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PR2 Midterm

PR reviewer Midterm ni sya HAHHAHAHAHHA zed

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Zedrick Dorato
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12 views

PR2 Midterm

PR reviewer Midterm ni sya HAHHAHAHAHHA zed

Uploaded by

Zedrick Dorato
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PR2

Quantitative research deals with numerical values and how they can describe a
phenomenon or infer a relationship.
It is the go-to approach for scientific inquiry because of its ability to test hypotheses.
The basis of formulating and testing hypotheses are variables, which are traits that
numerically describe or give meaning to an object, phenomenon, or group of people.
In general, quantitative research focuses on the following:
● collection of observable and measurable data
● standardized data collection instruments
● statistical techniques in data analysis
Variables are the ones that are usually identified, examined, described, or correlated to
answer a scientific inquiry.
● An independent variable is the variable that is manipulated, especially in
experiments.
● A dependent variable depends on the independent variable.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Controllability - Quantitative research should be in an environment where all variables
are identified and can be controlled.
Generalizability - Generalizability is from larger sample sizes that the results are based on
as a representative of the population.
Objectivity - The results of the data are observable and measurable using structured
instruments.
Replicability - The research study should be replicable by other teams of researchers that
will eventually come up with similar outcomes
Strengths of Quantitative Research
● Analysis of data is assisted with statistical methods.
● Large-scale research can be undertaken.
● Data can be presented in graphical or tabular form.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
● A large sample size requires a lot of time and effort.
● Statistical analysis of data requires an expert to perform.
● Quantifying and reducing observations to numerical values makes it too simplistic.
Types of Quantitative Research
Experimental
True experimental research - The primary objective of a true experimental research
design is to identify a cause-effect relationship between the variables where the
samples are randomized.
Non experimental
Quasi-experimental research mirrors experimental research but it is not true
experimental research where a causal relationship can be determined with the use of
dependent and independent variables. Does not use random samples but assigned samples.
Descriptive research is a nonexperimental research design focuses on the description of
factors, variables, or phenomena that occur in nature.
Comparative research- Also called causal-comparative research, its primary objective
is to compare two variables in order to identify whether there exists a causative relationship
between them.
Correlational research - Its primary objective is to compare two variables then identify the
relationship between them.

Correlational research involves identifying relationships between two variables.


A correlation is “a statistical measure of association between two variables” (Vanderstoep
and Johnston, 2009).
Correlational research looks at the relationship between variables. It examines the
association, magnitude, or direction of the relationship between variables.
Correlational research looks at the following:
● whether an association exists between variables
● the magnitude of the existing association between two variables
● the direction of the association between two variables
Causal research looks at causes and effects. A causation refers to “the claim that a
change in one variable creates a change in another variable” (Vanderstoep and Johnston,
2009).
Causal research examines the changes in variables following the cause-and-effect logic. It
specifically looks at how one variable is either the cause or the effect of the conditions of
another variable.
Causal research deals with cause and effect.
Survey research is a correlational type of quantitative research. This design makes use
of a questionnaire as its main data collection tool.
Components of survey research
 Survey design
It may be cross-sectional or longitudinal. A cross-sectional survey acquires
information at one point in time. A longitudinal survey acquires information at multiple
points in time to compare, contrast, and assess changes in responses.
 Population and sample
A population is a general group of people with similar characteristics. A sample is a
subgroup of the population
 Survey instrument
It is also called the questionnaire. It contains closed-ended questions with fixed answers
that will be given to the selected sample.
 Data analysis and interpretation
The analysis is both descriptive and inferential. A descriptive analysis provides a
general report of the results of the survey which may include frequencies or average scores.
An inferential analysis makes comparisons among the survey results to establish and
explain relationships.
Experimental research is aimed at causation. With the use of the cause-and-effect
logic, it looks at whether the application of a treatment, known as an intervention, causes
an effect on the sample being experimented on (Creswell, 2009; Leavy, 2017).
Experimental research is a type of quantitative research aimed at causation.
Experimental research is composed of respondents, variables, stages of the experimental
procedure, instrumentation and materials, experimental procedures, and data analysis and
interpretation.
Components
 Respondents
The respondents in experimental research are selected and differentiated into groups. The
experimental group receives the experimental treatment or intervention. While the
control group does not receive an intervention, it is still a part of the experimental
research to assess similarities or differences with the results
 Variables
The independent variable is the treatment variable. It causes and explains the effect. The
dependent variable is the outcome variable. It is the effect.
 Stages of the Experimental Procedure
Pretest - This is the stage prior to the actual intervention. There is no interaction yet
between the variables of the study.
Actual intervention - This is the conduct of the experiment or the application of the
intervention itself.
Posttest - This is the stage after the actual intervention. It is the stage after the interaction
of the independent and dependent variables.
 Instrumentation and materials
Different research instruments and materials are used in the pretest, posttest, or actual
intervention stages. An instrument in experimental research is used to record the
observations at any stage of the experiment.
 Experimental procedures
They differ according to the group studied and the actions done to the group.
Pre-experimental design -It studies and provides an experimental intervention to a single
experimental group. It does not make use of a control group.
True experiment - It makes use of both experimental and control groups whose
respondents are randomly assigned.
Quasi-experiment - It uses both experimental and control groups. It differs from a true
experiment in that the respondents are not randomly assigned into groups.
Single-subject design-It only has a single individual as the lone participant of the
experiment.

 Data analysis and interpretation

Similar to a survey research, results in experimental research are analyzed in both a


descriptive and an inferential manner.

Variables are anything that can be observed by the researchers. A variable may be a
person, thing, place, situation, or phenomenon. Variables can be categorized depending on
the level of measurement and role.
The Independent variable may influence another variable to change. In experimental
research, independent variables may also be manipulated to examine the specific effect
they may have toward the dependent variable.
The Dependent variables are the variables that are influenced by the independent
variables.
- The independent variable, also called causal variable, is presumed to cause
the change towards another variable, which is known as the dependent
variable or the outcome variable.
Mediating variables are also known as intervening variables since they intervene
between the independent and dependent variables to show their connection. A mediating
variable may act as a dependent variable and independent variable at the same time.
Moderating variables are variables that have a strong conditioned effect, which may
modify the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
- A mediating variable should act as a dependent variable with respect to the
independent variable -and may also cause change to the dependent variable,
while a moderating variable must not be directly affected by the independent
variable and should not result to it in any way.
Extraneous variables are variables that should be mainly excluded from the research
study as they may interfere and compromise with the experiment and research results.

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