Complex Analysis 1998
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UPSC Civil Services Main 1998 - Mathematics
Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh
February 20, 2010
Question 1(a) Show that the function f(z) =
x3(1 + i) y3(1 x2 + y2 i) ,z=0 0, z = 0 is continuous and C-R conditions are satised at z = 0, but f (z) does not exist at z = 0. Solution. Let f(z) = u + iv, then u = x3 x2 + y2 y3 ,v = x3 + y3 x2 + y2 for z = 0, and u(0,0) = v(0,0) = 0. u x (0,0) = h0 lim u(h,0) h u(0,0) = h0 lim
h3 h2
h 0 =1 u y (0,0) = k0
lim u(0,k) k u(0,0) = k0 lim
k3 k2
k 0 = 1 x v (0,0) = h0 lim v(h,0) h v(0,0) = h0 lim
h3 h2
h 0 =1 v y (0,0) = k0 lim v(0,k) k v(0,0) = k0 lim
k3 k2
k 0 =1 Thus u x = v
y , u y = x v at (0,0), i.e. the Cauchy Riemann equations are satised at (0,0). f(z) is clearly continuous at z = 0, because |u(x,y) u(0,0)| = |v(x,y) v(0,0)| 2 x3 x2 x2 + y2 y3 + y2 = r3(cos3 r2 sin3 ) 2 x2 + y2
Thus u,v are continuous at (0,0), so f(z) is continuous at (0,0).
If f(z) is to be dierentiable at 0, then
z0
lim f(z) z 0 = x0,y0 lim (x3 y3) + i(x3 (x2 + y2)(x + + iy) y3) = x0,y0 lim (x3 + iy3)(1 + i)(x iy) (x2 + y2)2 should But exist if we and take it the should limit be along equal y = to x, u x then (0,0) + i x v (0,0) = 1 + i.
z0
lim f(z) z 0 = x0 lim (x3 + ix3)(1 (2x2)2 + i)(x ix) = 1+2 i Therefore f(z) is not dierentiable at z = 0. Question 1(b) Find the Laurent expansion of (z + 1)(z z + 2) about the singularity z = 2. Specify the region of convergence and nature of singularity at z = 2. Solution. Clearly f(z) =
z (z + 1)(z + 2) 2 z+2 1 z+1 2 z+2 1 1 (z + 2) = = = + z+2 2 +
n=0
(z + 2)n for |z + 2| < 1 () The function satises the requirements of Laurents theorem in the region 0 < |z + 2| < 1 and the right hand side of () represents the Laurent series of f(z), which converges for |z + 2| < 1, because we have a singularity at z = 1 which lies on |z + 2| = 1. The Laurent series expansion () shows that f(z) has a simple pole at z = 2, where its residue is 2. Question 1(c) By using the integral representation of f (n)(0), prove that ( xn n! )
2
= 1 2i xnexz
C
n!zn+1 dz Hence show that
n=0
( xn n! )
2
= 1 2
2
e2xcos d
0
Solution. It is easily deducible from Cauchys Integral formula that if f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed contour C and z
0
is a point in the interior of C, then f (n)(z
0
)= n! 2i f(z)
C
(z z
0
,dz 2 )n+1
Let f(z) = exz (Here x is not Rex but a parameter), then f(z) is an entire function and
therefore f(n)(0) = xn = 2i n!
C
zn+1 exz ,dz where C is any closed contour containing 0 in its interior. Hence ( xn n! )
2
= xn (n!)2 n! 2i
C
exz zn+1 ,dz = 2i 1 xnexz
C
n!zn+1 dz as required. We take C to be the unit circle for convenience. Then
n=0
( xn n! )
2
= 1 2i
n=0 C
xnexz n!zn+1 dz = 2i 1 xnexz
C n=0
n!zn+1 dz Interchange of summation and integral is justied. Thus
n=0
( xn n! )
2
= 1 2i
|z|=1
exz z
n=0
(x
z
n! )n dz = 1
2i
|z|=1
exz z e
x z
dz Put z = ei so that dz = iei d and
n=0
( xn n! )
2
= 2i 1
2
ex(ei+ei)
0
ei iei d = 2 1
2
e2xcos d
0
as required. Question 2(a) Prove that all roots of z7 5z3 + 12 = 0 lie between the circles |z| = 1 and |z| = 2. Solution. See 2006 question 2(b). Question 2(b) By integrating around a suitable contour show that
0
xsinmx x4 + a4 4b2
emb sinmb where b =
a 2
dx = . 3
Solution.
Let f(z) = tegral z4 zeimz + a4 . sisting of f(z)dz the We consider the inwhere is the contour conline joining (R,0) and (R,0) and , the arc of the circle of radius R and center (0,0) lying in the upper half plane. (R,0) (0,0) (R,0)
=
0
ReieimR(cos z4 + a4
+i sin )
Riei d R4 R2 a4 because |z4 + a4| |z|4 |a4| = R4 a4 on , and emR sin 1 as sin > 0 for 0 < < .
Thus f(z)dz
f(z)dz 0 as R and
R
lim
x4 xeimx + a4 dx But by Cauchys residue theorem f(z)dz =
f(z)dz = 2i (the sum of the residues of poles of f(z) inside ). The poles of f(z) are simple poles at ae
3i 4
are inside . Residue at z = ae
i 4
,ae
3i 4
, out of which ae
i 4
,ae
i 4
is ae
i 4
eimae 4a3e
3i
4 i 4
. Residue at z = ae
3i 4
is ae
3i 4
4a3e eimae
9i 4 3i 4
. ] Sum of residues = = i 4a2 [ eima(cos
4 +i sin 4 ) 4 +i sin 3 4 )
+ eima(cos 3
] = i 4a2 [ e
ma 2 (i1)
+e
ma
2 (i1)
4a2
ma 2
( 2isin ) =
ma 2
2a2 ma 2 Thus
ie ma 2 e sin xeimx
ma 2
x4 + a4 2a2 ma 2 Taking imaginary parts of both sides, we get
dx = 2i e
sin xsinmx
xsinmx e
ma 2
x4 + a4
0
x4 + a4 a2 ma 2 emb 2b2 sinmb where b =
a 2
dx = 2 dx = sin = . Thus
0
xsinmx x4 + a4 dx = emb 4b2 sinmb as required. 4
2 0
d 3 2cos + sin . Solution. We put z = ei, so that d = dz
iz
,cos = 1
2
(z + 1
z
),sin = 2i
1
(z 1
z
). Thus I=
2 0
d 3 2cos + sin =
|z|=1
dz iz[3 (z + 1
z
) + 2i
1
(z 1
z
)] =2
|z|=1
dz 6iz 2iz2 2i + z2 1 =2 Question 2(c) Using the residue theorem evaluate dz
|z|=1
(1 2i)(z + i
12i
)(z + 12i
5i
) Clearly (6iz2iz22i+z21)1 has two simple poles 12i
i
lies inside |z| = 1. The residue at this pole is lim and z + i
12i 5i
of which only 12i
i 12i z
by Cauchys residue theorem (1 2i)(z + i
12i
)(z + 12i
5i
) = 4i 1 . Thus I=
i 12i
2 0
d 3 2cos + sin = 2 2i 1 4i = 5
