Name Imad Uddin

Assignment no 1

Section A

Submitted to Dr Irfan Allah

Department of physics

MCQ’S section

1.The spectral lines that contain transitions terminating on ground level of hydrogen is called:

(a)Lyman series

(b)Balmer series

©Paschen series

(d)Bracket series

2-The energy in electron volt necessary to remove the most loosely bound electron from the neutral
atom is known as:

(a) Ionization potential

(b) Excitation potential

© infinite potential
(d)chemical polential

3-According to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom,only those orbits around the nucleus are allowedalong
which angular momentum of electron is:

(a)integral multiple of m

(c) Integral multiple of L

© integral multiple of l

(d)mv

4-Radiation with wavelength shorter than violet light is called:

(a) Infra red

(b) Ultra violet

©indigo

(d)spectrum

5-Net force on an electron in an orbit revolving around the nucleus is:

(a) Positive
 (b) Negative

© zero

(d)infinity

6-The radius of 3rd Bohr’s orbit in hydrogen atom is greater than the radius of 1st orbit by a factor of

(a) 6

(b) 7

©8

(c) 9

7-The minimum energy required to remove an electron from atom is called:

(a)excitation energy

(b)ionization energy

©kinetic energy

(d) Puiential energy

8-The radii of allowed orbits of electron around the nucleus are:

(a)continuous

(b)semi classical

©quantized

(d)none of above

9-The size of an atom is…….times bigger than the nucleus.

(a) 100000

(b) 201

©30

(c) 10

10-The radiations lying above the ultraviolet region of electromagnetic spectrum are called:

(c) Β-rays

©y-rays

(d)X-rays

11-Quantum numbers used in wave function w in number are:

 (a) One

(b)two

©four

(d) Eight

12-The energy of any quantum state is represented by:

(a) Principal quantum number

(b)orbital quantum number

© spin quantum number

(d)all of above

13-The angular momentum of an electron in hydrogen atom is proportional to:

(a)0.818nm

(b)0.212nm

©0.121nm

(d)12.09 nm
MCQ-7.19:Three photons coming from excited atomic hydrogen sample are picked up .Their energies
are 12.1eV, 10.9eV and 1.9eV.These photons must come from;

(e) Either two or three atoms

(a) Single atom (b)two atoms

©three atoms

MCQ-7.20: The value of principal quantum number for an ionized atom is;

(a)1

(b) 0

©5

MCQ-7.21: What can be concluded about a hydrogen atom with its election in the d state a

(a)The atom is ionized

(d)The orbital angular momentum of the atom is not zero

© The principal quantum number is n=2

(b)The orbital quantum number is l=1

MCQ-7.22: When an atom emits a photon, what happens?

 (a) One of its electrons leaves the atom

(b)The atom moves to a state of higher energy

©The atom moves to a state of lower energy

(d)None of those events occur

MCQ-7.23: The angular momentum of electrons in an atom produces;

(a)light

(b)magnetic moment

©spin waves

(c) All of above

MCQ-7.1: The frequency of a photon emitted by a transition from nth to (n-1)th level is proportional to:

(a)n-1

(b)n-2

©n-3

(d) None of above

MCQ-7.2:The periodic table is based on which of the following principles?

 (a) No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers

(b) All electrons in an atom must have the same set of quantum numbers

© Energy is conserved in all interactions

(d)The uncertainty principle

MCQ-7.3: In Bohr model of hydrogen atom (select the incorrect statement);

(a) Magnitude of potential energy of electron in any orbit is greater than its kinetic energy.

(b) The total energy of electron in the nth orbit is inversely proportional to n.

© radius of nth orbit is proportional to n2

(c) Angular momentum of electron in an orbit is quantized

MCQ-7.4 : An electron in hydrogen atom makes a transition from an excited state to ground staWhich of
following is true?

(a) Its kinetic energy,potential energy and total energy decreases

(b) Its kinetic energy increases, potential energy and total energy decrease

© its kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy remains constant
 (c) Its kinetic energy decreases and potential energy increases

Question section ;

Qno 1: Explain the spectrum of atoms making special reference to hydrogen atom ?

Ans: Hydrogen spectrum wavelength

When a photon is emitted through a hydrogen atom, the electron undergoes a transition from a higher
energy level to a lower, for example, n = 3, n = 2. During this transition from a higher level to a lower
level, there is the transmission of light occurs.

Q2: State postulates of Bohr’s theory of atomic structure. Derive relations for energies of stationary
states and radii of quantized Bohr’s states of hydrogen atom?

Q3: What are limitations of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom?

Ans: Limitations of Bohr Atomic Model Theory are- It violates the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The
Bohr atomic model theory considers electrons to have both a known radius and orbit, that is, known
position and momentum at the same time, which is impossible according to Heisenberg.

Q4; (a)-Define excitation and ionization energies.

(b)-Describe Bohr’s theory of critical potentials.

Ans(a) Excitation is the movement of an electron from a lower energy level to a higher energy level by
absorbing energy. It makes an atom move from a ground state to an excited state. Ionization energy is
the removal of an electron from a neutral gaseous atom.
 (c) Bohr theory modified the atomic structure model by explaining that electrons move in fixed
orbitals (shells) and not anywhere in between and he also explained that each orbit (shell) has a
fixed energy. Rutherford explained the nucleus of an atom and Bohr modified that model into
electrons and their energy levels.

Q5; How was Bohr’s theory of critical potentials verified experimentally by Frank and Hertz?

Ans: James Franck and Gustav Hertz conducted an experiment in 1914, which demonstrated the
existence of excited states in mercury atoms. It confirms the prediction of quantum theory that electrons
occupy only discrete, quantized energy states. This experiment supports Bohr model of atom.

Qno6; Show that angular momentum is doubly quantized in magnitude and direction.

Ans; I’m assuming that the question relats to quantum physics where we talk about the angular
momentum of an electron orbiting around a nucleus.

In 1924, De Broglie suggested that all moving particles behave like a wave, the wavelength of such wave
is termed as De Broglie wavelength.

As long as the electron move in a stable orbit, length of it’s path or the circumference of the circle must
be a perfect multiple of its wavelength. It is required, otherwise the electron would follow a different
path after each revolution which is contrary to the observations.

The above paragraph can be written mathematically as under.

2πr = nλ …….(1)

Where, r is the radius of the circular path, λ is De Broglie wavelength of the electron and n is a positive
integer.

Linear momentum(p) of a moving electron is given as

P = h/λ =mv ……….. (2)

Where, h is a constant known as plank’s constant, m is mass and v is speed of the electron.

Using the value of λ from equation (2), we can rewrite the equation (1) as under-

2πr = n(h/mv)

Or, mvr = n(h/2π) …….. (3)

Mvr is nothing but the angular momentum of the orbiting electron and from equation (3), it is the the
perfect multiple of a constant, which is (h/2π) . Since, n is a positive integer, therefore, the possible
values of angular momentum are: (h/2π), 2(h/2π), 3(h/2π) and so on.

Hence, it is proved that angular momentum of an orbiting electron is quantised and it’s quanta is (h/2π).

Qno 7: Write a note on following

a)Space quantization

b) Electron spin

Ans: This restricted orientation, called space quantization, is manifested by other atoms and subatomic
particles that have nonzero spin (angular momentum), with its associated magnetic polarity, whenever
they are subjected to an appropriate nonuniform magnetic field.
Qno 8: Explain vector atom model.What are basicfeatures of vector atom model? Describe
variousquantum numbers associated with this model.

Ans: The basic features of this model are space quantization and spinning electron hypothesis

There are four quantum numbers, namely, principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin quantum numbers.

The vector model of the atom is an angular momentum-based representation of the atom in physics,
more especially in quantum mechanics. It may be seen as a multi-electron extension of the Rutherford-
Bohr-Sommerfeld atom model.

In atoms, there are a total of four quantum numbers: the principal quantum number (n), the orbital
angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (ml), and the electron spin
quantum number (ms).

Q9: Describe Stem and Gerlach experiment in detail.What are its results? How does it venifythe space
quantization and electron spin? OR What is Stem Gerlach experiment? Give its principle,working,theory
and results. Explain the results.

Ans: The Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is
quantized into two components (up and down). Thus an atomic-scale system was shown to have
intrinsically quantum properties. The experiment is normally conducted using electrically neutral
particles such as silver atoms.

In Stern and Gerlach’s experiment, the physicists detected the splitting of the beam, which they saw as
confirmation of Bohr’s odd prediction: The atoms got deflected—implying that they were magnetic
themselves—and they did so not over a continuum, as in the classical model, but into two separate
beams.

The stern Gerlach experiment was originally conceived to demonstrate the space quantization associated
with orbiting elections in aloms. Was passed through a non uniform field created in the gap between the
pole faces of large magnet. The beam was then detected by being deposited on a glass collector plate.
The spin up and spin down directions correspond to the spinning in the “+z” or “–z” direction. These
spins (spin up and spin down) are the particles that have spin “s” equal to ½, i.e. for electrons.

Q10: How will you determine the magnetic moment of an electron and hence evaluate Bohrmagneton.

Ans: For an electron system with total angular momentum quantum number J, the magnetic moment is

Μ = g[J(J + ,1)]1/2 BM

Where g is the Landé splitting factor, and

G = 1 + {[J(J + 1)+ S(S + 1) – L(L + 1)]/2J(J + 1)}.

The magnitude of the magnetic moment is given in Equation 8.20: μ = ( e 2 m e ) L = ( e 2 m e ) l ( l + 1 ) ℏ

=μBl(l+1).

Q11: Why are three quantum numbers needed to describe the state of a one-electron atom spin)?

Ans: The only information that was important was the size of the orbit, which was described by the n
quantum number. Schr dinger’s model allowed the electron to occupy three-dimensional space. It
therefore required three coordinates, or three quantum numbers, to describe the orbitals in which
electrons can be found.

Q12: Discuss some consequences of the exclusion principle.

Ans; The Pauli exclusion principle helps explain a wide variety of physical phenomena. One particularly
important consequence of the principle is the elaborate electron shell structure of atoms and the way
atoms share electrons, explaining the variety of chemical elements and their chemical combinations.

Q13; In what ways do spontaneous and stimulated emissions differ?

Ans: Spontaneous emission takes place without interaction with other photons, and the direction and
phase are random. Stimulated emission takes place when the excited electron interacts with another
photon.

Q14: Does the intensity of light from a laser fall off as 1/r²? Explain

Ans: Actually, yes! Laser irradiance (power per unit area, sometimes also called intensity) is proportional
to the inverse of distance squared.

Q15: In what ways laser light and star light similar?

Ans: Laser light is similar to star light in the sense that they both emit light ‘waves’ that are part of the
electromagnetic spectrum, they’re similar in the sense that the light being emitted by the laser and the
star is indeed light.

The end