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Cell Modification PDF 2

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27 views

Cell Modification PDF 2

7wwdo8q8otf8

Uploaded by

godofredotoledo5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Modification

Are specialized or modifications re-


acquired by the cell after cell division that
helps the cell in different beneficial ways
• Apical modifications
are structural
adaptations located
on the apical (free)
surface of epithelial
cells.
• They are designed to
perform specific
functions related to
the cell's role in
absorption, secretion,
or protection.
• Microvilli are a common
apical modification. These are
tiny, finger-like projections
that increase the surface area
of the cell, which is
particularly useful for
absorption.
• Another example is cilia,
which are hair-like structures
that beat rhythmically to
move mucus and other
substances.
• Microvilli are commonly
found in the epithelial lining
of the small intestine, where
they enhance the absorption
of nutrients.
• Cilia can be found in the
respiratory tract, where they
help move mucus, and in the
female reproductive tract,
where they assist in moving
eggs.
• Basal modifications are
features found on the
basal (bottom) surface
of epithelial cells,
particularly in contact
with the basement
membrane.
• They play a role in
anchoring the cell and
facilitating
communication and
nutrient exchange with
underlying tissues.
• Hemidesmosomes
are a common basal
modification. These
are specialized cell
junctions that anchor
the cell to the
basement membrane,
providing stability
and support.
• Hemidesmosomes
are present in various
epithelial tissues
throughout the body,
ensuring that the
epithelial layer stays
attached to the
underlying
connective tissue.
LATERAL
MODIFICATION
- refer to structural
features on the sides of
epithelial cells that are
involved in cell-to-cell
adhesion,
communication, and the
maintenance of tissue
integrity
❑Desmosomes and tight
junctions are examples of
lateral modifications
❑Desmosomes are cell
junctions that provide strong
adhesion between adjacent
cells, enhancing tissue
integrity.
❑Tight junctions create a
barrier that prevents the
leakage of molecules
between cells.
❑Location:
Desmosomes can be found in
tissues subjected to
mechanical stress, such as the
skin and cardiac muscle.
Tight junctions are commonly
found in the epithelium of the
digestive tract, where they
help maintain the integrity of
the mucosal lining.
CONCEPT MAP
SPECIALIZED MODIFICATIONS
-Nerve cells or neurons are very specialized cell
of the nervous system
-Dendrites: receive an electrical signal from
another neutron and axons which transmit an
electrical signal to another neuron
-Axon: carries electrical signals to another cells
-Synaptic terminals: transmit the signal to other
cells
Sperm Cell
•Sperm cells are
produced in the testes.
The sperm cell is small
and streamlined,
allowing it to move
easily and has a
flagellum (a whip-like
tail) that propels it.
• The function of these cells is to fertilize eggs
cells during reproduction. Sperm cells contain
half the number of chromosomes as the other
in the body.

• The human sperm contains numerous


mitochondria in the middle piece of the sperm
which provide the energy required for the
movement of the tail thereby facilitating
sperm motility.
Root Hair Cell
• Root hair cells are found in
the roots of plants and
absorb water for the plant
more efficiently. Water is a
reactant used in
photosynthesis; the chemical
reaction plants use to make
their own food.
Red Blood Cell
• Red blood cells have a
biconcave shape that
increases surface area. Their
small size and ability to bend
allows them to easily move
over the body. These are
used to transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood
Red Blood Cell
• . They well-adapted for this
function because they contain
hemoglobin which reacts with
oxygen and carbon dioxide,
allowing them to be
transported around the body.
They lose their nucleus as they
mature to increase surface area
for gas exchange, for optimal
oxygenation.
• Red blood cells are anucleate, and thus
produced from bone marrow, but containing
large amounts of hemoglobin to transport
oxygen throughout the body
• Unlike most other eukaryotic cells, mature red
blood cells don't have nuclei. When they enter
the bloodstream for the first time, they eject
their nuclei and organelles, so they can carry
more hemoglobin, and thus, more oxygen.
Each red blood cell has a life span of around
100–120 days.
Microvilli
• Microvilli, in the most
simplistic terms, are tiny little,
microscopic projections that
exist in, on, and around cells.
They can exist on their own or
in conjunction with villi
(projections of some mucous
membranes, most specifically
of the small intestine, which
are tiny folds that project out
like numerous fingers).
Microvilli
•It may sweep unwanted
materials toward a
resorptive area of the cell.
They are also involved in a
wide variety of other
functions, which include
absorption, secretion,
cellular adhesion, and
mechano-transduction.
Cilia and Flagella
•Cilia and flagella are fine,
whiplike/hairlike structures
that extend from the body of
a variety of cells.
• While they vary in terms of
length and numbers in
different types of cells (as well
as patterns of movement), cilia
and flagella are generally
identical in structure and
composition. Cilia can be used
for filtering air (in the trachea,
for example) or for movement
while flagella are used for
movement.

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