CHAPTER WISE TOPIC WISE

LESSON PLANS
CLASS XI MATHEMATICS

2024
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 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XI
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER – 2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
TOPIC - 2.1 INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives
• Recall the concepts of sets and their representations.
• Understand the definition of a relation and its representation as a set of ordered pairs.
• Analyze real-life examples to identify relations.
• Define a function as a special type of relation.
• Differentiate between relations and functions through examples and analysis.
Materials Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Prepared presentation slides (optional)
• Handout with practice problems
Lesson Outline
Recap of Sets (5 minutes)
• Begin by quickly reviewing the concept of sets, their notations, and types (finite, infinite,
empty).
• Engage students with quick questions like 'What is a set?', 'Give an example of a finite
set.', 'How do we represent a set?'
Introduction to Relations (15 minutes)
• Introduce the concept of a relation using real-life examples like 'student and their roll
numbers,' 'books and their authors.'
• Formally define a relation as a set of ordered pairs where the first element belongs to
one set (domain) and the second to another (codomain).
• Illustrate the representation of relations using arrow diagrams and set-builder notation.
Identifying Relations (10 minutes)
• Present various scenarios and ask students to identify if they represent a relation.
• Examples: 'The relation between a person and their favorite color,' 'The relation
between a number and its square root.'
• Encourage students to explain their reasoning, emphasizing the concept of ordered
pairs.
Introduction to Functions (10 minutes)
• Introduce a function as a special type of relation where each element in the domain is
related to exactly one element in the codomain.
 • Use the example of a 'vending machine' to illustrate the input-output mapping
characteristic of a function.
• Emphasize that all functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.
Distinguishing Functions from Relations (5 minutes)
• Provide examples of relations, some being functions and others not.
• Ask students to determine which relations are functions and justify their answers.
• Conclude by highlighting the key difference: In a function, each input has a unique
output.
Assessment
• Observe student participation during the recap and discussions.
• Assess their understanding through responses to identification exercises.
• Evaluate their grasp of the concepts through their explanations and justifications.

Applications
Database Management
• Relations are fundamental in database design, where data is organized into tables with
rows representing relations between entities.
• Example: In a school database, a table might represent the relation between students
and their enrolled courses.
Computer Programming
• Functions are building blocks of programming languages, allowing for modularity and
code reusability.
• Example: A function can be written to calculate the area of a triangle, taking base and
height as input and returning the calculated area.

Teaching Strategies
Real-world Connections
Use relatable examples to make abstract concepts like relations and functions more concrete
and understandable.
Visual Representations
Employ arrow diagrams and graphical representations to visually illustrate the concepts of
relations and functions.
Interactive Discussions
Encourage student participation through open-ended questions, prompting them to think
critically and apply their understanding.
Success Metrics
• Can the student define a relation and represent it using different methods?
• Is the student able to differentiate between a relation and a function?
• Can the student analyze real-life scenarios and identify relations and functions?
Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will explore different types of functions, their domain, and range. We will
also delve into representing functions graphically and algebraically. Encourage students to think
of more real-life examples of functions and relations and discuss them in the next class.

Handout 1: Introduction to relations and functions

Definitions/Theory Explanations
Sets and Their Representations
A set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. Sets are usually
denoted by capital letters. For example, A = {1, 2, 3} is a set of numbers. Sets can be finite,
infinite, or empty. Finite sets have a limited number of elements, infinite sets have unlimited
elements, and an empty set has no elements.
Relations
A relation is a set of ordered pairs, where the first element of each pair belongs to one set
(called the domain) and the second element belongs to another set (called the codomain). For
example, if we have a set of students and a set of their roll numbers, the relation between
students and their roll numbers can be represented as a set of ordered pairs.
Functions
A function is a special type of relation where each element in the domain is related to exactly
one element in the codomain. For example, a vending machine can be considered a function
where each input (selection) results in exactly one output (item). All functions are relations, but
not all relations are functions.

Key Concepts and Their Explanation

Domain and Codomain
The domain of a relation is the set of all possible first elements of the ordered pairs, while the
codomain is the set of all possible second elements. For example, in the relation between
students and their roll numbers, the set of students is the domain, and the set of roll numbers
is the codomain.
Ordered Pairs
An ordered pair is a pair of elements written in a specific order, usually as (a, b). The first
element 'a' belongs to the domain, and the second element 'b' belongs to the codomain.
Ordered pairs are used to represent relations.
Arrow Diagrams
Arrow diagrams are visual representations of relations. They use arrows to show how elements
from the domain are related to elements in the codomain. Each arrow represents an ordered
pair.
Set-Builder Notation
Set-builder notation is a concise way of describing a set by specifying a property that its
members must satisfy. For example, the set of all x such that x is greater than 0 can be written
as {x | x > 0}.
Practice Problems
Problem 1
Identify whether the following pairs represent a relation: (a) (student, roll number), (b) (book,
author), (c) (person, favorite color).
Problem 2
Given the set of students {A, B, C} and their roll numbers {1, 2, 3}, represent the relation
between students and their roll numbers using ordered pairs.
Problem 3
Is the following relation a function? {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 4)}. Justify your answer.
Problem 4
Use an arrow diagram to represent the relation between the set of numbers {1, 2, 3} and their
squares {1, 4, 9}.
Problem 5
Write the set of all x such that x is a positive even number less than 10 using set-builder
notation.

Additional Notes
In the next lesson, we will explore different types of functions, their domain, and range. We will
also delve into representing functions graphically and algebraically. Encourage students to think
of more real-life examples of functions and relations and discuss them in the next class.
 Narration 1: Introduction to relations and functions

Recap of Sets (00:05:00)

• Good morning, everyone! Today, we are going to start with a quick recap of sets. Can
anyone tell me what a set is?
• Great! A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. For example, the set of all
vowels in the English alphabet is {a, e, i, o, u}.
• Now, can someone give me an example of a finite set?
• Excellent! A finite set has a countable number of elements, like the set of natural
numbers less than 10: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
• How do we represent a set? Yes, we use curly braces {} to enclose the elements of a set.
Introduction to Relations (00:15:00)
• Now, let's move on to the concept of relations. A relation is a way of showing a
connection or relationship between two sets.
• For example, consider the relation between students and their roll numbers. Each
student has a unique roll number.
• Another example is the relation between books and their authors. Each book is written
by an author.
• Formally, a relation is defined as a set of ordered pairs where the first element belongs
to one set, called the domain, and the second element belongs to another set, called the
codomain.
• Let's illustrate this with an arrow diagram. Imagine we have a set of students {A, B, C}
and a set of roll numbers {1, 2, 3}. If student A has roll number 1, B has roll number 2,
and C has roll number 3, we can represent this relation as {(A, 1), (B, 2), (C, 3)}.
• We can also use set-builder notation to represent relations. For example, the relation 'is
a square of' between the set of natural numbers and their squares can be written as R =
{(x, y) | y = x^2, x ∈ N}.
Identifying Relations (00:10:00)
• Let's practice identifying relations. I'll present some scenarios, and you tell me if they
represent a relation.
• First scenario: The relation between a person and their favorite color. Is this a relation?
• Yes, it is! Each person can have a favorite color, so we can form ordered pairs like
(Person, Color).
• Next scenario: The relation between a number and its square root. Is this a relation?
• Correct! This is also a relation because each number has a square root, forming pairs like
(Number, Square Root).
• Remember, a relation is simply a set of ordered pairs. The key is to identify the
connection between the elements of the two sets.
Introduction to Functions (00:10:00)
• Now, let's talk about functions. A function is a special type of relation where each
element in the domain is related to exactly one element in the codomain.
• Think of a vending machine. You input a code, and you get a specific snack. Each code
corresponds to one snack, just like in a function where each input has a unique output.
• For example, consider the function f(x) = x + 2. If we input 1, we get 3. If we input 2, we
get 4. Each input has a unique output.
• It's important to note that all functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.
In a function, every input must have exactly one output.
Distinguishing Functions from Relations (00:05:00)
• Let's distinguish between functions and relations with some examples.
• Consider the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}. Is this a function?
• Yes, it is! Each input has a unique output.
• Now, consider the relation S = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4)}. Is this a function?
• No, it's not. The input 1 has two different outputs (2 and 3), so it doesn't meet the
criteria for a function.
• The key difference is that in a function, each input has a unique output. This is what
makes functions special.
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XI
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER – 2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
TOPIC - 2.2 CARTESIAN PRODUCTS OF SETS
Learning Objectives
• Recall the definition of a set and represent a set in roster and set builder form.
• Define the Cartesian product of two sets.
• Represent the Cartesian product of two sets using ordered pairs.
• Analyze real-life situations to model them using the concept of Cartesian products.
Materials Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Prepared notes with examples and exercises
• Handouts with practice problems
Lesson Outline
Warm-up and Review (5 minutes)
• Begin by asking students to recall the definition of a set.
• Discuss different ways to represent a set (roster form, set-builder form).
• Work through a simple example to refresh their memory on set representation.
Introducing Cartesian Products (15 minutes)
• Introduce the concept of ordered pairs and their significance.
• Define the Cartesian product of two sets (A x B) as the set of all possible ordered pairs
where the first element is from set A and the second from set B.
• Illustrate with a simple example, like A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b}, then A x B = {(1, a), (1, b),
(2, a), (2, b)}.
• Emphasize the importance of order in ordered pairs, (1, a) is different from (a, 1).
Visualizing with Examples (10 minutes)
• Present various examples of sets, including finite and infinite sets.
• Demonstrate finding the Cartesian product of these sets, clearly showing the ordered
pairs.
• Use graphical representations (like grids) to visualize the Cartesian product for smaller
sets.
Real-world Applications (10 minutes)
• Connect the concept to real-life scenarios, like pairing clothes, menu combinations in a
restaurant, or possible outcomes from rolling two dice.
 • Encourage students to think of other real-life examples where Cartesian products are
applicable.
Practice and Assessment (5 minutes)
• Provide handouts with practice problems involving finding Cartesian products of sets.
• Allow students to work individually or in pairs, and walk around to assist and clarify
doubts.
• For a quick assessment, ask students to volunteer solutions and discuss their thought
processes.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during the review and discussion.
• Evaluate their understanding through responses and problem-solving approaches during
practice.
• Review completed handouts to assess comprehension of the concept and its
application.

Applications
Computer Science
• Cartesian products are fundamental in database design, representing relationships
between tables.
• Example: In a database with tables for 'Students' and 'Courses,' the Cartesian product
helps represent all possible student-course enrollments.
Probability
• Used to determine the sample space of events involving multiple choices.
• Example: When calculating the probability of getting heads and tails when flipping two
coins, the Cartesian product helps define the possible outcomes: {HH, HT, TH, TT}.

Teaching Strategies
Visual Aids
Use diagrams, charts, and graphical representations to illustrate the concept of ordered pairs
and Cartesian products, making it easier for visual learners to grasp.
Real-world Connections
Relate the concept to practical situations to make it more relevant and engaging for students,
helping them understand its significance beyond theoretical mathematics.
Interactive Learning
Encourage student participation through questioning, discussions, and problem-solving
activities, promoting active learning and deeper understanding.

Success Metrics
• Can the student define a set and represent it in different forms?
 • Can the student define the Cartesian product of two sets?
• Can the student accurately determine the Cartesian product of given sets, including
cases with finite and infinite sets?
• Can the student apply the concept of Cartesian products to analyze and solve real-life
problems?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will explore relations as subsets of Cartesian products and delve into
different types of relations. We will also learn how to represent relations using various methods
like arrow diagrams and graphs. To prepare for the next lesson, encourage students to revise
the concept of Cartesian products and think about how relationships between elements of sets
can be represented.

Handout 1: Exploring cartesian products of sets

Definitions/Theory Explanations
Definition of a Set
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.
Sets are usually denoted by capital letters. For example, A = {1, 2, 3}.
Representation of Sets
Sets can be represented in two main forms: 1. Roster Form: Listing all the elements of the set,
e.g., A = {1, 2, 3}. 2. Set-Builder Form: Describing the properties that its members must satisfy,
e.g., A = {x | x is a natural number less than 4}.
Ordered Pairs
An ordered pair is a pair of elements with the order of elements being significant. It is denoted
as (a, b), where 'a' is the first element and 'b' is the second element. Note that (a, b) ≠ (b, a)
unless a = b.
Cartesian Product of Two Sets
The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted as A x B, is the set of all possible ordered
pairs where the first element is from set A and the second element is from set B. For example, if
A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b}, then A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}.

Key Concepts and Their Explanation

Importance of Order in Ordered Pairs
In an ordered pair (a, b), the order of elements is crucial. (a, b) is different from (b, a) unless a =
b. This concept is fundamental in defining Cartesian products.
Visualizing Cartesian Products
Cartesian products can be visualized using grids or tables. For example, if A = {1, 2} and B = {a,
b}, a grid can be drawn with elements of A on one axis and elements of B on the other, marking
the intersections as the ordered pairs.
Real-World Applications
Cartesian products are used in various real-life scenarios such as: 1. Pairing clothes (e.g., shirts
and pants). 2. Menu combinations in a restaurant (e.g., main course and dessert). 3. Possible
outcomes from rolling two dice.

Practice Problems
Problem 1
Given sets A = {1, 2} and B = {x, y}, find A x B.
Problem 2
If A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}, list all the elements of A x B.
Problem 3
Visualize the Cartesian product of sets A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b} using a grid.
Problem 4
Consider sets A = {red, blue} and B = {circle, square}. Find A x B and interpret the result in a real-
world context.
Problem 5
Given sets A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x, y, z}, determine the number of elements in A x B.

Additional Notes
In the next lesson, we will explore relations as subsets of Cartesian products and delve into
different types of relations. We will also learn how to represent relations using various methods
like arrow diagrams and graphs. To prepare for the next lesson, revise the concept of Cartesian
products and think about how relationships between elements of sets can be represented.
 Narration 1: Exploring cartesian products of sets

Warm-up and Review (00:05:00)

• Good morning, everyone! Let's start today's lesson by recalling what we learned about
sets. Can anyone tell me what a set is?
• Great! A set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.
Now, can someone explain how we can represent a set?
• Excellent! We can represent a set in two main ways: the roster form and the set-builder
form. In the roster form, we list all the elements of the set, like this: A = {1, 2, 3}. In the
set-builder form, we describe the properties that the elements of the set satisfy, like
this: A = {x | x is a natural number less than 4}.
• Let's work through a simple example together. Consider the set B = {a, b, c}. How would
we represent this set in roster form? And how about in set-builder form?
• Fantastic! In roster form, B = {a, b, c}. In set-builder form, B = {x | x is a letter in the set
{a, b, c}}.
Introducing Cartesian Products (00:15:00)
• Now that we've reviewed sets, let's move on to something new: Cartesian products.
Have any of you heard of ordered pairs before?
• Ordered pairs are pairs of elements where the order matters. For example, (1, a) is
different from (a, 1).
• The Cartesian product of two sets, A and B, is the set of all possible ordered pairs where
the first element is from set A and the second element is from set B. We write this as A x
B.
• Let's look at an example. Suppose A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b}. The Cartesian product A x B
would be {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}.
• Notice how each element of A is paired with each element of B. This is what we mean by
the Cartesian product.
• It's important to remember that the order of the pairs matters. (1, a) is different from
(a, 1).
Visualizing with Examples (00:10:00)
• Let's visualize this concept with some more examples. Consider the sets C = {3, 4} and D
= {x, y}. What would the Cartesian product C x D look like?
• Correct! C x D = {(3, x), (3, y), (4, x), (4, y)}.
• Now, let's try a set with more elements. Suppose E = {1, 2, 3} and F = {a, b}. What is E x
F?
• Exactly! E x F = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}.
 • To help us visualize, we can use a grid. Let's draw a grid with the elements of E on one
axis and the elements of F on the other. Each cell in the grid represents an ordered pair
in the Cartesian product.
• For smaller sets, this graphical representation can make it easier to see all the possible
ordered pairs.
Real-world Applications (00:10:00)
• Now, let's connect this concept to real-life scenarios. Can anyone think of a situation
where we might use Cartesian products?
• One example is pairing clothes. If you have 3 shirts and 2 pairs of pants, the Cartesian
product represents all possible outfits you can create.
• Another example is menu combinations in a restaurant. If you have 2 appetizers and 3
main courses, the Cartesian product shows all possible meal combinations.
• A fun example is rolling two dice. The Cartesian product of the possible outcomes of
each die gives us all possible results of the roll.
• Can anyone think of other real-life examples where Cartesian products might be useful?
• Great ideas! By thinking about these real-world applications, we can see how the
concept of Cartesian products helps us model and solve problems in various contexts.
Practice and Assessment (00:05:00)
• Let's put our understanding to the test with some practice problems. I've prepared
handouts with exercises on finding Cartesian products of sets.
• You can work individually or in pairs. As you work through the problems, I'll walk around
to assist and clarify any doubts.
• For a quick assessment, I'll ask some of you to volunteer your solutions and explain your
thought processes.
• Remember, the goal is to accurately determine the Cartesian product and understand
its significance.
• Let's get started!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XI
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER – 2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
TOPIC - 2.3 RELATIONS
Learning Objectives
• Students will be able to define a relation and represent it in different forms (set-builder,
roster, arrow diagram).
• Students will be able to identify the domain, co-domain, and range of a relation.
• Students will be able to differentiate between different types of relations.
• Students will be able to apply the concept of relations to real-life situations.
Materials Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Prepared notes with examples and definitions
• Worksheet with exercises on relations
Lesson Outline
Warm-up and Recap (5 minutes)
• Begin by reviewing the concept of sets, which is a prerequisite for understanding
relations.
• Engage students with a quick brainstorming session, asking them to list examples of sets
from everyday life (e.g., set of all students in the class, set of vowels in the alphabet).
Introduction to Relations (15 minutes)
• Introduce the concept of a relation as a set of ordered pairs, where the first element of
each pair comes from a set called the domain and the second element comes from a set
called the co-domain.
• Provide clear definitions of domain, co-domain, and range, illustrating with simple
examples.
• Show different ways to represent a relation: roster form, set-builder form, and arrow
diagram. Explain each representation clearly with examples.
Types of Relations (15 minutes)
• Discuss different types of relations, such as empty relation, universal relation, identity
relation, reflexive relation, symmetric relation, and transitive relation.
• Provide definitions and illustrative examples for each type of relation.
• Engage students in identifying the type of relation given its representation.
Applications of Relations (5 minutes)
 • Connect the concept of relations to real-life scenarios, such as relations between
students and their roll numbers, cities and their pin codes, or products and their prices.
• Encourage students to think of more examples from their own experiences.
Worksheet and Practice (5 minutes)
• Distribute the prepared worksheet with exercises on relations, including identifying
domain, co-domain, range, and types of relations.
• Allow students to work individually or in pairs to solve the exercises, providing
assistance and clarification as needed.
Assessment
• Observe student participation during the brainstorming and discussion sessions.
• Assess their understanding through their responses to questions and examples.
• Evaluate their performance on the worksheet exercises.
• Encourage self-assessment by having students check their own answers and identify
areas where they need further clarification.

Applications
Databases
• Relations form the foundation of relational databases, where data is organized into
tables with rows representing entities and columns representing attributes. The
relationships between these tables are defined using relations.
• Example: In a school database, the relation between the 'Students' table and the
'Classes' table can be defined based on the 'Class ID' attribute.
Computer Programming
• Relations are used in programming languages to define connections between data
elements, especially in data structures like graphs and trees.
• Example: In a social network graph, the 'friendship' relation connects users who are
friends with each other.

Teaching Strategies
Visual aids
Use diagrams, charts, and graphs to visually represent relations and their properties, making it
easier for students to grasp the concepts.
Real-world examples
Connect abstract mathematical concepts to relatable real-life situations to enhance
understanding and engagement.
Interactive activities
Incorporate activities like think-pair-share, group discussions, and problem-solving tasks to
promote active learning and collaboration.
Success Metrics
• Can the student define a relation and its key elements (domain, co-domain, range)?
• Can the student represent a relation in different forms (roster, set-builder, arrow
diagram)?
• Can the student identify the type of a given relation?
• Can the student apply the concept of relations to real-life scenarios?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve deeper into specific types of relations, exploring their
properties and applications in more detail. We will also learn about functions, which are a
special type of relation with unique characteristics and wide-ranging applications in
mathematics and other fields.

Handout 1: Introduction to relations

Definitions/Theory Explanations
What is a Relation?
A relation is a set of ordered pairs, where the first element of each pair comes from a set called
the domain and the second element comes from a set called the co-domain. For example, if we
have a set of students and a set of their roll numbers, a relation can be formed by pairing each
student with their roll number.
Domain, Co-domain, and Range
The domain of a relation is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs. The co-domain is
the set from which the second elements of the ordered pairs are taken. The range is the set of
all second elements of the ordered pairs.
Representations of Relations
Relations can be represented in different forms: 1. Roster Form: Listing all ordered pairs. 2. Set-
Builder Form: Describing the relation using a rule. 3. Arrow Diagram: Using arrows to show the
mapping between elements of the domain and co-domain.

Key Concepts and Their Explanation

Types of Relations
1. Empty Relation: No element of the set is related to any element of the set. 2. Universal
Relation: Every element of the set is related to every element of the set. 3. Identity Relation:
Every element is related to itself. 4. Reflexive Relation: Every element is related to itself. 5.
Symmetric Relation: If an element a is related to an element b, then b is related to a. 6.
Transitive Relation: If an element a is related to b and b is related to c, then a is related to c.
Applications of Relations
1. Databases: Relations form the foundation of relational databases, where data is organized
into tables with rows representing entities and columns representing attributes. Example: In a
school database, the relation between the 'Students' table and the 'Classes' table can be
defined based on the 'Class ID' attribute. 2. Computer Programming: Relations are used in
programming languages to define connections between data elements, especially in data
structures like graphs and trees. Example: In a social network graph, the 'friendship' relation
connects users who are friends with each other.

Practice Problems
Problem 1
Define a relation between the set of students {A, B, C} and their roll numbers {1, 2, 3} using
roster form.
Problem 2
Identify the domain, co-domain, and range of the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}.
Problem 3
Represent the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} using an arrow diagram.
Problem 4
Determine whether the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
Problem 5
Give a real-life example of a relation and explain its domain, co-domain, and range.

Additional Notes
• Make sure to review the concepts of sets as they are fundamental to understanding
relations.
• Use the provided worksheet to practice identifying domain, co-domain, range, and types
of relations.
• Think of more real-life examples of relations to better understand their applications.
 Narration 1: Introduction to relations

Warm-up and Recap (00:05:00)

• Good morning, everyone! Today, we are going to dive into the fascinating world of
relations in mathematics. But before we start, let's quickly review the concept of sets,
which is essential for understanding relations.
• Can anyone give me an example of a set from everyday life? Yes, a set of all students in
the class is a great example. How about another one? Excellent, the set of vowels in the
alphabet.
• Sets are simply collections of distinct objects, and understanding them will help us grasp
the concept of relations.
Introduction to Relations (00:15:00)
• Now, let's introduce the concept of a relation. A relation is a set of ordered pairs, where
the first element of each pair comes from a set called the domain, and the second
element comes from a set called the co-domain.
• For example, if we have a set of students and a set of their roll numbers, a relation could
be the pairing of each student with their roll number.
• The domain is the set of all first elements (students), and the co-domain is the set of all
second elements (roll numbers). The range is the set of all second elements that are
actually paired with a first element.
• We can represent a relation in different ways: roster form, set-builder form, and arrow
diagram. Let's look at each representation with examples.
• In roster form, we list all the ordered pairs. For example, {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4)}.
• In set-builder form, we describe the relation using a rule. For example, {(x,y) | y = x + 1,
x ∈ {1,2,3}}.
• In an arrow diagram, we draw arrows from elements in the domain to elements in the
co-domain. Let's draw an example on the board.
Types of Relations (00:15:00)
• Next, let's discuss the different types of relations. We have empty relation, universal
relation, identity relation, reflexive relation, symmetric relation, and transitive relation.
• An empty relation is a relation with no ordered pairs. For example, if no student has a
roll number, the relation is empty.
• A universal relation includes all possible ordered pairs. For example, if every student is
paired with every roll number.
• An identity relation pairs each element with itself. For example, {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)}.
• A reflexive relation means every element is related to itself. For example, in a set of
students, each student is related to themselves.
 • A symmetric relation means if (a,b) is in the relation, then (b,a) is also in the relation. For
example, if student A is friends with student B, then student B is friends with student A.
• A transitive relation means if (a,b) and (b,c) are in the relation, then (a,c) is also in the
relation. For example, if student A is friends with student B, and student B is friends with
student C, then student A is friends with student C.
• Let's look at some examples and identify the type of relation they represent.
Applications of Relations (00:05:00)
• Now, let's connect the concept of relations to real-life scenarios. For example, the
relation between students and their roll numbers, cities and their pin codes, or products
and their prices.
• Can anyone think of more examples from their own experiences? Great, the relation
between teachers and the subjects they teach is another good example.
• Understanding relations helps us organize and analyze information in various fields.
Worksheet and Practice (00:05:00)
• To reinforce what we've learned, I'll distribute a worksheet with exercises on relations.
The worksheet includes identifying the domain, co-domain, range, and types of
relations.
• You can work individually or in pairs to solve the exercises. I'll be here to assist and
clarify any doubts you may have.
• Let's get started and see how well you understand the concept of relations.
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XI
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER – 2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
TOPIC - 2.4 FUNCTIONS
Learning Objectives
• Define a function and represent it mathematically.
• Identify the domain, co-domain, and range of a function.
• Understand the graphical representation of different types of functions.
• Perform basic algebraic operations on real-valued functions.
Materials Needed
• Whiteboard or blackboard
• Markers or chalk
• Graph paper
• Rulers
• Prepared graphs of different functions (linear, quadratic, cubic, etc.)
• Worksheet with exercises on functions
Lesson Outline
Introduction to Functions (10 minutes)
• Begin by reviewing the concept of relations and their representation as sets of ordered
pairs.
• Introduce the concept of a function as a special type of relation where each input has
exactly one output.
• Use real-life examples like 'height of a person' as a function of 'age' to illustrate the
concept.
Domain, Co-domain, and Range (10 minutes)
• Define domain, co-domain, and range of a function.
• Explain how to determine the domain and range from a set of ordered pairs or a graph.
• Provide examples to illustrate the concepts and engage students in identifying the
domain and range of given functions.
Graphical Representation of Functions (15 minutes)
• Introduce the Cartesian plane and explain how to plot points.
• Show prepared graphs of different types of functions (linear, quadratic, cubic, etc.).
• Discuss the characteristics of each graph and how they relate to the function's equation.
• Engage students in plotting simple functions on graph paper.
Algebra of Real Functions (10 minutes)
 • Introduce the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
functions.
• Explain how to find the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions.
• Provide examples and work through them step-by-step on the board.
• Engage students in solving simple problems involving algebra of functions.
Worksheet and Practice (5 minutes)
• Distribute the worksheet with exercises on functions, including identifying domain,
range, and performing algebraic operations.
• Allow students to work individually or in pairs to complete the worksheet.
• Go over the answers and address any questions students may have.

Assessment
• Observe student participation and understanding during class discussions.
• Assess their ability to identify domain, co-domain, and range from graphs and
equations.
• Evaluate their performance on the worksheet exercises.
• Encourage students to create their own examples of functions and represent them
graphically.

Applications
Modeling Real-World Phenomena
• Functions are used to model various real-world phenomena, such as population growth,
projectile motion, and financial investments.
• Example: The height of a ball thrown vertically upwards can be modeled by a quadratic
function.
Calculus and Higher Mathematics
• Understanding functions is crucial for studying calculus and other advanced
mathematical concepts.
• Example: The derivative of a function represents its instantaneous rate of change.

Teaching Strategies
Visual Aids
Use graphs, diagrams, and real-life examples to illustrate the concepts of functions.
Interactive Learning
Engage students in discussions, ask questions, and encourage them to explain their reasoning.
Collaborative Work
Provide opportunities for students to work together in pairs or small groups to solve problems
and reinforce their understanding.

Success Metrics
 • Can the student define a function and its related terms?
• Can the student identify the domain, co-domain, and range of a function?
• Can the student interpret and analyze the graph of a function?
• Can the student perform basic algebraic operations on functions?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will explore different types of functions in more detail, including linear,
quadratic, and polynomial functions. We will also learn how to find the inverse of a function
and solve equations involving functions. Encourage students to practice graphing and analyzing
functions using online tools or graphing calculators.

Handout 1: Functions and their graphs

Definitions/Theory Explanations
What is a Function?
A function is a special type of relation where each input has exactly one output. It can be
represented mathematically as f(x), where x is the input and f(x) is the output. For example, the
height of a person as a function of their age.
Domain, Co-domain, and Range
The domain of a function is the set of all possible inputs (x-values). The co-domain is the set of
all possible outputs (y-values), and the range is the set of actual outputs. For example, in the
function f(x) = x^2, the domain is all real numbers, the co-domain is all real numbers, and the
range is all non-negative real numbers.
Graphical Representation of Functions
Functions can be represented graphically on a Cartesian plane. Each point (x, y) on the graph
represents an input-output pair. Different types of functions have distinct graph shapes, such as
linear, quadratic, and cubic functions.
Algebra of Real Functions
Functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. For example, if f(x) and g(x) are
two functions, then (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), (f-g)(x) = f(x) - g(x), (f*g)(x) = f(x) * g(x), and (f/g)(x) =
f(x) / g(x) where g(x) ≠ 0.

Key Concepts and Their Explanation

Linear Functions
A linear function is of the form f(x) = mx + c, where m and c are constants. Its graph is a straight
line.
Quadratic Functions
A quadratic function is of the form f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are constants. Its graph
is a parabola.
Cubic Functions
A cubic function is of the form f(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d, where a, b, c, and d are constants. Its
graph has an S-shape.
Operations on Functions
You can perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on functions.
For example, if f(x) = x^2 and g(x) = x + 1, then (f+g)(x) = x^2 + x + 1.

Practice Problems
Problem 1
Identify the domain and range of the function f(x) = 2x + 3.
Problem 2
Graph the function f(x) = x^2 - 4 on graph paper.
Problem 3
Find the sum of the functions f(x) = x^2 and g(x) = 3x + 2.
Problem 4
Determine the domain and range of the function f(x) = 1/x.
Problem 5
Plot the cubic function f(x) = x^3 - 3x^2 + 2x on graph paper.

Additional Notes
• Remember to bring graph paper, rulers, and markers to the next class.
• Practice graphing functions using online tools or graphing calculators.
 Narration 1: Functions and their graphs

Introduction to Functions (00:10:00)

• Good morning, everyone! Today, we are going to dive into the fascinating world of
functions. To start, let's quickly review what we know about relations. Remember, a
relation is a set of ordered pairs. For example, if we have a set of students and their
heights, each student-height pair is an ordered pair.
• Now, let's introduce the concept of a function. A function is a special type of relation
where each input has exactly one output. Think of it like a vending machine: you put in a
specific code (input), and you get a specific snack (output).
• Let's consider a real-life example: the height of a person as a function of their age. When
you were born, your height was a certain value. As you grew older, your height changed,
but at any given age, you had one specific height. This is a function because each age
(input) corresponds to exactly one height (output).
Domain, Co-domain, and Range (00:10:00)
• Next, let's talk about some important terms related to functions: domain, co-domain,
and range. The domain of a function is the set of all possible inputs. The co-domain is
the set of all possible outputs, and the range is the set of actual outputs.
• For example, if we have a function that assigns to each student in our class their height,
the domain would be the set of all students, the co-domain could be all possible heights,
and the range would be the actual heights of the students in our class.
• Let's look at some examples. If we have the function f(x) = x^2, the domain could be all
real numbers, the co-domain could be all real numbers, but the range would be all non-
negative real numbers because squaring a number always gives a non-negative result.
• Now, let's practice. I'll give you some functions, and I want you to identify the domain,
co-domain, and range. Let's start with f(x) = 2x + 3. Who can tell me the domain, co-
domain, and range?
Graphical Representation of Functions (00:15:00)
• Now, let's move on to the graphical representation of functions. We'll start by reviewing
the Cartesian plane. Remember, the Cartesian plane has two axes: the x-axis (horizontal)
and the y-axis (vertical). Each point on the plane is represented by an ordered pair (x, y).
• Let's look at some prepared graphs of different types of functions. Here we have a linear
function, a quadratic function, and a cubic function. Notice how the shape of the graph
changes with the type of function.
• For example, a linear function like f(x) = 2x + 1 is a straight line. A quadratic function like
f(x) = x^2 is a parabola, and a cubic function like f(x) = x^3 has a more complex curve.
• Now, let's discuss the characteristics of each graph. For the linear function, the slope
tells us how steep the line is. For the quadratic function, the vertex is the highest or
 lowest point. For the cubic function, we have points of inflection where the curve
changes direction.
• Let's engage in some hands-on practice. I have graph paper and rulers for everyone.
Let's plot the function f(x) = x^2 together. Start by choosing some values for x, calculate
the corresponding y values, and plot the points on your graph paper. Connect the points
to see the shape of the graph.
Algebra of Real Functions (00:10:00)
• Now, let's explore the algebra of real functions. We can perform operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on functions. Let's start with addition.
If we have two functions f(x) and g(x), their sum is (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x).
• For example, if f(x) = 2x and g(x) = 3, then (f + g)(x) = 2x + 3.
• Next, let's look at subtraction. The difference of two functions is (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x). For
the same functions, (f - g)(x) = 2x - 3.
• For multiplication, the product of two functions is (f * g)(x) = f(x) * g(x). So, (f * g)(x) = 2x
* 3 = 6x.
• Finally, for division, the quotient of two functions is (f / g)(x) = f(x) / g(x), provided g(x) is
not zero. So, (f / g)(x) = 2x / 3.
• Let's work through some examples together. I'll write a few functions on the board, and
we'll find their sum, difference, product, and quotient step-by-step.
Worksheet and Practice (00:05:00)
• To wrap up, I have a worksheet with exercises on functions for you. The worksheet
includes problems on identifying the domain, range, and performing algebraic
operations on functions.
• Please work individually or in pairs to complete the worksheet. I'll be walking around to
help if you have any questions.
• Once you've finished, we'll go over the answers together and address any questions you
might have.
CLICK TO DOWNLOAD MORE CHAPTER
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