2024

Concrete Field
Testing Technician

Notebooks
Course Schedule Presentation Tab
• Slideshow
Table of Contents

Handouts Tab Specifications Tab

• Video Links • ARDOT
• Performance Exam • AASHTO
Summary
• Formulas & Charts Notepad
• Concrete Info

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Course Overview
ARDOT Specifications Sampling
Temperature
Slump
Density
Air Content (Pressure)
Test Specimens
• Cylinders & Beams
Air Content (Volumetric)

Exam Requirements
5 Year Certification
• Written Exam
• Performance Exam

Failure of Either Exam

• Requires retake of failed exam within 1 year
 Entire written exam
 Entire performance exam
 If date is missed, student must retake both exams
• Student is responsible for rescheduling of retake

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Written Exam
Questions Limitations
• Standard Specifications • 1 Hour Exam
• Special Applications • Closed Book

55 Questions Minimum Passing Requirements

• Multiple Choice • 70 % Overall
• True / False • 60 % Each Standard
• 5 to 10 questions on each of
the seven ASTM standards

Performance Exam
Passing Requirements
• Successfully perform all seven standards in the laboratory
 Two trials are allowed per standard
 One additional retrial allowed per standard
 Student must request retrial
 Proctor may not stop you
 Student retrial starts over at beginning of test
Failure to pass any standard within the allowable trials requires
retaking of the entire performance exam

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Test Results

ACI test results are usually received within 1 month of testing

ACI test results will be sent by email

• Overall written exam score
• Individual section scores

CTTP only receives a pass/fail score for each student

Recertification
5 Year Certification
• Time starts from the
completion date of all
requirements

Repeat Testing
• Written Exam
• Performance Exam

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Help?
If you need help with
mathematical calculations,
just ask. Your instructor
will be happy to assist you.

Mobile
If you need further practice
Accessible
or assistance, please see
our website www.cttp.org
for online training.

10

Why certify?
Would we all test the same
way without the
specifications to guide
us?

Do specifications
guarantee that we will all
get the same result?

How does time affect our

test results?

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Aggregates
Coarse
Concrete
Fine What is it?
Paste
Portland Cement
Water
Entrapped Air
Entrained Air

The paste hardens due to a chemical reaction

taking place between the cement and water
(hydration), binding the aggregates into a hard
solid mass Air - Entrained Concrete

12

Temperature Effects on Concrete

Cold Weather Hot Weather
• If concrete freezes while still • Potential strength reduction
fresh, the cement paste matrix due to high water demand
is disrupted causing up to a
50% loss in ultimate strength • Decreased set times

• Increased set times • Increased risk of shrinkage

cracking
• Increased possibility of thermal
cracking due to rapid cooling • Difficulty in controlling air
content

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ARDOT Specifications
ARDOT specification limits are
considered absolute limits !
• Observed or calculated values are not rounded for determination of
compliance
 Compared directly with the limit
 Average values are rounded to the same # of significant digits
• Any deviation outside limits is non-compliance
 Failing test

14

ARDOT Specifications
Rigid Concrete Pavement

Acceptance – Section 501.04

• Lot - 4000 yd³ Sublot – 1000 yd³
• Gradation (fine & coarse aggregate)
 1 ½” - # 8 Sieves ± 7 % from JMF
 # 16 - # 100 Sieves ± 4 % from JMF

• Aggregate Moisture Content

• Slump (≤ 2”)
 Sampled after placement on grade but before consolidation

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ARDOT Specifications
Rigid Concrete Pavement

Acceptance – Section 501.04

• Air Content (Pressure) (4 % - 8 %)

 Sampled after placement on grade but before consolidation

• Compressive Strength (f’c @ 28 days) (≥ 4000 psi)

 Cored Specimens (AASHTO T 24) (28 – 90 days)
 ≥ 3.70 inches in diameter

• Thickness
 Cored Specimen (AASHTO T 24)

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ARDOT Specifications
Structures

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ARDOT Specifications
Structures
Acceptance – Section 802.06
• Lot - 400 yd³ Sublot – 100 yd³
 Class SAE – minimum 1 per structure/deck pour

• Gradation (fine & coarse aggregate) (500 yd³)

 Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate (± 20 points)
 If outside tolerance a new mix design is required

• Aggregate Moisture Content

• Slump
 1” - 4” for Classes A, B, S, and SAE
 4” – 8” for Seal Class

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ARDOT Specifications
Structures
Acceptance – Section 802.06
• Air Content (Pressure)
 4% - 8 % for Class SAE only

• Compressive Strength (f’c @ 28 days) (≥ 4000 psi)

 Cylinders
 Minimum of 2 cylinders
 4 x 8 or 6 x 12

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ARDOT Specifications
Structures
Temperature (802.16)
• Bridge Decks • Protection
 Concrete batches with  Maintain the temperature
temperatures in excess of 90°F adjacent to the concrete at
will be rejected minimum of 50°F for at least 7
• Temperature of all concrete days
must be more than 50°F when  Bridges
 Box Culverts
placed
 Retaining Walls

Concrete that has been frozen…

shall be removed and replaced

20

ARDOT Specifications
Structures
Pumping (802.10)
• Samples for slump
and air content are
collected at the
discharge end of the
pipe

0.5% to 1.0% loss of air content

is typical but may be up to 50%
of the air content going in

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ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician

Grade 1

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Sampling Freshly
Mixed Concrete

ASTM C 172
AASHTO R 60

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Scope
Covers the procedures for obtaining representative samples of fresh
concrete delivered to the jobsite
• Samples may be used to determine compliance with specification
requirements

Covers the procedures to be used in wet-sieving

• Removal of aggregates larger than a designated size

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Sampling
Dampen container prior to obtaining sample
Obtain a composite sample unless only testing for temperature
• Maximum time allowed between obtaining first and final portions of
the composite sample is 15 minutes

Sample 1
Sample 2
15
Sample X minutes

25

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Sampling
Transport samples to place of testing
• Wet-sieve if necessary
• Combine all sample portions
• Remix with a shovel to ensure uniformity

26

Pass the concrete over the

designated sieve to remove Wet - Sieving
oversized aggregate

Discard aggregate retained on the

sieve

Scrape paste on sieve back into

the remaining sample

Remix sample with a shovel to

ensure uniformity before testing
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Sampling
Within 5 minutes of obtaining the final portion of the composite
sample, start tests for :

Temperature Slump Air Content

28

Sampling
Start molding strength test specimens within 15 minutes after
fabricating the composite sample

Cylinders Beams

29

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Sampling
Protect the sample from :
Sun Wind

Other Contamination
Sources of
Rapid
Evaporation

30

Procedure
Sample Sizes

• Strength Test Specimens

 1 cubic foot (ft³) minimum

• Temperature, Slump, & Air Tests

 Smaller sample sizes are permitted

 Size of sample is dictated by the maximum size of the aggregate

31

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Procedure
Sampling should normally be performed as the concrete is delivered
from the mixer to the conveying vehicle used to transport the
concrete to the forms
• Specifications may require other points of sampling
 Discharge end of concrete pump (ARDOT)

32

Collect Sample
Procedure • Collect two or more portions
• At regularly spaced intervals
Stationary Mixers
• From the middle of the batch

Stationary Batch Plant Obtain Portions

• Pass a receptacle through the entire
discharge stream
• Divert the entire discharge stream
into a receptacle

Combine portions into one

composite sample

33

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Procedure
Revolving Drum Add all water and admixtures to
Truck Mixers mixer before sampling
• This must be done to ensure
Truck Mixer obtaining a representative sample of
the concrete being placed

To slow the rate of discharge, slow

the rate of drum revolution
• Do not close gate openings or
restrict the flow
To slow rate of discharge, slow
the rate of drum revolution

34

Procedure Collect Sample

Revolving Drum • Collect two or more portions
Truck Mixers • At regularly spaced intervals
• From the middle of the batch

Truck Mixer Obtain Portions

• Pass a receptacle through the entire
discharge stream
• Divert the entire discharge stream
into a receptacle

Combine portions into one

composite sample

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Make all adjustments to the mix

• Obtain sample after 5 ft³ or more of
Procedure concrete has been discharged
Continuous Mixers Collect Sample
• Collect two or more portions
• At regularly spaced intervals
Continuous Mix Truck • From the middle of the batch

Obtain Portions
• Pass a receptacle through the entire
discharge stream
• Divert the entire discharge stream into a
receptacle
Combine portions into one composite
sample
• Wait 2 – 5 minutes before testing

36

Procedure Discharge the contents of the

Paving Mixers paving mixer to grade

Obtain 5 or more sample portions

Concrete Paver from different areas of the pile
• Avoid contamination
• Avoid prolonged contact with an
absorptive subgrade

Combine portions into one

composite sample for testing

37

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Procedure
Open-Top Containers

Dump Truck
Take samples by the previous
method that is most applicable
under the given conditions

38

Sampling Review
1. What must occur before a sample of concrete can be taken from
a revolving drum mixer?

All water and admixtures must be added to the mixer

cttp 39

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Sampling Review
2. When sampling from a revolving drum mixer, what is collected
and when is it taken during discharge?
0 2 4 6

In two or more portions of concrete, at regularly spaced intervals,

from the middle of the batch
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Sampling Review
3. How are the sample portions obtained from the discharge stream
of a revolving drum mixer?

Repeatedly pass a receptacle through the entire discharge stream or

completely divert the discharge stream into a sample container
cttp 41

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Sampling Review
4. Describe the procedure for collecting a sample from a paving
mixer.

2 1
4 3 5

Discharge the contents of the paving mixer and obtain samples from
at least five different portions of the pile
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Sampling Review
5. What is the minimum size for a sample when strength test
specimens are to be molded?

28 liters or 1 cubic foot

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Sampling Review
6. What is the maximum allowable time between obtaining the first
and final portion of the composite sample?

15 minutes

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Sampling Review
7. What action is required after the individual samples have been
transported to the place where tests are to be performed?

Combine and remix with a shovel

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Sampling Review
8. What should be done if the concrete contains aggregate larger
than appropriate for the size of the molds being used?

Wet-sieving

cttp 46

Sampling Review
9. Start tests for slump, temperature, and air content within how
many minutes after obtaining the final portion of the composite
sample?

5 minutes
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Sampling Review
10. Start molding specimens for strength tests within how many
minutes after obtaining the final portion of the composite
sample?

15 minutes
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Sampling Review
11. From what must the concrete sample be protected?

Sun, wind, rapid evaporation, contamination

cttp 49

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Temperature of
Freshly Mixed
Concrete
ASTM C 1064
AASHTO T 309

52

Introduction
Concrete temperature influences:
• Quality
• Time of set
• Strength of concrete
• Performance of additives and admixtures
Scope
• Covers how to determine the temperature of freshly mixed hydraulic-
cement concrete
 Does not give specifications

53

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Significance and Use

Typically used to verify conformance with temperature
specifications
• Concrete containing aggregate of a nominal maximum size greater
than 3” may require up to 20 minutes for the transfer of heat from
aggregate to mortar
 Time from batching to delivery usually exceeds this time and therefore
additional wait time is rarely needed

54

Apparatus
Temperature Measuring Device (TMD)
• Capable of measuring to 1°F
• Temperature range of 30 – 120 °F
• Allow 3 inches or more of immersion

Verify Accuracy:
 Annually
 Question of accuracy

55

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Verification Equipment
Reference Measuring Device
• Readable and Accurate to 0.5°F
 Liquid in Glass Thermometers
 Verify Once
 Direct Reading Resistance Thermometers
 Verify Yearly

• Maintain records of accuracy in lab

 Document NIST traceable reference standard used in verification

56

Verification Equipment

Suitable Bath Liquid of

Uniform Density
• Maintain Constant
Temperature
 ± 0.5°F
• Continuously circulate
liquid

57

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Thermometer Immerse both thermometers in bath for

at least 5 minutes
Verification • Suspend thermometers so that neither
are touching the sides or bottom of
bath
Record temperature readings of both
thermometers
• Thermometer must check within ± 1°F
of reference thermometer
Check @ 2 temperatures
• ≥ 30°F apart

58

Procedure Composite samples are not required if the

only purpose is to determine temperature

Acceptable Locations
Cover • Transportation Equipment
• Forms
• Containers

Cover (minimum)
≥ 3” ≥ 3” • Transport Equip. & Forms
 3 inches in all directions
• Containers :
 3 inches or 3 x NMAS (whichever is greater)
≥ 3”

59

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Procedure If using a container, dampen the

container prior to obtaining the sample

Place the thermometer in the concrete

Insertion so that the end of the temperature
sensor is submerged a minimum of 3
inches
Close the void by gently pressing the
concrete around the stem at the surface
≥ 3” of the concrete
• Prevents the ambient air temperature
from affecting the reading

60

Procedure
Wait 2 - 5 minutes
Reading
Read the thermometer
• Leave TMD device in concrete to read

Record temperature
• Nearest 1 °F (0.5 °C)

68 °F
61

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Slump of
Hydraulic-Cement
Concrete
ASTM C 143
AASHTO T 119

63

Introduction
Slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete
• Consistency – A measure of the relative fluidity of the concrete
mixture
 Lab conditions: an increase in water content increases slump
 Field conditions: an increase in slump does not mean water content has
increased

Terminology :
• Subsidence – to sink to a lower level (slump)

64

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Significance and Use

Applicable to concrete having coarse aggregate up to 1½”
• If aggregate is retained on 1½” sieve, wet sieve over 1½” sieve

Test not applicable for:

• Non-plastic concrete
 Slumps < ½”
• Non-cohesive concrete
 Slumps > 9”

65

Apparatus
Base Plate
• Non-absorbent, rigid, flat, level
• Must release mold without movement of the mold
• Must contain all slumped concrete

Tamping Rod
• Round, smooth, straight steel
• 5/8” ± 1/16” diameter
• At least 4” > mold depth but ≤ 24” in length
• Hemispherical tip(s)

66

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Apparatus
Seamless & Rigid

Mold Frustum of a cone

• 12” ± 1/8” High
• 4” ± 1/8” Dia. Top
• 8” ± 1/8” Dia. Base

Mold shall be free from dents,

deformation, or adhered mortar

67

Verification
Apparatus • Check mold condition and all
dimensions before 1st use and annually
thereafter

Mold • Metal Molds

 Average Thickness
 ≥ 0.060 in.
 Individual Thickness
 ≥ 0.045 in.

• ABS Plastic Molds

 Average Thickness
 ≥ 0.125 in.
 Individual Thickness
 ≥ 0.100 in.

68

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Apparatus
Ruler or tape
Measuring Device
• ≥ 12” Length
• ¼” Divisions or smaller

69

Procedure
Dampen the mold and base
• Place mold on a flat, level, non-absorbent, rigid surface free of
vibration

Stand on the foot pieces, or use a clamping arrangement during the

filling of the mold
• Prevent any movement of the mold during filling and prior to lifting of
the mold

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Procedure
Fill the mold in three layers of
equal volume
• Lift 1 2-5/8”
Lift 3
• Lift 2 6-1/8”
• Lift 3 Top

Move scoop around perimeter

Lift 2
opening when filling to ensure
an even distribution of concrete
Lift 1

71

Procedure
Fill the mold to a depth of
≈ 2-5/8” with concrete

Rod the bottom layer using 25

strokes
• Penetrate rod to the bottom
• Incline rod slightly for strokes
around perimeter
• Spiral inward and use vertical
strokes in center portion

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Procedure

Fill the mold to a depth of

≈ 6-1/8” with concrete

Rod the 2nd layer using 25

strokes
• Penetrate rod through 2nd lift
and 1 inch into the 1st lift
• Incline rod slightly for strokes
around perimeter

73

Procedure

Add concrete until the level is

above the rim of the mold

Rod the 3rd layer using 25

strokes
• Penetrate rod through 3rd lift
and 1 inch into the 2nd lift
• Stop rodding and add concrete
to keep the concrete level
above the rim at all times

74

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Procedure

▪ Strike off top of mold

using the tamping rod
• Apply a rolling and
screeding motion

75

Procedure

▪ Remove concrete
from base of mold to
prevent interference
with slumping
concrete
• Do not allow mold to
move during this
process

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Procedure
Hold mold down firmly with Step off foot pieces or release
handles clamps
• Accidental raising of the mold
prior to the lift must not occur

77

Procedure
Lift the mold vertically
• Use a steady, upward lift to a
height of 12”
 Avoid lateral or twisting motions
• Complete the raise in
5 ± 2 seconds

Complete the test in 2½ minutes

or less
• Filling to mold removal

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Procedure
Measure slump
• Vertical distance from the top
of the mold to the displaced
original center
 If a decided falling away or
shearing occurs disregard the
test and test another portion

Normal Shear

79

Report
Report slump to the nearest ¼ inch

¼” ½” ¾”

80

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Report

4¾”
3½”

81

Density
(Unit Weight)
of Concrete
ASTM C 138
AASHTO T 121

84

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Introduction

A change in density may indicate:

• Change in air content
• Change in water content
• Change in cement content

A change in density may affect:

• Strength
• Resistance to chemicals

85

Scope
Covers the determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete
• Excludes non-plastic concrete

Gives formulas for calculating:

• Yield
• Relative Yield
• Cement Content
• Gravimetric Air Content

86

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Apparatus Balance
• Accurate to 0.1 lb (45 g) or
• 0.3 % of test load (greater accuracy)
Measure
Measure
• Steel or suitable metal
• Capacity of measure is based on NMAS
(Table 1 – ASTM C 138)
 Minimum size 0.2 ft³
 May use pressure meter bowl if NMAS ≤ 1”
• Rim of air meter bowls must be plane
within 0.01” (0.3mm)

87

Volume

Measure
Volume of Measure
• Determine using ASTM C 29
 Annually
 Reason to question accuracy

• Record volume of measure to 0.001 ft ³

88

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Consolidation Equipment
Tamping Rod Internal Vibrator
• 5/8 ± 1/16” steel • Element ¾” – 1½” dia.
• Hemispherical tip • Frequency ≥ 9000 vpm
• At least 4” > mold depth but  Verify frequency at least every
≤ 24” in length two years with vibrating reed
tachometer

89

Strike-Off
Equipment Size
• Length & width at least 2” greater than
Flat Strike-Off Plate the diameter of the measure

Metal, Glass or Acrylic

• Metal ≥ ¼” thick
• Glass or Acrylic ≥ ½” thick

Edges straight and smooth within 1/16”

90

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Apparatus
Mallet Scoop
• Size • Large enough to obtain
 1.25 ± 0.50 lb representative scoops of
 Measures ≤ 0.5 ft³ concrete
 2.25 ± 0.50 lb
 Measures > 0.5 ft³ • Small enough so concrete is
• Head not spilled during placement
 Rubber or Rawhide into mold

91

Use

Perform density (unit weight) testing on the full mix

• ASTM C 172 Section 6.1

No wet sieving is to be performed for density testing

• Obtain a properly sized measure for the NMAS of the concrete
mixture

92

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Procedure
Consolidation method is based on slump unless the job
requirements specify a specific method

93

Procedure
Rodding
• 3 lifts
• Strokes based on the size of the measure

• 10 – 15 Taps / Lift
 Use enough force to close voids left by the tamping rod and release trapped
air bubbles

94

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Procedure

Vibration
• 2 lifts
• 3 Insertions per layer
 Apply vibration only until surface becomes smooth
 Over vibration may cause segregation and loss of entrained air
• No taps with mallet

95

Procedure
Dampen the measure Record the empty weight of the
• Remove excess water measure

96

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Note : The steps shown for filling and compaction

Procedure assume a slump greater than 3 inches and a 0.250
cubic foot measure is being used
Filling

Fill the measure in 3 equal layers

• Move the scoop around the perimeter
while filling to limit segregation and
obtain an even distribution of concrete

97

Procedure
Consolidate each layer of concrete by
rodding 25 times per lift
Rodding • Penetrate each previous lift by about 1”

Tap each layer 10 – 15 times using the

rubber mallet
• Use enough force to close holes left by
rodding

98

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Procedure

After consolidation, there should be about 1/8” (3mm) excess

concrete above the top of the mold
• After consolidation, adjust the top level if needed by adding or
removing a representative portion of concrete
 Do not consolidate any additions

• Make all adjustments prior to strike-off

99

Strike - Off
Procedure • Use only the strike-off plate
• Cover 2/3 of surface with the plate and
pull back with a sawing motion
Strike - Off  Keep plate horizontal and in contact with
the rim of the mold

100

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Strike - Off
Procedure • Cover the same 2/3 area and push
forward with a sawing motion
 Keep plate in a horizontal position and in
contact with the mold rim until plate slides
Strike - Off completely off the measure
 Do not lift plate

101

Strike Off
Procedure • Incline the plate slightly to finish
the concrete and produce a
smooth surface
Strike - Off  Pull back in a smooth motion
 If low spots are visible, pull
concrete toward low areas

102

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Procedure

Proper Strike - Off

103

Procedure

Clean Mold Exterior

• Clean exterior completely
 Remember to look at all sides
and under handles

104

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Procedure
Record the weight of the full
measure

Calculate density

Wc
D=
Vm
Report density to nearest
0.1 lb/ft³

105

Calculation
Report
Wc Density to
D=
Vm the nearest
Density 0.1 lb/ft³
(Unit Weight) Mass of Empty Measure 8.50 lb
Mass of Full Measure 47.84 lb
The weight of concrete Wc Net Mass of Concrete 39.34 lb
per unit volume of
concrete Vm Volume of Mold 0.250 ft³
Reported Density 157.4 lb/ft³
lb/ft³ 39.34
kg/m³ D= = 157.36
0.250

106

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Density Calculation
Volume of Measure 0.249 ft³
Wc
D=
Vm

Mass of Empty Measure 8.42 lb

Mass of Full Measure 45.19 lb
Net Mass of Concrete lb
Reported Density (unit weight) lb/ft³

107

Typical Batch Ticket

111

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Calculation
M Report Yield
Y= to the nearest
(D x 27) 0.1 y³
Yield
M Mass of Batched Materials 40,160 lb
D Density of Concrete 146.3 lb/ft³
The volume of concrete
produced from a 27 ft³ = 1 yd³
concrete batch

y³ 40,160 40,160
Y= = = 10.166... 10.2 yd³
m³ (146.3 x 27) 3,950.1

112

Yield Calculation
M
Y=
(D x 27)
Mass of Batched Materials 38,651 lb
Density of Concrete 144.1 lb/ft³

113

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Calculation
Y Report
Ry = Relative Yield
Yd to the nearest
Relative Yield 0.01

Y Yield of Concrete 10.2 yd³

A ratio of concrete yield Yd Designed Yield 10.0 yd³
to the designed yield

10.2
Ry =
10.0
= 1.02 1.02

115

Relative Yield Calculation

Y
Ry =
Yd
Yield of Concrete 9.9 yd³
Designed Yield 10.1 yd³

116

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Calculation
Cb Report Cement
C= Content to the
Y nearest 1 lb/yd³
Cement Content

Cb Weight of Cement in Batch 5,753 lb

The weight of cement per
cubic yard or cubic meter Y Yield of Concrete 10.2 yd³
of concrete produced

5,753
C=
10.2
= 564.01… 564 lb/yd³

118

Cement Content Calculation

Cb
C=
Y
Weight of Cement in Batch 5,211 lb
Yield of Concrete 9.9 yd³

119

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Calculation
(T − D) Report Air
A= x 100 Content to the
Air Content T nearest 0.1 %

(Gravimetric)
T Theoretical Density 168.0 lb/ft³
D Density of Concrete 157.4 lb/ft³
Calculated air content
based on the theoretical (168.0 − 157.4)
A= x 100
density of the concrete 168.0
batch
10.6
A=
168.0
x 100 = 6.309… 6.3 %
T = 0 % air basis

121

Air Content (Gravimetric) Calculation

(T − D)
A= x 100
T
Theoretical Density 153.2 lb/ft³
Density of Concrete 144.1 lb/ft³

122

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Theoretical Density Calculation

Based on the total absolute volume (Vft³) and total mass (Mlb) of all
ingredients

M
T=
V
• V = M / (G x 62.4 lb/ft³)
• G - Specific gravity
 Use saturated surface dry (SSD) specific gravities and masses for all aggregates

Report theoretical density to nearest 0.1 lb/ft³

124

Air Content of
Freshly Mixed
Concrete by the
Pressure Method

ASTM C 231
AASHTO T 152

130

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Introduction
Spalling
Without enough air in the
mortar fraction of concrete,
normal concrete that is
exposed to cycles of
freezing and thawing may
scale and/or spall, resulting
in a durability failure of the
concrete

Too much entrained air may

Scaling
cause a reduction in
concrete strength

131

Scope
Determines the air content of freshly mixed concrete
• Based on the change in volume of the concrete due to a change in
pressure

For use with relatively dense aggregates and mortars only

• Requires an aggregate correction factor

Not applicable to:

• Non-plastic concrete, or concretes containing lightweight aggregates,
air-cooled blast furnace slag, or high porosity aggregates

132

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Apparatus
Type A Meter Type B Meter
• Calibration affected by
changes in barometric
pressure or elevation

133

Apparatus
Bowl Calibration Vessel
• Metal • ≈ 5 % of bowl volume

• Diameter must be at least 0.75

to 1.25 times the height
• Minimum capacity is 0.20 ft³
 Typical volume is 0.250 ft³ for a
Type B meter

134

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Apparatus
Tamping Rod Internal Vibrator
• 5/8 ± 1/16” steel • ≥ 9000 vpm
• Hemispherical tip • ASTM C 192
• 4” > mold depth but ≤ 24” in
length

135

Apparatus
Mallet Scoop
• Size • Large enough to obtain
 1.25 ± 0.50 lbs representative scoops of
 Measures ≤ 0.5 ft³ concrete
 2.25 ± 0.50 lbs • Small enough so concrete is
 Measures > 0.5 ft³ not spilled during placement
• Head into mold
 Rubber or Rawhide

136

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Apparatus
Strike-Off Bar
• Metal
• ≥ 1/8” thick, ¾” wide, & 12” long

Strike Off Plate

• Metal ≥ ¼” thick
• Glass or Acrylic ≥ ½” thick
• Length & Width at least 2” greater than
the diameter of the measure
• Edges smooth within 1/16”

137

Calibration
Annex 1.2 to 1.5 – Once or to check
• A1.2 – Wt. of water to fill calib. vessel (ω)
• A1.3 – Weight of water to fill bowl (W)
• A1.4 – Calib. vessel % of bowl volume (R)

R = ωൗW x 100 (type B meter)

• A1.5 - Check of expansion factor (IP)

Annex 1.9 – Not to exceed 3 months

• A1.9 : Check of air pressure dial gauge

138

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Calibration
Calibration Records
• Determination of expansion factor
• Size of calibration vessel used
• Reading of the gauge at the calibration test point(s)

139

Aggregate Correction Factor

Accounts for the surface porosity of the aggregate

Determined from a combined aggregate sample

• Typical values range from 0.2% to 0.5%

Air is forced
Entrapped from pores
air under
pressure

140

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Procedure
If aggregate is retained on the 2”sieve, wet-sieve the concrete over
an 1-1/2” sieve

Determine the consolidation method based on the slump of the

concrete unless otherwise stipulated

141

Procedure
Dampen bowl and fill with concrete according the requirements for
the consolidation method :
Rodding Vibration
3 layers 2 layers
25 strokes / layer 3 insertions / layer
10 – 15 taps / layer No taps / layer

 Penetrate previous layers by 1” during consolidation

 Never continue vibration long enough to cause the escape of froth from the
sample
 Over vibration may cause segregation and the loss of entrained air

142

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Procedure
Adjust level of concrete after
consolidation of final layer
Strike-off Bar • 1/8” of excess concrete is optimal
• Adjust concrete level prior to strike off

Strike-off the concrete surface

• Strike-off Bar – use sawing motion
• Strike-off Plate – use same technique as
in density test

143

Procedure
Clean the rim of bowl

144

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Type B Air Pressure Meter

1. Fill petcock with water

2. Close air bleeder valve (top nut)
3. Pump up to initial pressure
4. Close both petcocks
5. Open main air valve (lever)
6. Tap the bowl with mallet
7. Read dial to nearest 0.1%
8. Close main air valve (lever)
9. Open both petcocks (cover)

145

Procedure
Dampen the cover and clean the rubber
gasket

Release any residual pressure shown on

dial gauge
• Accidently bumping the main air valve
may cause failure during testing

Open both petcocks and check for any

blockage

146

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Procedure
Attach cover assembly to provide a
water-tight seal

• Clamps should be adjusted if too tight

or too loose

• Secure opposite clamps into position at

the same time
 Assure that clamp fingers are fully under
rim

147

Procedure Close the main air valve

Note: Main air valve is spring loaded and
is closed unless held open

Using a syringe, inject water through a

petcock until it emerges from the
opposite petcock
• Jar the meter gently while water is
being added until all trapped air
beneath the cover is expelled

Close the air bleeder valve

• Top nut

148

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Procedure

Pump air into the air chamber

until the dial is on the initial
pressure line
• IP is found written on the dial
face
• IP marks are below 0%

Allow a few seconds for the

compressed air to cool

149

Procedure

Tap the gage lightly with fingers

until reading stabilizes
• Adjust air to initial pressure
line
 Bleed air off by loosening the air
bleeder nut
 Pump additional air if needed
 Tap gauge lightly after
adjustments to stabilize needle

150

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Procedure
Close both petcocks

151

Procedure

Open the main air valve between

the air chamber and the bowl
(hold lever down)
• Sharply tap the measure with
mallet
• Do not let up on lever

152

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Procedure

Continue holding lever down

• Drop mallet and lightly tap the
dial gage with your fingers until
reading is stable

Read the dial gage

153

Procedure
Air Content ≤ 8.0 % Air Content > 8.0 %
• Report to nearest 0.1 % • Report to nearest half-scale division

4.4 % 10.25 %

154

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Procedure
Close the main air valve (release lever)
• Failure to close main air valve before releasing pressure from air
chamber or container may result in water entering the air chamber
 If water enters air chamber, bleed water from air bleeder valve and then
pump up and blow out air chamber

Release pressure by opening both petcocks before removing cover

• Cover both petcocks with your hands

Remove cover

155

Calculation
Determine the reported air content
• Subtract the aggregate correction factor (ACF) from the reading on
the dial gage

Measured Air Content 5.6 %

Aggregate Correction Factor 0.4 %
Reported Air Content 5.2 %

If wet sieved, calculate adjusted air content

156

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Air Content Calculation

What is the reported air content ?

Measured air content

Aggregate correction factor
Reported air content

157

Making and
Curing Concrete
Test Specimens in
the Field
ASTM C 31
AASHTO R 100

163

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Introduction Most concrete is bought and sold based

on the strength of the concrete

Concrete strength test specimens must

be made properly so that the:
• Results are reliable
• Tests can be reproduced
 Deviation from standard procedures can
cause significant differences in strength
results

164

Concrete cylinders are made to test for:

Introduction • Compressive Strength
• Splitting Tensile Strength
Concrete beams are used to test for:
• Flexural Strength

165

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Covers the procedures for making and

Scope curing, protecting, and transporting
cylinder and beam specimens made
from fresh concrete
Testing Requirements
Field Technicians making and curing
specimens for acceptance testing shall
meet qualifications of ASTM C1077
• ACI Concrete Field Testing Technicians
(Grade I)
• Or equivalent

166

Sampling
Sample according to ASTM C 172 after all on-site adjustments have
been made
• Water
• Admixtures

Record identification information

• Placement location
• Time of casting

Perform tests for temperature, slump, and air content

 Do not use concrete from air tests to make cylinders or beams

167

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Apparatus
Sampling Receptacle
• Heavy metal pan, wheelbarrow, or a large flat, clean and
nonabsorbent board

Molds
• Must be rigid and watertight
 A heavy grease or microcrystalline wax may be applied to the joints to
prevent leakage
• May be reusable or single use
 Reusable molds shall be lightly coated before use with mineral oil or other
nonreactive form release material

168

Apparatus
Cylinder Molds Beam Molds

169

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Apparatus
Tamping Rod
• 3/8 ± 1/16”
 < 6” cylinder diameter
 < 6” beam width
• 5/8 ± 1/16” steel
 ≥ 6” cylinder diameter
 ≥ 6” beam width
• 4” greater than the depth of mold but
≤ 24” in length
• Hemispherical tip(s)

170

Apparatus
Internal Vibrator
• ≥ 9000 vpm
 Check periodically with a vibrating – reed
tachometer
• Vibrator element must be ≤ ¼ of the
diameter of the cylinder mold or beam
width
• Combined length of vibrator element
and shaft ≥ 3” longer than depth of
section being vibrated

171

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Apparatus
Mallet Placement Tools
• 1.25 ± 0.50 lbs
• Rubber or Rawhide • Cylinders
 Scoop

• Beams
 Scoop or Shovel
Float & Trowel

172

Place of Molding
Mold specimens as close as possible to
the intended storage location

Mold specimens on a level, rigid surface

Surface should be free of vibration and

other disturbances

173

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Cylinder Testing Requirements

Diameter
• ≥ 3 x NMAS

Length Diameter
• 2 x Diameter Length

Acceptance
• 6” x 12”
• 4” x 8”

174

Cylinders
The number and size of cylinders for acceptance testing is
determined by the agency in charge

If NMAS > 2 inches, wet sieve over a 2 inch sieve

Method of consolidation is based on the slump

175

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4” Cylinders
Rodding Vibration
• 3/8” Rod • 2 Lifts
• 2 Lifts • 1 Insertion / Lift
• 25 Rods / Lift  Penetrate previous lifts 1”
 Penetrate previous lifts 1” • Tap at least 10 times with the
• Tap 10 – 15 times with the mallet after consolidation of lift
mallet after each lift is  Use open hand on molds
consolidated susceptible to permanent
 Use open hand on molds
distortion by the mallet
susceptible to permanent
distortion by the mallet

176

6” Cylinders
Rodding Vibration
• 5/8” Dia. Rod • 2 Lifts
• 3 Lifts • 2 Insertion / Lift
• 25 Rods / Lift  Penetrate previous lifts 1”
 Penetrate previous lifts 1” • Tap at least 10 times with the
• Tap 10 – 15 times with the mallet after consolidation of lift
mallet after each lift is  Use open hand on molds
consolidated susceptible to permanent
 Use open hand on molds
distortion by the mallet
susceptible to permanent
distortion by the mallet

177

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Procedure
4” Mold - Rodding

Fill mold half full of concrete

• Distribute concrete evenly
across mold

Rod bottom layer throughout the

depth
• Do not damage mold bottom
• Distribute rods uniformly

178

Procedure
4” Mold - Rodding

Tap 10 – 15 times with mallet

• Closes holes left by rodding
• Releases trapped air pockets

179

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Procedure
4” Mold - Rodding

Fill mold full

Rod top layer penetrating into
bottom layer about 1”
• Keep top layer above rim
during consolidation
 Stop rodding and add concrete
as necessary
• Distribute rods uniformly

180

Procedure
4” Mold - Rodding

Tap mold 10 – 15 times using

mallet

If mold is overfilled, remove

excess concrete prior to strike-
off

181

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Cylinders Strike-off using tamping rod, float or

trowel
• Use the minimum manipulation
Finishing necessary to produce a flat, even
surface level with the rim of the mold
• No depressions or projections greater
than 1/8”

Cylinders may be capped with a thin

layer of stiff portland cement paste

182

Identification
Cylinders • Mark specimens to identify the concrete
it represents
 Do not alter top surface of concrete
 Do not mark removable caps
Marking

183

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Cylinders
Within 15 minutes of molding, move to
initial place of curing
Capping • Level within ¼”/ft
• Lift and support single use molds from
bottom

Refinish top surface if marred or

damaged in moving

Prevent moisture loss

• Cover with cap

184

Beam Testing Requirements

Ratio of Width to Depth
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
• ≤ 1.5
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
Width

Length Depth
• 2” > 3 x depth
Length
Standard beam shall be 6 x 6
unless otherwise specified Standard Beam
6” x 6” x 20”

185

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Beams
The number and size of beams for acceptance testing is determined
by the agency in charge
• See Table 2 in ASTM C 31

If NMAS > 2 inches, wet sieve over a 2 inch sieve

Method of consolidation is based on the slump

186

Procedure
6” x 6” x 20” Beams

Fill the beam in the correct

number of lifts
• Rodding – 2 lifts
• Vibration – 1 lift

When filling the final layer, avoid

overfilling by more than ¼ inch

187

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Procedure
6” x 6” x 20” Beams

Rodding
• 5/8” Rod
• 1 rod / 2 in.² of surface area
 60 rods / lift (20” beam)
 Penetrate previous lifts about 1”
• Tap 10 – 15 times with the
mallet after each lift is
consolidated
• Spade each layer with trowel
 Sides and ends

188

Procedure
6” x 6” x 20” Beams

Spading Honeycombing
• Prevents honeycombing • Reduces flexural strength

189

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Vibration
6” x 6” x 20” • Insert vibrator full depth
 Don’t touch mold with vibrator
Beams
Standard Beam • Insert at intervals ≤ 6” along centerline
 3 - 4 insertions for a standard beam
 For beams wider than 6” use alternating
insertions along two lines

• Tap mold at least 10 times with mallet

Wide Beam after each lift is consolidated

• Do not spade

190

Finish beams using a float or trowel

6” x 6” x 20” • Use the minimum manipulation
necessary
Beams • No depressions or projections greater
Finishing than 1/8”

Within 15 minutes of molding, move to

initial place of curing
• Level within ¼” per foot

Refinish surface if needed

Protect from moisture loss

• Plastic sheeting

191

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Self Consolidating Concrete

Cylinders & Beams

• Fill molds using procedure in ASTM C 1758

 Fill pouring vessel with SCC
 Fill mold with SCC by tilting pouring vessel
 Lowest point on pouring vessel rim shall be ≤ 5 inches above top of mold
 Evenly distribute the SCC without rodding or tapping sides of mold

• Finish without further consolidation

192

Standard Curing
Curing • Acceptance testing for specified
strength
• Checking adequacy of mixture
proportions
Curing is maintaining • Quality control
the moisture and
temperature conditions
Field Curing
required for proper
• Determining when a structure may be
hydration of the
put into service
concrete mixture.
• Form removal time
Proper curing allows • Checking adequacy of curing and
the concrete to develop protection of structure
to its full potential. • Comparison tests

193

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Standard Curing
Most specifications assume standard curing

Checks the concrete that was delivered to the jobsite and placed in
the structure
• This is normally what determines if:
 Someone gets paid for the concrete or not
 The concrete can remain in place or if it needs to be removed

Does not check the outside influences of temperature, moisture, and

protection

194

Initial Curing Conditions

Standard • Time Period
 Up to 48 hours after molding
Curing • Temperature
 F’c < 6000 psi
 60° – 80°F
Initial curing is the time  F’c ≥ 6000 psi
period in which the  68° – 78°F
fresh concrete “sets” • Prevent moisture loss
and becomes rigid. • Shield specimens from direct sunlight
or heat
• Record minimum and maximum
temperatures for each set

195

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Standard Curing
Controlling Moisture Controlling Temperature
• Cover with removable plastic • Thermostatically controlled
lids heating and cooling devices
• Store in properly constructed • Light bulbs
boxes • Fans
• Water baths
• Ice

196

Transporting Specimens
Specimens shall not be transported until at least 8 hours after final
set

Protect specimens during transport from:

• Jarring
• Freezing
• Moisture loss

Transportation time allowed

• No more than 4 hours

197

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Standard Remove Molds

• Transfer identification markings
Curing • Final curing must begin within 30
Final curing is the time minutes of mold removal
period in which the
Final Curing
fresh concrete begins
• Maintain free water on surfaces
to gain strength.  Moist rooms
 Prevent drips and contact with flowing water
 Storage tanks
• Temperature
 73.5 ± 3.5 °F

198

Standard Curing
Moist Room Water Tank

199

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Water Tanks
ASTM C 511

Water tanks must be saturated with calcium hydroxide

• High-calcium hydrated lime

Water tanks must be stirred every month to replace depleted

calcium ions
• Clean and refill tanks every 2 years
 3g of calcium hydroxide per liter of water
 1 gal = 3.785412 liters

This slide is for information only !

200

Standard Curing

Beams
• Beams are cured the same as cylinders except that storage shall be
in water saturated with calcium hydroxide for at least 20 hours prior
to testing
 Prevent surface drying between removal from water and the completion of
testing
 Small amounts of drying may significantly reduce the flexural strength

201

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Cylinders
Field Curing • Store near the point of deposit

• Protect like the formed concrete

 Provide like temperature and moisture
Field curing conditions
approximates what is  Includes transport

happening to the • Remove cylinders from molds when

structure itself. formwork is removed

Testing
Specimens are • Remove from field
treated like the  Maintain moisture and test in “as is”
structure. condition

202

Field Curing

203

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Field Curing
Beams
• Cure in the same manner as structure
• Remove from molds within 48 ± 4 hours
 Slabs
 Store on ground with top surfaces up
 Bank ends and sides with damp earth or sand
 Structures
 Protect in same manner as structure
• Testing
 Remove from field and store in water saturated with calcium hydroxide for
24 ± 4 hours prior to testing

204

Report
Identification number

Location of concrete placement

Date, time, and name of individual who molded specimens

Test Results
• Slump, air content, and temperature
• Method Deviations

Curing Method

205

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Air Content of
Freshly Mixed
Concrete by the
Volumetric Method
ASTM C 173
AASHTO T 196

208

Scope
This method may be used to determine the air content of freshly
mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate
• Dense
• Cellular
• Lightweight

Measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete

and is not affected by the air trapped inside porous aggregates

209

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Apparatus
Volumeter
• Metal or plastic
• Bowl
 Dia.= 1 to 1.25 x Height
 Volume ≥ 0.075 ft³
• Top Section
 Volume ≥ 1.2 x Vol. of Bowl
• Clamp
• Cap

210

Apparatus
Watertight Cap
Graduations must be
Numbers get
in at least 0.5 %
larger as you
increments and cover
go down the
a range of 0 to 9 % of
neck!
bowl volume

A watertight seal must

Rubber gasket in be formed when top
top section section is attached to
flange bowl

211

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Apparatus
Tamping Rod Strike-Off Bar
• Steel or polyethylene • Steel
 5/8” ± 1/16” dia.  ≥ 1/8” x ¾” x 12”
 4” > mold depth but ≤ 24” in • Polyethylene
length  ≥ ¼” x ¾” x 12”
 Hemispherical tip

Mallet
• Rubber or rawhide
 1.25 ± 0.5 lb

212

Apparatus
Pouring Vessel Syringe Funnel

Calibrated Cup
1 pint = 2 cups

Used to add water when

air content is > 9 %

213

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Apparatus
Alcohol is added during the
initial filling of the meter with
water
• Dispels the foam that collects
in the neck during testing

Isopropyl Alcohol
70% by Volume

214

Calibration
Required Volumeter
• Initially • Bowl
• Annually  Volume
• Whenever there is a question  ≥ 0.075 ft³
of accuracy
• Top Section
 Graduations
Calibrated Cup  ≤ 0.1 % Error
• Volume at 70°F
 1.00 ± 0.04 % of bowl volume

215

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Procedure
Preparation
• If aggregate is retained on a 1.5 inch
sieve, wet sieve over a 1 inch sieve

Dampen the inside of the bowl and

remove any standing water from the
bottom

216

Procedure Fill the bowl in two layers

• Rod each layer 25 strokes
 Penetrate previous layer 1”
• Tap bowl with mallet
 10 –15 times each layer

217

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Add or remove concrete to obtain

Procedure approximately 1/8” excess concrete
above the rim

Strike off surface flush with top of bowl

using strike-off bar

Clean bowl flange completely

218

Wet the inside of the top section

Procedure and gasket
• Clean clamp
Attach top section to bowl

219

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Procedure

Insert funnel

Add at least one pint of water

1 pint = 2 cups

220

Procedure
Add the selected amount of alcohol
• Record # of pints of alcohol used

Adding alcohol to dispel foam after the

initial filling of meter is not permitted

221

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Continue to add water until the water

Procedure level appears in the neck

222

Remove funnel and adjust water level so

Procedure that the bottom of the meniscus is at the
zero mark on neck
• Rubber syringe

Secure cap
• Check for leaks

223

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Procedure

Free Concrete from Base

• Invert meter
 Shake horizontally
 No more than 5 seconds at a
time

• Return meter to an upright

position

224

Procedure
Repeat process for a minimum
of 45 seconds
• Aggregate should be heard
moving in the meter
• Dislodge trapped aggregate in
the neck
≈ 4¼ %
Foam
Check foam level
• Desired foam is less than 2 %
• Invert additional times if
needed

225

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Procedure

Rolling
• Tilt meter to 45°
• Vigorously roll the meter ¼ to
½ turn back and forth
• Rotate base 1/3 turn
• Continue rolling and turning for
approximately 1 minute
 Aggregate must be heard sliding
in the base

226

Procedure

Stabilization
• Stand meter upright
• Remove the cap

All readings are taken

with the top off !

227

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 2024

Procedure

Stabilization
• Read liquid level
• Wait two minutes
• Read liquid level again

Level is stable when the

reading changes by 0.25 %
or less over 2 minutes

228

Procedure
Stabilization period after each rolling:
• 6 minute maximum (use only what time is needed)

229

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Procedure
After 1st Rolling
• Stable
 Check foam
 If foam is greater than 2%, discard 2 min.
the test and start a new test using
more alcohol
 Record last reading as the
“Initial” meter reading

• Not Stable
 If not stable within 6 minutes,
discard the test and start a new 4.75 % 5.00 %
test using more alcohol

230

Procedure

Roll meter for another minute

• 2nd rolling

Stand meter upright

Remove cap

Repeat stabilization procedure

231

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Procedure
After 2nd Rolling
• Stable
 Record last reading as the
2 min.
“Final” meter reading

• Not Stable
 If not stable within 6 minutes,
discard the test and start a new
test using more alcohol

5.25 % 5.25 %

232

Procedure
Compare readings
Initial meter reading 5.00
Readings within 0.25 % Final meter reading 5.25
• Determine reported air content Alcohol content correction
Calibrated cups of water added

Readings not within 0.25 % Reported air content

The test is (select one)
• Repeat rolling and stabilization
valid / invalid
procedure for 3rd time
• Replace “Initial” reading value
with “Final” reading value
• Record new “Final” reading

233

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Procedure
If the new “Final” meter reading is > 0.25 % different from the new
“Initial” meter reading:
• Start a new test using more alcohol

When a “Final” meter reading is recorded and is within 0.25 % of the

recorded “Initial” meter reading, determine the reported air content
to the nearest 0.25 %

Determine if the test is valid or invalid

234

Procedure
Valid / Invalid
• Disassemble the meter
• Dump the base

Examine base for undisturbed, tightly

packed concrete
• Valid – no concrete paste
• Invalid – undisturbed packed concrete

235

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Procedure
Valid Test Invalid Test

236

Calculation
Report air content to the nearest 0.25 %

A Air content (%)

AR Final Meter Reading (%)
C Alcohol Correction Factor
W # of Calibrated Cups of Water Added

A = AR – C + W

237

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Calculation
Alcohol Correction (Table 1 – ASTM C 173)
• If 2.5 pints or more of alcohol were added, a correction to the final
meter reading is required

238

Air Content Calculation

Initial meter reading 6.00
2 Pints Alcohol
Final meter reading 6.25
Alcohol correction factor 0
1st Rolling 2nd Rolling
Calibrated cups of water added 0
Reported air content 6.25

5.75 % 6.00 % 6.25 % 6.25 %

239

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Air Content Calculation

Initial meter reading 6.25
5.75
3 Pints Alcohol
Final meter reading 6.25
6.50

1st Rolling 2nd Rolling 3rd Rolling Alcohol correction factor 0.25
Calibrated cups of water added 0
Reported air content 6.25

5.50 % 5.75 % 6.25 % 6.25 % 6.50 % 6.50 %

240

Calculation
What if after rolling (1st time), the air
content is greater than 9%?
• Add calibrated cups of water until the
water level appears in the neck
• Read the bottom of the meniscus to
nearest 0.25 %
• Record the # of calibrated cups of water
added
• Complete all steps of test

241

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Air Content Calculation

Initial meter reading 7.75
4 Pints Alcohol
Final meter reading 8.00
3 Calibrated Cups of Water Alcohol correction factor 0.50
1st Rolling 2nd Rolling Calibrated cups of water added 3
Reported air content 10.50

7.50 % 7.75% 8.00% 8.00%

242

109