Complex Analysis 1986
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UPSC Civil Services Main 1986 - Mathematics
Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh
July 19, 2010
Question 1(a) Let f(z) be single valued and analytic within and on a simple closed curve C. If z
0
is any point in the interior of C, then show that f(z
0
1 2i
C
f(z)dz zz
0
where the integral in taken in the positive sense around C. Solution. This is known as the Cauchy integral formula. We shall show that given > 0 )= 1 2i
C
f(z)dz zz
0
f(z
0
< which implies the result as is arbitrary. Since f(z) is analytic at z
0
, it is continuous at z
0
, therefore given > 0 as above, there exists a > 0 such that |z z
0
| = |f(z) f(z
0
)| < . We choose > 0 so small that the disc |z z
0
| < lies within the interior of C. Then by Cauchy-Goursats theorem (See 1987, 1(b)) we have 1 2i
C
f(z)dz 1 zz
0
2i
f(z)dz zz
0
where is the circle |z z
0
= | = < and is positively oriented. Now put z z
0
= ei to get
dz zz
0
0 2
iei ei d = 2i 1
Therefore
1 f(z)dz 2i
C
zz
0
1 [ f(z)dz 2i
C
zz
0
f(z
0
) = f(z
0
z dz z
0
= 1 2i
f(z) f(z
0
) zz
0
dz Thus 2i 1
C
1 2 |dz| =
2 length of = f(z)dz zz
0
f(z
) = 0 and the proof is complete. Question 1(b) By the contour integration method show that 1.
dx
0
x4 + a4 = 4a2 2 where a > 0. 2.
0
sinx x dx = 2 Solution. 1. We take f(z) consisting of = a z4+a4 semicircle 1 and the contour C of radius R with center (0,0) lying in the upper half plane, and the line AB joining (R,0) and (R,0). C is positively oriented. A(R,0) (0,0) B(R,0) (a) Poles of f(z) are given by z = ae
i 4
= ae
i 4
,z = ae
i 4
a[cos
4
are in the upper half plane. isin
4
], out of which z = Residue at z = ae
i 4
is 1 4a3e
3i 4
[ ]
1
. Residue at z = ae i
4
= 4a3 1 1 [ 2 + i 2 ]
1
. Sum of residues is 2 is 1 4a3e 3i
= 4a3 1 1 2 i 2 4a3 [ i1 1 + 1+1 i ] = i 4a3 2 . Thus
R
lim dz
C
z4 + a4 2i i 2 2 2 4a3 4a3
2a3 (b) = = =
z4 dz + a4
0
Riei R4 a 4 R R4 a 4 because on |z4 + a4| |z4| a4 = R4 a4. Thus R lim
z4 dz
+ a4 = 0. 2
(c) R lim
AB
z4 dz + a4 =
x4 dx + a4 =2
0
x4 dx + a4 . Using (a), (b) and (c) we get
R
lim dz
C
z4 + a4
0
dx x4 + a4 2a3 Thus
0
=2 = 2 4a3 as required.
2. We take f(z) = eiz
z
x4 dx + a4 = 2 2a3 = and the contour C consisting of the line AB joining (R,0) to (r,0), the semicircle of radius r with center (0,0), the line CD joining (r,0) to (R,0) and a semicircle of radius R with center (0,0). The contour lies in the upper half plane and is oriented anticlockwise. We took as part of the contour to avoid the pole at (0,0). A(R,0) B(r,0) C(r,0) D(R,0) We will eventually make R and r 0. (a) Since the integrand eiz
z
has no poles in the upper half plane, it follows that
R,r0
lim
C
eiz z dz = 0 (b) In order to prove that R lim 0, we use Jordan inequality, eiz z which
dz = states that sin 2
y = sin for 0 compare the graphs as shown in the
2
y = 2
gure. =
2
eiz z dz
eR 0
sin
R Rd = 2
0 2
eR sin d ( sin( ) = sin) 2
2
eR2
2R [1 eR] showing that R lim d = 2
eiz z dz = 0 as R lim 1R eR = 0. 3
(c) Now 0 such eiz
that = 1
z
|z| + (z) < where (z) is analytic |(z)| < . Thus at |
z (z)dz| = 0. Thus given > 0, > (length of ) lim
r0
(z)dz = 0.
dz z =
0
reiid rei = i (d)
R,r0
lim
AB
eiz z
0
dz =
eix x dx, R,r0 lim eiz
CD
dz =
0
eix x dx Using these results, we get 0 = R,r0 lim
C
eiz z
0
dz =
eix x dx i +
0
eix x dx () Since
0
eix x dx =
0
eiy y dy we get
eix x dx
0
eix x dx = i or
0
eix eix 1
2i x 2
0
sinx x 2 Note that in (*) we cannot write dx = dx =
eix x dx = i and conclude that
sinx
x dx = ,
cosx x dx = 0, because
cosx
