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PHY110 Power Point Presentation (Lecture 1)

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PHY110 Power Point Presentation (Lecture 1)

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Uploaded by

arutfb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

You are welcome to the second section of the course.

Waves

Mr. A.K. Ogundele


[email protected]
Contents
➢ 1 Oscillations ➢ 6 The Doppler effect

➢ 2 Travelling Waves ➢ 7 Intensity of Sound Waves

➢ Transverse waves ➢ 8 Standing waves

➢ Longitudinal waves ➢ 8.1 Standing wave equation

➢ Mathematical description of travelling waves ➢ 8.2 Standing waves on a stretched string

➢ Speed of a transverse wave on a string ➢ 8.3 Standing sound waves in open pipe

➢ Speed of sound in a gas ➢ 8.4 Standing waves in Closed pipe

➢ 3 The principle of Linear superposition ➢ 9 Resonance

➢ 4 Constructive and destructive interference ➢ 10 The Electromagnetic spectrum

➢ 5 Beats ➢ Tutorial Questions


Vibrations and Waves
1. Oscillations
Let us start by defining some terms:
Periodic motion: It is a motion that repeats itself after a fixed interval
of time. Some of the examples are motion of the moon about the
earth, motion of the hands of clock, heart beats, a child on a swing.
Therefore, we can conveniently define oscillatory motion as stated
below. All periodic motion are repetitive but not all repetitive motion
are periodic. For example shaking of wings of a bird, drumming,
swaying of branches of a tree, motion of bouncing of ball under action
of a gravity.

Oscillatory motion: A body in oscillatory motion moves to and fro


about its mean position in a fixed time interval. For example, motion of
a pendulum, motion of a mass on a spring provided the elastic limit of
the spring is not exceeded.

Now it is important to note that all oscillatory motion are periodic but
NOT vice versa. For instance the motion of second hand of a clock,
motion of moon about the earth is not to and fro about the mean A common type of periodic motion that can be described in a simple way
position hence it is not oscillatory. See the images along sides. mathematically is simple harmonic motion. In simple harmonic motion the
displacement of the particle varies sinusoidally with time. (acceleration (a) is
proportional to the displacement (x) and in opposite direction i.e. a ∝ -x
Important Parameters and Waves
their mathematical relationship
The displacement is the distance of the oscillating particle
from the equilibrium position
Oscillations

The period is the time interval for one complete cycle (or
the time between oscillations in a wave), it is usually denoted Wave periods Wave frequency
with T and measured in seconds (or Hz−1 ).
Time between

The Frequency is the number of cycles per unit time (i.e. Waves Wave frequency
how many oscillations recorded per unit time), it is denoted
with f and measured in Hertz (Hz) or (s −1)

1
Mathematical relationship 𝑓=
𝑇
Waves is a disturbance in a medium that travels from Mechanical waves
one point to another Transferring energy without any
net motion of the medium. Waves can be broadly divided
Into Mechanical waves and Electromagnetic waves.
Transverse Longitudinal
2 Travelling Waves (or progressive waves) wave wave

Travelling wave is a wave in which the positions of maximum


and minimum amplitude travel through the medium
Mechanical waves
If the oscillation producing a If the oscillation is in the same
➢ Waves are produced by vibrations or oscillations
wave is Perpendicular to the Direction as the resulting wave
➢ A mechanical wave originates in the vibration of
direction of motion of the wave Example sound waves
some portion of an elastic medium.
Examples, wave on stretched
➢ The energy of the vibration is transmitted to adjacent
String, water waves
layers of the medium thus producing a wave that
travels through the medium.
➢ Examples of mechanical waves are water waves,
sound waves, waves generated along strings

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