Digital Logic Circuits

Prof. Tae In Kim

Department of Electrical Engineering
Inha University
[email protected]
 Chapter 1.
Introductory Concepts

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Chapter 1

Introductory Concepts

✓ Distinguish between analog and digital representations.

✓ Describe how information can be represented using just two states (1s and 0s).

✓ Cite the advantages and drawbacks of digital techniques compared with analog.

✓ Recognize the basic characteristics of the binary number system.

✓ Convert a binary number to its decimal equivalent.

✓ Describe the major parts of a digital computer and understand their functions.

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Introduction to Digital System

• Digital system : it refers to elements such as hardware, software and networks and
their use. There are many different components that make up one system

• Digital hardware and software components (internal and external) used to

transform data into a digital solution. When they are connected, they form a
network

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Introduction to Digital System

➢ A smartphone is a digital system

➢ It has software (apps, an operating system), input components (for example, touch screen,
keyboard, camera and microphone), output components (for example, screen and speakers),
memory components (for example, silicon chips, solid state drives),
communication components (for example, SIM card, wi-fi, bluetooth or mobile network
antennas), and a processor made up of one or more silicon chips.

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1-1 Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s

Why Digital System?

➢ A large part of the worldwide telecommunications system falls in the category

of “digital systems.”

✓ It started as a simple digital system that used only two states to represent
information.

• Smart phones, PCs, tablets, MP3 players, digital cameras,

camcorders, DVD players, game consoles, digital TVs, TV
set-top boxes
• Aircraft controllers and navigators, robotic arms, ATMs,
credit card readers, home security systems

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1-1 Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s

➢ The telegraph system used two distinct “symbols” to transmit any word or number.

✓ Short & long electric pulses, the dots & dashes of Morse code—a digital
representation of information.

➢ The electric signal is either on or off at all times.

✓ This relates to modern digital systems that use electrical signals to represent 1s
and 0s.

✓ Binary digits (bits)

High & Low states : logic levels

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1-1 Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s

➢ A timing diagram shows which state (1 or 0) the system is in at any point in

time.

✓ And shows the time when a change in state occurs.

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1-2 Digital Signals

➢ Digital circuits have inputs that are in one of two states: 1 or 0. The outputs
are also either producing a 1 or a 0.

➢ When a system operates such that the time for one complete cycle is always
constant, it is called a periodic system.

Transition

* High → Low : Falling edge, negative edge

* Low → High : Rising edge, positive edge

Periodic/aperiodic signal

Period/Frequency : F = 1/T, T = 1/F

Duty cycle : Active pulse width/Period = tw/T

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1-3 Logic Circuits and Evolving Technology

➢ The manner in which a digital circuit responds to an input is referred to as the

circuit’s logic.

➢ Digital circuits : “logic circuits”

➢ Digital circuits of today’s technology are primarily implemented using very

sophisticated integrated circuits (ICs) that are electronically configured or
tailor-made for their application.

• TTL (Transistor/Transistor Logic)

• CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)

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1-4 Numerical Representations

➢ Physical systems use quantities which must be manipulated arithmetically.

➢ Quantities may be represented numerically in either analog or digital form.

Analog A continuously variable, proportional indicator

Ex) Sound through a microphone causes voltage changes.

Automobile speedometer changes with speed.
Mercury thermometer varies over a range of values with temperature.

Digital Not a continuously variable indicator, but by symbols called digits

Ex) Digital indoor/outdoor thermometer that changes in discrete steps

Passing time is shown as a change in the display on a digital clock at one minute
intervals.
A change in temperature is shown on a digital display only when the temperature
changes at least one degree.

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1-5 Digital and Analog Systems

➢ Digital system:

✓ A combination of devices that manipulate logical information or physical

quantities that are represented in in digital form.

➢ Analog system:

✓ A combination of devices that manipulate physical quantities that are

represented in analog form.

Digital
Analog meter
Multimeter

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1-5 Digital and Analog Systems

Advantages of digital

✓ Digital systems are generally easier to design.

: Exact values are not important, only the range (High/Low)
✓ Information storage is easy.
✓ Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain.
✓ Programmable operation.
✓ Digital circuits are less affected by noise.
✓ Ease of fabrication on IC chips.

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1-5 Digital and Analog Systems

Limits of digital techniques

The real world is analog and digitizing always introduces some error
Processing digitized signals takes time

✓ The analog nature of the world requires a time-consuming conversion process

1. Convert the physical variable to an electrical signal (analog).

2. Convert the analog signal to digital form. (Analog-to-Digital Converter: ADC)

3. Process (operate on) the digital information.

4. Convert the digital output back to real-world analog form. (Digital-to-Analog

Converter: DAC)
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1-6 Digital Number Systems

➢ Understanding digital systems requires an understanding of the decimal,

binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbering systems.

✓ Decimal – 10 symbols (base 10)

✓ Hexadecimal – 16 symbols (base 16)

✓ Octal – 8 symbols (base 8)

✓ Binary – 2 symbols (base 2)

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1-6 Digital Number Systems

➢ The Decimal (base 10) System

✓ 10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

✓ Each number is a digit (from Latin for finger).

Most significant digit (MSD) & least significant digit (LSD).

Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a power of 10.

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1-6 Digital Number Systems

➢ Decimal Counting

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1-6 Digital Number Systems

➢ The Binary (base 2) System

✓ 2 symbols: 0,1

✓ Lends itself to electronic circuit design since only two different

voltage levels are required.

Positional value may be stated as

a digit multiplied by a power of 2.

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1-6 Digital Number Systems

Binary
Counting

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1-7 Representing Binary Quantities

➢ Analog signals can be converted to digital by taking measurements or “samples”

of the continuously varying signal at regular intervals.

✓ Appropriate time between samples depends on the maximum rate of

change of the analog signal.

➢ Air temperature is an analog quantity.

✓ Recorded samples are discrete integer data.

* quantization error

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1-8 Parallel and Serial Transmission

➢ Parallel transmission – all bits in a binary number are transmitted

simultaneously.

✓ A separate line is required for each bit.

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1-8 Parallel and Serial Transmission

➢ Serial transmission – each bit in a binary number is transmitted, per

some time interval.

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1-9 Memory

➢ A circuit which retains a response to a momentary input is displaying memory.

✓ Memory is important because it provides a way to store binary numbers

temporarily or permanently.

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1-10 Digital Computers
➢ A computer is a system of hardware that performs arithmetic operations, manipulates data,
and makes decisions.

✓ Input unit—Processes instructions and data into the memory.

✓ Memory unit—Stores data and instructions.

✓ Control unit—Interprets instructions and sends appropriate signals to other units as

instructed.

✓ Arithmetic/logic unit—arithmetic calculations and logical decisions are performed.

✓ Output unit—presents information from the memory to the operator or process.

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History of Computer

➢ Reference : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjVX47dLlN8
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4th Industrial Revolution

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4th Industrial Revolution

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Types of Semiconductors

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Multichip Architecture Revolution

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Progress of Technology
✓ Moore’s Law : The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit (IC)
doubles about every two years – by Gordon Moore (in 1965)

1965: Gordon Moore of Intel predicted a doubling of components every (two) year(s) (1975).
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Artificial Intelligence

Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer

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