8085

MICROPROCESSOR
An Introduction

Reference Book:
Ramesh S. Goankar, “Microprocessor Architecture,
Programming and Applications with 8085”, 5th Edition,
Prentice Hall
Where we use Microprocessors?
 Any Electronics Devices where certain programming is
required
 Remote Controllers
 Traffic light
 Railway Station Display
 Smart Fan
 Computers
 Laptops
Still 8085? What’s use?

 Latest Processors:
Intel Core i7, i9 Generation 13, 14
 Intel Core Ultra 9
Basic Concepts of Microprocessors
• Differences between:
– Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes
ALU, register circuits & control circuits (CPU)
– Microcomputer – a computer with a
microprocessor as its CPU. Includes memory, I/O
etc.
– Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single
package.
 What is a Microprocessor?
• The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.
– Processor means a device that processes whatever. In
this context processor means a device that processes
numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.
• To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that
describes all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to
perform certain operations on the numbers that depend on the
microprocessor’s design.
 What about micro?
• Micro is a new addition.
– In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete
elements.
• These devices performed the required operation, but were too
large and too slow.

– In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of

the components that made up the processor were now
placed on a single piece of silicon. The size became
several thousand times smaller and the speed became
several hundred times faster. The “Micro”Processor
was born.
Definition of the Microprocessor
 The microprocessor is a programmable device that
takes in numbers, performs on them arithmetic or
logical operations according to the program stored
in memory and then produces other numbers as a
result.
 Definition (Contd.)
• Lets expand each of the underlined words:
– Programmable device: The microprocessor can perform
different sets of operations on the data it receives depending
on the sequence of instructions supplied in the given
program.
By changing the program, the microprocessor manipulates
the data in different ways.

– Instructions: Each microprocessor is designed to execute a

specific group of operations. This group of operations is
called an instruction set. This instruction set defines what the
microprocessor can and cannot do.
 Definition (Contd.)
– Takes in: The data that the microprocessor
manipulates must come from somewhere.
• It comes from what is called “input devices”.
• These are devices that bring data into the system
from the outside world.
• These represent devices such as a keyboard, a
mouse, switches, and the like.
 Definition (Contd.)
– Numbers: The microprocessor has a very narrow view
on life. It only understands binary numbers.
A binary digit is called a bit (which comes from binary
digit).

• The microprocessor recognizes and processes a

group of bits together. This group of bits is called a
“word”.
 Definition (Contd.)
– Words, Bytes, etc.
• The earliest microprocessor (the Intel 8088 and Motorola’s
6800) recognized 8-bit words.
– They processed information 8-bits at a time. That’s why they are
called “8-bit processors”. They can handle large numbers, but in
order to process these numbers, they broke them into 8-bit pieces
and processed each group of 8-bits separately.

• Later microprocessors (8086 and 68000) were designed with

16-bit words.
– A group of 8-bits were referred to as a “half-word” or “byte”.
– A group of 4 bits is called a “nibble”.
– Also, 32 bit groups were given the name “long word”.

• Today, all processors manipulate at least 32 bits at a time and

there exists microprocessors that can process 64, 80, 128 bits
 Definition (Contd.)
– Arithmetic and Logic Operations:
• Every microprocessor has arithmetic operations such as add
and subtract as part of its instruction set.
– Most microprocessors will have operations such as multiply and
divide.
– Some of the newer ones will have complex operations such as
square root.

• In addition, microprocessors have logic operations as well.

Such as AND, OR, XOR, shift left, shift right, etc.

• Again, the number and types of operations define the

microprocessor’s instruction set and depends on the specific
microprocessor.
 Definition (Contd.)
– Stored in memory :
• First, what is memory?
– Memory is the location where information is kept while
not in current use.
– Memory is a collection of storage devices. Usually, each
storage device holds one bit.
– Memory is usually measured by the number of bytes it can
hold.
It is measured in Kilos, Megas and lately Gigas. A Kilo
in computer language is 210 =1024. So, a KB
(KiloByte) is 1024 bytes. Mega is 1024 Kilos and Giga
is 1024 Mega.
 Definition (Contd.)
– Stored in memory:
• When a program is entered into a computer, it is
stored in memory. Then as the microprocessor starts
to execute the instructions, it brings the instructions
from memory one at a time.

• Memory is also used to hold the data.

– The microprocessor reads (brings in) the data from
memory when it needs it and writes (stores) the results
into memory when it is done.
 Definition (Contd.)
– Produces: For the user to see the result of the
execution of the program, the results must be
presented in a human readable form.
• The results must be presented on an output device.

• This can be the monitor, a paper from the printer, a

simple LED or many other forms.
 A Microprocessor-based system
From the above description, we can draw the
following block diagram to represent a
microprocessor-based system:

Input Output

Memory
 Inside The Microprocessor
• Internally, the microprocessor is made up of
3 main units.
– The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
– The Control Unit.
– An array of registers for holding data while it is
being manipulated.
 Organization of a microprocessor-
based system
I/O
Input / Output
Register
ALU
Array
System Bus

Control Memory

ROM R/WM

• Three major components along with Microprocessor

• Memory:
• ROM Read Only Memory, Read write memory (also known as RAM)
• I/O (Input/Output): Peripherals to communicate with outside world
• Input: Keyboard, switches, ADC,
• Output: LED; Display, DAC etc
• System Bus: Group of wires to carry bits
 Executing a program

• To execute a program:
– the instructions are stored in binary format into the
memory.
– The microprocessor then reads these instructions and
data is needed from memory
– Then executes the instructions and places the results
either in memory or produces it on an output device.
 The three cycle instruction
execution model
• To execute a program, the microprocessor “reads”
each instruction from memory, “interprets” it, then
“executes” it.

• To use the right names for the cycles:

– The microprocessor fetches each instruction,
– decodes it,
– Then executes it.

• This sequence is continued until all instructions

are performed.
Computer Languages
 High Level languages: General purpose Languages,
Machine independent e.g. C, C++
a=b+c;

 Assembly Languages: Uses English like word, Machine

dependent
ADD B, C;

 Machine Languages : Instruction in binary language to

communicate with the computer, machine dependent
 Every instruction has unique binary code, known as opcode
0011 1100 (INR A), 1000 0000 (ADD B)
 Machine Language
• An 8-bit microprocessor can have at most 28 = 256 different combinations.

• However, in most microprocessors, not all of these combinations are used.

– Certain patterns are chosen and assigned specific meanings.
– Each of these patterns forms an instruction for the microprocessor.
– The complete set of patterns makes up the microprocessors
machine language
• The 8085 uses a total of 246 bit patterns to form its 74 instruction set.
• However these instructions are entered in hexadecimal instead of
binary for ease
 Assembly Language
• Entering the instructions using hexadecimal is quite
easier than entering the binary combinations.
– However, it still is difficult to understand what a program
written in hexadecimal does.
– So, each company defines a symbolic code for the
instructions.
– These codes are called “mnemonics”.
– The mnemonic for each instruction is usually a group of
letters that suggest the operation performed.
 Assembly Language
• Using the same example from before,
– 00111100 translates to 3C in hexadecimal (OPCODE)
– Its mnemonic is: “INR A”.
– INR stands for “increment register” and A is short for
accumulator.

• Another example is: 1000 0000,

– Which translates to 80 in hexadecimal.
– Its mnemonic is “ADD B”.
– “Add register B to the accumulator and keep the result in the
accumulator”.