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Probability 3

theorems of probability

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11 views

Probability 3

theorems of probability

Uploaded by

syam sai Santosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability Theorems

The following theorems of probability are helpful to understand the applications of

probability and also perform the numerous calculations involving probability.

Theorem 1: The sum of the probability of happening of an event and not

happening of an event is equal to 1. P(A) + P(A') = 1.

Theorem 2: The probability of an impossible event or the probability of an event

not happening is always equal to 0. P(ϕ) = 0.

Theorem 3: The probability of a sure event is always equal to 1. P(A) = 1

Theorem 4: The probability of happening of any event always lies between 0 and

1. 0 < P(A) < 1

Theorem 5: If there are two events A and B, we can apply the formula of the

union of two sets and we can derive the formula for the probability of happening

of event A or event B as follows.

P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)

Also for two mutually exclusive events A and B, we have P( A U B) = P(A) + P(B)

Bayes' Theorem on Conditional Probability

Bayes' theorem describes the probability of an event based on the condition of

occurrence of other events. It is also called conditional probability. It helps in

calculating the probability of happening of one event based on the condition of

happening of another event.


For example, let us assume that there are three bags with each bag containing

some blue, green, and yellow balls. What is the probability of picking a yellow ball

from the third bag? Since there are blue and green colored balls also, we can

arrive at the probability based on these conditions also. Such a probability is

called conditional probability.

The formula for Bayes' theorem is

)
⋅

P(A|B)=P(B|A)·P(A)P(B)

where,

P(A|B)
denotes how often event A happens on a condition that B happens.

where,

P(B|A)

denotes how often event B happens on a condition that A happens.

P(A)

the likelihood of occurrence of event A.

(
B

P(B)

the likelihood of occurrence of event B.

Law of Total Probability

If there are n number of events in an experiment, then the sum of the

probabilities of those n events is always equal to 1.

P(A1) + P(A2) + P(A3) + … + P(An) = 1

Important Notes on Probability:

● Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to happen.

● Probability is represented as a fraction and always lies between 0 and 1.

● An event can be defined as a subset of sample space.

● The sample of throwing a coin is {head, tail} and the sample space of

throwing dice is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

● A random experiment cannot predict the exact outcomes but only some

probable outcomes.

☛Related Articles:

● Event Probability Calculator

● Probability and Statistics

● Probability Calculator

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