1.

Write the criteria followed to select polymers for Controlled release drug delivery systems
● It should be inert and compatible with the environment.
● It should be non-toxic.
● It should be easy to administer.
● Its fabrication should be easy and inexpensive.
● It should have a good mechanical strength.
2. Write factors affecting formulation of Controlled release drug delivery systems

3. Define microsphere and microcapsules

● Microsphere are small, spherical, free-flowing particles, having diameter of 1-1000 m.
They consist of biodegradable proteins or synthetic polymers. Microsphere are of two
type: micro capsules and micromatrices.
● Microcapsule is a small sphere having a uniform wall surrounding it. The material
enclosed within a microcapsule is the core while the wall around the micro capsule is the
coating. The diameter of microcapsules usually ranges between a few micrometres to a
few millimetres.
4. What are the stages in mucoadhesion?
Contact stage and Consolidation stage.
● The first stage is characterized by the contact between the mucoadhesive and the
mucus membrane, with spreading and swelling of the formulation, initiating its deep
contact with the mucus layer.
 ● In the consolidation step, the mucoadhesive materials are activated by the presence of
moisture. Moisture plasticizes the system, allowing the mucoadhesive molecules to
break free and to link up by weak van der Waals and hydrogen bonds.
5. What are the drug release mechanisms in implants?
• 1) Diffusion controlled.
• 2) chemically controlled.
• 3) swelling controlled.
• 4) osmotically controlled.
• 5) magnetic controlled.
6. Write the excipients in nasal spray formulations
● Buffer capacity-citrate buffer
● Osmolarity-sodium acid phosphate
● Viscosifying agent-carbopol,cellulose
● Solublizer-labrasol,surfactants
● Preservatives-benzalkonium chloride,parabens
● Antioxidants-tocopherols.sodium metabisulphite
● Humectants-glycerine,sorbitol
7. Enlist any four applications of nanoparticles
• Targeting drug delivery by encapsulation.
• Nanoparticles for drug delivery into the brain.
• Nanoparticle for ophthalmic delivery.
• Topical formulation.
• Nanoparticles for oral delivery of peptides & portions.
8. Write types of contact lenses
● Hard Contact lens - does not allow Oxygen to pass through.
● Rigid Gas Permeable lens (semi-soft lens)- allows better oxygen transmission.Poor
comfort.
● Soft Contact lens - allows good oxygen transmission. Highly comfortable. Easy to fit.
9. What are monoclonal antibodies
● Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins, generated from a single B-cell
clone.
● These antibodies recognize unique epitopes, or binding sites, on a single antigen.
● For example, trastuzumab (Herceptin) and rituximab (Mabthera).
10. Write applications of intrauterine drug delivery system
● IUDs that release copper or levonorgestrel are extremely effective contraceptives.
● The LNG-IUS also reduces menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea.
● The LNG-IUS is a proven alternative to hysterectomy and endometrial ablation.
● Intrauterine contraception provides contraception that is effective and safer than female
sterilization.
● Some studies have found that women with copper IUDs tend to have a lower risk of
endometrial cancer.
11. State Hixson Crowell model
● Hixson and Crowell (1931) recognizing that the particle regular area is proportional to the
cubic root of its volume.
 ● It describes the drug releases by dissolution, with the changes in surface area and
diameter of the particles or tablets.
12. Write a note on polymerisation technique
Polymerization is a process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine
chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.
Addition polymerization
• Bulk polymerization
• Solution polymerization
• Suspension polymerization
• Emulsion polymerization
Condensation polymerization
• Melt polycondensation
• Solution polycondensation
13. Write about immunization implants
● These are the implants which are employed for the immunisation purpose.
● Implants are small sterile solid masses consisting of a highly purified drug made by
compression or molding or extrusion.
● Immunisation is a process by which a person becomes protected against a disease
through vaccination.
● Eg:Diphtheria,tetanus,measles,influenza etc.
14. Write polymers used as backing layer in Transdermal drug delivery
● polyethylene
● polyolefin
● polyester
● ethylene vinyl acetate
15. Enlist uses of mucoadhesive in drug delivery
● Mucoadhesive drug delivery gives rapid absorption and good bioavailability due to its
considerable surface area and high blood flow.
● Imaging: various cells, cell lines, tissues and organs can be imaged using radio labelled
microspheres.
● Release of proteins, hormones and peptides over extended period of time.
● Targeting of drug at particular site of action.
● Gene therapy with DNA plasmids and also delivery of insulin.
● Topical porous microspheres.
● Surface modified microspheres.
● Vaccine delivery for treatment of diseases like; hepatitis, influenza, pertussis (whooping
cough), ricin toxoid, diphtheria, birth control.
16. Write advantage of Nasal drug delivery
1. A non invasive route.
2. Hepatic first - pass metabolism is absent.
3. Rapid drug absorption.
4. Quick onset of action.
5. The bioavailability of larger drug molecules can be improved by means of absorption
enhancer or other approach.
 6. Better nasal bioavailability for smaller drug molecules.
7. Drugs which can not be absorbed orally may be delivered to the systemic circulation
through nasal drug delivery system.
8. Convenient route when compared with parenteral route for long term therapy.
17. Write about types of niosomes
According to the nature of lamellarity
● Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 um in size.
● Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 - 1um in size
● Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 - 500 nm in size.
According to the size
● Small Niosomes (100 nm - 200 nm)
● Large Niosomes (800 nm - 900 m)
● Big Niosomes (2 um - 4 um)
18. Describe salting out method of preparing nanoparticles
● Salting out is based on the separation of a water-miscible solvent from aqueous solution
via a salting-out effect.
● Polymer and drug are initially dissolved in a solvent which is then emulsified into an
aqueous gel containing the salting out agent (electrolytes, such as magnesium chloride
and calcium chloride, or non- electrolytes such as sucrose) and a colloidal stabilizer
(such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or hydroxyethylcellulose).
● This O/W emulsion is diluted with a sufficient volume of water or aqueous solution to
enhance the diffusion of solvent into the aqueous phase, thus results in the formation of
nanospheres.
19. State advantages of ocuserts
● Increased contact time that led to enhanced bioavailability.
● Possibility of providing a prolonged drug release and in consequence a better efficacy.
● Administration of a precise dose in the eye and thus an improved therapy.
● Decrease of systemic side effects and adverse effects.
● Reduction of the number of administrations and thus improved patient compliance &
ease.
● Lack of explosion.
● Ease of handling and insertion.
● Reproducibility of release kinetics.
● Sterility.
● Better stability.
● Exclusion of additives.
● Improved shelf life with comparison to aqueous solutions due to lack of water.
20. What are contraceptive patches
● The contraceptive patch is a thin, plastic patch containing a combination of estrogen and
progestin.
● A woman applies the patch to the skin of the buttocks, stomach, upper arm, or upper
torso once a week for three out of four weeks.
● The skin absorbs the hormones, which alter the woman's reproductive cycle to prevent
pregnancy.
21. State Korsmayer's and Peppas model
● It is used to describe drug release from a polymeric system considering non-fickian
mechanisms.The model is useful when the release mechanism is unknown or when
more than one type of drug release phenomenon is involved.

22. Write any four application of polymers in pharmaceuticals

● Polymers can be used as Binder,Suspending agents,Emulsifying agents,Drug release
modifier,Disintegrating agents,Coating materials etc.
● Can be used in drug delivery of various contraceptives and hormones
● Used in formulation of controlled drug delivery systems
● Used in drug delivery and treatment of diabetes
● Polymers can be used as film coatings to mask the unpleasant taste of a drug & to
modify drug release characteristics.
● Polyanhydrides are used in CDDS because of their unique property of surface erosion.
● Hyaluronic acid is used in controlled release ophthalmic preparations.
 ● Wide variety of polymers like natural gums are using as thickening agents.E.g.
polyethylene glycol, carbomer
● Some of the polymers are using as protective colloids to stabilize suspensions &
emulsions. E.g. sodium alginate
● Some polymers can be used as suppository bases E.g. polyethylene glycol
● Some polymers are used in uterus therapeutic system E.g. silicone
● Copolymers of lactide & glycolide, silicone are using in implantation therapeutic system.
● Polyurethanes can be used for elasticity
● Polymethyl methacrylate for physical strength & transparency.
● Polyvinyl alcohol for hydrophilicity & strength
● In addition to polymers being used as excipients, some drugs themselves are polymers
including insulin, heparin & its antagonist, protamine sulfate, plasma expander like
dextran, normal human serum albumin, bulk laxatives like methyl cellulose & sodium
carboxy methyl cellulose.
23. Give examples of mucoadhesive formulations
● Vaginal - Metronidazole,chitosan
● Ocular- Diclofenacpoly, acrylic acid
● Rectal - Ramosetron, carbopol
● Buccal - theophylline
24. Write note on magnetic microspheres
● Magnetic microspheres are supramolecular particles that are small enough to circulate
through capillaries without producing embolic occlusion (<4 um) but are sufficiently
susceptible(ferromagnetic) to be captured in micro vessels and dragged in to the
adjacent tissues by magnetic field of 0.5 to 0.8 tesla.
● Magnetic drug delivery by particulate carriers is a very efficient method of delivering a
drug to a localized disease site.
● Magnetic microspheres developed to overcome two major problems encountered in drug
targeting namely:
To decrease RES (reticuloendothelial system)clearance and
Increase target site specificity.
25. Enlist advantages of implantable drug delivery system
● Controlled drug delivery for over a long time.
● Improve patient compliance.
● Targeted drug delivery.
● Bypass first pass metabolism.
● Decrease side effects.
● Improved stability of drugs.
● Improve availability of drugs.
26. Enlist excipients used in nasal spray
● Buffer capacity-citrate buffer
● Osmolarity-sodium acid phosphate
● Viscosifying agent-carbopol,cellulose
● Solublizer-labrasol, surfactants
● Preservatives-benzalkonium cl,parabens
 ● Antioxidants-tocopherols,sodium metabisulphite
● Humectants-glycerine, sorbitol
27. Describe about GRAS
● Generally Recognized as Safe or GRAS is an FDA designation for a substance that it
considers as safe.
● The substances present in the GRAS list are known as "GRAS substances".
● Examples: acetic acid, baking soda, caffeine, calcium citrate, citric acid, corn starch,
carbon dioxide, sugar, salt etc.
28. What are the strategies of drug targeting?

29. State SODI

SODI: Soluble Ocular Drug Insert.
● Soluble ocular drug insert (SODI) is a small oval wafer.
 ● ABE copolymer was used for the industrial manufacture of the SODI in the form of sterile
thin films of oval shape (9 x 4.5 mm, thickness 0.35 mm), weighing 15-16 mg, and
color-coded for different drugs.
● ABE copolymer is developed by using acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone and ethyl acrylate
in ratio 0.25: 0.25: 0.5.
30. Enlist applications of intrauterine drug delivery
Refer question no: 10
31. State Higuchi model
This is the first mathematical model that describes drug release from a matrix system,
proposed by Higuchi in 1961.
● This model is based on different hypothesis that:
● Initial drug concentration in the matrix is much higher than drug solubility
● Drug diffusion takes place only in one dimension
● Drug particles are much smaller than thickness of system
● Swelling of matrix and dissolution are less or negligible
● Drug diffusivity is constant
● Perfect sink condition are always attained in the release environment.
The study of dissolution from a planar system having a homogeneous matrix can be
obtained by the equation:
A=[D(2C-Cs)Cs×]½
Where,
A = amount of drug released in time per unit area
D = diffusivity of drug molecule in the matrix substance
C = initial drug concentration
Cs = drug solubility in the matrix media.
32. Write short note on Hydrogels
● A hydrogel is a three-dimensional(3D) network of hydrophilic polymers that can swell in
water and hold a large amount of water while maintaining the structure due to chemical
or physical cross-linking of individual polymer chains.
 ● The hydrophilicity of the network is due to the presence of hydrophilic groups such as -
NHz, -COOH, -OH, -CONHa, -CONH-and SO;H.
● Classification:
On the basis of Preparation:
- Homo-polymer
- Copolymer
- Semi-interpenetrating network
- Interpenetrating network
• On the basis of cross linking :
- Chemical hydrogels
- Physical hydrogels
33. Write the test involved in invitro mucoadhesion
A) In vitro tests
• Methods determining tensile strength
• Methods determining shear stress
• Adhesion weight method
• Fluorescent probe method
• Flow channel method
• Mechanical spectroscopic method
• Falling liquid film method
• Colloidal gold staining method
• Viscometer method
• Thumb method
• Adhesion number
• Electrical conductance
• Swelling properties
• In vitro drug release studies
B) In vivo methods
• Use of radioisotopes
• Use of gamma scintigraphy
• X-ray studies
34. State disadvantages of implantable drug delivery system
● Surgical implantation is painful.
● Uneasy to simply discontinue the therapy.
● Local reactions.
● Inadequate release.
35. Enlist the types of nebulisers
Mechanical nebulizer
• Soft mist inhaler
• Human powered nebulizer
Electrical nebulizer
• jet nebulizer
• Ultrasonic wave nebulizer
36. Enlist the components of drug targeting
● Target:Specific organ or a cell or group of cells, which in chronic or acute condition need
treatment.
● Carrier:Special molecules or system essentially required for effective transportation of
loaded drug up to the pre selected sites
37. Write the types of microencapsulation method
● Air suspension technique
● Coacervation phase separation
● Multiorifice-centrifugal process
● Pan coating
● Spray drying and congealing
● Fluidised bed technology
● Solvent evaporation
● Polymerisation
● Rapid expansion of supercritical fluid
● Salting out process
● Complex emulsion based method
38. What are the types of niosomes
Refer Q 17
39. What are the drug absorption routes in eye
The three primary methods of delivery of ocular medications to the eye are:
● Topical,
● Local ocular (ie, subconjunctival, retrobulbar, intracameral, intravitreal)
● Systemic
40. Enlist intra-vaginal drug delivery systems.

41. Define apparent Partition coefficient

● Apparent partition coefficient is the ratio of concentrations of ionized and unionized
species of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases.
● It can denote this as “Papp”.
● It is dependent on the proportion of substance present in the solution.
42. Write the general mechanisms of drug release from polymers
● Diffusion
● Degradation
● Swelling
43. Write note on freeze drying in microencapsulation
Freeze-drying–based encapsulation involves the generation of an emulsion solution containing
target compound which will be encapsulated by an encapsulating materials ie, microcapsules by
the freeze-drying technique.
44. What are the factors affecting mucoadhesion
45. Write note on DUROS osmotic pump
● DUROS technology provides a bi-compartment system separated by a piston.
● One compartment consists of osmotic engine formulated with excess of Solid NaCl so
that it remains present throughout the delivery and results in a constant osmotic
gradient.
● One end of this compartment has a semi- permeable membrane through which water is
drawn into the osmotic engine, and a large and constant osmotic gradient is established
between the tissue water and the osmotic engine.
● The other compartment consists of a drug solution with an orifice from which the drug is
released due to the established osmotic gradient.
● This provides site specific and systemic drug delivery when the pumps are implanted in
human body.
 ● The pumps are preferably implanted subcutaneously in the inside of the upper arm.
● The delivery period ranges from a few days to a year.

46. Write polymers used in transdermal drug delivery systems

● The polymers used in the transdermal drug delivery
systems are
Natural polymers -
Cellulose derivatives , zein, gelatin, shellac, waxes, proteins ,gums and their derivatives, natural
rubber starch etc.
Synthetic elastomers-
Poly butadiene, hydrin rubber, poly siloxane silicone rubber, nitrile, acrylonitrile ,butyl rubber,
butadiene
Neoprene etc.
Synthetic polymers-
Polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, poly propylene, polyacrylate ,polyamide ,polyurea, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone, poly methyl methaacrylate
47. State Niosomes
● Niosomes are synthetic microscopic vesicles consisting of an aqueous core enclosed in
a bilayer consisting of cholesterol and one or more nonionic surfactants.
● Vesicles are prepared from hydrated non ionic surfactants molecules.
48. Give advantages of liposomes
● Liposomes increased efficacy and therapeutic index of drug.
● Liposomes increased stability via. encapsulation.
● Provide selective passive targeting to tumour tissues.
● Improved pharmacokinetic effects (reduced elimination, increased circulation life time).
● Liposomes reduce the toxicity.
● Helps in transport across membranes.
49. What are OCUFIT
It is a sustained release, rod shaped device made up of silicone elastomer and these are
designed to fit the shape and size of the human conjunctional.
50. Write advantage of progesterone Intrauterine Devices.
● Provides long-term birth control.
● Cost effective.
● Can be removed when a woman would like to become pregnant.
● Convenient to use.
51. Define absolute bioavailability
● Compares the bioavailability of the active drug in systemic circulation through
non-intravenous administration with the same drug through intravenous administration.
● For drugs administered intravenously, bioavailability is 100%.
● Helps in determination of the best administration route.
52. What are the criteria followed in polymer selection in controlled drug delivery systems
Refer Q 1
53. Write note on spray drying in microencapsulation
● Spray drying for microencapsulation is an economic process used for encapsulating
fragrances, oils, and flavours.
● In this method, the feed in a fluid state is sprayed into a hot drying medium and gets
continually transformed to a dried particulate state.
● The core material (an oil or active ingredient immiscible with water) is dispersed in a
concentrated solution of wall material to obtain an emulsion (slurry) having oil droplets of
desired size.
54. What are important stages of mucoadhesion
Refer Q 4
55. Write note on ALZET osmotic pump
● ALZET osmotic pumps are miniature, implantable pumps used for research in mice, rats,
etc.
● These infusion pumps can continuously deliver drugs, hormones, and other test agents
at controlled rates from one day to six weeks without requiring external connections or
frequent handling that eliminates the need for repeated night time or weekend dosing.
● ALZET pumps are implanted subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, and can be used for
systemic administration for targeted drug delivery.
● They can be attached to a catheter for localisation of the drug effect and for intravenous,
intracerebral, or intra-arterial infusion to deliver different compounds, like antibodies,
chemotherapeutic drugs,cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and peptides.
56. State various approaches of transdermal drug delivery system
● Membrane permeation-controlled systems
● Adhesive dispersion-type systems
● Matrix diffusion-controlled systems
● Microreservoir type or Microsealed dissolution-controlled systems
57. Enlist excipients used in nasal spray formulations
Refer Q 26
58. Write types of liposomes
On the basis of structural parameters:
 ● Multilamellar vesicles (> 0.5 um) MLV
● Oligolamellar vesicles (0.1-1 um) OLV
● Unilamellar vesicles (all size range) UV
● Small unilamellar vesicles (20-100 nm) SUV
● Medium sized unilamellar vesicles MUV
● Large unilamellar vesicles (> 100 um) LUV
● Giant unilamellar vesicles (>1 um) GUV
● Multi vesicular vesicles (>1 um) MVV
On the basis of liposome preparation:
● Vesicles prepared by reverse phase evaporation method REV
● Multi lamellar vesicle by REV
● Stable plurilamellar vesicle
● Frozen & thawed MLV
● Vesicles prepared by extrusion techniques
● Dried reconstituted vesicles
59. Give types of ocular inserts
TYPES:
Soluble ocular inserts -lacrisert
Insoluble ocular inserts - Diffusional Inserts,Osmotic Inserts,Contact Lenses.
Erodible ocular inserts - SODI,minidiscs
60. What are disadvantages of copper intrauterine devices.
● Side effects, including cramping and increased or prolonged bleeding
● Rare complications include perforation and pelvic inflammatory disease
● Method failure can lead to ectopic pregnancy (extremely rare)
● Insertion and removal require trained provider
● No STI/HIV protection
61. Write note on matrix diffusion system
● In these system the drug is dispersed in insoluble matrix of rigid non swellable
hydrophobic materials or swellable hydrophilic substances.
● Insoluble plastics such as PVC and fatty materials like stearic acid, beeswax etc are the
material used for rigid matrix.
● The drug is generally kneaded within the solution of plastic material such as PVC in an
organic solvent and granulated.
● The wax drug matrix is prepared by dispersing the drug in molten fat followed by
congealing.
62. Write short note on alginates
● Alginate is a linear polymer of mannuronic acid and glucuronic acid.
● Both them being form uronic acid in proportion ranging from 4:1 to 20:1.
Application:
● Alginate are useful as thickening in food industry.
● It is also used for immobilization of cell and enzyme.
● Alginate with high concentration of glucuronic acid are elastics in nature.
● While alginate with high concentration of glucuronic acid are strong and brittle.
63. Write the drug release mechanisms in microencapsulated products
 ● Degradation controlled monolithic system
● Diffusion controlled monolithic system
● Diffusion controlled reservoir system
● Erosion
64. Write the role of saliva and mucus in mucosal drug delivery

65.State basic components of transdermal drug delivery

Polymer matrix / Drug reservoir
Drug
Permeation enhancers
Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA)
Backing laminate
Release liner
Other excipients
66.What are the advantages of nanoparticles in drug delivery system
67. Dendrimers
The name comes from Greek word "dendron" which means "tree".
Also called as "arborols/ cascade molecules".
They are family of nano-sized, highly branched three dimensional molecules.
They are not more that 15 nm in size and Mol. Wt is very high.
Structure consist of interior core,interior layer,exterior layer.
68. What are the factors affecting gastric retention in gastrorententive drug delivery
● Density
● Size and Shape of the dosage form
● Single or Multi unit formulation
● Age
● Gender
 ● Body posture
● Frequency of intake
● Diseased state of an individual
69. Write any four routes of ocular drug delivery
Refer Q 39
70. Write advantages of nasal spray.
Refer Q 16
71. Write biological factors influencing controlled release drug delivery systems
Refer Q 2
72. What are ideal characters of polymers
Refer Q 1
73. Write note on surface modified microparticulate drug delivery systems
These systems target discrete organs and avoid rapid clearance form the body by phagocytosis.
Ex: Poloxamer on surface of polystyrene microspheres are more hydrophilic,so it
reduces macrophage uptake.
PEG coated protein microspheres show decreased immunogenecity.
74. Write types of rectal drug delivery system
● Rectal semisolids:
1) Creams
2) Gels
3) Ointments
4) Suppositories
● Rectal liquids:
1) Solutions
2) Suspensions
● Rectal aerosols
75. Write the methods of microencapsulation
Refer Q 37
76. State factors affecting mucoadhesion
Refer Q 44
77. State various system of transdermal drug delivery
Refer Q 56
78. Monoclonal antibodies
Refer Q 9
79. Write novel ocular formulations
Vesicular systems
● Liposomes
● Niosomes
● Discoes
Controlled release system
● Implants
● Contact lens
● Lacrisert
● Microneedles
 ● Ocular iontophoresis
● Collagen shield
● Ocusert
Particulate system
● Nano particles
● Microparticles
80. State advantages of contraceptive patches
● Most effective, long-term reversible contraception available
● Most methods offer complete privacy
● Avoidance of unplanned pregnancy
● Protection from STI's or Sexually Transmitted Infections
● Require no planning before intercourse
81. Applications of controlled drug delivery systems
● Neurological disorders: Controlled release drugs are valuable in treating conditions
like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
● Hormone therapy: Hormone-based therapies, including contraceptives, use controlled
release formulations for consistent and effective hormone delivery.
● Chronic disease management: Controlled drug delivery systems are commonly used
to manage chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma. These
systems can release medications in a controlled manner over an extended period,
ensuring consistent drug levels and reducing the frequency of dosing.
● Pain management: For patients suffering from chronic pain, controlled drug delivery
systems can provide sustained release of pain-relieving medications, leading to
improved pain control and reduced side effects. Extended-release formulations of pain
medications provide prolonged relief, reducing the need for frequent dosing and
minimizing the risk of addiction.
● Cancer treatment: Controlled drug delivery systems are employed in cancertherapy to
target tumors more effectively. These systems can deliver anticancer drugs directly to
the tumor site, enhancing drug concentration at the target while minimizing exposure to
healthy tissues.
● Ophthalmology: Intraocular implants and ocular inserts are examples of controlled drug
delivery systems used in ophthalmology. They can provide sustained drug release to
treat conditions like glaucoma, macular degeneration, and postoperative inflammation.
● Neurological disorders: Controlled drug delivery systems are utilized in the treatment
of neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. They can deliver
medications directly to the affected brain areas, improving treatment efficacy and
minimizing systemic side effects.
● Cardiovascular diseases: CDDS can be employed to deliver drugs that treat
hypertension, heart failure, and other cardiovascular conditions. The controlled release
ensures optimal drug levels for a more extended period and enhances patient
compliance.
● Antibiotic therapy: Controlled drug delivery systems can be used to administer
antibiotics for localized infections, such as in orthopedic implants, to prevent bacterial
colonization and biofilm formation.
 ● Hormone replacement therapy: For hormone deficiencies or imbalances, controlled
drug delivery systems can provide steady hormone release, mimicking the body's natural
secretion patterns and improving patient comfort.
● Transplantation medicine: In organ transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs can be
delivered via controlled drug delivery systems to reduce the risk of organ rejection.
● Pediatrics: Controlled drug delivery systems can be particularly useful in pediatric
medicine, ensuring accurate dosing and minimizing the need for frequent
administrations, which can be challenging for young patients.
82. What are smart polymers
● Smart polymers or stimuli-responsive polymers undergo large reversible changes, either
physical or chemical, in their properties as a consequence of small environmental
variations.
● The factors can include pH change, temperature, light, and pressure difference.
● The major benefits of smart polymer-based drug delivery systems includes reduced
dosing frequency, ease of preparation, maintenance of desired therapeutic concentration
with single dose, prolonged release of incorporated drug, reduced side effects and
improved stability.
83. Write the two polymerisation techniques
Bulk polymerisation
● It is polymerization of the undiluted monomer.
● It is carried out by adding a soluble initiator to pure monomer.
● The mixture is constantly agitated & heated to polymerization temperature.
● Once the reaction starts, heating is stopped as the reaction is exothermic.
● The heat generated is eliminated by circulating water jacket.
● Viscosity increases dramatically during conversion.
● The method is used for the polymerization of liquid state monomers.
● produce
● It is usually used to produce polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate and
low density polyethylene.
Solution polymerisation
● Some disadvantages of bulk polymerization are eliminated in solution polymerization.
● Monomer along with initiator dissolved in solvent, formed polymer stays dissolved.
● The mixture is kept at polymerizaion temperature & constantly agitated.
● Depending on concentration of monomer the viscosity of solution does not increase.
● After the reaction is over, the polymer is used as such in the form of polymer solution or
the polymer is isolated by evaporating the solvent.
● Polymer so formed can be used for surface coating.
● It is used for the production of Polyacrylonitrile, PVC, Polyacrylic acid, Polyacrylamide,
Polyvinyl alcohol,PMMA, Polybutadiene, etc
84. What are theories of mucoadhesion
● Electronic theory
● Wetting theory
● Adsorption theory
● Diffusion theory
 ● Fracture theory
85. What are the layers of Skin
● Epidermis
● Dermis
● Hypodermis
86. Advantages of Metered dose inhalers
● It reduces dose lose.
● Allows pressurized metered dose.
● Inhaler use in patient with acute illness.
● It deliver specific amount of medication to patients.
● No drug preparation is needed.
87. Define targeted drug delivery systems
Targeted drug delivery is an advanced method of delivering drugs to the patients in such a
targeted sequence that increases the concentration of delivered drug to the targeted body part
of interest only (organs/tissues/cells) which in turn improves efficacy of treatment by reducing
side effects of drug administration.
88. Write two important strategies for targeting
Passive Targeting :
● Drug delivery systems which are targeted to systemic circulation are characterized as
Passive delivery systems.
● In this technique drug targeting occurs because of the body's natural response to
physicochemical characteristics of the drug or drug carrier system.
Physical Targeting :
● In this type of targeting some characteristics of environment changes like pH,
temperature, light intensity, electric field, ionic strength small and even specific stimuli
like glucose concentration are used to localize the drug carrier to predetermined site.
89. Write various approaches overcome ocular barriers to drug delivery
Barriers of Drug permeation
● Ocular surface barriers
● Ocular wall barriers
● Retinal barriers
● Vitreous body
● The lachrymal fluid
● Solubility of the drug
● Lipophilicity of the drug
● Mol.wt and size of the drug
Methods to overcome Intraocular Barriers
● Microneedle drug delivery
● Ultrasound mediated Drug Delivery
● Iontophorosis
● Periocuar route DDS
● Intravitreal injection
90. Write briefly on contraceptive implants.
 It is a tiny, thin rod about the size of a matchstick that release a progestin like the natural
hormone progesterone in a woman’s body.
The implant releases hormones into your body that prevent you from getting pregnant.
● Types of implants:
○ Jadelle: 2 rods containing levonorgestrel (LNG), highly effective for 5 years
○ Implanon NXT (also known as Nexplanon; replaces Implanon): 1 rod containing
etonogestrel (ETG), labeled for up to 3 years of use (a recent study shows it may
be highly effective for 5 years). Implanon NXT can be seen on X-ray and has an
improved insertion device.
○ Levoplant (Sino-Implant (II)): 2 rods containing LNG, labeled for up to 3 years of
use
○ Norplant: It consisted of 6 capsules and was effective for 5-7 years, but was
discontinued in 2008 and is no longer available for insertion. A small number of
women, however, may still need Norplant capsules removed.
● Implants work primarily by:
○ Preventing the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)
○ Thickening cervical mucus (this blocks sperm from reaching an egg
91. Write biological factors influencing controlled release drug delivery systems
Refer Q 2
92. What are ideal characters of polymers
Refer Q 1
93. Write note on surface modified microparticulate drug delivery systems
Refer Q 73
94. Write types of rectal drug delivery system
Refer Q 74
95. Write the methods of microencapsulation
Refer Q 37
96. State factors affecting mucoadhesion
Refer Q 44
97. State various system of transdermal drug delivery
Refer Q 56
98. Monoclonal antibodies
Refer Q9
99. Write novel ocular formulations
Refer Q 79
100.State advantages of contraceptive patches
Refer Q 80