ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 6, NO.

6 (2005)
PAGES 511-532


A STUDY OF POWER TRANSMISSION POLES

M. Ashraf

, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology
Lahore, Pakistan


ABSTRACT

An in-depth study into behaviour of high voltage transmission poles has been made covering
their loading, analysis and design aspects. Due to large displacements produced, the
secondary effects have to be accounted for in the solution of pole structure. Therefore, it
becomes necessary to consider the geometric non-linearity while analysing a pole.
The development of a new and efficient technique was considered necessary due to
limitations of available methods of analysis for pole structures. For this purpose, tapered
modelling technique has been introduced by the authors. The finite element method,
considered to be providing exact solution, is based on use of thin shell elements, requires a
considerably large computer time and memory. Other available modelling techniques are
based on frame elements, solutions of which are not found in good agreement with the exact
solution unless nodes selected are appreciably high in number.
In this work, the analysis of poles is carried out by tapered model along with one of the
standard packages based on finite element method. It is gratifying to note that the results
obtained from developed tapered model are observed to be having close agreement with
those of exact method.

Keywords: Modelling technique, tower, pole, standard packages


1. INTRODUCTION

The lattice skeletal towers are being employed for transmission lines almost since the
beginning of this industry. During the last two or three decades, the use of steel pole
structures for this purpose is started and their use is increasing rapidly. With the growing
demand, a considerable increase in the number of manufacturers with new configurations of
poles and towers has occurred. They are also equipped with new design, fabrication and
erection techniques of these structures.
Poles are considered better than towers due to their following advantages:
1. Poles can be erected on relatively much smaller space. As a result of this, these are
cheaper and better compared with those of towers in cities, where limited right of
way is expensive.

Email-address of the corresponding author: [email protected]

M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 512
2. Corrosion of a certain vital member of a tower or lose of a single bolt may lead to
failure of whole structure. On the contrary, local damage to a pole is bridged over
due to continuum type of structure.
3. Poles are subjected to lesser wind loads as compared to towers due to smaller
aerodynamic coefficient, thus economizing their use.
4. Poles, being a continuum type, offer more resistance to terrorist activities compared
with those of towers.
This research work is aimed at bringing together the more pertinent aspects of analytical
techniques on which steel pole design is carried out and its direct application to high voltage
power transmission lines. The recommendations made as a result of this work have been
developed to relate primarily to high or extra high voltage transmission lines (100 KV and
above) where reliability and continuity of service must be provided. As the need for electric
power increases and available right-of-way becomes more critical in term of cost and space
particularly in cities, the demand for pole type structures will enhance with passage of time.
The routine analysis of polygonal masts is carried out by considering the uniformly
tapered pole as a telescopic mast with abrupt cross-sectional variations (Fig- 1c). Despite
the fact that this approach does not represent its true simulation, the professionals rely on
this technique for convenience in its modelling by employing the prevailing structural
software. The cost of over-designing as opposed to the risk of under-designing transmission
line structures for longitudinal strength has become a serious concern for design engineers.
A little saving in a single pole structure on the basis of certain design evidence may lead
to an appreciable reduction in the cost of total project due to the presence of their large
number in an electric line. This depicts their importance and necessitates their analysis and
design on the basis of such techniques, which should give the best possible representation of
the prototype.
A limited research work is carried out on the transmission poles/masts. Task committee
on steel transmission pole structures, ASCE Structural Division [1], has done a significant
work on the subject matter. This report provides a uniform basis for the design and
fabrication of steel pole structures. However, load deflection (P) analysis mentioning
deflection limitation and compression capacity (buckling load) for non-prismatic members
like tapered and elliptical polygonal poles etc. are not given in this report. Analysis aspects
are introduced without reasonable details and are too brief to understand.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has also published a report (IEC-826)
on loading and strength of overhead transmission lines [5 & 6]. Weather related loads and
some of the special loading used for a pole are primarily based on the provisions of IEC 826
1991-94 (Swiss, Geneva). This report applies to overhead lines of nominal voltage above
45KV. ASCE Committee [2] has produced a report (ASCE Manual-91) on guyed
transmission structures. Another publication of ASCE 1993 (ASCE Manual-52) provides a
guide for design of Steel Transmission Towers that serves as a basis for the design of both
guyed and self-supporting steel transmission towers [3]. Longitudinal unbalanced loads on
transmission line structures were considered as given by EPRI (1978) [6].
Islam, A. Khan [10] carried out study on transmission towers. Various approaches to
assess loads on conductors and structure using different codes of practices are described.
Comparison of which is made and most appropriate technique for the assessment of wind
A Study of Power Transmission Poles

513
loading on towers is established for local conditions. Final year students of Session 1983-87
at University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, made a study for their final year
project on the design of 200 ft. high television lattice tower composed of steel skeletal
members made of tubular section [11].


Figure 1. Analytical Models for Poles

The routine analysis of polygonal tubular (Fig 1a) mast executed by the designers is
primitive and crude. This model has been improved to take care of secondary effects by the
authors. Usually designers carryout the analysis considering the polygonal pole as a round
skeletal member (Fig 1b). To incorporate the effect of taper, mast is modelled as telescopic
tubular section in which cross section varies abruptly at different levels (Fig 1c). This
approach is not realistic and hence needs verification due to non-representation of actual
structure truly. Even if discretization is required, it should be done as in (Fig 1d) using shell
elements in finite element method. The purpose of present study is:
9 To elaborate the various loading cases/states to which a transmission structure is
ever subjected in its whole life, e.g. high wind loading, reduced wind loading,
construction and maintenance, erection and stringing loads, diagonal wind loads,
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 514
residual static loads and precamber loads.
9 To establish the methodologies for the analysis of the mast that also incorporates the
second order effects, which are necessary to be considered for such flexible
structures.
9 Recommendations for the most appropriate mast modelling technique for the future
analysis and design.


2. ANALYSIS BASED ON TAPERED MODEL

Tapered model (Fig 1a) is developed in this paper to take care of secondary effects. This
technique was evolved exclusively for tapered round and polygonal poles, however, it is
equally good for prismatic section by inputting the shaft taper to be zero. This method is
simple and convenient for formulation or automation in the form of in-house spreadsheets or
computer programs having both the options of linear and non-linear analysis. Provisions for
the local buckling stability can also be incorporated in this computer program. The results
obtained from this method are in better agreement with the exact solution achieved from
shell analysis employed in standard packages compared with those given by other methods.
This is particularly true for pole segments having constant thickness. In case of variable
thickness, each pole segment of constant thickness is treated separately and their results are
summed up. This, however, becomes tedious and hence assumption of average thickness of
all the segments is made. This simplifies the analysis but keeping the acceptable level of
accuracy. Another advantage of this modelling technique is its in-sensitivity for the number
of nodes unlike SAP90 and STAAD III models. Only loaded points, segment junctions and
support points need to be considered in the analysis. It is further gratifying to note that the
Tapered Model leads to conservative results compared with the exact solution.
The analysis technique is based on the uniformly tapered polygonal tubular mast model
whose differential equations have been developed along with their solution. This is the most
accurate representation of steel pole structure among all other methodologies, with the
exception of mast analysis based on finite element method. However, the exact solution
requires considerably large computer memory, time and efforts.


3. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR ELASTIC CURVE OF MAST AND SOLUTION

3.1 Deflection relationships for mast subjected to lateral loads
Consider a uniformly tapered hollow tubular polygonal or round (Pole) section with top dia
D
t
, base dia D
b
and dia D
x
at any distance x from the base as shown in Fig 2. It is subjected
to gravity and lateral loads. Moment at distance x
1
from base due to lateral load P applied at
distance L is

M = P (L x
1
) (1)

From the Mohrs Second Theorem as given by Timoshenko [8], to calculate deflection
x

A Study of Power Transmission Poles

515
at a certain distance x from base, take the moment of differential area about section at
distance x
1
from base which is:

M dx
1
(xx
1
) = P(Lx
1
)(xx
1
) dx
1
(2)

Now, this differential area is integrated on the span from base to the point where
deflection is to be determined i.e.


x
= ( )( )

x
dx x x x L P
EI
0
1 1 1
1
(3)
where

L = total pole length
L = height above base upto the point of application of P and S
P = Applied Lateral Load
S = Applied Compressive Load
E = Modulus of elasticity (Constt.)
k = pole taper
= (D
b
D
t
)/L
D
x
= D
t
+ (D
b
D
t
)/L x
= D
t
+ k x
= D
b
k x
D
x1
= D
t
+ k x
1

D
x1
= D
b
k x
1

x = (D
x
D
t
)/k

Hence second moment of area expression for above case becomes:

I = C
i
D
xl
3
t (variable along the pole length)

= C
i
(D + k x
1
)
3
t = C
i
(D
b
k x
1
)
3
t (4)

C
i
= Numerical multiplying factor for MOI expression
= /8 for circular hollow tube and 0.411 for Dodecagonal tube.
D
x
= Mean dia across flats (at a point where deflection
x
is desired)
D
x1
= Mean dia across flats at distance x
1
from base.
D
1
= Mean dia at the pt. Of application of load P.

Putting all the values in equation (3), we have


x
=
t E C
P
i
I G (5)
where
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 516
IG = ( ) | |( )

+ +
x
b
dx x k D Lx x x L x
0
1
3
1 1
2
1

=
3
1
k
ln
2 2
2 2
1
b b x x
b
kD
Lx
D
L x
D
L x
k D
D

|
|
.
|

\
| +
+

Hence,

x
= ( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
| +
+

2 2 3
2 2
1
ln
1
b b x
x b
i
kD
Lx
D
L x
D
L x
k
D D
k t E C
P

for x L

At x = L,
x
=
L
and D
x
= D
t



L
= ( )
(

2
2
2 3
2
ln
1
b b
t b
i
kD
L
D k
L
D D
k t E C
P
(6)


x
=
L
+
L
(x L) for L x L (7)

From above equation, it is evident that for the determination of deflection at point above
the point of application of load, elastic curve slope at the load point is needed.

From the Mohrs first theorem,


x
= ( )

=
=

x x
x
dx x L P
EI
1
1
0
1 1
1

= ( )( )

x
b
i
dx kx D x L
t E C
P
0
1
3
1 1
=
t E C
P
i
IG
where

IG = ( )( )

x
b
dx kx D x L
0
1
3
1 1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|

2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2
1
b x b x
D
L
D
L x
k D D k
(8)

Hence the slope
x
becomes


x
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|

2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2
b x b x i
D
L
D
L x
k D D k t E C
P
(9)

A Study of Power Transmission Poles

517
At x = L,
x
=
L
and D
x
= D
t
considering the constant diameter beyond L distance
from the base, the above equation becomes


L
=
(

b t b i
D D D k t E C
PL 1 1
2
=
(

t b
t b
b i
D D
D D
D k t E C
PL
2
=
t b i
D D t E C
PL
2
2
2
(10)

Similarly, if the pole is subjected to transverse moment M applied at distance x from
base, displacement relationships can be established as follows:

From the Mohrs Second Theorem,


x
= ( )

x
dx x x M
EI
0
1 1
1
(11)
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

2 2
2
1 1
2
1
b b x i
kD
x
D D k t E C
M
for x L (12)

At x = L,
x
=
L
and D
x
= D
t
the above equation becomes


L
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

2 2
1 1 1
2
b b t i
kD
L
D D k t E C
M
(13)


x
=
L
+
L
(x L) for L x L (14)

To find the slope of elastic curve, , the given procedure may again the employed.


x
=

=
=
x x
x
Mdx
EI
1
1
0
1
1

=
(

2 2
1 1
2
b x i
D D k t E C
M
(15)

At x = L,
x
=
L
and D
x
= D
t
, the above equation becomes


L
=
(

2 2
1 1
2
b t i
D D k t E C
M
(16)

The deflection and slope relationships discussed above give displacements and slopes
due to bending caused by lateral loads (force and moment) only. The vertical loads further
enhance these deflections due to second order P effects. When the deflection due to
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 518
bending is large and axial load produces bending stresses that cannot be neglected, the
maximum stress is given by

f = P/A + (M + S) c/I (17)

where is the deflection of the pole. For axial compression, the moment S should be given
the same sign as M, and for tension, the opposite sign, but the minimum value of M+S is
zero. The deflection for axial compression and bending can be obtained by applying the
basic moment curvature relationship.

M = EI d
2
y/dx
2
(18)

and using M+S in place of M [8&9]. It, however, may be closely approximated by

=

1
o
in which =
E
P
S
(19)

where

o
= deflection for the lateral loading alone (
x
or
L
derived earlier)
P
E
= Euler Critical buckling load for tapered pole considering elastic behaviour of the
material.
To calculate the critical buckling compression capacity of tubular tapered members or
any other non-prismatic member with variation of cross-section under a certain geometrical
rule (e.g. hyperbolic variation etc.), the following approach can be employed.
A column of variable cross section, symmetrical with respect to the centre-line and
having two axial planes of symmetry, is shown in Fig 3. The middle portion is of uniform
cross section with its smaller moment of inertia equal to I
o
. At the ends the cross section
varies, and the smaller moments of inertia follow the expression below.

I = I
o
(x/a)
m
(20)

For x = b, I = I
o
(b/a)
m

For x = a, I = I
o


In above equation, x and a are distances from a fixed point and m is a number depending
upon the type of column. When the middle portion is a solid cylinder and the ends are solid
cones, I varies as the fourth power of x and m = 4 in the equation. When the column has a
constant thickness in the direction perpendicular to the plane of section, the moments of
inertia I with respect to axes parallel to the plane of the figure are proportional to x and
m=1 in equation. (When the column consists of four angles connected by lattices of
pyramidal shape, the cross-sectional area remains constant, and I can be taken proportional
to x
2
, so that m = 2 in the equation). Calculations made for m = 1, 2, 3, 4, show that the
critical load as given by Timoshenko & Gere [9] within the elastic limit can be represented
by the following expression:
A Study of Power Transmission Poles

519
P
E
=
( )
2
l k
I E
o
(21)

in which is a numerical factor depending upon the ratios h/l and I
I
/I
o
, where I
I
= I
o
(b/a)
m
is
the moment of inertia of the end cross-section. The magnitudes of for various ratios are
given in a table [7]. It can be seen from the table that as the ratio h/L or the ratio I
I
/I
o

approaches unity the factor approaches
2
and the load value approaches the value for a
prismatic bar.
Some Publications especially ASCE-72 [1] use another numerical factor that is basically
derived from the -factor (described above) called taper coefficient, which is denoted by P*.
For a uniformly tapered tubular pole as shown in the Fig 4,


Figure 4. Uniformly Tapered Tubular Pole

I
o
= I
b
(at pole base level),
I
I
= I
t
(at pole top level)

The equation I = I
o
(x/a)
m
gives:

I
t
/I
b
= (b/a)
m

I
b
/I
t
= (a/b)
m

I
b
= I
t
(a/b)
m


where m = log (I
b
/I
t
)/log(a/b)

Usually m ranges between 3 and 4 for steel polygonal tubular structures.
For geometry of Fig 4, a/b = D
b
/D
t

M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 520
m = log(I
b
/I
t
)/log(D
b
/D
t
) (22)

and I
b
= I
t
(D
b
/D
t
)
m

(23)

So for tapered pole Euler Buckling load becomes

P
E
=
( )
2
l K
I E
b

=
( )
2
l K
D
D
I E
m
t
b
t
|
.
|

\
|

(24)

Comparing it with the general Euler formula for an equivalent prismatic member of same
dimensions as of pole top that is multiplied by a coefficient P* to make it equal to P
E
for
tapered pole i.e.
P
E
= P*
( )
2
2
l K
I E
t

(25)

Where I
t
is the moment of inertia at the top of the pole (based on D
t
)

P
*
=
m
t
b
D
D
|
.
|

\
|
2

(26)

Hence, Euler buckling load for tapered pole section is:

P
E
= P
*
P
E,top
(27)

where P
E,top
=
( )
2
2
l K
I E
t

If the thickness of steel pole segments is not uniform and varies abruptly from segment to
segment and this abrupt variation is not according to certain mathematical rule, formulation
of variable thickness expression is quite difficult. A convenient solution for this problem is
to assume average thickness for all pole segments. This assumption is sufficiently close to
the prototype and further its results are confirmed from ASCE-72 (1978) [2].


4. RESULTS

This section presents a design example that demonstrates the application and use of mast
analysis principles, tapered modelling approach and its most of the formulae recommended.
A Study of Power Transmission Poles

521
The results are compared with the load and stress analysis output by standard computer
programs and packages employed. A 220 KV Double Circuit Tangent Pole has been taken
for the study. Two-dimensional front view of this pole along with selected dimensions is
shown in Fig 5. The technical data to be considered for the design of selected steel tubular
pole is as under:-


Figure 5. Dimensions of The Selected 220 KV Twin Bundle Tangent Pole

Pole Characteristics Dimensions
1) Deflection angle 0 2 deg.
2) Ruling span 180 m
3) Wind span 200 m
4) Maximum weight span 250 m


M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 522
5. CONDUCTOR

ACSR RAIL, 45/7 strands, Tensile Strength (TS) of 11874 kg., twin bundled per phase.

5.1 Shieldwire (OPGW)
Aluminium Clad Steel (Equivalent to 7/8 AWG with 30% Conductivity) with OPGW
construction. 70mm
2
cross-section, 11.4 mm diameter, 8000 kg strength and unit weight of
0.45 kg/m.

5.2 Safety Factors
1) Erection, Stringing and Maintenance Loads = 1.5
2) Pole Dead Weight = 1.2

Table 1. Results Obtained From Primary (First Order) Analysis (Primary Analysis Results are
same for all modelling approaches) Critical Load Case # 1
Node
No.*
Vertical
Distance
(m) from
bot to top
Axial
Force
P
x
ton
Transfer
Shear
P
y
ton
Longi.
Shear
P
z
ton-m
Resultant
Shear
P
yz

Trans.
Moment
M
z
ton-m
Longi.
Moment
M
y
ton-m
Resultant
Moment
M
yZ
ton-m
Torsion
M
x
ton-m
1 32.250 0.120 0.402 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 28.050 1.976 5.612 0.000 1.688 0.000 1.688 0.000
3 25.582 2.806 6.862 0.000 15.541 0.000 15.541 0.000
4 22.800 4.662 12.072 0.000 34.628 0.000 34.628 0.000
5 20.750 4.662 12.072 0.000 59.376 0.000 59.376 0.000
5 20.750 4.662 12.072 0.000 59.376 0.000 59.376 0.000
6 17.550 6.518 17.282 0.000 98.006 0.000 98.006 0.000
7 15.065 8.866 19.165 0.000 140.950 0.000 140.950 0.000
8 10.200 8.866 19.165 0.000 234.190 0.000 234.190 0.000
8 10.200 8.866 19.165 0.000 234.190 0.000 234.190 0.000
9 7.833 12.556 21.303 0.000 337.056 0.000 337.056 0.000
10 0.000 12.556 21.303 0.000 440.006 0.000 440.006 0.000
* The node numbers and their locations are shown in Figure 5.
A Study of Power Transmission Poles

523
6. POLE DESIGN LOADS

Wind velocity = 150 km/hr.
Wind load on conductor, shield wire and pole are to be calculated in accordance with
IEC-826 [5].

6.1 Load Cases Considered
Four load cases were considered for the analysis of the pole. Case 1 (Load Condition # 1)
represents transverse wind, with all wires intact. In Case 2 (Load Condition #2), diagonal
wind at 45 is considered with all wires intact. Longitudinal load due to wind on conductor
and shield wire is taken equal to 30% of the transverse wind condition. Case 3 is a model of
the stringing conditions. The stringing tension is considered to be 10% of tensile strength of
conductor and shield wire. This case is further divided into four load conditions as under:

Table 2. Results of Uniformly Tapered Polygonal Tubular Model Considering Second Order
Effects (Non-Linear Analysis) Under Critical Load Case #1
Node
No.
Ht
from
base
m
Axial
Force
P
x
ton
Trans.
Shear
P
y
Ton
Longi.
Shear
P
z
ton
Resultant
Shear
P
yz
ton
Trans.
Moment
M
z
ton-m
Longi.
Moment
M
y
ton-m
Resultant
Moment*
M
yZ
ton-m
Torsion
M
x
ton-m
1 32.250 0.12 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 28.050 1.98 5.61 0.00 5.61 1.756 0.000 1.756 0.000
3 25.582 2.81 6.86 0.00 6.86 16.242 0.000 16.242 0.000
4 22.800 4.66 12.07 0.00 12.07 36.269 0.000 36.269 0.000
5 20.750 4.66 12.07 0.00 12.07 62.060 0.000 62.060 0.000
5 20.750 4.66 12.07 0.00 12.07 62.060 0.000 62.060 0.000
6 17.550 6.52 17.28 0.00 17.28 102.108 0.000 102.108 0.000
7 15.065 8.87 19.17 0.00 19.17 146.340 0.000 146.340 0.000
8 10.200 8.87 19.17 0.00 19.17 242.136 0.000 242.136 0.000
8 10.200 8.87 19.17 0.00 19.17 242.136 0.000 242.136 0.000
9 4.833 12.56 21.30 0.00 21.30 346.563 0.000 346.563 0.000
10 0.000 12.56 21.30 0.00 21.30 450.111 0.000 450.111 0.000
* Resultant Moment M
yz
=
2
z
M
2
y
M +
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 524
a) Shield wire-stringing condition with 6 phases intact. Only longitudinal load
without wind (Load Condition # 3),
b) Shield wire stringing only with no wind (Load Condition # 4),
c) Shield wire intact, 5 phases intact and any one phase in stringing condition, with no
wind (Load Condition # 5),
d) Stringing of shield wire along with stringing of any one phase (Load Condition # 6).

Case 4 (Load Condition # 7) is a broken wire condition showing any phase and shield
wire broken with 5 phases intact. Maximum tension in conductor is taken equal to 50% of
every day tension.
Summary of the results for different load cases including critical load case #1 are given in
tabular form as under:

EW = Earth wire
Top X = Top cross arm
Top X-L = Top left cross arm
Top X-R = Top right cross arm
Mid X = Middle cross arm, Mid X-L & Mid X-R
Bot X = Bottom cross arm, Bot X-L & Bod X-R
MS Start = Middle segment start
BS Start = Bottom segment start

Table 3. Base Reactions For All Load Cases For Uniformly Tapered Polygonal
Tubular Mast Model
Axial
Force
Shear Force (kg) Bending Moment (kg-m) Torsion
Sr.
No.
Load
Case #
P(kg) S
T
S
L
S
R
M
T
M
L
M
R
Tor.
(kg-m)
Remarks
1 Case 1 12556 21303 0 21303 450087 0 450087 0 A.C
2 Case 2 12556 12179 14107 18637 25039 297884 388974 0
3 Case 3a 15400 0 1200 1200 0 40460 40460 0 B
4 Case 3b 7048 0 1200 1200 0 39043 39043 0
5 Case 3c 15400 0 3351 3351 0 97804 97804 13293 B
6 Case 3d 8440 0 4551 4551 0 134901 134901 13293
7 Case 4 12109 0 2172 2172 0 64545 64545 6712
Note: Axial force is downward and includes the wt of the portion above ground for the pole shaft times the
appropriate load factor, in addition to the concentrated vertical loading.

A Study of Power Transmission Poles

525
Key to the special remark
A Indicates load case with Max. Resultant Over-turning Moment.
B Indicates load case with Max Axial Force.
C Indicated load case with Max Resultant Shear.
Hence, Load Case #1 is critical for Anchor Bolts & Base Plate as it leads to Max. Res.
Shear & Overturning Moment

Table 4. Comparison Of Total Resultant Moment (Primary & Secondary) M
yz
Under Critical
Load Case # 1
Node
No.
Location
Ht
above base
m
Tapered
Model
ton-m
SAP 90
Frame El.
ton-m
STAAD III
Frame El.
ton-m
1 EW 32.250 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 Top X 28.050 1.756 1.750 1.750
3 Atc1+WTS 25.582 16.242 16.160 16.160
4 Mid X 22.800 36.269 36.040 36.030
5 TS End 20.750 62.060 61.620 61.630
5 MS Start 20.750 62.060 61.620 61.630
6 Bot X 17.550 102.108 101.380 101.390
7 Atc2+WBS 15.065 146.340 145.260 145.260
8 MS End 10.200 242.136 240.630 240.620
8 BS Start 10.200 242.136 240.630 240.620
9 Atc3+WBS 4.833 346.563 344.780 344.780
10 Base 0.000 450.111 448.180 448.170
Notes: Axial & Shear forces being identical are not shown in comparison.

Table 5. Comparison Of Resultant Second Order Moments For All Models
Under Critical Load Case # 1
Node
No.
Location
Ht
above base
m
Tapered
Model
ton-m
SAP 90
Frame El.
ton-m
STAAD III
Frame El.
ton-m
1 EW 32.250 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 Top X 28.050 0.068 0.060 0.060
3 Atc1+WTS 25.582 0.701 0.610 0.610
4 Mid X 22.800 1.640 1.410 1.400
5 TS End 20.750 2.684 2.250 2.260
5 MS Start 20.750 2.684 2.250 2.260
6 Bot X 17.550 4.102 3.380 3.380
7 Atc2+WBS 15.065 5.390 4.400 4.400
8 MS End 10.200 7.946 6.430 6.420
8 BS Start 10.200 7.946 6.430 6.420
9 Atc3+WBS 4.833 9.507 7.670 7.670
10 Base 0.000 10.104 8.170 8.160
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 526
Table 6. Comparison Of Resultant Lateral Deflections
Yz
For All Models Critical
Load Case # 1 |
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
z
2
y yz

Node
No.
Location
Ht
above base
m
Tapered
Model
(m)
SAP 90
Frame El.
(m)
STAAD III
Frame El.
(m)
1 EW 32.250 2.456 2.104 2.103
2 Top X 28.050 1.893 1.593 1.592
3 Atc1+WTS 25.582 1.572 1.309 1.304
4 Mid X 22.800 1.238 1.013 1.013
5 TS End 20.750 1.014 0.826 0.826
5 MS Start 20.750 1.014 0.826 0.826
6 Bot X 17.550 0.709 0.578 0.277
7 Atc2+WBS 15.065 0.512 0.418 0.418
8 MS End 10.200 0.224 0.183 0.183
8 BS Start 10.200 0.224 0.183 0.183
9 Atc3+WBS 4.833 0.048 0.040 0.040
10 Base 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Table 7. Summary of Design Based on the Analysis
Segment
Lengt
h
m
Lapped
Length
Ht. Of
Seg.
bot.
Bot
join
t #
Top
dia
Cm
Bot.dia
cm
Thick
cm
K
m/m
Connect.
between
Joint
type
Overlap
provided
Theoretica
l
Length
(m)
TS 11.50 11.50 20.75 5 20.000 56.800 0.635 0.03200 TS-MS SLIP 0 0
MS 11.50 10.55 10.20 8 55.530 89.290 0.953 0.03200 MS-BS SLIP 0.95 0.87
BS 11.65 10.20 0.00 10 87.384 120.000 1.032 0.03198 BS-B.PL
WEL
D
1.45 1.36
32.25 Average thickness = 0.873 cm
TS = Top Segment. MS = Middle Segment BS = Bottom Segment
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 6, NO. 6 (2005)
PAGES 511-532




Table 8. Stress Analysis Of Pole Shaft Obtained from the Analysis using Tapered Model
f
A
=P
x
/A For a=0 For a=15deg For a=45deg For a=75deg For a=90 f
b
f
a
+f
b
f
vy
-
direct
f
vz
-
direct
f
y
-
tor.
Combined
(kg/cm
2
)
Add.
FOS=
N
o
d
e

N
o
.

L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

Ht
m
Kg/cm
2
f
by
=M
z
C
y
/l f
by
=M
z
C
y
/l f
bz
=M
y
C
z
/l f
by
=M
z
C
y
/l f
bz
=M
y
C
z
/l f
by
=M
z
C
y
/l f
bz
=M
y
C
z
/l f
bz
=M
y
C
z
/l kg/cm
2
kg/cm
2
kg/cm
2
kg/cm
2
kg/cm
2
F
act
F
allow
F
allow
= F
act
1 EW 32.250 3.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 20.63 0.00 0.00 3 4570 1508
2 Top X 28.050 29.46 330 319 0 233 0 85 0 0 330 359 169.99 0.00 0.00 359 4570 12.72
3 Atc1+WTS 25.582 33.71 1975 1907 0 1396 0 511 0 0 1975 2008 167.52 0.00 0.00 2008 4570 2.28
4 Mid X 22.800 45.96 2961 2860 0 2094 0 766 0 0 2961 3007 241.83 0.00 0.00 3007 4570 1.52
5 TS End 20.750 40.59 3946 3812 0 2790 0 1021 0 0 3946 3987 213.58 0.00 0.00 3987 4570 1.15
5 MS Start 20.750 27.84 2802 2706 0 1981 0 725 0 0 2802 2829 146.45 0.00 0.00 2829 4570 1.62
6 Bot X 17.550 32.77 3259 3148 0 2305 0 844 0 0 3259 3292 176.54 0.00 0.00 3292 4570 1.39
7 Atc2+WBS 15.065 39.71 3700 3574 0 2616 0 958 0 0 3700 3740 174.38 0.00 0.00 3740 4570 1.22
8 MS End 10.200 32.71 4145 4004 0 2931 0 1073 0 0 4145 4178 143.65 0.00 0.00 4178 4570 1.09
8 BS Start 10.200 30.90 4010 3874 0 2836 0 1038 0 0 4010 4041 135.70 0.00 0.00 4041 4570 1.13
9 Atc3+WBS 4.833 36.50 3986 3851 0 2819 0 1032 0 0 3986 4023 125.83 0.00 0.00 4023 4570 1.14
10 Base 0.000 31.76 3915 3781 0 2768 0 1013 0 0 3915 3947 109.49 0.00 0.00 3947 4570 1.16
FOS available for worst case = 1.09 > 1.0 OK
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 528
Table 1 gives the results of primary (first order) analysis of the mast. Since effect of
deflections in increasing the moments is ignored in the first order analysis, the results are
same for all the models. For brevity, results obtained from analysis for critical loading case
(case # 1) are only reproduced. The shear, moments and axial forces shown are at the 10
nodal points selected on the main pole body at locations mentioned in this table.
Table 2 shows the results of secondary (geometrically non-linear) analysis of tapered
mast model for the critical load case. The shear and axial forces are same as in Table 1 (first
order analysis) but the moments are increased due to P- effects. Since critical loading case
is transverse wind only, longitudinal shears i.e. P
z
are zero and consequently longitudinal
moments M
y
are also zero. Since there is no unbalanced longitudinal load on cross-arms
for this load case, applied torque (M
x
) is also zero. The rate of increase in moment due to
second order effect varies along the pole height. There is an increase of 2.3% in primary
moment due to P- effects at the base of pole.
Table 3 gives the summary of support reactions at base of pole for all the seven loading
cases computed using the Tapered model. These reactions are to be used in the design of
base plate, anchor bolts, stiffeners (if any) for base plate, and the concrete foundation. Some
of the loading cases give maximum axial load and others maximum shear force, maximum
bending moment, or maximum twisting moment (torsion). This has been shown by the
remarks in the table.
Table 4 depicts the relative accuracy and precision of results achieved from various
analytical models. This gives a glance at the non-linear lateral resultant moments, at
different levels of pole, for all the models for the critical loading case (load condition # 1).
At each level, there is a slight difference in values of various models, which is due to the
assumptions employed in the development of each model. The moments for the Tapered
Mast Model has a close match with the finite element models prepared for the comparison
and verification purpose. Thus, this close agreement authenticates the accuracy of the
proposed model.
The P- effects (second order moment) computed using the three models for the critical
load case are given in Table 5.. Since, the SAP-90 Model and STAAD III Models are based
on the same reference diagram (Telescopic/Stepped model, Fig-1c), their solutions are
almost the same. Tapered Model results are close to the FEM results. Comparison cannot
be made directly with the Shell Element Model results, as its output is not of the form of that
of skeletal model. One has to take mean of the respective moments of the shell elements
meeting at a node. The axial pole deflections are too small (negligible) and are not
compared.
Table 6 gives the resultant lateral deflections of all models including shell element model
for the critical load case. The deflection varies from a maximum value of 2.456m for
tapered mast model to a minimum of 2.080m for Shell Element model. This is a large
deflection and confirms the recommendation for the steel pole to be treated as a flexible
structure. Since, the example structure is tangent type, the lateral deflections are produced
by the transverse wind only (contribution to transverse load due to a deflection angle of 2
deg is negligible). This deflection is momentary and pole raking or cambering is not
needed. The most accurate and exact model amongst all is the shell element model. SAP-
90: Frame Model and STAAD-III: Frame Model results are sufficiently close to the shell
A Study of Power Transmission Poles

529
element model and thus provide a good alternate solution to shell element modelling. The
proposed Tapered Model gives a little bit more deflection due to the assumption of uniform
thickness of all pole segments in the analysis of example pole. If the Tapered Model
formulae are individually applied to each segment, then the deflections will perhaps be more
close to that of Shell Model. This is because Tapered Model gives more true representation
of the prototype than stepped model.
The dimensions of pole components (design summary) that satisfy all types of applied
loading without overstressing its any part are recorded in Table 7. Various specifications
recommend different amount of lap for splice joint. Here it has been taken equal to 1.5
times the largest diameter of female end. The provided lap is more than the specified one.
The diameters shown in the table are outer across-flats. The number of segments have been
kept as minimum as possible to avoid the wastage of material of lap splices. The connection
between all the segments is through splice joint, however, pole and base plate are connected
through welding.
Table 8 gives an overview of pole shaft stresses induced at its various levels due to
internal stress resultants (obtained from non-linear analysis of Tapered Model) for critical
load case. Allowable stresses for axial, flexure, shear torsion and their combination have
been taken from design specifications. Because of the superior torsional stiffness of closed
tubular section, allowable stresses are not reduced for lateral torsional buckling. However,
local buckling criteria have been used to avoid any local instability due to large flat
width/thickness ratio. Polygon corners (located at angles of 15, 45 & 75 deg etc.) might be
critical for combination of bi-axial moments, axial load, torsion etc., therefore, all these are
checked. Since in the load case considered only transverse moment is present, maximum
bending stress is found at angle of zero degree (i.e. a=0). Additional FOS (i.e. FOS in
addition to the specified factor of safety) varies along the pole height. The most critical
point is the end of middle section (junction of middle and bottom section) as it has minimum
FOS of 1.09. It is notable that despite both segments are subject to same loading at their
junction, BS (bottom segment) has more FOS (i.e. 1.13) even though it has lesser diameter
at the junction than the diameter of MS (female end). This is due to increased thickness of
BS from 9.53mm to 10.32mm that increases the stiffness (cross-sectional properties)
increasing in turn the additional FOS.


7. CONCLUSIONS

The study of steel transmission pole is carried out using tapered model along with SAP 90
and STAAD-III models. The following important conclusions are drawn from this work:
In steel pole structures, the maximum allowable stress on the pole is related to the
width to thickness ratio for structures with polygonal cross-sections and by diameter
to thickness ratios for structures with circular cross-sections.
Limiting the defection to one or one half percent (1 or %) of the structure height
under construction loading can eliminate the need for back guying structures during
construction. For appearance, limiting deflections to five or ten percent (5 or 10%) of
the structure height under maximum loading can keep a pole in a position, which
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 530
seems to an observer almost straight. Another technique that is used to keep steel pole
structure appearance aesthetically pleasing is to camber or rake the structures before
erection. Cambering or raking makes the structure initially deformed so that when
load is applied to the structure, it tends to become straight or appears less deformed.
The package programs have limitations: SAP90 can only perform analysis and there is
no provision for design. STAAD-III has no general database for design of polygonal
tubular tapered structures. The subject structure is non-prismatic and, while designing
it as a skeletal member, regular variation of cross-sectional properties cannot be
incorporated in these softwares. Therefore, designers model it as a telescopic Tubular
polygonal mast having regular cross-section that abruptly changes at intervals.
The shell element and uniformly tapered model are the best representation of the
prototype. Therefore, for mast analysis and design either by a software/method truly
representing the prototype should be used or as an alternate of SAP90 and STAAD-III
frame element models may be employed with substantial number of nodes, giving
stepping at each node, to achieve their close coherence with the prototype. Moreover,
one has to be cautious regarding the local or overall stability while using these
softwares, as they are incapable to check this for non-prismatic structures.
Stiffness of the structure is reduced by almost 10% when it is designed as a skeletal
structure ignoring the effect of continuum, however, skeletal simulation for analysis
purpose is accepted being handy, simple and on conservative side. STAAD-III has in-
built option for non-linear and P- analysis, whereas SAP90 may conduct the linear
analysis only. Therefore, for the subject pole, 2
nd
order analysis on SAP90 was done
using the deflected geometry of the structure.
Sometimes, client restricts the base diameter due to space or other constraints that
indirectly limit the amount of taper. In such a case, the design output is only the wall
thickness of pole segments that is adjusted to satisfy all the design criteria.
Poles, being flexible structures, are subjected to considerably large deflections e.g. 2
to 4m. The major contribution in these deflections is from lateral loads, which are
further increased by vertical loads due to P- effects. For the tangent poles, this large
deflection will be infrequent and occasional in its entire life span (i.e. when it is
subjected to worst possible high wind/lateral loading). Hence, these large deflections
need not to be controlled. For angle poles, however, lateral loads are not casual which
cause permanent large lateral deflections. There are various ways to deal with the
problem of these large deflections. Pre-cambering and adjustment of the anchor bolts
by setting base plates of poles in inclined position opposite to the likely displaced
form of pole are two common techniques.
Most of the poles consist of 3 to 4 segments. A single pole segment usually has an
economical and optimal length of 12m. The minimum thickness of material used for
poles is usually 6mm.
Design of the polygonal mast considering it a round tube is not realistic. ASCE-72 [1]
gives entirely different criterion for elastic stability of round, hexdecagonal,
dodecagonal and octagonal or fewer-sided tubes.
The overturning moments of transmission poles are usually too high in comparison to
vertical loads. The resultant force fall considerably far from the pole centre. A
A Study of Power Transmission Poles

531
shallow foundation, therefore, is not usually designed for poles due to avoid
overturning.
Torsional shear stress calculations for the pole are done using membrane analogy by
some designers and as a regular hollow shaft by the others. The latter is supported by
ASCE [1].
While modelling the pole as shell element, membrane action has been found dominant
and plate bending stress resultants are too small and may be neglected. Hence, pole
can be modelled as membrane elements without loss of much accuracy with the added
advantage of lesser computer memory and time requirements.
In case of tubular tapered pole, moment of inertia varies along the member length. To
calculate the Euler buckling load, P
E
, for such members or any other non-prismatic
member with varying cross-section under a certain geometrical rule (e.g. hyperbolic
variation etc.), a Taper Coefficient has been derived in this paper. This coefficient
involves a factor to be obtained from Roark et al. [7]. In Tapered Model, Lateral
deflections are magnified for vertical loads by an empirical factor 1/(1 P/P
E
). This
coefficient is the key part of this model.
Using Mohrs theorems, 2
nd
order non-homogeneous differential equations have been
developed and solved. Numerical integration can also be employed using Rung Kutta
method.
Deflections for Shell model are least due to loss of stiffness by 1/(1
2
) (=10% for
0.3) in skeletal models. Flexural rigidity for frame element is EI=Et
3
/12 and
EI=Et
3
/12(1
2
) for plate element.
The efficacy of the developed analytical technique i.e. tapered model is evident from
close agreement of results obtained from this method and those achieved from the
exact method based on finite element method using a standard package. Further, the
developed model is simple to use even with hand calculations conveniently or by
employing MS Excel spreadsheet on a personal computer.


REFERENCES

1. ASCE Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, ASCE Manual No. 72, ASCE,
2
nd
Edition, New York, 1990.
2. ASCE Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, ASCE, New York, 1978.
3. ASCE Guide for Design of Steel Transmission Towers, ASCE Manual No. 52, ASCE,
2
nd
Edition, New York, 1993.
4. Dinnik A.N., Bull Engrs., Westrick Ingenerov; 1927 (Russian language).
5. IEC826 (1991-04). Loading and Strength of Overhead Transmission Lines,
International Electrotechnical Commission. 2
nd
Edition.
6. EPRI, Longitudinal Unbalanced Loads on Transmission Line Structures, EPRI EL-643,
Project 561. GAI Consultants, Inc., Monrovoeville, Pennsylvania, 1978.
7. Roark et al., Formulas for stress and strain, 5
th
Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company,
New York.
8. Timoshenko, S., Strength of Material Part I & II (Advanced), 3
rd
Edition, Van Nostrand
M. Ashraf, H.M. Ahmad and Z.A. Siddiqi 532
Reinhold Company, 1956.
9. Timoshenko, S. and Gere, J. M., Theory of Elastic Stability, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York.
10. Islam, A. Khan. University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. (M.Sc.
Thesis, 2000).
11. UET, Lahore Student Session 1983-1987. Design of 200 ft. High Transmission Tower,
(Final Year B.Sc. Thesis, 1987).