavations were carried out at Mohenjo-daro under the general supervision of Marshall in 1931.

Pair 3 is correct
• In Pakistan, Kot Diji in the central Indus Valley was excavated by Dr. Fazal Ahmad Khan (F.A. Khan), which
he reported on in Pakistan Archaeology in 1965.

Pair 4 is correct
• Juna Khatiya near Padta Bet, Gujrat, is the one of largest Harappan burial site in India, with numerous
graves, even predating Dholavira.
• The absence of habitation near Juna Khatiya makes it unique.
• It has features similar to those of excavations from early Harappan sites in Sindh and Balochistan.
• Rajesh S V, Assistant Professor of University of Kerala, won the Field Discovery Award, which is con-
ferred by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences of Shanghai University, at the fifth Shanghai Ar-
chaeology Forum (SAF), China.
• It was given for his discovery of the Juna Khatiya Harappan site.

Answer: (c) Only three | Difficulty Level: Hard

14) With reference to the Indus or Harappan culture, consider the following state-
ments:
1. The Indus or the Harappan culture is the successor of the Chalcolithic cultures and is far more devel-
oped than the latter.
2. It was the first urban civilization that developed in Sindh and Punjab.
3. The area formed by Harappan culture was not as large as ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia culture.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above
Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The Indus or the Harappan culture is older than the Chalcolithic culture, but as a bronze-using culture
it is far more developed than the latter.
• It developed in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent.

Statement 2 is correct
• Many sites in Sindh formed the central zone of pre-Harappan culture.
• This culture developed and matured into an urban civilization that developed in Sindh and Punjab,
principally in the Indus Valley. From there it spread southwards and eastwards.
• In this way, the Harappan culture covered parts of Punjab, Haryana, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
and the fringes of western UP.

Statement 3 is not correct

• It extended from the Siwaliks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, and from the Makran coast
of Baluchistan in the west to Meerut in the north-east.
• The area formed a triangle and accounted for about 1,299,600 sq. km which is a larger area than that of
Pakistan, and certainly larger than ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• No other culture zone in the third and second millennia BC in the world was as widespread as the Harap-
pan.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Easy

15) With reference to Indus Valley Cities, consider the following statements:
1. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had a citadel or acropolis which was possibly occupied by members
of the ruling class.
2. The arrangement of the houses in the cities followed a grid system, with roads cutting across one
another virtually at right angles.
3. The floor of the Great bath in Mohenjo-daro was made of burnt bricks.
4. The Great Bath has only been excavated at Mohenjo-daro.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning.
• Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had a citadel or acropolis, and this was possibly occupied by mem-
bers of the ruling class.
• Below the citadel in each city lay a lower town with brick houses that were inhabited by the common
people.

Statement 2 is correct
• The remarkable thing about the arrangement of the houses in the cities is that they followed a grid
system, with roads cutting across one another virtually at right angles.
Statement 3 is correct
• The most important public place of Mohenjo-daro seems to have been the great bath, comprising the
tank which is situated in the citadel mound, and is a fine example of beautiful brickwork.
• It measures 11.88 × 7.01 m and 2.43 m deep.
• The floor of the bath was made of burnt bricks.
• The floor of the tank is water tight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with gypsum plaster and the
side walls were constructed in a similar manner.
• Water was drawn from a large well in an adjacent room, and an outlet from the corner of the bath led to
a drain.
• It has been suggested that the great bath was primarily intended for ritual bathing, which has been so
vital to any religious ceremony in India.

Statement 4 is not correct

• The large tank found in Dholavira may be compared to the great bath.
• The Dholavira tank was probably used for the same purpose as the great bath of Mohenjo-daro.

Answer: (c) Only three | Difficulty Level: Easy

16) With reference to agriculture in the Indus Valley Civilisation, consider the follow-
ing statements:
1. The Indus people sowed seeds in the floodplains in November, and reaped their harvests of wheat
and barley in April, before the next flood.
2. They were the first to use hoe and ploughshare extensively for agriculture.
3. Gabarbands or nalas were used for channel or canal irrigation for agriculture.
4. A substantial quantity of rice was discovered at Banawali in addition to sesamum and mustard.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
 d) All four

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Just as the Nile created Egypt and supported its people, so too the Indus created Sindh and fed its
people.
• The Indus people sowed seeds in the floodplains in November, and reaped their harvests of wheat and
barley in April, before the next flood.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Not much evidence of hoe or ploughshare has been discovered to conclude that Indus people used
them extensively.
• But the furrows discovered in the pre-Harappan phase at Kalibangan indicate that the fields were
ploughed in Rajasthan during the Harappan period.
• The Harappans probably used the wooden plough drawn by oxen, and camels may also have been used
for this purpose.
• Stone sickles may have been used for harvesting the crops.

Statement 3 is not correct

• Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams for storing water were a feature in parts of Baluchistan and
Afghanistan.
• But channel or canal irrigation was probably not practised.

Statement 4 is not correct

• Harappan villages, mostly situated near the flood plains, produced sufficient food grains not only for
their inhabitants but also the townspeople.
• The Indus people produced wheat, barley, rai, peas, and the like.
• Two types of wheat and barley were grown.
• A substantial quantity of barley was discovered at Banawali.
• In addition, sesamum and mustard were grown at Banawali.
• It seems that as early as 1800 BC, the people of Lothal grew rice, the remains of which have been found.
• Food grains were stored in huge granaries in both Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and possibly in
Kalibangan.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Hard

17) Consider the following statements:

1. The Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton.
2. Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs and Horses were domesticated on a large scale.
3. The remains of a horse are reported from Sutkagendor, situated in west Haryana.
 4. Harappans in Gujarat produced rice and domesticated elephants.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 1 and 4 only
d) 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton.
• Because of this, the Greeks called the area Sindon which is derived from Sindh.

Statements 2 and 3 are not correct

• Although the Harappans practised agriculture, animals were raised on a large scale.
• Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and pigs were domesticated.
• Humped bulls were favoured by the Harappans.
• There is evidence of dogs and cats from the outset.
• Asses and camels were bred and were obviously used as beasts of burden, and the latter may also have
been used for ploughing.
• Evidence of the horse comes from a superficial level of Mohenjodaro and from a doubtful terracotta
figurine from Lothal.
• The remains of a horse are reported from Surkotada, situated in west Gujarat, and relate to around 2000
BC but the identity is doubtful.
• In any case, the Harappan culture was not horse-centred.
• Neither the bones of a horse nor its representations have been traced in early and mature Harappan
cultures.

Statement 4 is correct
• Elephants were well known to the Harappans, who were also acquainted with the rhinoceros.
• The contemporary Sumerian cities in Mesopotamia produced virtually the same food grains and do-
mesticated the same animals as did the Harappans.
• But the Harappans in Gujarat produced rice and domesticated elephants which was not the case with
the Mesopotamians.

Answer: (c) 1 and 4 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

18) Consider the following statements regarding Indus Valley Civilization:

1. Statement I: At its apex, Lothal stood as the world's most advanced cargo handling facility.
 2. Statement II: Its innovative design allowed it to accommodate ships carrying up to 50 tons of goods
and featured water locks and spillways to manage water levels during high and low tides.

Which one of the following is correct with respect to the above statements?
a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for State-
ment-I.
b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I.
c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.
d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.

Explanation
• Lothal is an ancient site located in the Bhal region of Gujarat.
• It was one of the southernmost settlements of the Indus Valley civilization, dating back to around 2400
BCE.
• The site is known for its innovative urban planning and engineering feats, such as the world's earliest
known dock, which was connected to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River.
• Lothal played a significant role in the maritime trade network of the Indus Valley civilization, as it was
strategically situated on the trade route between other Harappan cities in Sindh (present-day Pakistan)
and the Saurashtra peninsula.

Statement I is correct
• The dock at Lothal enabled efficient loading and unloading of goods, contributing to the prosperity and
prominence of the settlement.
• At its apex, Lothal stood as the world's most advanced cargo handling facility.
• Positioned on the eastern side of the site, the dockyard in Lothal is the most prominent attribute.
• A wall constructed from burnt bricks encircles the basin, showcasing the skilled craftsmanship of the
period.
 Image Source: Wikipedia

Statement II is correct
• The engineering prowess of the dockyard's mechanics is genuinely remarkable, as it includes a sluice gate
and spill channel designed to maintain a consistent water level.
• Its innovative design allowed it to accommodate ships carrying up to 50 tons of goods and featured
water locks and spillways to manage water levels during high and low tides.

Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for State-
ment-I
• Its innovative design made it the world's most advanced cargo handling facility.

Answer: (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation
for Statement-I | Difficulty Level: Easy

19) Consider the following:

1. Pashupati Mahadev (Proto Siva)
2. Mother goddess
3. Nature/ Animal worship
4. Unicorn, Dove, Peepal Tree, Fire
5. Amulets
6. Temples

Which of the above are related to religious practices in the Indus Valley civilization?
a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
 b) 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6
c) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Explanation
• The religious practices of the Indus Valley civilization have been a subject of ongoing debate among
scholars due to the lack of religious temples and artifacts.
• Despite this, the discovery of certain seals has provided insights into the possible existence of religious
beliefs during that time.
• Key seals found include the Pashupati Seal, the Procession Seal, Amulets and the Swastika Seal.
❖ The Pashupati Seal is an steatite seal discovered at the ancient Indus Valley Civilization site of Mo-
henjo-daro, now in modern-day Pakistan. It depicts a seated figure with a horned headdress, sur-
rounded by various animals.
❖ The Procession Seal is also made of steatite and it depicts a ritual scene with seven figures in a
procession, a deity wearing a horned headdress and bangles on both arms, and a kneeling worshiper.
❖ Amulets were made of various materials, including terracotta, stone, and metal, were used to craft
these amulets, which were often adorned with intricate designs, auspicious symbols, and sacred
imagery. It played a significant role in the Indus Valley Civilization, serving as protective talismans
or symbols of religious beliefs.
❖ The Swastika Seal is notable for its occurrence on various artifacts discovered in the Indus Valley
Civilization, such as pottery, seals, and jewelry. This seal is usually made of steatite or terracotta.
• Evidence of tree and snake worship, along with the veneration of Yoni, has been discovered in multiple
locations within the Indus Valley civilization.
❖ The peepal tree, also known as the sacred fig, was widely revered during this period, with evidence
of its worship found on seals depicting a god amidst its branches.
❖ Many depictions of snakes were found on pottery and seals like the Mohenjo-daro seal portraying
a human figure standing between two worshipers and a snake.
❖ Veneration of Yoni can be seen in Mother Goddess sculpture discovered from Mohenjo daro and
it is believed to represent fertility and motherhood.
• Additionally, there is a belief that Linga worship may have been practiced in settlements such as
Kalibangan.
• Seals with images of unicorn-like creatures have been discovered in numerous archaeological excava-
tions at IVC sites, reflecting the importance of this mythical creature in the civilization's culture and belief
systems.
• While these findings offer glimpses into the spiritual life of this ancient society, much remains unknown
about the specific doctrines and rituals associated with their religion.
• There is an absence of temples or palaces within the Indus Valley Civilisation that could provide definitive
evidence of religious practices or the worship of particular deities.

Answer: (c) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 | Difficulty Level: Easy

20) Consider the following sites of the Indus Valley civilization:

1. Harappa
2. Mohenjo-daro
3. Dholavira
4. Lothal

Arrange the locations in the appropriate order, starting from the southernmost site and proceeding to
the northernmost site:
a) 1-2-3-4
b) 1-3-2-4
c) 4-2-3-1
d) 4-3-2-1

Explanation
• The correct order reflecting the geographical distribution of these ancient sites within the Indus Valley
region, starts with Lothal in the southern part of the territory, then, Dholavira, Mohenjo daro and ends
with Harappa in the north.
• Each site offers a unique glimpse into the urban development, architectural prowess, and cultural aspects
of this remarkable civilization.
• Lothal:
 Lothal is an ancient site of the Indus Valley civilization located in the present-day state of Gujarat,
India.
 Situated near the Gulf of Khambhat, it was a thriving port city during its peak, between 2400 BCE
and 1900 BCE.
 Lothal is renowned for its sophisticated urban planning, with structures built using kiln-fired bricks
and a well-organized drainage system.
 One of the most impressive features of Lothal is its dockyard, considered to be the earliest known
dock in the world.
 The dockyard served as a hub for maritime trade, with a spillway and locks to regulate water levels
during high and low tides.
• Dholavira:
 Dholavira is an ancient site in the Indian state of Gujarat, representing the southern center of the
Harappan civilization.
 It is located on the arid island of Khadir in the Great Rann of Kutch.
  Dholavira is one of the best-preserved urban settlements from the period in Southeast Asia, dating
back to around 3000 BCE.
 Dholavira has a sophisticated urban planning system, with the city divided into three distinct parts:
a citadel, a middle town, and a lower town.
 Remarkable features of the site include a complex water management system, multi-layered de-
fensive structures, and the use of standard building materials like stone and mud-brick.
• Mohenjo-daro:
 Mohenjo-daro, also known as the ‘Mound of the Dead’, is a significant archaeological site in Paki-
stan's Sindh province.
 The ancient city dates back to around 2500 BCE.
 It is one of the largest settlements of the Indus Valley civilization, showcasing remarkable urban plan-
ning, engineering, and societal organization.
 The city of Mohenjo-daro was built on an artificial platform, divided into two main areas: the Citadel
and the Lower City.
 The Citadel housed important structures like the Great Bath, assembly halls, and granaries, while the
Lower City featured residential areas, workshops, and marketplaces.
 The site is particularly renowned for its advanced drainage system, including covered drains and
public baths, demonstrating a focus on sanitation and public health.
 Excavations at Mohenjo-daro have unearthed various artifacts, including pottery, seals, and sculp-
tures, providing valuable insights into the cultural, economic, and religious aspects of the Indus Valley
civilization.
• Harappa:
 Harappa is an archaeological site located in the Punjab province of Pakistan, representing one of
the most important settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization.
 Dating back to around 3300 BCE, the site is considered a prime example of urban development and
societal organization in the Bronze Age.
 The city of Harappa was a well-planned settlement, divided into distinct sections for residential,
commercial, and public purposes.
 It featured a fortified citadel, a grid-like street system, and standardized building materials such
as mud bricks.
 Notable structures uncovered at the site include the Great Granary, large public baths, and various
workshops.
Answer: (d) 4-3-2-1 | Difficulty Level: Medium

21) With reference to the ’Pashupati seal’ of Harappan civilization, consider the fol-
lowing statements:
1. The Proto-Shiva, also referred to as the Pashupati figurine, is believed to be the only male deity de-
picted on the seals of the Indus Valley civilization.
2. Pashupati figurine is surrounded by four wild animals: a horse, a bull, an elephant and a lion.
3. The Pashupati seal was made of terracotta.
4. The Pashupati seal was discovered at the site of Harappa of the Indus valley civilization.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are not correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The Pashupati figurine, alternatively known as the Proto-Shiva, holds the distinction of being the sole
male divine entity represented on seals unearthed from the Indus Valley civilization.
• This significant artifact, showcased on the well-known Pashupati seal, portrays a male figure in a seated
position, surrounded by various animals.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The central figure of the Pashupati seal is encircled by four different wild animals: an elephant, a tiger,
a buffalo, and a rhinoceros.
• These animals appear to be at peace with the central figure, which could symbolize a harmonious rela-
tionship between humans and nature or a divine connection between the deity and the creatures.
• The scene offers a unique glimpse into the potential religious beliefs and symbolism of the people of the
Indus Valley civilization.
• The animals mentioned in the question, a horse, a bull, an elephant and a lion are the animals found
on the lion capital of Ashoka.

Statement 3 is not correct

• The Pashupati seal was made of steatite.
• Steatite is a soft metamorphic rock and it played a significant role in the craftsmanship of the Indus
Valley Civilization.
• One common technique involved grinding steatite into a paste and then firing it to create intricately
decorated beads, which were often exported to other regions.
• Apart from steatite, Harappans also used terracotta, gold, agate, ivory and faience to make seals.
 Statement 4 is not correct
• The Pashupati seal was discovered at the Mohenjo-Daro archaeological site of the Indus valley civiliza-
tion.
• It was found during the Archaeological Survey of India excavations in 1928–29.

Answer: (c) Only three | Difficulty Level: Hard

22) Consider the following statements regarding the social and cultural life of Indus
valley civilization:
1. The worship of trees and animals played a significant role in the religious and cultural practices of the
Harappan society.
2. The Indus Valley civilization exhibited signs of social stratification among its population, indicating a
hierarchical organization of society.
3. The Harappan people often included both precious and everyday items in their burial practices.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The worship of trees and animals played a significant role in the religious and cultural practices of the
Harappan society.
• This is evidenced by the presence of various seals, figurines, and other artifacts that depict sacred trees,
such as the pipal tree, and animals like the bull, unicorn, and elephant.
• This reverence for nature likely reflects the society's deep connection to their environment and the sym-
bolic significance they attributed to various elements within it.

Statement 2 is correct
• The Indus Valley civilization exhibited signs of social stratification among its population, indicating a
hierarchical organization of society.
• This is suggested by variations in the quality, size, and complexity of residential structures, access to
resources, and the presence of public facilities.
• While there is evidence of social differentiation, it is still debated whether this points to the existence of
distinct social classes or a more nuanced ranking system.

Statement 3 is correct
• The Harappan people often included both precious and everyday items in their burial practices.
 • This is suggesting a belief in the importance of these objects for the deceased's afterlife or as offer-
ings to accompany them on their journey beyond life.
• The inclusion of valuable and daily-use items within burials reflects the Harappan society's customs,
beliefs, and social structure surrounding death and the treatment of the dead.
• Objects like jewellery, pottery, copper mirrors, etc had been discovered from burial sites.

Answer: (c) All three | Difficulty Level: Easy

23) Consider the following artifacts and the sites of Indus valley civilization:

Artifacts Sites

1. Red sandstone male torso A. Kalibangan

2. Steatite statue of a bearded priest B. Harappa

3. Traces of bead maker’s factory C. Mohenjo Daro

4. Wooden plough D. Chanhudaro

Match the following sites with the artifacts discovered in the sites:
a) 1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C
b) 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
c) 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A
d) 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A

Explanation
• The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded a rich array of artifacts that provide valuable insights into the
daily life, culture, and technology of its people.
• Some of the most notable artifacts include seals, pottery, jewellery, figurines, tools, weights and measures,
etc.
• Some of the major discoveries found in some sites are the following:
• Harappa
 Two sandstone statue depicting human anatomy
 Ekkas (Bullock carts)
 Two rows of six Granaries
 workmen quarters
 Bronze sculpture of dog chasing a deer
 Red sandstone male torso
 Sculpture of mother goddess
 A pottery with Indus script on it.
 Faience slag
  Terracotta figurines
• Mohenjo Daro
 The great bath
 Citadel
 Bronze statue of dancing girl
 Bronze buffalo
 Steatite statue of a bearded priest
 Seal of pashupati
 The great granary
 Assembly hall
 3 cylindrical shaped seals similar to Mesopotamian ones.
 Terracotta toys
 A piece of woven cloth
• Chanhudaro
 Traces of bead maker’s factory
 Usage of kajal and lipstick were discovered
 Inkpot
 Impression of a cart with seated driver
• Kalibangan
 Double citadel
 Burnt bangles
 Fire altars
 Sun dried bricks
 Ploughed fields
 Wooden plough
 Bones of camel
 Lower fortified town
 Earthquake evidence
 Copper ox
 Small circular pits with large urns and pottery

Answer: (c) 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A | Difficulty Level: Medium

24) Consider the following statements regarding an ancient site of Indus valley civi-
lization:
1. This archaeological site is located on the left bank of Pravara River.
2. This site was discovered by B. P. Bopardikar in 1958.
 3. Many bronze images like the charioteer with a chariot, ox, elephant, rhinoceros were discovered from
this site.
4. This is considered as the southernmost Indus Valley site.

Identify the Indus Valley site mentioned in the above statements:

a) Alamgirpur
b) Daimabad
c) Ropar
d) Rakhigarhi

Explanation:
• Daimabad, an archaeological site on the left bank of the Pravara River, a tributary of the Godavari River
in Shrirampur taluka in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra.
• It was discovered in 1958 by B.P. Bopardikar.
• Several excavations in the site revealed a wealth of information about the late Harappan culture and its
connection to the Deccan Plateau.
• Daimabad was once a well-planned settlement, and excavations have uncovered bronze sculptures, pot-
tery, copper artifacts, and graves, among other features.
• Some of the most notable discoveries at Daimabad include a bronze sculpture of a chariot pulled by a
pair of oxen, a bronze buffalo, and pottery with Harappan designs.
• These artifacts provide valuable insights into the trade networks, craftsmanship, and cultural exchange
between the Indus Valley civilization and local communities in the Deccan region.
• The site is significant because it showcases the southernmost point of the Harappan civilization's ex-
pansion, as well as its influence on local Chalcolithic communities.

Answer: (b) Daimabad | Difficulty Level: Easy

25) The term ‘Akshavapa’ in vedic period refers to which one of the following op-
tions?
a) Carpenter
b) Chariot maker
c) Goldsmith
d) Accounts officer

Explanation
Option (d) is correct
• Akshavapa was an important official during the Vedic period of ancient India.
• The term Akshavapa can be translated as ‘accountant’ or ‘superintendent of gambling.’
• Akshavapa played a significant role in the administrative system of the Vedic era, primarily responsible
for managing finances, maintaining records, and overseeing various commercial activities within their
jurisdiction.

Option (a) is not correct

• Takshan or Teshtri was the term used in ancient India during the Vedic period to refer to a skilled car-
penter or woodworker.
• The Takshan was responsible for crafting various wooden objects and structures, including furniture,
tools, and architectural elements.

Option (b) is not correct

• Rathakara was a term used in ancient India, particularly during the Vedic period, to refer to skilled chariot
makers or craftsmen who specialized in constructing chariots and other heavy instruments of war.
• The Rathakaras played an essential role in the military and societal structure of the time, contributing to
the defense and infrastructure of Vedic society.

Option (c) is not correct

• Hiranyikara is the Sanskrit term used to mention ‘goldsmith’ or ‘worker in gold and jewelry.’
• It refers to a skilled artisan who worked with gold and other precious metals, crafting intricate jewelry
and decorative items.

Answer: (d) Accounts officer | Difficulty Level: Hard

26) With reference to the Aryan Culture, consider the following statements:
1. The Aryan people lived in a temperate climate, with agriculture and pastoralism as the principal
sources of their livelihood.
2. They were not aware of horses.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
• The principal traits of Aryan culture are set out by Vedic, Iranian, and Greek literary texts and cognate
terms found in the proto-Indo-European languages.
• The texts that help us to reconstruct the material and other aspects of Aryan culture comprise the Rig
Veda, the Zend-Avesta, and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. Specialists may differ on the criteria for dating
these texts, but we may go by the generally accepted dates.
Statement 1 is correct
• The Rig Veda is assigned to roughly 1500 BC, although the later additions might be as late as 1000 BC.
The earliest parts of the Zend Avesta are roughly attributed to 1400 BC, and Homer’s works are assigned
to 900–800 BC.
• Generally, the texts represent agriculture and pastoralism as the principal sources of livelihood and
they lived in temperate climates.
• The climatic conditions, birds, animals, and trees revealed by the cognate words suggest that the Aryans
did not live in warmer areas.
• We, therefore, have to seek the speakers of the early Indo-European languages in the temperate zone
covering Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
• We may recall that genetic signals that pass from generation to generation in human beings link together
speakers of Indo-European languages.
• A genetic marker called M 17, which prevails in 40 percent people of Central Asian steppes, is also
found frequently in the Indo-Aryan speakers. In the Hindi-speaking area of Delhi, it is found in 35 per
cent people. This suggests migration of the Indo-Aryans from Central Asia.

Statement 2 is not correct

• They domesticated horses which were used for riding and for driving carts.
• Animal sacrifice, including horse sacrifice, seems to have been practised by all the Indo-European com-
munities.
• The horse is regarded as an indispensable trait of the Aryan culture, for it played a crucial role in the
life of the early Indo-Europeans.
• The term asva (horse) in the Rig Veda and its cognates appears in Sanskrit, Avestan, Greek, Latin, and
other Indo-European languages. In ancient texts, particularly Vedic and Avestan, many personal names
are horse-centred.
• Some Iranian tribes mentioned by Herodotus are also named after the horse. In its various forms, the
term asvab occurs 215 times in the Rig Veda; no other animal is mentioned so frequently.
• The term go (cow) occurs 176 times, and the term vrishabha (bull) 170 times. Both these terms taken
together suggest the importance of cattle rearing.

Answer: (a) 1 only | Difficulty Level: Easy

27) Consider the following statements about Aryans:

1. The practice of pit dwelling prevailed in Aryan culture.
2. The use of birch wood seems to be an Aryan feature, along with underground houses.
3. Animal sacrifice was an important ritual among Aryans.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
 b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The pit-dwelling can be associated with the Aryan culture, and may have originated in cold conditions.
• Around 4500 BC, the horse-users of Ukraine lived in semi-subterranean houses in addition to surface
ones.
• With their eastward advance, pit-dwelling began in the Ural–Volga region in the fourth and third mil-
lennia BC, and in the Andronovo culture of Central Asia in the second millennium BC.
• Burial seems to have developed in imitation of pit-dwelling.
• In the Swat valley some villages show large pit-dwellings dating to around 1500 BC. These may be linked
to the migrations because of which post-cremation burials are also in evidence.
• The practice of pit-dwelling prevailed in Burzahom near Srinagar in Kashmir and also in Haryana.
• This may be due to the Central Asian influence on the borders of Kashmir.

Statement 2 is correct
• The use of birch-wood seems to be an Aryan feature along with underground houses.
• The birch is called bhurja in Sanskrit, and it has cognates in six Indo European languages.
• Although this tree is found in a substantial part of Eurasia including Ukraine, its earliest remains appear
in the Andronovan settlements, where it was used to construct structures together with pine and cedar.
• The subterranean dwellings in particular were covered with birch.
• In medieval India, many manuscripts were written on the leaves of the birch tree.

Statement 3 is correct
• Animal sacrifice was an important Aryan ritual. However, given its almost universal practice among
pastoral tribal people, it is difficult to make much of it.
• Cremation developed as an Aryan trait. Its practice is supported by the Vedic, Avestan, and Homeric
texts, but does not seem to be a feature of the mature Harappan culture.
• The Harappans practised earth burial, and this underwent a distinct change in their later phase.
• Post-cremation burial is in evidence at several sites in the extension area of the Harappan culture in
Gujarat,
• Its introduction may be attributed to the contact with the outside areas where the practice began much
earlier.
• It is difficult to argue for human cremation on the basis of the burnt bones of birds and animals. Crema-
tion is as old as the fifth millennium BC.
• Archaeologically, its instances are found in Holland, Germany, Eastern Europe,Iraq, and Kazakhstan in
Central Asia in 5000–4000 BC. However, it is not clear when and where this practice was adopted by the
horse users, but, around 1500 BC, they practised it in both Europe and Asia including the Chinese part of
eastern Central Asia.
• In the Indian subcontinent, the earliest evidence of this practice by the horse users occurs in the Swat
valley in the second half of the second millennium BC. At a distance of about 500 km from the Swat area
it appears in Tajikistan around 1400 BC.
• British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler rules out the prevalence of cremation at both Harappa and
Mohenjo-daro, though some late Harappans may have followed the practice under the influence of out-
side contacts.

Answer: (c) All three | Difficulty Level: Medium

28) The term “Vis” in vedic period refers to:

a) Horse
b) Bull
c) Tribe
d) Warrior

Explanation
• The term vis stands for “tribe” in the Rig Veda, which is mentioned 170 times in that text.
• Probably the vis was divided into gramas or smaller tribal units organized to fight.
• When the gramas clashed with one another, it resulted in samgrama or war.
• The term asva (horse) in the Rig Veda and its cognates appears in Sanskrit, Avestan, Greek, Latin, and
other Indo-European languages.
• The term go (cow) occurs 176 times, and the term vrishabha (bull) 170 times. Both these terms taken
together suggest the importance of cattle rearing.

Answer: (c) Tribe | Difficulty Level: Easy

29) With reference to Vedic period, consider the following statements:

1. In the Rig Veda, Indra is called Purandara, which means that he destroyed dwelling units.
2. The Bharatas and the Tritsu were the ruling Aryan clans, and they were supported by the priest Va-
sishtha.
3. ‘Battle of Ten Kings’ fought between the Kuru clan and ten Aryan chiefs.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
 c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• In the Rig Veda, Indra is called Purandara which means that he destroyed dwelling units.
• We cannot, however, identify these units held by the pre-Aryans, some of which may have been situated
in north Afghanistan.
• The Indo-Aryans succeeded everywhere because they had chariots drawn by horses, and introduced
them for the first time into West Asia and India.
• The Aryansoldiers were probably also equipped with coats of mail (varman) and better arms.
Statement 2 is correct
• The Indo-Aryans were engaged in two types of conflicts.
 They fought with the pre-Aryans.
 They fought amongst themselves.
• Intra-tribal conflicts rocked the Aryan communities for a long time.
• According to tradition, the Aryans were divided into five tribes called panchajana, but there might have
been other tribes too.
• The Aryans fought amongst themselves and sometimes enlisted the support of the non-Aryan peoples
for the purpose.
• The Bharatas and the Tritsu were the ruling Aryan clans, and they were supported by priest Vasishtha.
• The country Bharatavarsha was eventually named after the tribe Bharata, which is first mentioned in
the Rig Veda.
Statement 3 is not correct
• The Bharata ruling clan was opposed by a host of ten chiefs, five of whom were heads of Aryan tribes
and the remaining five of the non-Aryan people.
• The battle that the Bharatas fought with the host of ten chiefs is known as the Battle of Ten Kings.
• It was fought on the river Parushni, coterminous with the river Ravi, and it gave victory to Sudas and
established the supremacy of the Bharatas. Of the defeated tribes, the most important was that of the
Purus.
• Subsequently, the Bharatas joined hands with the Purus and formed a new ruling tribe called the Kurus.
• The Kurus combined with the Panchalas, and they together established their rule in the upper Gangetic
basin where they played an important role in later Vedic times.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Medium

30) With reference to the material life of the Rig Vedic Aryans, consider the following
Statements:
 1. Cow seems to have been the most important form of Rigvedic wealth.
2. The word samudra mentioned in the Rig Veda primarily indicates a stretch of water.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are not correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• There are so many references to the cow and the bull in the Rig Veda that the Rig Vedic people can be
called a predominantly pastoral people.
• Most of their wars were fought over cows.
• The terms for war in the Rig Veda is gavishthi or search for cows, and cow seems to have been the most
important form of wealth.
• Whenever we hear of gifts made to priests, they usually consist of cows and women slaves and never of
land.
• The Rig Vedic people may have occasionally occupied pieces of land for grazing, cultivation, and settle-
ment, but land did not form a well-established type of private property.

Statement 2 is correct
• The Aryans or the Vedic people principally used the land routes because the word samudra mentioned
in the Rig Veda primarily indicates a stretch of water.
• Samudra is a Sanskrit term that translates to 'ocean' or 'sea'. It combines "sam" (together) and "udra"
(water), suggesting a large body of water.
• In the Rig Veda, "samudra" doesn't exclusively refer to the ocean. It can indicate any significant body
of water, including seas, rivers, or large lakes, depending on the context.
• Some references to "samudra" may point to specific geographical locations known to the Vedic people,
suggesting knowledge of large bodies of water.
• Similarly, the term pur mentioned in that text means either a dwelling unit or a cluster of such units,
not a city or a fort.
• Sometimes such a unit is credited with a thousand doors, but the term sahasra is used as an exaggeration
in many places in the Rig Veda.
• Therefore, the Aryans did not live in cities, and possibly lived in some kind of fortified mud settlements
which still await satisfactory identification by archaeologists.
• They were also familiar with caves in the mountains.

Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2 | Difficulty Level: Easy

31) With reference to the administration during the Rigvedic period, consider the
following statements:
1. Vasishtha and Vishvamitra were two important priests during the Rigvedic period.
2. During those days, the king used to maintain a standing army of his own.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
• The administrative machinery of the Aryans in the Rig Vedic period functioned with the tribal chief,
for his successful leadership in war, at the centre.
• He was called rajan.
• However, the rajan did not exercise unlimited power, having to reckon with the tribal organizations.
• We have traces of the election of the king by the tribal assembly called the samiti. The king was called
the protector of his tribe.
• Several tribal or kin-based assemblies such as the sabha, samiti, vidatha, and gana are mentioned in
the Rig Veda. They exercised deliberative, military, and religious functions.
• Even women attended the sabha and vidatha in Rig Vedic Times.

Statement 1 is correct
• In the day-to-day administration, the king was assisted by a few functionaries.
• The most important of these seems to have been the purohita.
• The two priests who played a major role in Rig Vedic times were Vasishtha and Vishvamitra.
• Vasishtha was a conservative and Vishvamitra a liberal.
• Vishvamitra composed the gayatri mantra to widen the Aryan world. Whoever recited the gayatri
mantra was admitted to the Aryan fold.
• Eventually, this mantra was made the monopoly of the three higher varnas, and priests did not permit
women and shudras to recite it.
• The Vedic priests inspired the tribal chiefs into action and lauded their exploits in return for handsome
rewards in cows and women slaves.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The king did not maintain any standing army, but in times of war he mustered a militia whose military
functions were performed by various tribal groups called vrata, gana, grama, sardha.
• By and large, it was a tribal system of government in which the military element was strong.
• There was no civil system or territorial administration because people were in the throes of perpetual
expansion and migrated from one area to another.

Answer: (a) 1 only | Difficulty Level: Easy

32) Consider the following statements about the Rigvedic family:

1. Women could attend assemblies and offer sacrifices along with their husbands.
2. Child marriages were prevalent during the Rigvedic period.

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Women could attend assemblies and offer sacrifices along with their husbands.
• We have an instance of five women who composed hymns, although the later texts mention twenty such
women.
• Evidently the hymns were composed orally, and nothing written relates to that period.

Statement 2 is not correct

• There are no examples of child marriage, and the marriageable age in the Rig Veda seems to have
been 16 to 17.
• The institution of marriage was established, although symbols of primitive practices survived.
• We hear of a proposal made by Yami, the twin-sister of Yama, to establish love relations, but the offer is
resisted by Yama.
• We have some indications of polyandry. For instance, the Maruts are stated to have enjoyed Rodasi, and
the two Asvin brothers are represented as living with Surya, the daughter of the sun god, but such in-
stances are infrequent.
• Possibly they indicate matrilineal traces, and we have a few examples of sons being named after their
mother, as in the case of Mamateya.

Answer: (a) 1 only | Difficulty Level: Easy

33) With reference to the Rig Vedic Gods, consider the following statements:
1. In Rig Veda Indra was called Purandara, played the role of a warlord, leading the Aryan soldiers to
victory against the demons.
2. Lord Varuna personified water and upheld the natural order.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• We have a large number of such divinities in the Rig Veda, which is replete with hymns composed in their
honour by the poets of sundry families.
• The most important divinity in the Rig Veda is Indra, who is called Purandara or destroyer of dwelling
units.
• Indra played the role of a warlord, leading the Aryan soldiers to victory against the demons, and has 250
hymns devoted to him.

Statement 2 is correct
• Third important position is occupied by Varuna who personified water.
• Varuna was supposed to uphold the natural order; and whatever happened in the world was thought
to be the reflection of his desires.
• Varuna is regarded as the guardian of "Rta" (cosmic order), ensuring the proper functioning of the
universe and natural laws.
• Several hymns in the Rig Veda depict Varuna in various mythological narratives, including his interactions
with other deities and his role in cosmic events.
• Varuna is frequently invoked in Vedic rituals, particularly those related to water, purification, and oaths.
His worship involves offerings and prayers seeking his blessings for prosperity, rainfall, and the upholding
of Rta.
• The second position is held by Agni (fire god) to whom 200 hymns are devoted. Fire played a significant
part in the life of primitive people because of its use in burning forests, cooking, and the like.
• The cult of fire occupied a central place not only in India but also in Iran.
• In Vedic times, Agni acted as a kind of intermediary between the gods, on the one hand, and the people,
on the other.

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2 | Difficulty Level: Easy

34) Consider the following statements regarding Later Vedic Period:

1. During the later Vedic period, iron was utilized to transform the forests of the Ganga Valley into arable
lands.
2. The establishment of the town likely began to take shape in the later Vedic period.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Iron held significance as a vital metal for tools during the later Vedic Period, referred to as shyama-
ayas or krishna-ayas due to its dark appearance.
• Iron played a crucial role in converting the forests of the Ganga Valley into agricultural lands.
• By the later Vedic period, knowledge of iron had spread to eastern Uttar Pradesh and Videha.
• Earlier estimations placed the origin of iron around 700 BCE, but recent research suggests it dates back
to around 1200 BCE or earlier.
• While previously, the colonization of the Ganga Valley was attributed largely to iron, contemporary schol-
ars argue that iron was just one factor among others contributing to the population expansion.

Statement 2 is correct
• With the advancement of agriculture, the later Vedic society transitioned into a settled lifestyle, lead-
ing to the formation of territorial units.
• The term ‘janapada’, denoting territory, appears in Brahmanas dating to around 800 BCE, indicating the
establishment of territorial divisions.
• The Upper Ganga Valley witnessed a proliferation of settlements, with over 1000 sites displaying the
painted grey ware culture, indicating dense population and new settlements.
• People resided in either mud-brick or wattle and daub houses, signifying the emergence of town foun-
dations during the later Vedic period.
• This era was characterized by extensive interactions, as evidenced by the mention of ‘nagara’ or commer-
cial quarters in later Vedic texts.

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2 | Difficulty Level: Easy

35) Consider the following pairs:

Type of Sutras Purpose

1. Kalpa Phonetics

2. Shiksha Ritualistic Science

3. Chhanda Astronomy
How many of the above pair(s) is/are not correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
• The word ‘Vedanga’ means the ‘limbs of the Vedas.’
• They are the supplementary texts that aid in the proper recitation and understanding of Vedas.
• However, these do not qualify as Shruti, as they are considered of human origin (not revealed by Gods)
and are written in the form of Sutras.
• Sutras are very short condensed statements that are used to express varied ideas.
• There are six Sutras in total.

All pairs are not correctly matched

• Kalpa Sutra deals with rituals and ceremonies, providing guidelines for the performance of various
religious practices. They are part of the Vedanga (the six auxiliary disciplines in Vedic tradition) and
focus on ritualistic science, not phonetics.
• Shiksha is the Vedanga that deals with phonetics and pronunciation. It provides the rules for the correct
pronunciation of Vedic texts, ensuring that the sacred chants are intoned correctly.
• Chhanda refers to the study of Vedic metrics. It is the Vedanga concerned with the rules of poetic
meter and structure in Vedic hymns and not with astronomy.
• Vyakarana is the study of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis. The most famous text in this field is
Panini's ‘Ashtadhyayi’, which is a comprehensive treatise on Sanskrit grammar. Vyakarana helps in the
correct interpretation and understanding of the Vedic texts by providing rules for the formation and
analysis of words and sentences.
• Nirukta deals with the etymology and explanation of difficult Vedic words. The primary text is Yaska's
‘Nirukta,’ which provides definitions and explanations of obscure terms found in the Vedic literature.
• Jyotisha is the study of astronomy and astrology. It provides guidelines for determining the auspicious
times for performing rituals and ceremonies based on the positions of celestial bodies. The primary texts
in this field are the ‘Jyotisha Vedanga’ and the ‘Siddhantas’. Jyotisha helps in aligning the timing of
Vedic rituals with cosmic cycles and influences.

Type of Sutras Purpose

1. Kalpa Ritualistic Science

2. Shiksha Phonetics
 3. Chhanda Metrics

Answer: (c) All three | Difficulty Level: Hard

36) How many of the following are regarded as Later Vedic text(s)?
1. Samaveda
2. Brahmana
3. Upanishads
4. Aranyakas

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Option 1 is correct
• Except Rigveda, all Vedas including Samaveda belong to the later Vedic period.
• The Samaveda contains 1549 verses, excluding 75 verses borrowed from the Rigveda.
• It includes two Upanishads: the Chandogya Upanishad and Kena Upanishad.
• This Veda is renowned for its contribution to Indian classical music and dance and is known for its melo-
dious chants.
• Although it has fewer verses than the Rigveda, its texts are more extensive.
• Compiled around 1200 or 1000 BCE, the Sama Veda was specifically intended for ritualistic chanting,
particularly during ceremonies like the soma sacrifice.
• It is the shortest of the Vedas and closely connected to the Rig Veda, serving as a condensed version of
it.
• It is considered the songbook for Udgatri priests.

Option 2 is correct
• Brahmanas are later Vedic texts that provide explanations and illustrations related to the Vedas, con-
stituting a portion of Shruti literature.
• They elucidate various aspects of Vedic culture, rituals, and other relevant topics, including the mean-
ings of sacred words.
• Additionally, Brahmanas contain scientific knowledge from the Vedic era.
• Examples of Brahmanas associated with different Vedas include:
❖ Aitareya Brahmana and Kaushitaki Brahmana for the Rigveda.
 ❖ Tandya Mahabrahmana and Sadvimsha Brahmana for the Samaveda.
❖ Taittiriya Brahmana and Shatpatha Brahmana for the Yajurveda.
❖ Gopatha Brahmana, Jaimaniya Brahmana, and Panchvish Brahmana for the Atharvaveda.

Option 3 is correct
• Upanishads are later Vedic texts which means to ‘sit near someone.’
• There are 108 Upanishads of which 13 are the most prominent.
• Upanishads dwell on the ‘Atman’ and ‘Brahman’, and focus a lot on the philosophy about life, universe,
self, body, sacrifice, etc.
• They emphasize that the knowledge of the self or atman should be acquired and that the relation of the
atman with the Brahman should be properly understood.
 Mundaka Upanishad - Largest of all Upanishad, includes the phrase ‘Satyameva Jayate.’
 Chhandogya Upanishad - Clearly refers to the first three ashrams and discusses the types of mar-
riage.
 Jabala Upanishad - Mention four ashrams - Brahmacharya, Brihasthya, Vanaprastha, Sanyasa.
 Maitrayani Upanishad - ‘Doctrine of Trimurti.’
 Brahadaranyaka Upanishad - Transmigration of soul (Samsara).

Option 4 is correct
• Aranyakas are later Vedic ‘forest books’ as they were written mainly by hermits living in jungles mainly
for their pupils.
• They deal with mysticism and philosophy and oppose sacrifice.
• They emphasize meditation and are considered to be the concluding portion of the Brahmanas, and
interpret rituals in a philosophical way.

Answer: (d) All four | Difficulty Level: Easy

37) With reference to the Later Vedic Society, consider the following statements:
1. As compared to early Vedic period, women in later Vedic lost importance in the society.
2. The ashramas came up during the later Vedic period.
3. The institution of gotra appeared in the early Vedic period.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• In the Later Vedic period, a patrimonial system developed and women were confined to household
chores and subordinate positions.
• As compared to Rig Vedic Age, women lost importance in the society and there have been rare in-
stances of sati and child marriage.
• In one text, women have been counted as a vice along with wine and dice.
• In another text, a daughter has been said to be the source of all sorrows.
• Assemblies were then dominated by nobles and affluent men, and women were no longer permitted to
attend assemblies.

Statement 2 is correct
• An important institution that began to take shape was ashrama or the different stages of life.
❖ Brahmacharya - Student life
❖ Grihastha - Householder
❖ Vanaprastha - Hermitage
❖ Sanyasa - Renunciation
• Together with varna, later Vedic society came to be known as varna-ashrama-dharma- society.
• Though ashrama or the four stages of life were prescribed, they were not religiously followed.

Statement 3 is not correct

• The institution of ‘gotra’ appeared in the later Vedic culture.
• Literally, it means ‘cow pen’ or the place where cattle belonging to the whole clan are kept, but in course
of time it meant descent from a common ancestor.
• Marriage between people from the same gotra was prohibited.
• There were legendary seers, such as Kashyapa, Vashista, Bhrigu, Gautama, Bhardwaj, Attri, Vishwamitra
and Agastya, after whom the 'gotras' were named.
• Kshatriya and vaishyas took the same ‘gotra’ names of the families of brahmans who traditionally per-
formed their domestic rituals.
• There is mention of chandrayana penance for men marrying women of the same gotra.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Easy

38) During the Later Vedic period the term ‘Gavyuti’ is referred to as which of the
following?
a) Measure of distance
b) Measure of time
c) Guest who is fed on cattle
d) Kinship units
Explanation
• The Later Vedic Period, spanning roughly from 1000 BCE to 600 BCE, marks a significant phase in the
evolution of ancient Indian civilization.
• This period is characterised by more complexities in social, political and economic life.
• There was a gradual eastward expansion of the Aryans, as they expanded from the North-West Punjab
to the South-East Uttar Pradesh in the Yamuna-Ganga doab.
• Gavyuti:
❖ Unit of distance, equivalent to 12,000 feet.
❖ It is supposed to be the distance at which a cow's call or lowing can be heard.
• Godhuli:
❖ In the Vedic age, Godhuli was a term used for a measure of time.
• Goghna:
❖ During the later Vedic period, sacrifices gained prominence as a significant aspect of religious prac-
tice.
❖ They took on a comprehensive nature, being conducted both publicly and within households.
❖ The participation extended to the king and the entire community.
❖ Individuals fulfilled their obligations to Agni through various rituals or sacrifices.
❖ These rituals often involved the sacrifice of animals on a significant scale, including the destruction of
cattle wealth.
❖ Guests, referred to as ‘goghna’, were those who were provided hospitality and sustenance, often
involving offerings from cattle.
• Gotra:
❖ The institution of ‘gotra’ appeared in the later Vedic culture.
❖ It means ‘cow pen’ or the place where cattle belonging to the whole clan are kept, but in course of
time it meant descent from a common ancestor.

Answer: (a) Measure of distance | Difficulty Level: Medium

39) Consider the following statements with respect to the Later Vedic Period:
1. Prajapati, the creator, ascended to the highest position among the deities.
2. Sacrifices and rituals gained greater significance than prayers.
3. Society transitioned from a pastoral to an agricultural system.

How many statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The two prominent Rig Vedic deities, Indra and Agni, diminished in significance.
• Prajapati, the creator, rose to the highest position during the later Vedic period.
• Vishnu became recognized as the preserver and protector of the people.
• Pushan was considered the god of the shudras, responsible for overseeing the cattle.

Statement 2 is correct
• People continued to worship gods for material reasons as in earlier times.
• The mode of worship changed significantly, with sacrifices and rituals becoming predominant.
• Sacrifices involved the killing of animals in both public and domestic spaces, leading to the destruction
of cattle wealth.
• The rising cult of sacrifices greatly increased the power of the brahmanas.
• The later Vedic society became divided into four varnas: brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas, and shudras.

Statement 3 is correct
• Tribal pastoralists transitioned into peasants.
• Tribal chiefs gained dominance at the expense of the tribal peasants.
• Crops such as rice (vrihi), wheat (godhuma), sugarcane, lentil, millet, and barley were cultivated.
• Cattle rearing remained a common practice.
• Iron was used alongside bronze and copper during the later Vedic age.

Answer: (c) All three | Difficulty Level: Medium

40) With reference to the Later Vedic Period, consider the following statements:
1. The collection of taxes and tributes were voluntary.
2. The later Vedic culture is also called Iron phase culture.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• Unlike the Rig Vedic age, where only voluntary offerings were taken and per se no revenue collection was
done, in the Later Vedic age, collection of taxes and tributes were made mandatory.
• The taxes were collected by Sangrihitri.
• It is equally interesting to note that the vaishyas appear to be the only tribute payers in the later Vedic
age.
• Exchange was still via barter, but ‘Nishka’ was used as a convenient unit of value although not as a
typical currency.

Statement 2 is correct
• The main factor in the expansion of the Aryan culture during the later Vedic period was the beginning of
the use of iron.
• Iron was introduced around 1000 BCE and is mentioned as Krishna Ayas or Shyama Ayas.
• The later Vedic culture is also called Painted Grey Ware (PGW) - Iron phase culture, as a particular type
of pottery (painted grey ware) was used during that phase.
• Diverse arts and crafts proliferated during the later Vedic times when compared to early Vedic period,
since more occupational groups are mentioned in this period.
• For instance, bow makers, rope makers, arrow makers, hide dressers, stone breakers, physicians, gold-
smiths and astrologers are some of the specialised professional groups mentioned in the texts.
• Tin, lead, copper, silver, iron, gold and bronze were known to the later Vedic people.
• They were probably good smiths and smelters as a lot of copper objects have been found at PGW sites.
People had obtained knowledge of glass manufacturing too.
• Shresthins indicate the guilds or organisation of the merchants.
• The Later Vedic people were acquainted with four types of pottery:
❖ Painted Grey Ware;
❖ Black and Red Ware;
❖ Black Slipped Ware;
❖ Red Ware.

Answer: (b) 2 only | Difficulty Level: Easy

41) Consider the following statements:

1. Statement-I: Wars were primarily fought in the later Vedic period for territories.
2. Statement-II: The term ‘Rashtra’ first appeared in the later Vedic period.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for State-
ment-I.
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I.
c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.
d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
Explanation
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement
I.
• In terms of the political context, the tiny tribal settlements of the Vedic period were replaced by compar-
atively stronger kingdoms while royal power increased.
• The territorial formations and the development of lineages became stronger during the later Vedic
period.
• The term ‘Rashtra’ first appeared in this period.
• The wars were no longer fought for cows, but for territories.
• Chiefs grew at the expense of tribal peasantry and handsomely rewarded the Purohits who helped them
in maintaining their authority.
• The King’s influence was further strengthened by ritual enactments such as:
❖ Rajasuya - Royal consecration which conferred supreme power on the King.
❖ Vajapeya - Literally meaning drink of strength; it had a chariot race in which a royal chariot was
made to win against all kinsmen.
❖ Aswamedha - Unquestioned control over an area in which the royal horse ran uninterrupted.
• Due to the dominance of the rituals, the power and influence of the Rajanyas, the warrior nobles and the
Brahmanas increased, while the king was distanced from the clan. It was slowly turning in its later stages
to an age of the ‘janapadas’ instead of ‘janas’.
• As the chiefs became more powerful, the authority of the popular assemblies started waning.
• Sabha and Samiti continued to hold ground, though not like the Rig Vedic age, but Vidatha and Gana
disappeared completely.
• The functions of the popular assemblies were gradually replaced now by the officers who served as ad-
visors to the chief and were appointed by him to help him in administration.
• It should be noted that even in later Vedic times, the king did not possess a standing army and tribal
units were mustered in times of war.

Answer: (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation
for Statement-I | Difficulty Level: Medium

42) Which of the following Mahajanapada was situated to the south of the Vindhya
Range?
a) Assaka
b) Chetiya
c) Vatsa
d) Kamboja

Explanation
Option (a) is correct
• Ashavaka/Assaka was the only Mahajanapada situated to the south of the Vindhya Range, and was
in Dakshinapatha.
• Assaka was located on the banks of the Godavari River, between the rivers Godavari and Manjira.
• Its capital was Potali which is in modern Bodhan, district Nizamabad, and parts of Adilabad in Telangana.

• Angutara Nikaya, a Buddhist scripture mentions 16 great kingdoms or Mahajanapadas at the beginning
of the 6th century BCE in India.
• They are:

1. Kasi 7. Chedi or Cheti 13. Assaka or Ashmaka

2. Kosala 8. Vamsa or Vatsa 14. Avanti

3. Anga 9. Kuru 15. Gandhara

4. Magadha 10. Panchala 16. Kamboja

5. Vajji or Vriji 11. Machcha or Matsya

6. Malla 12. Surasena

Answer: (a) Assaka | Difficulty Level: Medium

43) Jivaka was the royal physician of which ancient ruler?

a) Bindusara
b) Ajatashatru
 c) Bimbisara
d) Pradyota

Explanation
• Jivaka was the royal physician of the Indian King Bimbisara of the Haryanka dynasty.
• He lived in Rajagriha/girivraja, present-day Rajgir.
• Evnthough Bimbisara had a rivalry with Avanti's king Pradyota, he sent his royal physician Jivaka to
Avanti when Pradyota had jaundice and later became friends.
• Jivaka was also the personal physician to Lord Buddha and the Sangha.
• Jivaka learned Ayurvedic medicine under the guidance of Atreya, a significant figure in early Indian med-
icine.

Answer: (c) Bimbisara | Difficulty Level: Medium

44) Consider the following statements:

1. The chief office of a Gana-sangha was hereditary and was known as Ganapati or Ganaraja.
2. The most powerful Gana-sangas in the 6th century were Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti.
3. Lord Mahavira belonged to Vajji confederacy which was a Gana-sangha.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct about Gana-sangas and Mahajanapadas?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The Gana Sanghas (literally meaning an assembly of Gana, those who claim to be of equal status) were
an alternative polity to the kingdoms.
• Unlike kingdoms where they had a single hereditary monarch, the Gana-Sanghas had a government
by assembly and within this assembly too, they had an oligarchy.
• Some of the Ganas were of one clan, e.g. the Shakyas and the Mallas, while the others were confedera-
tions of several clans, e.g. Vajjis.
• The chief office was not hereditary and was known as Ganapati or Ganaraja.
• The power was vested in an aristocratic council comprising heads of leading Kshatriya families and
the authority structure of ganas had greater elements of tribal organisation.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti were the most powerful monarchies in the 6th century, but they
are not Gana-sangas.
• Most of the states were monarchies but some were republics known as Ganas or Sanghas.
• These Ganasanghas were oligarchies where the king was elected and he ruled with the help of a council.
• Some well-known examples of these republics include the Shakya Republic, the Licchavi Republic, the
Mallas and the Vajji.
• The founders of Jainism and Buddhism came from republican states.

Statement 3 is correct
• Mahavira belonged to Vajji confederacy; it was a Gana-sangha.
• Mahavira belonged to the Jnatrikas Clan of this confederacy.
• Vajji Mahajanapada was one of the 16 Mahajanapadas of ancient India, whose capital was "Vaishali".

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

45) Arrange the following ancient Indian dynasties in the order of their establish-
ment, starting from the earliest:
1. Maurya dynasty
2. Haryanka dynasty
3. Nanda dynasty
4. Shishunaga dynasty

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 2-3-4-1
b) 2-4-3-1
c) 3-2-1-4
d) 1-2-4-3

Explanation
The correct order is 2-4-3-1
• Haryanka dynasty:
❖ Time period: Circa 6th century BCE.
❖ King Bimbisara (544-492 BCE) is considered as the founder of the Haryanka dynasty; he was the
contemporary of Buddha and Mahavira.
❖ Ajatashatru (492-460 BCE) son of Bimbisara, was the most powerful and aggressive ruler of the
Haryanka dynasty, followed his father's expansionist policy through military conquest.
❖ Udayabhadra (Udayin) (460-444 BCE).
• Shishunaga dynasty (around 413-345 BCE):
 ❖ Shishunaga was the founder of the dynasty, he was initially an amatya or "minister" of the last Har-
yanka dynasty ruler Nagadasaka and ascended to the throne after a popular rebellion in c. 413 BCE.
❖ Kalasoka son and successor of Shishunaga also known as Kakarvarna.
❖ The Second Buddhist Council was held at Vaishali during his reign.
• Nanda dynasty (345-321 BCE):
❖ The Nandas rose to power after overthrowing the last Shishunaga ruler, and expanded the empire to
include a larger part of northern India.
❖ Mahpadma Nanda also known as Ugrasena in Pali texts, because of his large army is the founder of
Nanda dynasty.
❖ Dhanananda was the last important king of the Nanda dynasty.
• Mauryan dynasty (321 BCE):
❖ Established by Chandragupta Maurya, they succeeded the Nanda dynasty and became one of the
most influential dynasties in ancient Indian history.

Answer: (b) 2-4-3-1 | Difficulty Level: Medium

46) With reference to the ancient Indian history ‘Nishka’ and ‘Satamana’ were re-
lated to:
a) land taxes collected by the ruler.
b) Coins used for trade.
c) Hired agricultural labourers.
d) Market towns

Explanation
• Nishka and Satamana are coins which were in circulation around the sixth century BCE.
• The unit value of goods was a gold bar called “nishka” and “satamana” was a silver coin.
• The issuance of coins like Nishka and Satamana represented the authority and power of the ruling entities
in ancient India.
• These earliest coins are punch marked, and were punched with certain marks such as hill, tree, bull, fish,
crescent, elephant, etc.
• Use of these coins contributed to the growth and development of the ancient Indian economy by facili-
tating trade and commerce.

Answer: (b) Coins used for trade | Difficulty Level: Easy

47) Which of the following contribute to Magadha's success over other mahajana-
padas during the sixth century BC?
1. Maghada enjoyed an advantageous geographical position.
2. Maghada has numerous able and ambitious rulers.
 3. Rise of trade and tolls levied helped them to maintain a huge army.
4. Orthodox character of Magadha's society.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Magadha enjoyed an advantageous geographical position.
❖ Rajagriha was surrounded by five hills, which helped it to provide natural fortification and was
almost impregnable.
❖ Pataliputra was more like a water fort, since it was situated at the confluence of the rivers Son and
Ganga.
• Due to its proximity and control over richest iron deposits found around south Bihar ensured superior
weaponry.
• Its position at the centre of the middle Gangetic plain, which had fertile alluvium and received heavy
rainfall, helped them to have agricultural surplus and raise a vast standing army.

Statement 2 is correct
• Magadha benefited from numerous able and ambitious rulers such as Bimbisara, Ajatashatru and Ma-
hapadma Nanda.
• They employed all fair and foul means at their disposal to enlarge their kingdoms.

Statement 3 is correct
• Rise of trade, towns, use of metal money, and the tolls levied added to the treasury of Magadhan kings,
which again helped them to maintain the huge army.

Statement 4 is not correct

• The unorthodox character of Magadhan society infused more enthusiasm for expansion than any other
kingdoms.
• This character was stemmed from its military prowess, political centralization, economic expansion, social
dynamism, cultural assimilation, religious pluralism, and administrative efficiency.
• These characteristics laid the foundation for Magadha's later emergence as a powerful empire under the
Mauryan dynasty.

Answer: (c) Only three | Difficulty Level: Medium

48) Consider the following statements:
1. Dhanananda was the founder of Nanda dynasty.
2. Brahmanical texts describe Nandas as belonging to annatakula because of their unknown lineage.
3. Mahapadma Nanda is known as ekarat and sarva-kshatrantaka.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• Mahapadma Nanda was the founder of Nanda dynasty.
• He is also called Ugrasena in Pali texts, because of his large army.
• Dhanananda was the Nand dynasty's last emperor.
• He is known as Agrammes or Xandrames in Greek.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Buddhist texts describe the Nandas as belonging to annatakula, which means unknown lineage, not
brahmanical texts.
• According to the Brahmanical texts, Mahapadma Nanda belonged to a low caste or at least a non-
Kshatriya caste.
• According to the Puranas, he was the son of a king of the Shishunaga dynasty by a Shudra woman, and
thus the Nandas were considered adharmika (those who do not follow the norms of Dharma).

Statement 3 is correct
● Mahapadma Nanda is known as the first empire builder of India, and claimed to be the ekarat, the
sole sovereign who destroyed all other ruling princes.
● He was also claimed as ‘Sarva-kshatrantaka’, the uprooter of the Kshatriyas.
● The empire grew during his reign.
● It ran south from the Kuru country to the Godavari Valley, and east from Magadha to the Narmada.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

49) Consider the following statements:

1. Bindusara was the contemporary of Buddha and Mahavira.
2. Ajatashatru of the Nanda dynasty introduced two military weapons named Mahashilakantaka and
Rathamusala.
 3. Buddha died during the reign of Ajatashatru.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation:
Statement 1 is not correct
• Bimbisara of the Haryanka dynasty (544-492 BCE) is the contemporary of Buddha and Mahavira (not
Bindusara).
• Bindusara is a Maurya king, who ruled in BC 297-273, he is the father of Ashoka the great.
• Since Bimbisara was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, there are several tales of him in the Buddhist
Jatakas (one of the three texts of the Pali canon).
• Khema, Bimbasara's third wife, was the Buddha's very first female convert.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Ajatashatru (492-460 BCE) son of Bimbisara, the most powerful and aggressive ruler of Haryanka dyn-
asty used two innovative military weapons:
❖ War engine, which was used to throw stones like catapults (Mahashilakantaka).
❖ Chariot with mace for mass-killing (Rathamusalo).

Statement 3 is correct
• Buddha died during the early years of the reign of Ajatashatru (who was the successor of Bimbisara).
• He died at the age of 80 in 483 BCE at a place called Kushinagara, a town in UP.
• The event is known as Mahaparinibban.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

50) With reference to ancient Indian history, consider the following pairs:
Term Related to
1. Tamralipti Port city
2. Nigama Market town
3. Shaulkika Rich peasants

How many of the pair(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
 d) None of the above

Explanation
Pair 1 is correct
• Tamralipta or Tamralipti was an ancient port city in India, located on the coast of the Bay of Bengal.
• The Tamluk town in present-day Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, is generally identified as the site of
Tamralipti.
• Fa-Hien visited Tamralipti after covering a long distance from Champa and mentioned that it was a pros-
perous sea port.
• He reached Ceylon by sailing for fourteen days from Tamralipti.

Pair 2 is correct
• During c.600-300 BCE, there was significant expansion in the number and size of village settlements,
towns, and corresponding population growth in the Ganga Valley.
• Numerous villages and towns are mentioned in the Pali and Sanskrit texts. There was a great degree of
differentiation in case of towns.
• Pura or nagara meant a fortified town or city.
• Nigama referred to a market town which was at an intermediate level between grama and nagara.
• Rajdhani refers to the capital city.
• Nagarka was a small town and
• Mahanagara was a big city.

Pair 3 is not correct

• Pali texts mention toll officials as:
❖ Shaulkika or Shulkadhyaksha, they levied taxes on merchandise.
❖ Custom officials as Kammikas
❖ Special royal officials called Rajabhatas, were deputed to safeguard the lives and property of
travellers.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Hard

51) Consider the following statements with respect to Mauryan empire:

1. Earlier Buddhist tradition speaks of the Mauryas as the ruling clan of the little republic of Pipphalivana.
2. With the help of Chanakya, who is known as Kautilya, Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nandas
and established the rule of the Maurya dynasty.
3. The machinations of Chanakya against Ashoka's enemies are described in detail in the Mudrarakshasa,
a play written by Vishakhadatta in the ninth century.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only
 b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) All of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The Maurya dynasty was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who seems to have belonged to an ordi-
nary family.
• According to the brahmanical tradition, he was born of Mura, a shudra woman in the court of the
Nandas.
• However, an earlier Buddhist tradition speaks of the Mauryas as the ruling clan of the little republic of
Pipphalivana in the region of Gorakhpur near the Nepalese terai.
• He took advantage of the Nandas in the last days of their rule.

Statement 2 is correct
• With the strategic guidance of Chanakya, also known as Kautilya, Chandragupta Maurya successfully
overthrew the Nanda dynasty and established the Mauryan Empire around 321 BCE.
• After a failed initial attempt, they amassed a significant mercenary army and launched a decisive cam-
paign against the Nanda king, ultimately capturing the capital, Pataliputra.
• This victory marked the beginning of the Maurya dynasty, which Chandragupta expanded across much
of the Indian subcontinent, laying the foundation for one of India's largest and most influential empires.

Statement 3 is not correct

• The Mudrarakshasa, a play written by Vishakhadatta in the ninth century, intricately details the cun-
ning strategies employed by Chanakya to dismantle Chandragupta Maurya's adversaries.
• This Sanskrit drama highlights the intricate espionage, political maneuvering, and tactical brilliance of
Chanakya, showcasing his role in securing Chandragupta's rule by outwitting the Nanda dynasty's loyal-
ists.
• The plot centers around Chanakya's successful efforts to win over Rakshasa, the loyal minister of the
fallen Nanda king, to Chandragupta's side.
• In modern times, this timeless tale of political intrigue has inspired various adaptations and plays, reflect-
ing its enduring relevance and fascination with Chanakya's statecraft and the foundational events of the
Maurya Empire.

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

52) Consider the following pairs with respect to literary sources during mauryan
rule:

Literary source Information

 1. Arthashastra Contains information about Bindusara and also about Ashoka‘s ex-
peditions to Taxila to suppress a rebellion and about his conver-
sion to Buddhism.

2. Jataka stories Tell us about the prevalent social and economic order during Bud-
dha's period.

3. Ashokavadana and It provides clear and methodological analysis of economic and po-
Divyavadana litical conditions of the Mauryas.

4. Dipavamsa and Ma- Describe in detail the role played by Ashoka in spreading Bud-
havamsa (Sri Lankan dhism in Sri Lanka
chronicles)

How many of the pair(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Pair 1 is not correct
• The Arthashastra:
 Written by Kautilya, a contemporary of Chandragupta Maurya, most important literary source for
the history of the Maurya.
 Kautilya was also called Indian Machiavelli.
 It is the most important literary source for the Mauryas as it provides clear and methodological anal-
ysis of economic and political conditions of the Mauryas.

Pair 2 is correct
• Jataka stories:
 Tell us about the prevalent social and economic order.
 The Jataka tales are a voluminous body of literature native to India concerning the previous births
of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form.
 These stories, totaling over 500, depict various moral lessons and ethical dilemmas faced by the
Buddha in his past lives, illustrating the virtues of compassion, wisdom, and self-sacrifice.
 Each tale is structured with a narrative that concludes with a moral, serving as didactic parables aimed
at teaching Buddhist values.

Pair 3 is not correct

• Ashokavadana and Divyavadana:
❖ Contains information about Bindusara, about Ashoka‘s expeditions to Taxila to suppress a rebellion
and about his conversion to Buddhism.
❖ The Ashokavadana and Divyavadana are two important Buddhist texts that belong to the genre of
Buddhist literature known as "avadanas" or "narrative stories”.
❖ The Ashokavadana, part of the larger Divyavadana collection, primarily focuses on the life and deeds
of Emperor Ashoka, a key figure in the spread of Buddhism in the 3rd century BCE.

Pair 4 is correct
• Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa:
❖ Describe in detail the role played by Ashoka in spreading Buddhism in Sri Lanka.
❖ They are ancient chronicles of Sri Lanka, written in Pali, that document the island's early history, the
introduction of Buddhism, and the lineage of its kings.
❖ The Dipavamsa, which translates to "Chronicle of the Island," is the older of the two, composed
around the 4th century CE.
❖ It provides a foundational historical account focusing on the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and the
establishment of the Buddhist monastic order.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Easy

53) Consider the following statements with respect to emperor Ashoka:

1. The name Ashoka occurs in Minor Rock Edict I found first at Maski, and then at Udegolam, Nittur and
Gujjara.
2. Ashoka's name does not appear in any of his inscriptions from north or north-west India.
3. The Kalinga war bloodshed melted his heart and therefore he abandoned the policy of military ex-
pansion and declared that he would replace Bherighosa with Dhamma Ghosa.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are not correct?

a) Only one
b) Only Two
c) All Three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The history of Ashoka is reconstructed on the basis of his inscriptions, that are classified into Major
Rock Edicts, Minor Rock Edicts, Separate Rock Edicts, Major Pillar Edicts, and Minor Pillar Edicts.
• The king’s name “Asoka” (of which “Ashoka” is the better-known Sanskritized form) was found in Minor
Rock Edict 1 at Maski, Udegolam, Nittur and Gujjara. Over the years, several readings and translations
of the inscriptions have been published.

Statement 2 is correct
• It is significant that Ashoka's name does not appear in any of his inscriptions from north or north-west
India.
• The inscriptions which do not carry his name mention only devanampiya piyadasi, dear to the gods, and
leave out the name Ashoka.
• The title devanampiya or 'dear to gods' adopted by Ashoka was not unique but also adopted by his
ancestors. However, piyadasi or 'good looking' seems to have been his unique title.
• Ashokan inscriptions have been found in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
• It is significant that Ashokan inscriptions which were generally located on ancient highways, have been
found at six places in Afghanistan. Composed in Prakrit, they were written in Brahmi script in the greater
part of the subcontinent.
• However, in the north-western part of the subcontinent they appeared in Aramaic language and Kha-
rosthi script, and in Afghanistan they were written in both Aramaic and Greek scripts and languages.

Statement 3 is correct
• Ashoka fought the Kalinga war around 261 BC in which according to the inscriptions 1,00,000 people
were killed and many disappeared.
• The bloodshed melted his heart and therefore he abandoned the policy of military expansion and de-
clared that he would replace Bherighosa with Dhamma Ghosa (Drum of Dhamma).
• The Last King Brihadratha was assassinated by his military chief Pushyamitra sunga around 187 BC and
the Mauryan empire disappeared.
• Ashoka is regarded as one of greatest kings of all times, and probably the first ruler to maintain direct
contact with his people through his inscriptions.
• As per the Major rock Edicts 7 and 12, Ashoka insisted that all religions should co-exist and the ascetics
of all religions were honoured.

Answer: (d) None of the above | Difficulty Level: Hard

54) Consider the following pairs:

Book Author

1. Mudrarakshasa Somadeva

2. Rajatarangini Bilhana

3. Kathasaritasagar Visakhadatta
 4. Megasthenes Indica

How many pair(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Pair 1 is not correct
• Vishakhadatta's Mudrarakshasa is a Sanskrit play that vividly dramatizes the political intrigue and
machinations surrounding the establishment of the Mauryan Empire in ancient India.
• The play centers on the astute strategies employed by Chanakya (Kautilya) to secure Chandragupta
Maurya's ascendancy to power.
• The narrative intricately details how Chanakya, through espionage, clever manipulation, and diplomacy,
outmaneuvers the loyalists of the fallen Nanda dynasty, particularly the chief minister Rakshasa.
• The title "Mudrarakshasa," which translates to "The Signet Ring of Rakshasa," symbolizes the deceptive
and strategic elements that underpin the story.
• This work is celebrated for its sophisticated plot, rich characterizations, and its portrayal of the complex
political landscape of ancient India, highlighting the themes of loyalty, cunning, and statecraft.

Pair 2 is not correct

• The Rajatarangini, written by the Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century, is a seminal work
that chronicles the history of Kashmir from its legendary beginnings until Kalhana's own time.
• Composed in Sanskrit verse, the Rajatarangini, which means "River of Kings," is divided into eight books
and offers a comprehensive account of the region's rulers, their reigns, and significant events.
• Kalhana's narrative combines historical facts with mythological elements, providing a rich tapestry of
the socio-political and cultural life of Kashmir.
• Renowned for its detailed documentation and literary merit, the Rajatarangini remains an invaluable
source for understanding the historical landscape of early medieval India, particularly the complex and
often turbulent history of Kashmir.

Pair 3 is not correct

• The Kathasaritsagara, or Ocean of the Streams of Stories, is a renowned 11th-century Sanskrit text
composed by the Kashmiri poet Somadeva.
• This expansive collection of Indian legends, fairy tales, and folk tales is structured as a frame story, fea-
turing the adventures of the central character Naravahanadatta, who aspires to become the emperor of
the vidyadharas, a celestial race.
• The Kathasaritsagara is derived from an earlier work, the now-lost Brihatkatha by Gunadhya, and it
encapsulates a vast array of narratives that offer insights into the social, cultural, and moral fabric of
ancient India.
• Somadeva's compilation is celebrated for its intricate storytelling, rich language, and the way it inter-
twines various subplots, making it a significant contribution to Indian literature and a treasure trove of
mythological and folkloric heritage.

Pair 4 is correct
• Megasthenes "Indica" provides a detailed account of India during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya
in the 4th century BCE.
• As an ambassador of Seleucus I Nicator to the Mauryan court, Megasthenes had the unique oppor-
tunity to observe and document the socio-political and cultural life of the subcontinent.
• Although the original text of "Indica" has been lost, its content survives through later writings by authors
such as Strabo, Arrian, and Diodorus.
• The "Indica" covers various aspects of Indian civilization, including its geography, flora and fauna, social
customs, and governance, offering one of the earliest Western perspectives on India.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Hard

55) Consider the following statements:

1. Ashoka was converted to Buddhism as a result of the Kalinga war.
2. According to tradition, Ashoka held the third Buddhist council.
3. Dhammamahamatras were restricted to Indian territories.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct
• Ashoka was converted to Buddhism as a result of the Kalinga war.
• According to tradition, he became a monk, made huge gifts to the Buddhists, and undertook pilgrimages
to the Buddhist shrines.
• His visits to Buddhist shrines is also suggested by the dhamma yatras mentioned in his inscriptions.

Statement 2 is correct
• According to tradition, Ashoka held the third Buddhist council (sangiti).
• The Third Buddhist Council, convened by Emperor Ashoka around 250 BCE, aimed to address doctrinal
differences and uphold the teachings of the Buddha.
• Held at Pataliputra, the council was instrumental in preserving and standardizing Buddhist scriptures.
• Led by venerable elder Moggaliputta Tissa, the council focused on clarifying Buddhist doctrine and
purifying the Sangha.
• It resulted in the compilation and categorization of the Tripitaka, consisting of the Vinaya Pitaka (rules
for monastic discipline), the Sutta Pitaka (Buddha's discourses), and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (phil-
osophical analysis).
• The council also marked the formal establishment of the Vibhajjavada school, which emphasized ana-
lytical and critical interpretation of the Buddha's teachings.

Statement 3 is not correct

• According to tradition, Ashoka held the third Buddhist council (sangiti) and missionaries were sent not
only to south India but also to Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), and other countries to convert the people
there.
• Brahmi inscriptions of the second and first centuries BC have been found in Sri Lanka.
• Ashoka appointed dhamma mahamatras to propagate dharma among various social groups, including
women, and appointed rajukas for the administration of justice in his empire.
• Ashoka's dharma was not however a narrow dharma and cannot be regarded as a sectarian faith.
• Ashoka's inscriptions are called dhammalipi, which cover not only religion and morality but also em-
brace social and administrative matters.
• Ashoka's inscription can be compared to the Dharmashastras or law-books written in Sanskrit under
brahmanical influence.
• The Ashokan edicts can be also compared to the shasanas or royal edicts issued in Sanskrit by the brah-
manized kings. The broad objective was to preserve the social order.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Easy

56) With reference to Ashokan Edicts, consider the following pairs:

Major Rock Edicts Important Feature
1. Edict 1 Dhamma- yatras
2. Edict 4 Discarding of meaningless ceremonies and rituals
3. Edict 7 Orders to Dhamma
Mahamatras
4. Edict 13 Need for Tolerance among all
religious sects

How many of the pair(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only two
 b) Only three
c) All four
d) None of the above

Explanation
Pair 1 is not correct
• Ashokan Major Rock Edict 1, one of the many inscriptions commissioned by Emperor Ashoka during his
reign in the 3rd century BCE, emphasizes the importance of moral and ethical behavior.
• This edict focuses on the concept of dhamma (dharma), encouraging respect, compassion, and non-
violence towards all living beings.
• It advocates for the humane treatment of both humans and animals, urging people to avoid killing
and harming.
• Ashoka underscores the significance of family values, including respect for elders and kindness to rel-
atives.
• This edict reflects Ashoka's commitment to promoting social harmony and ethical conduct in his empire,
aligning with his adoption of Buddhist principles after the Kalinga War.

Pair 2 is not correct

• Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 4 emphasizes the moral and spiritual transformation he sought to instill
throughout his empire.
• The edict highlights Ashoka's dedication to the propagation of dhamma (dharma) and the importance
of leading a righteous life.
• It mentions that prior to Ashoka's reign, such dissemination of moral teachings was rare, but under his
rule, efforts were made to spread these values widely.

Pair 3 is not correct

• Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 7 is a reflection of his commitment to religious tolerance and the promotion
of dhamma (moral law).
• In this edict, Ashoka acknowledges the diversity of religious practices within his empire and urges his
subjects to respect all religions.
• This edict underscores Ashoka's vision of a cohesive and tolerant society where ethical conduct is para-
mount.

Pair 4 is not correct

• Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13 is one of the most significant and poignant of his inscriptions, reflecting
on the immense suffering caused by the Kalinga War, which took place around 261 BCE.
• In this edict, Ashoka expresses deep remorse for the bloodshed and loss of life resulting from the con-
flict.
• This profound regret led to his conversion to Buddhism and a commitment to non-violence (ahimsa).
 • The edict underscores Ashoka's dedication to spreading the principles of dhamma (moral law),
promoting compassion, tolerance, and respect for all life.

Answer: (d) None of the above | Difficulty Level: Hard

57) Consider the following statements:

1. Ashoka was called by the Greeks as Amitragatha meaning slayer of enemies.
2. Sangam Tamil literature also confirms the Mauryan invasion of the far south.
3. Ashoka is regarded as one of greatest kings of all times, and probably the first ruler to maintain direct
contact with his people through his inscriptions.
4. The concept of non-violence and other similar ideas of Ashoka's Dhamma are identical with the teach-
ings of Buddha.

How many of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• Bindusara was called by the Greeks as Amitragatha, meaning slayer of enemies.
• Mahabhasya refers to him as Amitraghat (the destroyer of foes).
• Madrasar, Simhasena are other names used for Bindusara.
• He is considered as the conqueror of land between two seas i.e. Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal.
• Strabo has named him Amitrochates or Allitrochades which are Greek versions of the name Ami-
traghata.In Rajvalli katha, he is mentioned as Seemseri.
• He is said to have conquered the Deccan up to Mysore.
• Taranatha, the Tibetan monk states that Bindusara conquered 16 states comprising the land between the
two seas (i.e. Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal).

Statement 2 is correct
• Sangam Tamil literature also confirms the Mauryan invasion of the far south.
• The Mauryan Empire under Bindusara extended up to Mysore.
• Bindusara received Deimachus as ambassador from the Syrian king Antiochus I.

Statement 3 is correct
• Regarded as one of greatest kings of all times, and probably the first ruler to maintain direct contact
with his people through his inscriptions.
• As per the Major rock Edicts 7 and 12, Ashoka insisted that all religions should co-exist and the ascetics
of all religions were honoured.

Statement 4 is correct
• The concept of non-violence and other similar ideas of Ashoka's Dhamma are identical with the teach-
ings of Buddha.
• He also sent missionaries to Sri Lanka and Central Asia.
• 4 Cardinal points of Dhamma:
 Tolerance, Non-violence, Good Conduct (Obeying parents and elders, respecting Brahmanas and
Monks) and Welfare.
• A new officer called Dhamma Mahamatta was appointed for promotion of Dhamma.
• Ashoka‘s dhamma was the code of conduct which he appealed to his subjects to follow.
• The tenets of dhamma include:
 Compassion
 Charity
 Truthfulness
 Purity
 Gentleness
• He left several inscriptions or edits which are called Dhammalipi.
• They cover religion and morality and also social and administration matters.

Answer: (c) Only three | Difficulty Level: Medium

58) Which of the following statements about Bindusara is correct?

1. Bindusara was the founder of the Mauryan Empire in ancient India.
2. During Bindusara’s reign, the Mauryan Empire expanded its boundaries further, incorporating regions
in the Indian subcontinent.
3. Bindusara is believed to have maintained diplomatic relations with various neighbouring states and
established alliances.
4. Bindusara continued the administrative reforms initiated by Ashoka.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1 and 4 only
b) 2, 3 and 4 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• Chandragupta laid the foundation of the Mauryan empire in 322 BC with help of Chanakya (Kautilya).
• Greeks called him Sandrokottos or Androkottos.
• With the help of Chanakya he became the king of Magadha. Pataliputra became his capital.
• He defeated Seleucus Nicator who became his friend later.
• Nicator sent an ambassador Megasthenes to Chandragupta‘s court in 304 BC he also married his daugh-
ter to Chandragupta Maurya.
• Accounts of Megasthenes are found in a book written by him called Indica.
• According to Jaina sources, Chandragupta embraced Jainism towards the end of his life and abdicated
the throne in favour of his son.
• Sudarshan lake (Girnar Hill, Gujrat) was constructed during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya.
• Tamralipti (Tamlook in Midnapur, WB) in the east and Bharuch/Broach (Gujrat) in the west were two
important ports.

Statement 2 is correct
• During Bindusara’s reign, the Mauryan Empire expanded its boundaries further, incorporating regions
in the Indian subcontinent.
• Specific details of these conquests are not extensively documented.

Statement 3 is correct
• Bindusara is believed to have maintained diplomatic relations with various neighboring states and
established alliances.
• His policies may have contributed to the overall stability of the Mauryan Empire.

Statement 4 is not correct

• Bindusara continued the administrative reforms initiated by Chandragupta Maurya.
• The Mauryan administrative system, known for its efficiency, endured and played a crucial role in the
empire’s governance.

Answer: (c) 2 and 3 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

59) ‘Sita land’ in Mauryan empire refer to:

a) The land area is directly under crown supervision.
b) Land gifted by kings to peasants.
c) Land belongs to the temples and is used for ritual practices.
d) Community lands are supervised by the village headmen.

Explanation
• Sita land, or crown lands, were state-owned lands during the Mauryan Empire, which lasted from
321–185 BCE.
• The state had superior rights to these lands, including possession, cultivation, mortgage, and sale.
• The state's share of the agricultural produce from these lands was called Sita, and taxes on these lands
were higher than on other lands.
• Taxes were collected in both cash and kind, and the state also provided irrigation facilities and charged
water taxes.
• The name Sita land may come from the birth and death of Rama's wife Sita on the soil.
• The Mauryan Empire created Sita landholdings by clearing forest lands with the help of displaced tribes-
men.
• The state also collected land revenue (Bhaga) from cultivators, taxes on orchards, and ferry charges.

Answer: (a) The land area is directly under crown supervision. | Difficulty Level: Medium

60) Consider the following statements:

1. The Mauryas issued large number of punch-marked coins.
2. The Satavahanas issued large number of lead coins.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The Mauryan Empire issued large quantities of punch-marked coins during its period, which lasted
from roughly 322 BCE to 185 BCE.
• The coins are similar to those of the Early Kingdoms, but Mauryan coins often have five punches, including
a sun emblem.
• The most common punches are a sun and a six-armed symbol, but there are around 450 different types
of punches in total.
• Other punches include geometrical patterns, circles, wheels, human figures, animals, bows and arrows,
hills, and trees. The coins also feature images of the Mauryan emperors, as well as bulls, elephants, and
lions.

Statement 2 is correct
• By comparing the information available in these different sources, scholars generally accept that the Sa-
tavahanas began their rule in the first century BCE.
• The Satavahanas minted a large number of coins in lead, silver and an alloy of copper.
• Their silver coins carry the portrait of the king and his name
• Lead was a common metal for minting coins during this period because it was easy to process and
readily available.

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2 | Difficulty Level: Medium

61) With reference to the Mauryan tax system, consider the following pairs:

Tax Name Sources

1. Pindakara Tax assessed on a group of villages.

2. Sulka Religious tax voluntarily paid by people

3. Bhaga Custom duty

4. Kara Levied on agricultural products

How many of the pair(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Pair 1 is correct
• Pindakara was a tax levied on groups of villages in the Mauryan Empire (321-185 BCE).
• The term "pindakara" means "payment in kind" and "pindaka" refers to the king's share of grain.

Pair 2 is not correct

• Sulka was a custom or toll tax collected during the Mauryan Empire that was similar to modern-day
Chungi or Octroi.
• It was likely paid in money and not in kind, and was levied on the total value of a commodity.
• Sulka was a type of custom duty that included import duty (praveshya), export duty (nishkramya),
and gate tolls or octroi (dwarabahirikadeya).

Pair 3 is not correct

• Bhaga was a tax levied by the Mauryans on agricultural produce and cattle at a rate of one-fourth to
one-sixth of the produce.
• The tax was also known as a religious tribute.

Pair 4 is correct
• Kara was a tax collected by the Mauryan Empire during the Mauryan period (321-185 BCE) as a percent-
age of agricultural produce.
• It was also used as a general term for all taxes, a monetary tax, a monetary land tax, or monthly taxes
from farmers.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Medium

62) In the Mauryan empire the term Sannidhata refers to:

a) Custodian of state treasury
b) Foreign trade officer
c) Chief of revenue dept
d) Mine officer

Explanation
• In the Maurya Empire, the Sannidhata was a crucial official, serving as the custodian of the state treas-
ury.
• The Sannidhata was primarily responsible for managing the state treasury, ensuring the safekeeping and
accurate accounting of the empire's wealth, which included revenues from taxes, tributes, fines, and other
sources.
• Regular audits were conducted under the Sannidhata’s supervision to prevent corruption and embezzle-
ment, ensuring that financial operations were conducted with integrity and accountability.
• Additionally, the Sannidhata likely advised the king and other high-ranking officials on financial matters,
helping to formulate economic policies and strategies beneficial to the empire.

Answer: (a) Custodian of state treasury | Difficulty Level: Hard

63) Consider the following statements:

1. The Ashokan edicts were first deciphered by James Prinsep.
2. Ashoka's Major Rock Edict XIII describes the Kalinga War and its impact on Ashoka.
3. The inscriptions of Ashoka in the central and eastern parts of India are written in Magadhi Prakrit
using the Kharosthi Script.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• James Prinsep, a British antiquarian and colonial administrator, deciphered the Ashokan edicts in
around 1837.
• Prinsep was the first European scholar to decipher the Ashokan inscriptions of the Mauryan period.
• Emperor Ashoka made these inscriptions during his reign from 272 to 231 BC, and they are located in
modern-day India, Nepal, and Pakistan.
• The Ashokan edicts are considered unique and permanent because they are written on rocks or pillars,
unlike the perishable palm leaf or bark writings of the Harappan civilization or early Mauryan Empire.

Statement 2 is correct
• Ashoka's Major Rock Edict XIII, also known as Rock Edict 13, is a detailed account of the Kalinga War
and its impact on Ashoka.
• The edict is believed to have been written shortly after the war, which took place between 262–261 BC.
• In the edict, Ashoka describes the war's outcome, saying that "a hundred and fifty thousand were killed,
and many times that number perished".
• He also expresses remorse for the half million people who were killed or deported during the conquest.
• The Kalinga War had a deep impact on Ashoka, leading him to embrace Buddhism and the policy of
Dhamma, or peace, in his later life.
• Ashoka's edicts discuss religious and moral precepts, as well as social and animal welfare.

Statement 3 is not correct

• The inscriptions of Ashoka in the central and eastern parts of India are written in Magadhi Prakrit using
the Brahmi script.
• The Prakrit language is a dialect of Magadha, and the Brahmi script is a logographic script that uses
symbols to represent words.
• The script of Ashoka's inscriptions varies by region:
 Central and eastern India: Magadhi Prakrit in Brahmi script
 Northwest India: Prakrit in Kharosthi script, Greek, and Aramaic
 Kandahar, Afghanistan: Aramaic, Greek script, and Greek language
• Ashoka's inscriptions are mainly about dhamma, which is the Buddhist teaching for the laity and means
universal law, righteousness, or social and religious order.
• The inscriptions are classified as major rock edicts, major pillar edicts, minor rock edicts, and minor
pillar edicts.

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

64) With reference to the religious belief of Mauryan kings, consider the following
statements:
1. Chandragupta Maurya was originally Hindu but later became a Jain monk.
2. The Mauryan emperor Bindusara was a follower of the Ajivika Sect.
3. After the Kalinga War, King Ashoka embraced Buddhism as a way of life.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

 a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire, began his life as a Hindu, but later he
embraced Jainism and pursued the life of a Jain monk.
• Chandragupta's early years were marked by ambition and strategic prowess, culminating in the estab-
lishment of one of the most powerful empires in ancient India.
• However, as his reign progressed, he grew disillusioned with worldly affairs and increasingly inclined
towards spiritual pursuits.
• It was during this phase that he came under the influence of Bhadrabahu, a revered Jain monk known
for his wisdom and teachings.
• Inspired by Bhadrabahu's teachings on non-violence, asceticism, and detachment from material desires,
Chandragupta made the decision to renounce his throne and embrace Jainism.

Statement 2 is correct
• Bindusara, the son of Chandragupta Maurya, followed the Ajivika sect, a heterodox religious move-
ment that was prominent in ancient India during his reign.
• The Ajivikas were characterized by their ascetic practices, deterministic philosophy, and denial of the
efficacy of human effort in shaping destiny.
• While Bindusara's religious affiliation is not extensively documented, historical accounts and inscriptions
suggest his patronage of the Ajivika tradition.
• This religious inclination likely influenced aspects of his governance and interactions with other religious
communities during his reign.
• Despite the prominence of Jainism and Buddhism during the Mauryan period, Bindusara's adherence to
the Ajivika sect underscores the religious diversity and complexity of ancient Indian society under Mau-
ryan rule.

Statement 3 is correct
• After the Kalinga War, Emperor Ashoka experienced a profound transformation, leading him to embrace
Buddhism as a guiding philosophy and way of life.
• Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism not only transformed his personal outlook but also had a profound im-
pact on the governance and cultural landscape of ancient India, influencing policies, edicts, and the
spread of Buddhist teachings across the subcontinent and beyond.

Answer: (c) All three | Difficulty Level: Easy

65) With reference to the Mauryan administration, consider the following pairs

Authorities Portfolios

1. Sitadhyaksha Administration of justice

2. Rajukas Chief of the agriculture department

3. Vishakanyaka Poisonous spy girls

4. Pativedakas Intelligence gathering and communication

How many of the pair(s) given above is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Pair 1 is not correct
• The Sitadhyaksha's primary responsibility was to oversee the empire's agricultural production, ensur-
ing efficient use of land and resources.
• This role involved the supervision of sowing, cultivation, and harvesting of crops.
• The Sitadhyaksha was also responsible for implementing innovative agricultural techniques and pro-
moting practices that would increase productivity.
• Additionally, they managed irrigation systems, including the maintenance and construction of canals and
water reservoirs, crucial for sustaining agriculture in various climatic conditions.
• To maintain a stable agrarian economy, the Sitadhyaksha ensured that the land was distributed fairly
among the peasants and that the state-owned farms, known as 'Sita,' were productive and profitable.
• The Sitadhyaksha also played a role in collecting agricultural taxes, which were a significant part of the
state’s revenue. This included monitoring the correct assessment and timely collection of taxes in the
form of grains and other produce.
• They also regulated the prices of agricultural products in the market, protecting both farmers and
consumers from exploitation.

Pair 2 is not correct

• Rajukas were judicial officers in the Mauryan Empire who were responsible for land measurement,
boundary-fixing, and district administration.
• Rajukas were appointed by Ashoka to act as judges and ensure justice in the empire. Each district was
managed by three officers: Pradeshika, Rajuka, and Yukta, with Pradeshika being senior followed by
Rajuka and Yukta.
• Their role was similar to modern collectors.
• Rajukas also had other responsibilities, including Registering births and deaths, foreigners, industries,
trade, manufacture, and sale of goods,Collecting sales tax, Assessing revenue, Fixing rent Keeping rec-
ords, Punishing the guilty and freeing the innocent.

Pair 3 is correct
• The concept of Vishakanyas, or "poison maidens," is rooted in ancient Indian lore, particularly men-
tioned in Kautilya's Arthashastra, an essential treatise on politics and military strategy during the Mau-
ryan period (322–185 BCE).
• Vishakanyas were young women who were reportedly fed minute doses of poison from a young age,
making them immune to the toxins but lethal to others through physical contact or bodily fluids.
• Employed as instruments of espionage and assassination, these women were a political tool used by
rulers, including those of the Mauryan dynasty, to eliminate enemies and secure their reign.
• While the actual existence of Vishakanyas is more mythical, their mention in the Arthashastra highlights
the acceptance and strategic use of poison in ancient statecraft.

Pair 4 is correct
• The Pativedakas were crucial to the Mauryan administrative system, primarily tasked with intelligence
gathering and communication.
• As spies, they collected vital information on potential threats, public sentiment, and the activities of offi-
cials and rivals, reporting their findings directly to higher authorities.
• This ensured that the rulers were well-informed about the happenings within the empire.
• Serving as messengers, Pativedakas delivered important messages and orders from the central admin-
istration to provincial governors and other officials, facilitating effective implementation of policies and
directives.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Hard

66) With reference to the Mauryan empire, Consider the following statements:
1. Chandragupta's empire extended from Afghanistan to present-day Bihar, or Bengal, including Ka-
linga.
2. Chandragupta Maurya’s palace is located in Kumrahar at Pataliputra, which was built entirely of stone.
3. King Bindusara extended the Mauryan empire to the Deccan region, including Mysore.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
 b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire, built one of the largest empires in ancient
India, which indeed extended across a vast region.
• It stretched from the Hindu Kush region (including parts of modern-day Afghanistan) in the northwest
to the eastern parts of present-day India, encompassing regions of Bihar and possibly reaching Ben-
gal.
• Regarding Kalinga (present-day Odisha and northern Andhra Pradesh), it was not part of Chandra-
gupta's empire.
• Kalinga was famously conquered later by Chandragupta's grandson, Ashoka the Great, during the Ka-
linga War around 261 BCE.
• This war and its aftermath significantly influenced Ashoka's reign, leading to his conversion to Bud-
dhism and his promotion of non-violence and dharma.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Maurya Empire was one of the largest and most prosperous cities in the ancient world.
• The Chandragupta Maurya’s palace is located in Kumrahar at Pataliputra, primarily constructed of
wood, reflecting significant Persian and Greek architectural influences due to cultural exchanges of
the time.
• According to Greek historian Megasthenes, who visited Pataliputra, the palace was surrounded by ex-
tensive gardens and featured impressive pillared halls.
• The city, including the palace, was well-fortified with wooden walls and towers, demonstrating ad-
vanced urban planning.

Statement 3 is correct
• Bindusara, the second ruler of the Maurya Empire and the son of Chandragupta Maurya, played a sig-
nificant role in the expansion of the empire.
• Under Bindusara's rule, the Mauryan Empire expanded to include the Deccan region, which covers a
substantial part of peninsular India.
• This expansion likely included the area corresponding to modern-day Karnataka, including the region
of Mysore.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

67) Consider the following pairs:

 Symbol Event

1. Empty seat Mahaparinibbana

2. Stupa Meditation of the Buddha

3. Wheel First sermon of the Buddha

How many of the above pair(s) is/are correctly matched?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
• Many early sculptors did not show the Buddha in human form - instead, they showed his presence
through symbols.

Pair 1 is not correct

• The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha.
• The symbol of the enlightenment of the Buddha is the bodhi tree, under which the Buddha is said to
have attained enlightenment.

Pair 2 is not correct

• The stupa was meant to represent the mahaparinibbana.
• He died at the age of 80 in 483 BCE at a place called Kushinagar (Kushinara), a town in Uttar Pradesh.
• This event is known as mahaparinibbana.
• Stupa means heap which are burial mounds.

Pair 3 is correct
• Buddha gave his first sermon in the village of Sarnath, near the city of Benares in UP. This event is
known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana.
• Wheel stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath.
• It is the wheel of dharma, which represents the teachings of the Buddha and the path to enlightenment.
• The wheel of dharma is a reminder of the importance of following the Buddha’s teachings in order to
achieve spiritual fulfillment.
• Other important symbols and events are:
 Lotus and bull - Birth;
 Horse - Mahabhinishkramana (Great Renunciation).

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

68) With reference to ‘Tripitakas,’ consider the following statements:
1. The Sutta Pitaka contains the Buddha’s discourses on various doctrinal issues.
2. The Vinaya Pitaka is a detailed scholastic analysis and summary of the Buddha's teaching.
3. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains rules for monks and nuns of the monastic order.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
• The Tripitaka meaning ‘The Three Baskets/Collections’ is one of the earliest compilations of Buddhist
teachings. All branches of Buddhism have the Tripitaka as part of their core scriptures, which comprises
three books — the Sutta (conventional teaching), the Vinaya (disciplinary code), and the Abhi-
dhamma (moral psychology).

Statement 1 is correct
• The Sutta Pitaka contains the Buddha’s discourses on various doctrinal issues in dialogue forms.
• These texts are also known as ‘Buddhavacana’ or ‘the word of the Buddha’, as it refers to texts that are
supposed to contain what the Buddha himself said.
• The Sutta Pitaka consists of the main teaching or Dhamma of Buddha.
• It is divided into five Nikayas or collections:
 Digha Nikaya
 Majjhima Nikaya
 Samyutta Nikaya
 Anguttara Nikaya
 Khuddaka Nikaya.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The Vinaya Pitaka contains rules for monks and nuns of the monastic order (Sangha).
• It includes the Patimokka – a list of transgressions against monastic discipline and atonements for these.
• Apart from monastic rules, the Vinaya texts also include doctrinal expositions, ritual texts, biographical
stories, and some elements of the ‘Jatakas’ or ‘birth stories.’

Statement 3 is not correct

• The Abhidhamma Pitaka (Basket of Higher Teachings) contains a thorough study and systemisation
of the teachings of the Sutta Pitaka through summaries, questions and answers, lists, etc.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

69) Consider the following statements regarding Buddhism:
1. Buddhism does not recognize the existence of God.
2. It advocated the path of extreme austerity.
3. It preached that the ultimate aim in life is to attain nirvana.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Buddhism does not recognize the existence of God. This can be seen as a kind of revolution in the history
of Indian religions.
• As early Buddhism was not enmeshed in the claptrap of philosophical discussion, it appealed to the com-
mon people, and particularly won the support of the lower orders because it attacked the varna sys-
tem.
• People were accepted by the Buddhist order without any consideration of caste, and women too were
admitted to the sangha and thus brought on a par with men.
• In comparison with Brahmanism, Buddhism was liberal and democratic.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Buddha advocated avoiding the two extremes of indulgence in worldly pleasure and the practice of
strict abstinence and asceticism.
• He ascribed the 'Madhyam Marg' or the middle path which was to be followed.
• According to him, everyone was responsible for their own happiness in life, stressing upon the individu-
alistic component of Buddhism.
• The middle way refers to two different things in Buddhism. The first is the noble eightfold path that
regulates behavior, and the second is a metaphysical middle way between two different extremes of
existence.
• The main teachings of Buddhism are encapsulated in the basic concept of four noble truths or ariya-
sachchani and eightfold path or ashtangika marg.
• Four noble truths(ariya-sachchani) :
❖ Suffering (dukkha) is the essence of the world.
❖ Every suffering has a cause – samudaya.
❖ Suffering could be extinguished – nirodha.
❖ It can be achieved by following the ashtangika marga.
• Eight-Fold Paths (ashtangika marga): It consists of various interconnected activities related to
knowledge, conduct, and meditative practices.
• They are:
❖ Right view
❖ Right intention
❖ Right speech
❖ Right action
❖ Right livelihood
❖ Right mindfulness
❖ Right effort
❖ Right concentration

Statement 3 is correct
• In Buddhism, nirvana is the highest state someone can attain.
• Nirvana means the shedding of all desires and ending of sufferings, which finally leads to freedom from
rebirth.

Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

70) Which of the following reasons were chiefly responsible for the decline of Bud-
dhism in India?
1. Reform and revival of Brahmanism.
2. Continued use of Pali language and not adopting Sanskrit.
3. Persecution of Buddhists by rulers.
4. Turkish invasions of north India.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 1, 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Explanation
• By the twelfth century Buddhism became virtually extinct in India.
• It had continued to exist in an altered form in Bengal and Bihar till the eleventh century, but after that
Buddhism almost completely vanished from India.

Statement 1 is correct
• Buddhism eventually fell victim to the practices of Brahmanism, which it had initially challenged.
• In response to the Buddhist challenge, brahmanas reformed their religion, emphasizing the preserva-
tion of cattle wealth and ensuring women and shudras access to heaven.
• Meanwhile, Buddhism deteriorated as Buddhist monks became increasingly disconnected from the eve-
ryday lives of the people.
• The rich offerings supplemented by generous royal grants to the Buddhist monasteries made the life of
monks easy.
• By the seventh century, the Buddhist monasteries had come to be dominated by ease-loving people
and became centres of corrupt practices which had been prohibited by Gautama Buddha.
• The enormous wealth of the monasteries with increasing sexual activity led to further degeneration.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Buddhists shifted from Pali, the language of the people, to Sanskrit.
• Sanskrit was the language of intellectuals.
• This shift disconnected them from the masses and contributed to their decline.

Statement 3 is correct
• Buddhists faced persecution under certain rulers who were patrons of Brahmanism.
• The Brahmana ruler Pushyamitra Shunga is said to have persecuted the Buddhists.
• Several instances of persecution occur in the sixth–seventh centuries.
• The Huna king Mihirakula, who was a worshipper of Shiva, killed hundreds of Buddhists.
• The Shaivite Shashanka of Gauda felled the Bodhi tree at Bodh-Gaya where the Buddha had attained
enlightenment.
• In south India both the Shaivites and Vaishnavites bitterly opposed the Jainas and Buddhists in early
medieval times.
• Such conflicts may have weakened Buddhism.

Statement 4 is correct
• The monastery's wealth made them attractive to Turkish invaders, who specifically targeted these riches.
• In Bihar, many Buddhist monks were killed by the Turks, although some escaped to Nepal and Tibet.
• By the twelfth century, Buddhism had almost entirely vanished from its place of origin.

Answer: (c) 1, 3 and 4 only | Difficulty Level: Easy

71) Consider the following statements regarding the different sects of Buddhism:
1. Hinayana Buddhism is the orthodox school of Buddhism that does not believe in idol worship.
2. The Mahayana scholars predominantly used Pali language.
3. Emperor Ashoka patronized the Mahayana sect.
4. Theravada Buddhism believes in six perfections or paramitas.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are not correct?

 a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Hinayana Buddhism is the orthodox school of Buddhism that does not believe in idol worship or
image worship.
• They try to attain individual salvation through self discipline and meditation.
• Hinayana Buddhist consider Gautama Buddha as an ordinary human being who attained nirvana.
• The school includes the followers of the original preaching of the Buddha.
• Hinayana means the lesser vehicle.
• Scriptures of Hinayana Buddhism were written in Pali.
• Hinayana Buddhism is followed in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The Mahayana scholars predominantly used Sanskrit language.
• Mahayana means the greater vehicle.
• The school is more liberal and believes in the heavenliness of Buddha and Bodhisattvas embodying
the Buddha’s nature.
• The ultimate goal under Mahayana is ‘spiritual upliftment.’
• It originated in northern India and Kashmir and then spread east into Central Asia, East Asia and some
areas of Southeast Asia.
• Buddhist schools embedded in China, Korea, Tibet and Japan belong to the Mahayana tradition.

Statements 3 is not correct

• Emperor Ashoka patronized the Hinayana sect. Mahayana school came into being much later.

Statement 4 is not correct

• Mahayana Buddhism believes in six perfections or paramitas which include:
 Dana (generosity);
 Sila (virtue, morality, discipline and proper conduct);
 Kshanti (patience, acceptance);
 Virya (energy, diligence, vigour, effort);
 Dhyana (one-pointed concentration);
 Prajna (wisdom and insight).

Answer: (c) Only three | Difficulty Level: Hard

72) Consider the following statements:
1. Chaityas were the places of residence of the Buddhist monks.
2. Viharas were the places of congregation and worship.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
• Buddhism and Jainism have introduced the art of rock-cut caves. The caves were cut out of huge solid
rocks. The Buddhist and Jain monks lived in these caves and meditated.

Statement 1 is not correct

• Chaitya is a hall of worship.
• It is a rectangular hall with finely polished interior walls. There were a number of well-proportioned col-
umns. A semicircular roof stood over these columns. On either side of the hall will have large entrances.
Opposite the entrance at one end of the hall stood a stupa.
• The chaitya at Bhaja caves is the earliest surviving chaitya hall.
Statement 2 is not correct
• Viharas were monasteries constructed to shelter the monks.
• Viharas were dwelling places used by wandering monks during the rainy season but eventually they
evolved into centers of learning and Buddhist architecture through the donations of wealthy lay Bud-
dhists.
• Some of the important Buddhist viharas are those at Ajanta, Ellora, Nasik, Karle, Kanheri, Bagh and Ba-
dami.

Answer (d) Neither 1 nor 2 | Difficulty Level: Easy

73) Consider the following literatures of ancient India:

1. Dipavamsa
2. Nettipakarana
3. Lalitavistara Sutra
4. Shatkhandagama
5. Kalpa-sutra
6. Anguttara Nikaya
7. Mahavastu
8. Bhagavati Sutra

How many of the above are predominantly Buddhist texts?

a) Only three
b) Only four
c) Only five
d) Only six

Explanation
Option 1 is correct
• Dipavamsa is the oldest historical record of Sri Lanka.
• The Dipavamsa gives a fuller account of the arrival of Theri Sangamitta (daughter to Asoka).
• Buddhaghosa refers to Dipavamsa in his treatise ’Samantapasadika.’
• The Dipavamsa lauds the Theravada as a ‘great banyan tree.’

Option 2 is correct
• The Nettipakarana is a mythological Buddhist scripture, sometimes included in the Khuddaka Nikaya
of Theravada Buddhism's Pali Canon.
• The main theme of this text is Buddhist Hermeneutics through a systematisation of the Buddha's teach-
ings.

Option 3 is correct
• The Lalitavistara Sutra is a Sanskrit Mahayana Buddhist sutra that tells the story of Gautama Buddha
from the time of his descent from Tushita until his first sermon in the Deer Park at Sarnath near Vara-
nasi.
• The term Lalitavistara has been translated ‘The Play in Full’ or ‘Extensive Play,’ referring to the Mahayana
view that the Buddha's last incarnation was a ‘display’ or ‘performance’ given for the benefit of the beings
in this world.

Options 4 and 5 are not correct

• The Satkhandagama (Scripture in Six Parts) is the foremost and oldest Digambara Jain sacred text.
• The Kalpa sutra is a Jain text containing the biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras, notably Parsh-
vanatha and Mahavira.

Option 6 is correct
• The Anguttara Nikaya (‘Increased by One Collection', also translated ‘Gradual Collection’ or ‘Numerical
Discourses’) is a Buddhist scriptures collection, the fourth of the five Nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta
Pitaka.

Option 7 is correct
• The Mahavastu (Sanskrit for ‘Great Event’ or ‘Great Story’) is a canonical text of the Mahasanghika Lo-
kottaravada school of early Buddhism which was originally part of the Vinaya pitaka.
• The Mahavastu is a composite multi-life hagiography of the Buddha Shakyamuni.

Option 8 is not correct

• The fifth Jaina Agama, popularly called the Bhagavati Sutra, is an encyclopaedic work produced by the
traditional Jaina scholarship which, because of its colossalness, is also called Viahapannatti. Other titles
by which the work is known are Bhagavati-Viyahapannatti, Vivahapannatti, or simply Pannatti.

Answer: (c) Only five | Difficulty Level: Hard

74) With reference to Buddhist Councils, consider the following pairs:

Buddhist Council Place

1. First Buddhist Council Pataliputra

2. Second Buddhist Council Vaishali

3. Third Buddhist Council Rajagriha

4. Fourth Buddhist Council Kashmir

How many of the above pair(s) is/are correctly matched?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
Pair 1 is not correct
• First Buddhist council was held in Rajagriha (483 BC).
• It was convened by Ajathsatru (Haryanka dynasty) and headed by Mahakassapa.
• Council was held soon after the death of the Buddha.
• The council was held with the purpose of preserving Buddha‘s teachings (Sutta) and rules for disciples.
• In this council, Upali recited the Vinaya Pitaka and Ananda recited the Sutta Pitaka.

Pair 2 is correct
• The second Buddhist council was held in Vaishali (383BC).
• It was convened by Kalashoka (Shishunaga dynasty) under the Chairmanship of Sabakami.
• The Buddhist order split into two sects - Sthaviravadins and Mahasanghikas.
• The second council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha, probably caused by a group of rigorist
reformists called Sthaviras who split from the majority Mahasanghikas.

Pair 3 is not correct

• The third Buddhist council was held in Pataliputra (250 BC).
• Chairman of this council was Mogaliputta Tissa which was convened under the king Ashoka (Mauryan
dynasty).
• Sthaviravadins gained hold over buddhism.
• Compilation of Abhidhamma Pitaka was done in this council.
• Take the decision to send missionaries to various parts of the world.

Pair 4 is correct
• Fourth Buddhist council was held in Kashmir (98AD).
• Chairman of this council was Vasumitra and was convened during the reign of Kanishka (Kushana Dyn-
asty).
• Buddhism is divided into Hinayana and Mahayana.
• Compilation of Mahavibhasa sutra, translation of Abhidhamma texts from Prakrit to Sanskrit took
place during this council.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Hard

75) The MakhaBucha ceremony, sometimes seen in news, is associated with:

a) Jainism
b) Sikhism
c) Sufism
d) Buddhism

Explanation
• Recently, the sacred MakhaBucha (Magh Puja) ceremony, one of the five most revered events for Bud-
dhists in Thailand, was gracefully conducted by the esteemed Somdet and other senior monks of Thai-
land
• MakhaBucha Day (Magha Puja) is a religious celebration marking Lord Buddha’s teachings to his
disciples.
• The term makha comes from the word ‘Magha’ in Pali and it refers to the third lunar month, while
bucha can translate as ‘to worship,’ both of which are derived from the Pali language used in Buddhist
scripture.
• The term MakhaBucha refers to a day intended for worshiping on the third lunar month.
• The aim of this day is to purify one's mind and do only good.
• Some celebrate by offering food to monks and also attend candlelight processions in the evening.
• It is the first important religious festival in the Buddhist calendar, and takes place in nations including
Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, where the majority of Buddhists practice Theravada Buddhism, also
known as ‘Buddhism of the south.’

Answer: (d) Buddhism | Difficulty Level: Hard

76) With reference to Jain Tirthankaras, consider the following statements:

1. Tirthankaras are the one who achieved enlightenment and acquired the capability of teaching the
doctrine.
2. The symbol of the lion is associated with the first tirthankara, Rishabhdev.
3. The twenty third tirthankara Parshvanath lived around 250 years before Mahavira.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

 a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Jain Tirthankaras are spiritual teachers in Jainism who achieve liberation and guide others towards it.
• They are Arhat who have already acquired the capability of teaching the doctrine.
 Arhat: One who had entered the stage of Kevalajnana.
• They are venerated as role models for Jain followers.
• There are 24 Tirthankaras in Jain tradition, with Rishabhdev being the first and Lord Mahavira being the
last and most significant one.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The Jain iconography uses different symbols to represent different Tirthankara.
• The lion is associated with Vardhamana Mahavira, and the bull is used to symbolize Rishabhanatha.
• Rishabhdev:
 He is also known as Adinatha, is considered the first Tirthankara in Jainism and was born in
Ayodhya.
 He is believed to have established the principles of Jainism, including the concepts of ahimsa (non-
violence) and asceticism.
 His teachings emphasize compassion, non-violence, and spiritual enlightenment.

Tirthankara Symbol

1. Rishabhadeva 1. Bull
2. Ajitnath 2. Elephant
3. Sambharnath 3. Horse
4. Abhinandan 4. Monkey
5. Sumatinath 5. Curlew
6. Padmaprabhu 6. Red Lotus
7. Suparshvanath 7. Swastik
8. Chandraji Prabhu 8. Moon
9. Suvidhinath 9. Crocodile
10. Shitalnath 10. Srivatsa
11. Shregnath 11. Rhinoceros
12. Vasupujya 12. Buffalo
13. Vimalnath 13. Boar
14. Anantnath 14. Falcon
15. Dharmanath 15. Vajra
16. Shantinath 16. Deer
 17. Kunthunath 17. He- Goat
18. Arnath 18. Fish
19. Mallinath 19. Waterpot
20. Muniswasth 20. Tortoise
21. Neminath 21. Blue Lotus
22. Arishtanemi 22. Conch shell
23. Parshwanath 23. Serpent
24. Mahavira 24. Lion

Statement 3 is correct
• Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara in Jainism, is believed to have lived around 250 years before
Mahavira.
• Parshvanath:
 Parshvanath, the 23rd Tirthankara in Jainism, was born in Varanasi.
 At the age of 30, Parshvanath renounced his princely life to become an ascetic.
 He spent 84 days in deep meditation, during which he attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience).
 In Jain iconography Parshvanath is depicted with a snake hood over his head, symbolizing his victory
over desires and passions. He is usually shown meditating or standing in a tranquil posture.
 Parshvanath attained nirvana (liberation) on Sammed Shikharji, a mountain in present-day Jhar-
khand.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Medium

77) Consider the following kings of Ancient India:

1. Amoghavarsha I
2. Kharavela
3. Kumara pala
4. Kanishka
5. Pushyamitra Sunga

How many of the above are the major patrons of Jainism?

a) Only two
b) Only three
c) Only four
d) All five

Explanation
Option 1 is correct
• Amoghavarsha I, also known as Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga, was the most famous ruler of the Rash-
trakuta dynasty, ruling from 814 to 878 CE.
• He was a significant patron of Jainism, and liberally patronized the Digambara sect of Jainism.
• He authored the earliest known Kannada literature text, Kavirajamarga, which although primarily a
guide to poetics, also reflects Jain principles.
• He patronized Jain scholars and poets, encouraging the composition of Jain religious texts and literature.
• His court was a hub of literary activity, fostering the growth of Jain literature in Kannada and Sanskrit.
• He supported prominent Jain monks like Jinasena and Gunabhadra. Jinasena composed the Adipu-
rana, a significant Jain text, under his patronage.

Option 2 is correct
• In the first century BC Jainism enjoyed the patronage of the Kalinga king Kharavela.
• He restored Jain temples and monasteries that were damaged or neglected.
• He built and renovated caves and temples for Jain monks.
• The Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, important Jain heritage sites, are attributed to his reign.
• His patronage significantly contributed to the revival and spread of Jainism in Eastern India.

Option 3 is correct
• The Chaulukya king Kumarapala, who ruled Gujarat in the 12th century mainly supported the Svetam-
bara sect of Jainism.
• Under the guidance of a great Jaina scholar, Hemacandra, Kumarapala is said to have instituted a Jaina
reformation.
• He enforced a ban on animal slaughter and hunting within his kingdom, reflecting his commitment to
the principle of Ahimsa.

Option 4 is not correct

• Kanishka, who ruled the Kushan Empire in the 2nd century CE, is most renowned for his patronage of
Buddhism, especially the Mahayana tradition.
• His support for Buddhism included organizing the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir, which was a sig-
nificant event in the history of Mahayana Buddhism.

Option 5 is not correct

• Pushyamitra Shunga, the founder of the Shunga dynasty in the 2nd century BCE, is noted for his asso-
ciation with Brahmanism and his opposition to Buddhism.
• According to some historical sources, particularly Buddhist texts like the "Divyavadana" and "Ashoka-
vadana," he is depicted as a persecutor of Buddhists and destroyer of Buddhist monasteries.
• These accounts, however, are often debated among historians regarding their accuracy and possible ex-
aggeration.

Answer:(b) Only three | Difficulty Level: Hard

78) With reference Lord Vardhamana Mahavira, consider the following statements:
 1. He is considered as the founder of Jainism.
2. Gosala Makkhaliputta was the first teacher of Mahavira.
3. The doctrine of Brahmacharya in Jainism was added by Mahavira.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
• Vardhamana Mahavira was born about 540 BCE and was the son of Siddhartha, a chief of the clan of
Jnatrikas, and Trisala, was the sister of the Licchavi chief Cetaka.
• He left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening and adopted ascetic life at the age of 30.
• For over twelve years, Vardhamana wandered from place to place, begging his bread, meditating, disput-
ing, and subjecting his body to austerities of all kinds.
• In the thirteenth year of his asceticism, Vardhamana found full enlightenment and he became a "Worthy"
(Arhant), a "Conqueror "(Jina), a "Ford-maker".

Statement 1 is not correct

• Lord Mahavira is often regarded as the reformer who revived and systematized Jain teachings. But,
he is not the founder of Jainism.
• The principles of Jainism were taught by multiple Tirthankaras (spiritual leaders) over countless lifetimes,
with Lord Mahavira being the 24th and recent Tirthankara.
• So, Jainism doesn't have a single founder. Jainism traces its origins back to the time immemorial.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Gosala Makkhaliputta (also known as Maskariputra or Makkhali Gosala) was not the teacher of Maha-
vira, but rather a contemporary and initially a companion.
• According to Jain texts, Gosala and Mahavira traveled together for some six years, during the wandering
period of Mahavira.
• But they eventually parted ways due to differences in their beliefs and practices.
• Gosala went on to found the Ajivika sect, which was a rival ascetic movement in ancient India. Mahavira,
on the other hand, continued to propagate the principles of Jainism.

Statement 3 is correct
• Jainism taught five doctrines:
 do not commit violence
 do not tell a lie
  do not steal
 do not hoard
 observe continence (brahmacharya).
• It is said that only the fifth doctrine was added by Mahavira.
• The other four were taken over by him from previous teachers.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Easy

79) With reference Jain texts, Consider the following pairs:

Author Text

1. Kalpasutra Sthalabhahu

2. Parishishtaparvan Hemachandra

3. Trishasthilakshana Mahapu- Samantabhadra

rana

How many of the pair(s) given above is/are not correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Pair 1 is not correct
• The "Kalpasutra" was authored by Bhadrabahu.
• He was a prominent Jain monk and scholar who lived around the 4th century BCE.
• The Kalpasutra is one of the most important texts in Jainism, detailing the lives of the Tirthankaras,
particularly focusing on the life of Mahavira, the last Tirthankara.
• It also includes sections on monastic discipline and the annual rituals of the Jain community.

Pair 2 is correct
• The "Parishishta Parvan," also known as the "Sthaviravali," was authored by Hemachandra, a renowned
Jain scholar, poet, and polymath of the 12th century.
• This work provides the earliest account of prominent Jain monks and scholars and is an important source
of information about political history.

Pair 3 is not correct

• Trishasthilakshana Mahapurana was authored by Jinasena and Gunabhadra in the 9th century.
• It contains not only life stories of various Jaina saints, kings, and heroes, but also contains discussions on
topics like interpretation of dreams, life-cycle rituals, duties of a king and warrior, etc.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Hard

80) With reference to Jainism, consider the following statements:

1. In Jainism, full salvation is not possible to the layman.
2. The universe is eternal and its existence is divided into an infinite number of cycles.
3. They did not believe in karma and soul.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• In Jainism, full salvation is not possible to the layman.
• In this, Jainism differs from Buddhism and Hinduism, which concede it in exceptional cases.
• To attain Nirvana a man must abandon all trammels, including his clothes.
• Only by a long course of fasting, self-mortification, study and meditation can he rid himself of karma,
and only by the most rigorous discipline can he prevent fresh karma from clinging to his soul.
• Hence a monastic life is essential for salvation.
• However, many Jain monks gave up the rule of nudity, and today few if any monks, even of the Digambara
sect, practise it regularly.
• Both sects of Jainism, however, would admit that it is necessary to full liberation.

Statement 2 is correct
• The world, for the Jaina, is not created, maintained or destroyed by a personal deity, but functions
only according to universal law.
• The universe is eternal. Its existence is divided into an infinite number of cycles, each consisting of a
period of improvement (utsarpini), and one of decline (avasarpini).
• Each period is to all intents and purposes like the last, containing twenty-four Tirthankaras, twelve Uni-
versal Emperors (Cakravartins), both classes being included in the total of sixty-three Great Men (Salaka-
purushas), who live at regular intervals in the cycle.

Statement 3 is not correct

• Jainism believes in soul and karma.
• According to Jainism, souls are not only the property of animal and plant life, but also of entities such as
stones, rocks, running water, and many other natural objects not looked on as living by other sects.
• The soul is naturally bright, all-knowing and blissful.
• Karma adheres to Soul and hence the cycle of transmigration continues indefinitely.
• Transmigration can be escaped by dispelling the karma already adhering to the soul and ensuring that
no more is acquired.
• The annihilation (nirjara) of karma comes about through penance, and the prevention (samvara) of
the influx (asrava) and fixation (bandha) of karma in the soul.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Medium

81) With reference to different sects of Jainism, consider the following statements:
1. According to Digambaras, a woman cannot attain moksha, she has to be reborn as a man before such
an attainment is possible.
2. Digambaras wear mukhvastrika, which is related to their practice of non-violence.
3. Shvetambara tradition depicts the idols of Tirthankaras as wearing a loin-cloth, while Digambaras
rejected the idea of idol worship.
4. Hagiographies of Digambaras are termed as Purana, and Shvetambaras termed it as Charita.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Explanation
• Jainism split into two major sects, the Digambara/Sky-clad or naked, and the Shvetambara/Clad in
White.
• According to tradition, during the famous Magadha Famine (200 years after the death of Mahavira),
Digambaras are the ones who under the leadership of Bhadrabahu migrated south and lived in the old
traditional way.
• Svetambaras are the ones who under the leadership of Sthalabahu had stayed back at Magadha.
• When the Jainas who had migrated south returned, they accused this group of violating rules of Jainism
on account of wearing white clothing.

Statement 1 is correct
• According to the Digambara tradition, Women lack the necessary physical attributes and willpower to
attain moksha (liberation).
• Therefore, they must be reborn as men before they can attain this state.
• Whereas, Shvetambaras acknowledge the possibility of women attaining Jina-hood and maintain
that women are capable in the present lifetime of the same spiritual accomplishments as men.
• For example, the 19th Tirthankara, recognized as female in the Shvetambara tradition, is regarded by
the Digambaras as a male named Mallinatha.
• Mallinatha was born into a royal family as a prince and, after taking vows as a Digambara monk, eventually
became a Tirthankara.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The mukhvastrika or mupatti, which is a mask worn by Shvetambar Jain monks, symbolizes their com-
mitment to non-violence.
• This practice reflects their dedication to avoiding harm to any living being, which is a central tenet of
Jainism.
• The mask serves as a reminder to be mindful of their breath and actions, ensuring they cause the least
harm possible in their daily lives.

Statement 3 is not correct

• The Shvetambara Tradition depicts the idols of Tirthankaras as wearing a loin-cloth, bedecked with
jewels and with glass eyes inserted in the marble.
• Whereas, Digambara tradition represents the idols of Tirthankaras as nude, unadorned and with
downcast eyes in the contemplative mood.
• Hence, both Shvetambaras and Digambaras practiced idol worship.

Statement 4 is correct
• The Digambaras make use of the term ‘Purana’ for the hagiographies.
• Whereas, the Shvetambaras use the term ‘Charita’.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Hard

82) With reference to Jainism, consider the following statements:

1. Gunasthanas refers to one who has reached the stage of kevalajnana.
2. Pratikraman is a process where Jains repent for their daily mistakes and remind themselves not to
repeat them.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• In Jainism, Gunasthana refers to any of the 14 stages of spiritual development that a soul progresses
through on its journey towards moksha (spiritual liberation).
• 14 stages of spiritual development in Jainism:
 Mithyatva: Following falseness.
 Sasvadana: Having a taste for the truth.
 Mishra: Mixed right and wrong attitudes of mind.
 Avirata-samyaktva: Correctness of insight while not yet having ceased from worldly involvement.
 Desha-virati: Partial cessation from worldly involvement.
 Pramatta-virati: Cessation with some relapses.
 Apramatta-virati: Cessation without relapse.
 Apurva-karana: Pursuit of that which has not been experienced.
 Anivritti-karana: Pursuit of nonreturn to the cycle of rebirths.
 Sukshma-samparaya: Transition to a state of subtlety.
 Kshina-mohata: State in which delusion has been dispelled.
 Antarayopashanti: Annihilation of all obstructions to liberation.
 Sayogakaivalya: Emancipation or spiritual release while still embodied.
 Ayogakaivalya: Emancipation while no longer embodied (siddha).
• These stages represent the progressive path towards spiritual liberation (moksha) in Jainism.
• Arhat is the one who has reached the stage of kevalajnana.

Statement 2 is correct
• Pratikraman is a process during which Jains repent for their sins during their daily life and remind
themselves not to repeat them.
• The five types of Pratikaman include Devasi, Rayi, Pakhi, Chaumasi, and Samvatsari.

Answer: (b) 2 only | Difficulty Level: Hard

83) With reference to the Jain councils, Consider the following statements:
1. First council was held at Patliputra, under the presidency of Sthulabadra.
2. Second council was held at Vaishali under the presidency of Devardhi Kshemasarmana.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are not correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The first Jains' council was held around 310 BC, 160 years after Mahavira's death in Pataliputra (mod-
ern-day Bihar).
• It was presided over by Sthulabhadra.
• The major achievement of this council was the compilation of 12 angas to replace Purvas (Rejection by
Digambaras).
• Jainism was split into two sects following the first Jain council, Svetambara and Dighambara.
• Sthulabhadra led the Svetambara sect, whereas Bhadrabadu led the Digambara sect.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The Second Jain Council was held in Vallabhi, Gujarat, around 453 or 466 CE.
• It was presided over by Devardhi Kshemasarmana.
• The primary objective of this council was to compile and preserve the Jain scriptures, known as the Aga-
mas.

Answer: (b) 2 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

84) Consider the following statements about Jainism:

1. Bahubali is considered the first among the 24 Tirthankaras.
2. Therigatha is a Jain text that offers insights into the social and spiritual experiences of women.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• Bahubali, was the son of Rishabhadeva (First Tirthankara) and Sunanda Devi.
• Bahubali meditated motionless for 12 years in a standing posture (kayotsarga), with climbing plants
growing around his legs.
• After this period, he achieved omniscience (kevala jnana).
• Also known as Kammateshwara and Gommateshwara, he is honored by the Gommateshwara statue.

Statement 2 is not correct

• The Therigatha, part of the Sutta Pitaka, is a distinctive Buddhist text consisting of verses composed
by bhikkhunis.
• It offers valuable perspectives on the social and spiritual lives of women.
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2 | Difficulty Level: Easy

85) Find out the correct statement about Alexander's invasion:

a) Alexander could not win against the army of Ambhi of Taxila.
b) Alexander defeated Porus and annexed his kingdom.
c) Alexander defeated Porus and treated him generously.
d) Alexander could not win against the army of Porus.

Explanation
• After two centuries of the Persian invasion, Alexander from Macedonia invaded India.
• On the eve of his invasion, there were a number of small kingdoms in northwestern India.
• The leading kings were Ambhi of Taxila, the ruler of Abhisara and Porus who ruled the region between
the rivers of Jhelum and Chenab.
• There were many republican states like Nysa. In short, northwestern India remained the most disunited
part of India and the rulers were fighting with one another.
• They never come together against a common enemy. Yet, it was not easy for Alexander to overcome so
many sources of opposition.
• In 327 B.C. Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush Mountains and spent nearly ten months fighting with
the tribes. He crossed the Indus in February 326 B.C. with the help of the bridge of boats.
• He was warmly received by Ambhi, the ruler of Taxila. From there Alexander sent a message to Porus to
submit. But Porus refused and decided to fight against Alexander.
• Then Alexander marched from Taxila to the banks of the river Hydaspes (Jhelum). On the other side of
the river he saw the vast army of Porus. As there were heavy floods in the river, Alexander was not able
to cross it. After a few days, he crossed the river and the famous battle of Hydaspes was fought on the
plains of Karri.
• It was a well-contested battle. Although Porus had a strong army, he lost the battle. Alexander was im-
pressed by the courage and heroism of this Indian prince, treated him generously and reinstated him on
his throne.

Answer: (c) Alexander defeated Porus and treated him generously | Difficulty Level: Very Easy

86) Alexander invaded India as far as:

a) Beas river
b) Bay of Bengal
c) Ravi river
d) Sutlej river

Explanation
• Alexander continued his march as far as the river Beas encountering opposition from the local tribes. He
wanted to proceed still further eastwards towards the Gangetic valley.
• But he could not do so because his soldiers refused to fight. Hardships of prolonged warfare made
them tired and they wanted to return home.
• Alexander could not persuade them and therefore decided to return. He made arrangements to look
after his conquered territories in India.
• He divided the whole territory from the Indus to the Beas into three provinces and put them under his
governors.
• On his way he reached Babylon where he fell seriously ill and died in 323 B.C.

Answer: (a) Beas | Difficulty Level: Easy

87) What were the effects of Alexander's invasion?

1. Political disunification of north India.
2. Direct contact between India and Greece.
3. Alexander's historians also give us important information about the social and economic conditions
of India.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The immediate effect of Alexander’s invasion was that it encouraged political unification of north India
under the Mauryas.
• By destroying the power of petty states in north-west India Alexander's invasion paved the way for the
expansion of the Mauryan empire in that area.

Statement 2 is correct
• The most important outcome of this invasion was the establishment of direct contact between India
and Greece in different fields.
• Alexander's campaign opened up four distinct routes by land and sea.
• It paved the way for Greek merchants and craftsmen, and increased the existing facilities for trade.

Statement 3 is correct
• Alexander was deeply interested in the geography of the mysterious ocean which he saw at the mouth
of the Indus.
• Therefore, he dispatched his new fleet under his friend Nearchus to explore the coast and search for
harbours from the mouth of the Indus to that of the Euphrates. So, Alexander's historians' have left valu-
able geographical accounts.
• They also have left clearly dated records of Alexander's campaign, which enable us to build Indian
chronology for subsequent events on a definite basıs.
• Alexander's historians also give us ımportant information about social and economic conditions.
• They tell us about the sati system, the sale of girls in market places by poor parents, and the fine breed
of oxen in north-west India.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Medium

88) The Iranian scribes brought into India a form of writing that came to be known
as:
a) Brahmi script
b) Devanagari script
c) Kharosthi script
d) Indus script

Explanation
• The Iranian scribes brought into India a form of writing that came to be known as the Kharosthi script.
• It was written from right to left, like in Arabic.
• Some Asokan inscriptions in north-west India were written in this script.
• This script was used in various parts of the Gandhara Kingdom such as the Indus, Swat, and Kabul River
valleys.
• Characteristic Features of Kharosthi Script:
 It is a middle Indo-Aryan dialect.
 It is written from right to left.
 It includes numbers similar to Roman numerals.
 It mostly consists of the use of Indian, Greek, and Iranian words.
 Its original letters were based on Arabic and the remaining have evolved with the addition of diacritic
marks.
 It is cursive.
 It is a top-oriented script as each letter has a character on its upper part.

Answer: (c) Kharosthi script | Difficulty Level: Very Easy

89) Which of the following statements correctly explains the term ‘bhojaka’?
a) They are treasury head officers under the revenue department of the Mauryan empire.
b) These are the holy texts of Digambar sect of Jainism.
 c) Village headman.
d) It was an exploitative taxation method imposed on peasants.

Explanation
• During the sixth century BC, in the age of Buddha, numerous villages are mentioned in the Pali texts, and
towns seem to have been situated amidst the clusters of villages. It seems that the nucleated rural settle-
ment, in which all people settled at one place and had their agricultural lands mostly outside the settle-
ment, first appeared in the middle Gangetic basin.
• The Pali texts speak of three types of villages.
o The first category included the typical village inhabited by various castes and communities. Its num-
ber seems to have been the largest, and it was headed by a village headman called Bhojaka.
o The second included suburban villages, which were in the nature of craft villages; for instance, a
carpenters' village lay in the vicinity of Varanasi. Obviously, these villages served as markets for the
other villages and linked the towns with the countryside.
o The third category consisted of border villages situated on the limits of the countryside that merged
into forests. People living in these villages were mainly fowlers and hunters and led a backward life.

Answer: (c) Village headman | Difficulty Level: Easy

90) Consider the following rulers of ancient India:

1. Ajatashatru of Magadha
2. Mahapadma Nanda
3. Bimbisara of Magadha
4. Prasenjit of Kosala

Which of the above rulers were contemporaries of Buddha?

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 1, 3 and 4 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) All of the above

Explanation
Ajatashatru is correct
• Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbini, Nepal, in 563 BCE.
• Ajatashatru (Ruled - 492 BCE – 460 BCE) was contemporary to Buddha.
• He was the son of Bimbisara.
• Lord Buddha died during his reign.
• He organised the first Buddhist council immediately after Buddha’s death.

Mahapadma Nanda is not correct

• Mahapadma Nanda was not contemporary to Buddha.
• Mahapadma Nanda was the first ruler of the Nanda dynasty, which ruled over Magadha in ancient India
from 345 BCE.

Bimbisara is correct
• Bimbisara of Magadha was contemporary to Buddha.
• Bimbisara was the king of Magadha from 544 to 492 BCE.
• He is said to have invited the Buddha to his court and to have given him land for a monastery.

Parsenjit is correct
• Prasenjit of Kosala was contemporary to Buddha.
• Prasenjit was the king of Kosala, a kingdom in northern India.
• He was a contemporary of the Buddha and is mentioned in several Buddhist texts like Samyutta nikaya.
• He was also a patron of the Buddha and is said to have invited him to Kosala on several occasions.

Answer: (b) 1, 3 and 4 | Difficulty Level: Medium

91) In the context of the ancient India, consider the following statements:
1. The rise of Mahajanapadas coincided with the disappearance of the Pali texts.
2. Anguttar Nikaya, a Buddhist text, mentions the Mahajanapadas.

Which of the above statement(s) is/are not correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The period of 6th Century B. C. was regarded as the era of Second Urbanisation in India.
• The record of this period was obtained from a number of Pali and Sanskrit texts and hence, there was
no disappearance of the Pali texts.
• The Buddhists texts, Sutta, Vinaya, and Abhidhamma pitaka were composed in Pali language. The Jataka
tales are written in both Pali and Sanskrit language.

Statement 2 is correct
• As per the Buddhist text, Anguttara Nikaya,there was the existence of 16 Mahajanapadas.
• Among the 16 Mahajanapadas or the large states, Kosala and Magadha emerged as the most powerful
ones.

Answer: (a) 1 only | Difficulty Level: Easy

92) Which one of the following correctly defines the term ‘Digha Nikaya'?
a) Types of taxes
b) Buddhist text
c) Public assemblies
d) Jain text

Explanation
• Digha Nikaya is a collection of long discourses of the Buddha, preserved in the Pali Canon, the scrip-
tures of Theravada Buddhism.
• The Digha Nikaya consists of 34 suttas (discourses) and is one of the five main collections of Buddhist
scriptures in the Pali Canon.
• As stated, the majority of the dialogues in the Digha Nikaya are attributed to the Buddha himself, and
they cover a wide range of topics, including teachings on ethics, meditation, and the nature of existence.
• It is known as the "Collection of Long Discourses" in English.

Answer: (b) Buddhist text | Difficulty Level: Easy

93) Consider the following statements:

1. The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander (165–45 BC), also known as Milinda, he had his
capital at Mathura and invaded the Ganga–Yamuna doab.
2. The Milinda Panho documents a conversation between the Buddhist sage Nagasena and the Indo-
Greek king Menander I.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander (165–45 BC), also known as Milinda.
• He had his capital at Sakala (modern Sialkot) in the Punjab; and invaded the Ganga–Yamuna doab.
• He had a great many cities in his dominions including Sakala and Mathura.

Statement 2 is correct
• He is known for the variety and wide spread of coins in his dominions.
• He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena, who is also known as Nagarjuna.
• Menander asked Nagasena many questions relating to Buddhism.
• These questions and Nagasena’s answers were recorded in the form of a book known as Milinda Panho
or the Questions of Milinda.

Answer: (b) 2 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

94) With reference to Shakas, consider the following statements:

1. The Shakas or the Scythians destroyed Greek power in both Bactria and India, and controlled a much
larger part of India than had the Greeks.
2. The Shakas were the first rulers in India to issue coins that can be definitively attributed to particular
kings.

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• The Greeks were followed by the Shakas. The Shakas or the Scythians destroyed Greek power in both
Bactria and India, and controlled a much larger part of India than had the Greeks.
• There were five branches of the Shakas with their seats of power in different parts of India and Afghani-
stan.
• One branch of the Shakas settled in Afghanistan; the second in the Punjab with Taxila as their capital; the
third in Mathura where they ruled for about two centuries; the fourth branch established its hold over
western India, where the Shakas continued to rule until the fourth century; the fifth branch established
its power in the upper Deccan.

Statement 2 is not correct

• Indo-Greek rule is important in the history of India because of the large number of coins that the Greeks
issued.
• The Indo-Greeks were the first rulers in India to issue coins that can be definitively attributed to partic-
ular kings.
• The Indo-Greeks were the first to issue gold coins in India, and these increased in number under the
Kushans.
• Greek rule introduced features of Hellenistic art in the north-west frontier of India, but this was not
purely Greek but the outcome of Greek contact with non-Greek conquered peoples after Alexander’s
death.
• The best example of this was Gandhara art.
Answer: (a) 1 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

95) With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements:

1. The Heliodorus pillar in Vidisha is dedicated to lord Vishnu.
2. Kanishka was a patron of Hinayana Buddhism.
3. Ashwagosha, the writer of Buddhacharita, enjoyed patronage of Kushans.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• Some rulers and others from Central Asia adopted Vaishnavism, which means the worship of Vishnu, the
god of protection and preservation.
• The Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a pillar in honour of Vasudeva (Lord Vishnu) at Besnagar
near Vidisha (headquarters of Vidisha district) in Madhya Pradesh around the middle of the second cen-
tury BC.
 The Archeological Survey of India plaque at the Pillar of Heliodorus. Credit: The Wire

Statement 2 is not correct

• Kanishka was the patron of Mahayana Buddhism.
• He convened 4th Buddhist council in Kashmir a council.
• His military victories and support for Buddhism significantly contributed to the development of the Silk
Road and the spread of Mahayana Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China.

Statement 3 is correct
• It appears that some of the great creative writers such as Ashvaghosha enjoyed the patronage of the
Kushans.
• Ashvaghosha wrote the Buddhcharita, which is a biography of the Buddha, and also composed
Saundarananda, a fine example of Sanskrit kavya.

Answer: (b) Only two | Difficulty Level: Medium

96) Consider the following statements:

1. The Parthians from central Asia who ruled ancient India are called Yuechis or Tocharians.
2. Kanishka started an era in AD 78, which is now known as the Shaka era and is used by the Government
of India.
3. The coins of the Kanishka employ only Greek characters.

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only
 b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The Parthians were followed by the Kushans, who are also called Yuechis or Tocharians.
• The Tocharians were considered to be the same as the Scythians.
• The Kushans were one of the five clans into which the Yuechi tribe was divided.
• A nomadic people from the steppes of north Central Asia living in the neighbourhood of China, the
Kushans first occupied Bacteria or north Afghanistan where they displaced the Shakas.
• Gradually they moved to the Kabul valley and seized Gandhara by crossing the Hindu Kush, replacing the
rule of the Greeks and Parthians in these areas.
• They eventually established their authority over the lower Indus basin and the greater part of the Gan-
getic basin.

Statement 2 is correct
• Kanishka was the most famous Kushan ruler. Although outside the borders of India, he seems to have
suffered defeat at the hands of the Chinese, he is known to history for two reasons.
 First, he started an era in AD 78, which is now known as the Shaka era and is used by the Govern-
ment of India.
 Secondly, Kanishka extended his wholehearted patronage to Buddhism.
• He held a 4TH Buddhist council in Kashmir, where the doctrines of the Mahayana form of Buddhism
were finalized.
• Kanishka was also a great patron of art and architecture.
• Kanishka’s successors continued to rule in north-western India till about AD 230, and some of them bore
a typical Indian name such as Vasudeva.
• Kushan coins, inscriptions, constructions, and pieces of sculpture found in Mathura show that it was their
second capital in India, the first being Purushapura or Peshawar, where Kanishka erected a monastery
and a huge stupa or relic tower which excited the wonder of foreign travellers.

Statement 3 is correct
• The coins of the Kanishka group employ only Greek characters.
• Kanishka introduced the Iranian title 'Shaonana Shao', 'King of Kings' instead of the Greek "Basileus
Basileon".

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only | Difficulty Level: Medium

97) With reference to material life during age of Buddha, consider the following
statements:
1. The NBPW (Northern Black Polished Ware) phase marked the beginning of the third urbanization in
India.
2. This phase saw the beginning of metal money and use of burnt bricks and ring wells.
3. Shravasti was considered to be a great centre of trade.

How many of the above statement(s) is/are not correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
• Archaeologically, the fifth century BC marks the beginning of the Northern Black Polished Ware
(NBPW) phase in the Gangetic plains, and this was a very glossy, shining type of pottery.

Statement 1 is not correct

• The NBPW phase marked the beginning of the second urbanization in India.

Statement 2 is correct
• This pottery was made of very fine material and apparently served as tableware for the rich.
• In association with this pottery are found iron implements, especially those meant for crafts and agri-
culture.
• This phase also saw the beginning of metal money.
• The use of burnt bricks and ring wells began in the middle of the NBPW phase, that is, in the third
century BC.

Statement 3 is correct
• Shravasti was the capital of the kingdom of Kosala and was important both as a prosperous trading
centre and for its religious associations.
• It stood at the junction of three great roads connecting it with the great cities of eastern, northern, and
western India

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Easy

98) The ancient term ‘Sulva Sutra’ is related to?

a) A mathematics book with sophisticated measurement instruction.
b) The second volume of kamasutra, an ancient book of Vatsyayana.
c) A Compilation of Vedic medicine.
 d) Vedic Astrological text.

Explanation
• The ‘Sulva Sutras’ are texts belonging to the Srauta ritual and containing geometry related to fire-altar
construction.
• The sutras contain statements of the Pythagorean theorem and lists of Pythagorean triples.
• The four major Shulba Sutras are those attributed to Baudhayana, Manava, Apastamba and Katya-
yana.
• They are the only sources of knowledge of Indian mathematics from the Vedic period.

Answer: (a) A mathematics book with sophisticated measurement instruction | Difficulty Level: Easy

99) Consider the following statements regarding taxation during the 6th century
B.C:
1. The peasants had to pay one-third of their produce as tax.
2. Taxes were collected directly by royal agents, and generally no intermediate landlords existed be-
tween the peasants, on the one hand, and the state, on the other.
3. The voluntary ‘Bali’ payment made by the tribesmen to their chiefs, became a compulsory payment
to be made by the peasants in the age of the Buddha.

How many of above statement(s) is/are not correct?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None of the above

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct
• The peasants had to pay one-sixth of their produce as tax.

Statement 2 is correct
• Taxes were collected directly by royal agents, and generally no intermediate landlords existed be-
tween the peasants, on the one hand, and the state, on the other.
• Some villages were however granted to brahmanas and big merchants.
• We also hear of large plots of land worked with the help of slaves and agricultural labourers.

Statement 3 is correct
• Bali, a voluntary payment made by the tribesmen to their chiefs in Vedic times, became a compulsory
payment to be made by the peasants in the age of the Buddha, and officers called balisadhakas were
appointed to collect it.
• It appears that one-sixth of the produce was collected as tax by the king from the peasant.
• Taxes were assessed and collected by the royal agents with the help of village headmen.
• The advent of writing may have helped in the assessment and collection of taxes.
• The discovery of many hoards of punch-marked coins suggests that payment was made in both cash
and kind.
• In addition to these taxes, the peasants were subjected to forced labour for royal work.
• The Jatakas state that sometimes peasants left the country of the king in order to escape the oppressive
burden of taxes.

Answer: (a) Only one | Difficulty Level: Medium

100) With reference to contributions of Indo-Greeks, consider the following state-

ments:
1. In post-Mauryan times Indian astronomy and astrology profited from contact with the Greeks and
the Greek term horoscope derived the term horashastra that denotes astrology in Sanskrit.
2. Indians did not owe anything striking to the Greeks in medicine, botany, and chemistry.

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
• In post-Mauryan times Indian astronomy and astrology profited from contact with the Greeks.
• Many Greek terms concerning the movement of planets appear in Sanskrit texts.
• Indian astrology was influenced by Greek ideas, and from the Greek term horoscope was derived the
term horashastra that denotes astrology in Sanskrit.
• The Greek coins, which were properly shaped and stamped, were a great improvement on punch-marked
coins.

Statement 2 is correct
• The Indians did not owe anything striking to the Greeks in medicine, botany, and chemistry.
• These three subjects were dealt with by Charaka and Sushruta.
• The Charaka Samhita contains names of numerous plants and herbs from which drugs were prepared.

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2 | Difficulty Level: Easy

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