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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 (2012) 2187 – 2191

CY-ICER 2012

Application of teaching methods, promoting integrated pest

management on the farm school in order to achieve sustainable
agriculture
Zahra Korani *
Payame noor University,Songhor center,Kermanshah,67516-75973, Iran

Abstract

According to many experts, agriculture is an industry. Most European countries that industrialized countries are known to have
been based primarily agricultural communities. The development of its industrial and agricultural production, producing enough
food for a growing world population. But other aspects of food security, conservation and protection of crops against pests and
plant diseases as a threatening factor that is important. Environmental and health problems resulting from uncontrolled use of
pesticides, increased use of pesticides and the staggering costs of restricting the use of pesticides causes changes in the chemical
control strategy was developed that led to the concept of integrated pest management. One of the most effective method of
training - extension on integrated pest management, farm is on the way to school. This method of learning about the ecology and
management of cultivated land area cultivated by very practical ways for farmers to provide. The purpose of this research
introduces teaching methods - a school extension in the field as an effective method of training in integrated management of
pests. The results showed that the extension of school education in the field, a very effective way to achieve sustainable
agriculture in the context of integrated pest management training. 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, farm schools, integrated pest management

1. Introduction

the planet that we call home now, the worst and best days of his life is spent, Never before have people been so
much concerned about the fate of the world And scientists never before have such a vast knowledge of the
complexities of life on this planet. (Ashouri 1385).

According to many farmers, agriculture is an industry and The industrialization of a society going on by
Industrialization of farming activities. Most European countries that are known as industrialized countries to have
been based primarily agricultural communities. The development of its industrial and agricultural production is
producing enough food for a growing world population. But other aspects of food security are conservation and
protection of crops against pests and plant diseases as a threatening factor (Hesami, 1385).

The Solution to end using pesticide is performance of integrated pest management approach. Integrated pest
management included: crop control, resistant varieties, biological and chemical control (Singh and sharma, 2004).

* Corresponding author name. Tel.: +988317243181

E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.970
2188 Zahra Korani / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 (2012) 2187 – 2191

One of the most effective methods of training - extension on integrated pest management is farm, on the way to
school. Farm schools for farmer are designed to track issues and empower farmers in the long term, So that they are
able to influence decision-makers. Farm schools for farmer are Innovations to improve efficiency and effectiveness
of the structural - functional extension, agricultural research and education. And the empirical evidence has
indicated of the success of this approach in developing countries. (Roling and Fliert, 2001).

In summary, the consequences of the approach to the farmer, farm schools are as follows:

1 - Increasing the capacity of farmers for research, innovation and informed decisions

2 - Develop the capacity of farmers

3 - To encourage farmers to facilitate their learning and research processes

4 - Increased sense of responsibility towards the demands and needs of the audience through a national system of

In this research, using library and a variety of sources in English and Persian, most information was derived. Also
explore the Internet and databases in this area are beneficiaries.

Discussion

At first idea of integrated control was used by Hoskins et al in 1939. They believed that biological and chemical
methods can complement each other. Despite the fact that the concept of integrated pest management in the late
1960s the world began, but as of late 1970 was followed by serious. Integrated pest management in America's first
major project was the Huffaker project and included Crops such as alfalfa, citrus, cotton, fruit cores and a few other
products and National integrated pest management project in the late 1980s and early 1990s in several developed
countries was developed. In integrated pest management, factors, their relationships and interactions in an
agricultural or horticultural crop are desired. The process involves observing, identifying factors, communication,
analysis, etc., that is done by researchers with different orientations. The purpose of this program is reducing
pesticide use In return for the use of natural enemies of pests. In this management plan, specifically the selection and
use of pesticides are in small quantities, The effect is possible only on pest and beneficial insects and predators are
at minimal effect. As a result of implementing integrated pest management will also contribute to the cleanliness of
the environment and Healthier products in terms of pollution level to be use by Citizens (Hisami, 1385).

Singh and Sharma (2004), believes that the implementation of integrated pest management for farmers, is a complex
process, It requires skill in revision, review and understand the real dynamics of pest populations and cooperation
between all of the executive factors. In the 1960s, when integrated pest management as a pest control strategy was
proposed recently, technology was limited to the field to be used.

Sustainable agriculture and integrated pest management

Sustainable agricultural development is based on recent gains, the acceptance and uptake complex mechanism, as if
without loss of resources, high profits will provide. Dibertin and Pacholits to the Scientific Council of Canada,
Sustainable agriculture has been defined as such: Sustainable agriculture is a system that considered the needs of
society in terms of food and underlined Conservation of natural resources and improve environmental quality for
future generations (Mahbobi,1373). The concept of sustainable development of plant protection is Replacement of
biological entities and knowledge Instead of chemicals and capita, With the aim of reducing production costs
without comprising any deficiency on the Product (Sawaminathan, 1995).
 Zahra Korani / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 (2012) 2187 – 2191 2189

Mahler et al (1997) believed that a successful Sustainable agriculture method included following objects:

1 - Providing food security and increasing the quality and quantity, as well as considering the needs of future
generations.
2 - Protection of soil resources, water, natural resources and energy sources inside and outside the farm
3 - Ability to maintain and increase the profitability of the farming community
4 - to maintain the vitality of rural communities and the biodiversity

Sustainable agriculture is commonly involves the following operations:

1 - Crop rotation: reduce weeds, diseases, insects, and other pest problems. Providing alternative sources of nitrogen
in soil, reducing soil erosion and reducing water pollution
2 - integrated pest management include methods such as: search and surveillance operations, use of resistant
varieties, regulating biological control and timing of planting.
3 - Increase the mechanical and biological weed care: care of the land and the strategic use of green manure
4-
(Sawaminathan, 1995).

The necessities of implementation in integrated pest management:

1 - Having integrated pest management model for each specific area, which is economically efficient,
ecologically suitable
2 - Co-operation and participation by target groups.
3 - Having a strategy to promote the vast land.
4 - Elimination of limitation of promoting integrated pest management.
5 - Measure, evaluate and promote the results of the implementation of integrated pest management (singh and
sharma, 2004).

Concepts related to farm schools for farmer approach:

The concept of "farm schools" was the first time in Indonesia, in the late 1980s. When Normally using pesticides in
rice production, as the most important food crop in this country, Cause problems in rice and the natural enemies of
pests and invasion of Brown chain, that was a dangerous pest, and therefor Rice production was at risk. In this case,
research results showed to the Indonesian government that Overuse of pesticides is the most important factor in the
creation of this situation and Integrated pest management is needed to improve the situation. Indonesian government
to take measures to develop the integrated pest management. These help to remove toxins subvention, a ban on 56
types of pesticides used in rice farming and education programs for use in integrated pest management (Hidari,
1385).

Braun et al (2000) view Farmer farm schools as a contribution to the structural context and Supplements to improve
the capacity of integrated decision and Facilitating Innovation for Sustainable agriculture. Training of farmers, farm
schools are in the informal and exploratory and for groups with 20 to 25 people. The approach, Facilitate People
capacity and Local groups for Comprehensive analysis and decision making and Practical and Also strengthen the
local innovation, and emphasis on the actual conditions and Based on the real needs of farmers more than Packages
of imported technology. Farm schools for farmer to fill The gap between local knowledge systems and practical
agriculture and improve Awareness and understanding of research and agricultural extension agents in the local
conditions. Their strength is increasing the skills of farmers as managers of the land.

Characteristics of Farm schools for farmer approach by Antong (2004) include:

2190 Zahra Korani / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 (2012) 2187 – 2191

1 - All participants in this process have ongoing and active role.

2 Learning and teaching is a key to identify issues and develop desirable solutions.
3 Activities doing in group.
4 - Has enough Flexibility to empower farmers.
5 - The learning process is gradual and evolutionary and solutions are results from local and experimental learning.

the problems of farm schools Approach

All problems can be examined in two Facilitating and Logistic class:

a. Facilitating

In the previous sections express about the importance of facilitating in functional success of farm school,
But it is obvious that function of effective facilitating, in practice, are encountered with difficulties. These
problems arise from a series of simple questions. Sometimes facilitators feel that they lack the technical
knowledge. These conditions often lead to a lack of confidence and This lack of confidence which may
lead to erosion of farmer participation in the activities of farm schools. The second factor in facilitating
problem is that Technology transfer can not provide enough opportunity for participants to adept at farm
schools Processes. The third cause of poor facilitation skills is inadequate support by educators of
transferring technology that is done The farm schools as part of technology transfer.

b-logistic
Logistic issues that mainly affect the quality are:
- condition of farm schools and its Contemporaneity by planting season.
- Provide a complete tabulation for each farm schools.
- Monitor the areas of farm schools and relationships with local needs
- Inadequate facilities or lack of budget (reijnties et al 2000).

Conclusion

One of the key operations of Sustainable agriculture, is integrated pest management. Approach to learning about the
ecology and management of the farm schools arable agro ecosystem through very practical ways for farmers to
provide. Integrated pest management is based on understanding of local indigenous culture. Farmers Based on long
experience and knowledge of indigenous are self-made. Their new knowledge with indigenous knowledge and
experience combined and apply to decisions of school farm management. (Hidari, 1385). Participatory approach at
the farm gives to the farmer technology they need in terms of selection, testing and are compatible. Through
participation in farm schools find that the skill positions and their analysis and Adapt to changing conditions (brawn
et al 2000).

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