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20 Multiple choice questions

Term 1 of 20
If the nucleotide sequence of one strand of DNA is 5′ ACGTTGCA 3′, what is the sequence of the
complementary strand?

Synthesis of the lagging must be reinitiated as additional template is exposed, whereas the
leading strand can be synthesized contiuously.

Because it takes energy to make products, so inhibiting the enzyme saves energy. It also
takes energy to synthesize enzymes, so it saves energy to not make the enzyme.

5' TGCAACGT 3' (or 3' TGCAACGT 5'...but note that DNA is always written 5' to 3' unless
otherwise specified, so the sequence TGCAACGT, written without specifying the 5' and 3'
ends, would be wrong)

To recognize the concentration of different types of cells, or to regulate certain genes at

different cell denisities.

Term 2 of 20
There are characteristic differences in the nucleotide sequences of the leading and lagging
strands. Why might this be so?

Lagging strand sequences are synthesized continuously without any interruptions.

Both strands have identical sequences, but they replicate at different speeds.

Leading strand sequences are more complex and require additional enzymes for
replication.

Sequences in the lagging strand direct the replication machinery to reinitiate DNA
synthesis.
Term 3 of 20
What are the base-pairing rules?

An "intervening sequence", a region of the gene that does not encode a part of the protein.

A stretch of nucleotide sequences in DNA that begin with a start codon and end with a stop
codon.

In DNA, whenever there is a G in one strand the opposing strand has a C, and the GC pair
hydrogen bond; whenever there is an A in one strand the opposing strand has a T, and the
AT pair hydrogen bond. In RNA synthesis, an A nucleobase hydrogen bonds with a U.

Two mechanisms: 1) when glucose levels are high, CAP is not available to bind to the
activator of the lac operon to make it functional. 2) when glucose is being transported into
the cell, a component of the glucose transport system locks the lactose permease into an
non-functional position.

Term 4 of 20
Describe two things that you can learn by searching a computerized database for sequences that
have similarities to a newly sequenced gene.

The possible function of the encoded protein; the location of regulatory sequences such as
promoters

The evolutionary history of the gene and its relatedness to other genes.

Sequences in the lagging strand direct the replication machinery to reinitiate DNA
synthesis.

The physical structure of the protein and its three-dimensional shape.

Term 5 of 20
Explain how glucose represses the lactose operon.

Two mechanisms: 1) when glucose levels are high, CAP is not available to bind to the
activator of the lac operon to make it functional. 2) when glucose is being transported into
the cell, a component of the glucose transport system locks the lactose permease into an
non-functional position.

Constitutive enzymes are always produced, whereas inducible ones are only produced
when needed.

In DNA, whenever there is a G in one strand the opposing strand has a C, and the GC pair
hydrogen bond; whenever there is an A in one strand the opposing strand has a T, and the
AT pair hydrogen bond. In RNA synthesis, an A nucleobase hydrogen bonds with a U.

They use quorum sensing; they synthesize an extracellular signaling molecule. The
concentration of that molecule reflects the cell density.

Term 6 of 20
How does synthesis of the lagging strand differ from that of the leading strand?

They use quorum sensing; they synthesize an extracellular signaling molecule. the
concentration of that molecule reflects the cell density.

To recognize the concentration of different types of cells, or to regulate certain genes at

different cell denisities.

The chromosomes are much longer, therefore multiple origins of replication makes the
process more time-efficient.

The promoter orients the polymerase in a certain direction, and RNA is synthesized 5' to 3',
so direction matters.
Term 7 of 20
What is an open reading frame?

A stretch of nucleotide sequences in DNA that begin with a start codon and end with a stop
codon.

The promoter orients the polymerase in A certain direction, and rna is synthesized 5' to 3',
so direction matters.

A region of dna that is responsible for regulating gene expression.

A sequence that codes for multiple proteins in a single stretch.

Term 8 of 20
Explain how certain bacteria "sense" the density of cells.

They use quorum sensing; they synthesize an extracellular signaling molecule. The
concentration of that molecule reflects the cell density.

They detect changes in nutrient levels to estimate cell density.

They utilize light signals to communicate with other bacteria about cell density.

They rely on temperature changes to gauge the density of nearby cells.

Term 9 of 20
Describe antigenic variation.

Cells increase the production of antibodies to fight off infections.

Cells change the characteristics of certain surface proteins that would otherwise be
recognized by the immune system.

Cells replicate their surface proteins to confuse the immune system.

Cells permanently alter their dna to avoid immune detection.

Term 10 of 20
How does the 5′ end of a DNA strand differ from the 3′ end?

The 5' end has a phosphate group and the 3' end has a hydroxyl group.

The 5' end is longer than the 3' end in terms of nucleotide count.

The 5' end contains more genetic information than the 3' end.

The 5' end has a phosphate group and the 15' end has a hydroxyl group.

Term 11 of 20
Would a deletion of two base pairs have a greater consequence if it occurred in an intron or in an
exon?

Neither, because deletions do not affect the overall gene expression.

An intron, because exons are not essential for protein coding.

An exon, because the introns are removed form the pre-RNA

An exon, because it is more stable than an intron.

Term 12 of 20
Could two mRNAs have different nucleotide sequences and yet code for the same protein?
Explain your answer.

Yes, but only if the mrnas are derived from different organisms.

No, because each mrna must have an identical sequence to code for the same protein.

No, because the protein structure is solely determined by the mrna sequence.

Yes, because the genetic code is degenerate

Term 13 of 20
What is the role of tRNA?

tRNAs act as keys to the genetic code; each one base-pairs with certain codons, delivering
the correct amino acid

trnas transport dna from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

trnas are enzymes that catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

trnas are responsible for unwinding the dna double helix during replication.

Term 14 of 20
Explain the difference between a constitutive enzyme and an inducible enzyme.

They use quorum sensing; they synthesize an extracellular signaling molecule. The
concentration of that molecule reflects the cell density.

They serve as probes that locate RNA molecules that need to be destroyed.

Constitutive enzymes are always produced, whereas inducible ones are only produced
when needed.

Constitutive enzymes are more efficient than inducible enzymes.

Term 15 of 20
Why is a primer required for DNA synthesis?

Primers are used to remove nucleotides from the dna strand.

Primers are necessary for rna synthesis but not for dna synthesis.

Dna polymerase can synthesize dna from scratch without any primers.

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides on to an existing fragment.

Term 16 of 20
Why would it be advantageous for a cell to control the activity of an enzyme as well as its
synthesis?

5' TGCAACGT 3' (or 3' TGCAACGT 5'...but note that DNA is always written 5' to 3' unless
otherwise specified, so the sequence TGCAACGT, written without specifying the 5' and 3'
ends, would be wrong)

They use quorum sensing; they synthesize an extracellular signaling molecule. The
concentration of that molecule reflects the cell density.

Because it takes energy to make products, so inhibiting the enzyme saves energy. It also
takes energy to synthesize enzymes, so it saves energy to not make the enzyme.

Synthesis of the lagging must be reinitiated as additional template is exposed, whereas the
leading strand can be synthesized contiuously.

Term 17 of 20
In quorum sensing, why might a bacterium synthesize more than one type of signaling molecule?

To ensure that all bacteria in the environment respond uniformly to the same signal.

To recognize the concentration of different types of cells, or to regulate certain genes at

different cell denisities.

To create a stronger signal that can be detected by other bacteria.

To prevent the synthesis of signaling molecules when cell density is low.

Term 18 of 20
What is the role of miRNA and siRNA in regulation of gene expression?

They enhance the stability of rna molecules to prevent degradation.

They assist in the synthesis of new rna molecules from dna.

They transport rna molecules to different parts of the cell.

They serve as probes that locate RNA molecules that need to be destroyed.
Term 19 of 20
How does a promoter dictate which DNA strand is used as the template?

The promoter determines the speed of rna synthesis, not the template strand used.

The promoter orients the polymerase in a certain direction, and RNA is synthesized 5' to 3',
so direction matters.

The promoter binds to the dna strand and prevents transcription from occurring.

The promoter is a protein that directly synthesizes rna from the dna template.

Term 20 of 20
What is an intron?

A sequence that enhances the stability of the mrna molecule.

A region of dna that is responsible for initiating transcription.

A coding sequence that directly contributes to the protein structure.

An "intervening sequence", a region of the gene that does not encode a part of the protein.

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