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Knowledge Representation and Mappings

Knowledge representation

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maryfathimaanuja
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342 views

Knowledge Representation and Mappings

Knowledge representation

Uploaded by

maryfathimaanuja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is knowledge

representation?
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Humans are best at understanding,


reasoning, and interpreting knowledge.
Human knows things, which is knowledge
and as per their knowledge they perform
various actions in the real world. But how
machines do all these things comes
under knowledge representation and
reasoning. Hence we can describe
Knowledge representation as following:

o Knowledge representation and


reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of
Artificial intelligence which concerned
with AI agents thinking and how
thinking contributes to intelligent
behavior of agents.

o It is responsible for representing


information about the real world so
that a computer can understand and
can utilize this knowledge to solve the
complex real world problems such as
diagnosis a medical condition or
communicating with humans in
natural language.

o It is also a way which describes how


we can represent knowledge in
artificial intelligence. Knowledge
representation is not just storing data
into some database, but it also
enables an intelligent machine to
learn from that knowledge and
experiences so that it can behave
intelligently like a human.

What to Represent:
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Following are the kind of knowledge which


needs to be represented in AI systems:

o Object: All the facts about objects in


our world domain. E.g., Guitars
contains strings, trumpets are brass
instruments.

o Events: Events are the actions which


occur in our world.

o Performance: It describe behavior


which involves knowledge about how
to do things.

o Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge
about what we know.

o Facts: Facts are the truths about the


real world and what we represent.

o Knowledge-Base: The central


component of the knowledge-based
agents is the knowledge base. It is
represented as KB. The
Knowledgebase is a group of the
Sentences (Here, sentences are used
as a technical term and not identical
with the English language).

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Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or


familiarity gained by experiences of facts,
data, and situations. Following are the types
of knowledge in artificial intelligence:

Types of knowledge
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Following are the various types of


knowledge:
1. Declarative Knowledge:

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o Declarative knowledge is to know


about something.

o It includes concepts, facts, and


objects.

o It is also called descriptive knowledge


and expressed in
declarativesentences.

o It is simpler than procedural language.

2. Procedural Knowledge

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o It is also known as imperative


knowledge.

o Procedural knowledge is a type of


knowledge which is responsible for
knowing how to do something.

o It can be directly applied to any task.

o It includes rules, strategies,


procedures, agendas, etc.

o Procedural knowledge depends on the


task on which it can be applied.

3. Meta-knowledge:

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o Knowledge about the other types of


knowledge is called Meta-knowledge.

4. Heuristic knowledge:

o Heuristic knowledge is representing


knowledge of some experts in a filed
or subject.

o Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb


based on previous experiences,
awareness of approaches, and which
are good to work but not guaranteed.

5. Structural knowledge:

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o Structural knowledge is basic


knowledge to problem-solving.
o It describes relationships between
various concepts such as kind of, part
of, and grouping of something.

o It describes the relationship that


exists between concepts or objects.

The relation between


knowledge and intelligence:
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Knowledge of real-worlds plays a vital role


in intelligence and same for creating
artificial intelligence. Knowledge plays an
important role in demonstrating intelligent
behavior in AI agents. An agent is only able
to accurately act on some input when he
has some knowledge or experience about
that input.

Let's suppose if you met some person who


is speaking in a language which you don't
know, then how you will able to act on that.
The same thing applies to the intelligent
behavior of the agents.

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As we can see in below diagram, there is


one decision maker which act by sensing
the environment and using knowledge. But
if the knowledge part will not present then,
it cannot display intelligent behavior.

AI knowledge cycle:
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An Artificial intelligence system has the


following components for displaying
intelligent behavior:

o Perception

o Learning

o Knowledge Representation and


Reasoning

o Planning

o Execution

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The above diagram is showing how an AI
system can interact with the real world and
what components help it to show
intelligence. AI system has Perception
component by which it retrieves information
from its environment. It can be visual, audio
or another form of sensory input. The
learning component is responsible for
learning from data captured by Perception
comportment. In the complete cycle, the
main components are knowledge
representation and Reasoning. These two
components are involved in showing the
intelligence in machine-like humans. These
two components are independent with each
other but also coupled together. The
planning and execution depend on analysis
of Knowledge representation and reasoning.

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Approaches to knowledge
representation:
There are mainly four approaches to
knowledge representation, which are
givenbelow:

1. Simple relational knowledge:


o It is the simplest way of storing facts
which uses the relational method, and
each fact about a set of the object is
set out systematically in columns.

o This approach of knowledge


representation is famous in database
systems where the relationship
between different entities is
represented.

o This approach has little opportunity


for inference.

Example: The following is the simple


relational knowledge representation.

Player Weight Age

Player1 65 23
Player2 58 18

Player3 75 24

2. Inheritable knowledge:
o In the inheritable knowledge
approach, all data must be stored into
a hierarchy of classes.

o All classes should be arranged in a


generalized form or a hierarchal
manner.

o In this approach, we apply inheritance


property.

o Elements inherit values from other


members of a class.

o This approach contains inheritable


knowledge which shows a relation
between instance and class, and it is
called instance relation.

o Every individual frame can represent


the collection of attributes and its
value.

o In this approach, objects and values


are represented in Boxed nodes.

o We use Arrows which point from


objects to their values.

o Example:
3. Inferential knowledge:
o Inferential knowledge approach
represents knowledge in the form of
formal logics.

o This approach can be used to derive


more facts.

o It guaranteed correctness.

o Example: Let's suppose there are two


statements:

a. Marcus is a man

b. All men are mortal


Then it can represent as;

man(Marcus)
∀x = man (x) ---------->
mortal (x)s

4. Procedural knowledge:
o Procedural knowledge approach uses
small programs and codes which
describes how to do specific things,
and how to proceed.

o In this approach, one important rule is


used which is If-Then rule.

o In this knowledge, we can use various


coding languages such as LISP
language and Prolog language.

o We can easily represent heuristic or


domain-specific knowledge using this
approach.

o But it is not necessary that we can


represent all cases in this approach.

Requirements for knowledge


Representation system:
A good knowledge representation system
must possess the following properties.

1. 1. Representational Accuracy:
KR system should have the ability to
represent all kind of required
knowledge.

2. 2. Inferential Adequacy:
KR system should have ability to
manipulate the representational
structures to produce new knowledge
corresponding to existing structure.

3. 3. Inferential Efficiency:
The ability to direct the inferential
knowledge mechanism into the most
productive directions by storing
appropriate guides.

4. 4. Acquisitional efficiency- The


ability to acquire the new knowledge
easily using automatic methods.

Representations and Mappings

In order to solve complex problems encountered in artificial


intelligence, one needs both a large amount of knowledge and some
mechanism for manipulating that knowledge to create solutions.

Knowledge and Representation are two distinct entities. They play


central but distinguishable roles in intelligent system.

Knowledge is a description of the world. It determines a system’s


competence by what it knows.
Representation is the way knowledge is encoded. It defines a
system’s performance in doing something.

Different types of knowledge require different kinds of


representation.

The knowledge Representation models/mechanisms are often based


on:

o Logic
o Rules
o Frames
o Semantic Net

Knowledge is categorized into two major types.

A variety of ways of representing knowledge have been exploited in


AI programs.

There are two different kinds of entities, we are dealing with.

o Facts: Truth in some relevant world. Things we want to


represent.
o Representation of facts in some chosen formalism. Things
we will actually be able to manipulate.

These entities are structured at two levels:

o The knowledge level, at which facts are described.


o The symbol level, at which representation of objects are
defined in terms of symbols that can be manipulated by
programs.

Figure: Mapping between Facts and Representation

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