Department Of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Academic Plan

2017-18 Sem I

Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA & NAAC, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH

Aushapur (V) Ghatkesar(M) R.R. District - 501301, Telangana

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC PLAN - R13

57015 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

Academic Year 2017 -2018 ( Sem - I)

I FACULTY PROFILE

1 Name : H KISHAN

2 Department : Electrical and Electronics Engineering

3 Designation : Assistant Professor

4 Email - ID : [email protected]

5 Mobile No. : 9989905203

6 Subject : 57015 - Power System operation and Control

Code/Name

7 Class(s) : Year Branch Section Classes

Alloted
a. IV EEE A&B IV EEE - A & B

b. -

c. -

d. -

e. -

II COURSE OBJECTIVES

The main objective is to provide the students with an overview of the engineering and economic matters involved in designing, operating
and controlling the power generation and transmission of a large scale, interconnected power system.
To acquire the knowledge on PI control for the single area system to attain zero steady state error and economic dispatch control.

III COURSE OUTCOMES

This subject is useful to train the undergraduate in the latest techniques of analysis of large scale power systems which is a similar need
existing in the industry where a practicing power system engineer is constantly faced with new problems

IV Tick (ü)mark on the LEFT column for the relavent PEOs & POs of the subject

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

To produce graduates with a strong foundation in the basic sciences and mathematics to enable that they become successful and productive
engineers, with emphasis on technical competency, and with attention to teamwork in the broad range of electrical engineering areas to serve the
P1 needs of both private and public sectors.

Considering the availability of “renewable and non-renewable “ resources in the country, plan, estimate and execute power projects to operate
generating stations, transformers, electrical machines, transmission lines and switch gear in an appropriate manner so that the “overall operation
P2 of a power system is economical and efficient”.

To train the students in identifying, formulating, analyzing, and creating engineering solutions using appropriate current engineering techniques,
P3 designing skills and tools to develop novel products and solutions for the real life problems.

To develop the all-round personality and attitude of the students so that they become goodcitizens fully aware of national goals and their role in
P4 their achievement with the basic skills to communicate effectively and to develop the ability to function as members of multidisciplinary teams.

Knowledge of Relevant Technologies-The student needs to be well informed about current technologies important to electrical engineering, as
well as probable future technological advances and contribute actively to the field by participating in professional societies, publishing, attending
P5 conferences and seeking patents.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

a fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
b engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
c
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
d research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
e modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
f assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
g solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
h
and norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
i
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

j engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
k
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
l engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change

V SYLLABUS as per JNTU Hyderabad

UNIT – I Economic Operation of Power Systems-1
Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal Power Stations, - heat rate Curve – Cost Curve – Incremental fuel and Production costs, input-
output characteristics, Optimum generation allocation with line losses neglected.
Optimum generation allocation including the effect of transmission line losses – Loss Coefficients, General transmission line loss formula.
UNIT – II Hydrothermal Scheduling
Optimal scheduling of Hydrothermal System: Hydroelectric powerplant models, Scheduling problems-Short term Hydrothermal scheduling
problem.
UNIT –III Modelling of Turbine, Generator and Automatic Controllers
Modelling of Turbine: First order Turbine model, Block Diagram representation of Steam Turbines and Approximate Linear Models.
Modelling of Generator (Steady State and Transient Models): Description of Simplified Network Model of a Synchronous Machine
(Classical Model), Description of Swing Equation (No Derivation) and State-Space II-Order Mathematical Model of Synchronous Machine.
Modelling of Governor: Mathematical Modelling of Speed Governing System – Derivation of small signal transfer function.
Modelling of Excitation System: Fundamental Characteristics of an Excitation system, Ttransfer function, Block Diagram Representation of
IEEE Type-1 Model
UNIT – IV Single Area Load Frequency Control
Necessity of keeping frequency constant.
Definitions of Control area – Single area control – Block diagram representation of an isolated power system – Steady state analysis –
Dynamic response – Uncontrolled case.
Two-Area Load Frequency Control
Load frequency control of 2-area system – uncontrolled case and controlled case, tie-line bias control
Load Frequency Controllers
Proportional plus Integral control of single area and its block diagram representation, steady state response – Load Frequency Control and
Economic dispatch control.
UNIT – V Reactive Power Control
Overview of Reactive Power control – Reactive Power compensation in transmission systems – advantages and disadvantages of different
types of compensating equipment for transmission systems; load compensation – Specifications of load compensator, Uncompensated
and compensated transmission lines: shunt and Series Compensation.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Electrical Power Systems by C.L.Wadhwa, Newage International-3rd Edition
2. Modern Power System Analysis – by I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari Tata M Graw – Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 2nd edition.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Power System Analysis and Design by J.Duncan Glover and M.S.Sarma., THOMPSON, 3rd Edition.
2. Electric Energy systems Theory – by O.I.Elgerd, Tata Mc Graw-hill Publishing Company Ltd., Second edition.
3. Power System Analysis by Grainger and Stevenson, Tata McGraw Hill.4. Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat – TMH Edition
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Power System Analysis and Design by J.Duncan Glover and M.S.Sarma., THOMPSON, 3rd Edition

VI SYLLABUS for GATE

UNIT I
Economic operation,Econamic load dispatch
UNIT II
Optimal Scheduling
UNIT III
Swing equation
UNIT IV
Single load frequency control
UNIT V
Voltage control

VII SYLLABUS for IES

UNIT I
Economic operation

UNITII
Optimal Scheduling

UNIT III
Swing equation

UNIT IV
Load frequency control

UNIT V
Voltage control

VIII PRE - REQUISITES

The student is expected to have prior knowledge in circuit theory, electrical machines with special emphasis on Laplace transforms, linear
differential equations, knowledge of optimization techniques, power systems.

IX MISSING CONTENTS

Laplace transforms, linear differential equations, optimization techniques

X TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS

Dynamic response of single area load frequency control with integral action.

XI REFERENCES

i. Text books prescribed by JNTU & Faculty

BOOK TITLE with Author & Edition

A1 Electrical Power Systems by C.L.Wadhwa
A2 Modern Power System Analysis by I.J.Nagrath and D.P.Kothari
Power Generation, Operation and Control by AJ.Wood and B.F. Wollenberg John
A3
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1984
Electric Energy Systems Theory - by 0.I. Elgerd, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing
A4
Company Ltd, Second editon
Power Systems Analysis - by N.V.Ramana and N.Yadaiah, Pearson Education
A5

A6 Economic Operation of Power Systems -by LK.Kirchmayer, Wiley Eastern Ltd

Power System Analysis and Design by J.Duncan Glover and M.S.Sarma.,
A7
THOMPSON, 3rd Edition
A8

A9

A10

ii. Websites & e-books

Websites
B1 www.mit.edu
B2 www.soe.stanford.edu

B3 www.grad.gatech.edu

B4 www.gsas.harward.edu

B5 www.eng.ufl.edu

B6 www.iitk.ac.in

B7 www.iitd.ernet.in

B8 www.bitmesra.ac.in

B9 www.circuit-magic.com

B10 www.ieee.org

iii. JOURNALS (International , National & Regional)

C1 International journal of electrical engineering

C2 IEEE transactions on power systems
C3 IEEE transactions on power delivery

C4 IEEE transactions on power and energy

C5 Indian journal of electrical engineering.

C6 Journal of electrical and electronics engineering

C7 Electrical India

C8 Power engineering

C9

C10

iv. SUBJECT EXPERT DETAILS (International , National & Regional)

D1 Dr.arthur r.bergen, department of electrical engineering and computer sciences, university of california, berkely
D2 Dr.B.F.woolenberg, director of university of minnesota
D3 Dr.D.P. Kothari, Center for energy studies, Dy.Director(Admin), IIT, Delhi

D4 Dr.I.J.Nagrath, Dy.Director, BITS, Pilani

D5 Dr.A.V.R.S. Sarma, Professor, Dept. of EEE, Osmania Universtiy

D6 Dr EsuRatnam, Professor, Dept of EEE, Osmania University

D7

D8

D9

D10

XII QUESTION BANK

Unit wise questions based on previous papers

UNIT - I

1.. Draw flow chart for economic scheduling without considering line losses.
2. Define in detail cost curve of thermal stations.
3. What is the need of optimal operation of power systems?
4. The fuel costs for two plants are given by C1 = 0.15 P1 2 +30P1 +25, C2= 0.17P22 +28P2+20 where C is in Rs/Hr and P is in MW. If both units
operate at all time and maximum and minimum load on each unit are 100 MW and 20MW respectively determine the economic operating
schedule of the plant for loads of 40 MW, 120 MW.
5.The incremental fuel costs for two plants are given by
dc1
---- = 0.1p + 20 Rs/Mw - Hr
2
dp1 dc2 ---- = 0.15p + 22.5 Rs/Mw - Hrdp2
The system is operating at the optimum condition with p1 =p2 = 100 MW and ¶p1 /¶p2 = 0.2. Find the penalty factor of plant 1 and the incremental
cost of received power.
6.The incremental costs for two generating plants are
IC1 = 0.1 P1 + 20 Rupees/MW hour
IC2 = 0.1 P2 + 15 Rupees/MW hourWhere P1 and P2 are in MW. The loss coefficients (Bmn ) expressed in MW-1 unit are B11 = 0.001, B22 = 0.0024,
B12 = B21 = - 0.0005. Compute the economical generation scheduling corresponding to the Lagrangian multiplier l = 25 Rs./ MW hr and the
Corresponding system load that can be met with. If the total load is 150 MW, taking 5% change in the value ofl, what should be the value of l in
the next iteration?
7.What are the assumptions made in deriving the loss coefficients?
8.Explain the terms:
i) Heat rate Curve (ii) Cost curve (iii) Incremental fuel cost (iv) Incremental Production Cost.
.Discuss in detail the optimum load dispatch problem of two identical generators connected through a transmission link by considering the
transmission losses into account.
11.Discuss the various constraints to be considered for economic load dispatch problem.

UNIT - II
1. Derive the coordination equation for the optimal scheduling of hydrothermal interconnected power plants
2. Explain different constraints to be considered for mathematical modelling of hydrothermal scheduling.
3. Discuss the costs associated with hydro plants
4. State what is meant by base load and peak load stations. Discuss the combined hydroelectric and steam Operation
5. Explain in detail the short term hydrothermal scheduling
6. Explain about coordination in hydrothermal system
7. Write the advantages of operation of hydrothermal combinations.
8. From the fundamentals discuss about hydro thermal scheduling

UNIT - III
1.Derive the transfer function of synchronous generator
2.Derive the generator load model and represent it by a block diagram
3.With a neat diagram explain briefly different parts of a turbine speed governing system
Derive the model of speed governing system
4.Two generators rated 200MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. The droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 6%
respectively from no-load to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50HZ, how a load of 500MW be shared between them.

5.Two generators rated 200MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. The droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5%
respectively from no-load to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50HZ at no-load, how a load of 600MW be shared
between them. What will be the system frequency at this load? Assume free governor operation. Repeat the problem if both the governors
have a droop of 4%
6.Explain about the various performance requirements of excitation system
7.Explain the elements of an excitation system
8.Explain the fundamental characteristics of an excitation system
9.Explain the functional blocks of Automatic voltage regulator
10.Describe the various blocks of IEEE type-1 excitation system and develop the mathematical model of the system
11.Briefly explain the Swing equation
12.Derive the generator load model and represent it by a block diagram

UNIT - IV
1.Derive the model of a speed governing system and represent it by a block diagram.
2.A 100 MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50 Hz. The load is suddenly reduced to 50 Mw. Due to time lag in the
governor system, the steam valve begins to close after 0.4 secs. Determine the change in frequency that occurs in this time. Given H=5 Kw-s/Kva of
generator capacity.
3.With a neat block diagram explain the load frequency control for a single area system.
4.Two generators rated 250 Mw and 500 Mw are operating in parallel. The droop characteristics are 4% and 6% respectively. Assuming that the
generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how a load of 750 Mw would be shared. What is the system frequency? Assume free governor action.
5.With a neat diagram, explain briefly different parts of a turbine speed governing system.
6.Two generators rated 200 Mw and 400 Mw are operating in parallel. The droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively
from no load to full load. The speed changers are so set that the generators operate at 50 Hz sharing the load of 600 Mw in the ratio of their
ratings. If the load reduces to 400 Mw, how will it be shared among the generators and what will the system frequency be? Assume free governor
operation. The speed changers of the governors are reset so that the load of 400 Mw is shared among the generators fat 50 Hz in the ratio of their
ratings. What are the no load frequencies of the generators?
7.With first order approximation explain the dynamic response of an isolated area for load frequency control.
Discuss in detail the dynamic response of load frequency control of an isolated area with a neat block diagram.
10.Two generators rated 200 Mw and 400 Mw are operating in parallel. The drooping characteristics of .
11.Discuss in detail the importance of load frequency problem.

12 Give typical block diagrams for a two-area system inter connected by a tie line and explain each block. Also deduce relations to determine the
frequency of oscillations of tie line power and static frequency drop. List out assumptions made.
13. Explain tie line bias control of two-area power system.
14 .For two-area frequency control employing integral of area control error, obtain an expression for steady values of change in frequency for unit
step disturbance in one of the areas. Assume both areas to be identical, comment upon the stability of the system for parameter values given

UNIT - V
1.Discuss in detail about the generation and absorption of reactive power system components.
2.A load of (15 + j10) MVA is supplied with power from the busbars of a power plant via a three phase 110 kV line, 100 km lagging. The
transmission line is represented by p-model and has the following parameters.
R=26.4 ohms, X = 33.9 ohms, B = 219 x 10-9 ohm.
Voltage across the power plant bus bars V1 = 116 kV. Find the power consumed from the power plant bus bars.
3.Describe the effect of connecting series capacitors in the transmission system.
4. A single circuit three-phase 220 kV line runs at no load. Voltage at the receiving end of the line is 210 kV. Find the sending end voltage,
if the line has resistance of 20.5 ohms, reactance of 81.3 ohms and the total susceptance as 5.45 x 10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be
represented by p-model.
5.What does it mean by load compensation?
6.With neat diagrams discuss shunt and series compensation?
7. What are the specifications of load compensator?
8.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for transmission systems.
9.Describe the effect of connecting shunt reactors connected in high voltage transmission system.
10. Describe the features of saturated reactor compensator with its V/I characteristics.
The load at the receiving end of a three-phase, over-head line is 25 MW, power factor 0.8 lagging, at a line voltage of 33 kV. A synchronous
compensator is situated at the receiving end and the voltage at both ends of the line is maintained at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAr of the
compensator. The line has resistance 5 ohm per phase and inductive reactance 20 ohm per phase.

XIII SEMINAR TOPICS

1  Modelling of Turbine: First order Turbine model

2 Modelling of Generator

3 Modelling of Governor

4 Block Diagram Representation of IEEE Type-1 Model

10

XIV ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

Assignment - 1
1.Explain the following input, output characteristics, Heat rate Ciurve, Incremental fuel lcost, Incremental fuel rate and incremental fuel cost d,
Increnmental fuel efficiency
2.Derive the expression for optimum generation allocation with and without losses for thermal power plants
3.The I.F,C for two plants are C1 = 0.15 P1 2 +30P1 +25, C2= 0.17P22 +28P2+20, determine the economic operation for a total load of 150MW,
200MW and 180MW.
4. Derive the expression for exact transmiission line loss formula.
5. The incremental production costs of two plants are given to (IOC)1 = 0.007p1+16rs/mwh) the loss crefficients of the system (IPC) = + Rs/much )
alll given by B11=0.001, B12=B21= -0.005,
B22=0.0024 The total load to be met is 150MW, determine the economic operation scheduling if the trancmission line losses are coordinated and
the losses are included but not coordinated
6.Discuss the optimum solution expression for longterm and short term hydro thermal scheduling problems

Assignment - 2
1.Explain the neccessity of maintaing constant frequency in a power system network
2. What is area control error (ACE ) and explain its significance
3.Write short notes in control area concept
4.Discuss the advanses of different types of compensating equipments for transmissions system
5.Derive the transfer function for proportion + internal control of single area and discuss merites and demerites.
6. Derive the steady stare and dynamic response of load frecuncy control with and without internal control
7. What is meant by load frequency control of two area system. Develop the mathamatical model and also draw its block diagram.
8. what is reactive power ? explain different types compensating devices?

XV TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

Tutorial - 1
1.Three power plant of total capacity 425 MW are scheduled 60 operation to supply 300 MW find the optimum load schedule if the
plants have then following cost characteristics.
IC1 = 0.15 P1 + 30 Rupees/MWhrIC2 = 0.2 P2 + 40 Rupees/MWhrIC2 = 0.18 P2 + 15 Rupees/MWhr
2. Derive the expression to determine economic load dispatch including transmission losses
3.Explain the following input, output characteristics, Heat rate Ciurve, Incremental fuel lcost, Incremental fuel rate and incremental fuel
cost d, Increnmental fuel efficiency

Tutorial - 2
1. Dirive an expression for hydro scheduling problem formulation
2. Short term hydro Scheduling Short term scheduling with and without losses of hydro thermal Plant

Tutorial - 3
1.Derive the generator load model and represent it by a block diagram
2.With a neat diagram explain briefly different parts of a turbine speed governing system
3.Derive the model of speed governing system
4.Two generators rated 200MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. The droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 6%
respectively from no-load to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50HZ, how a load of 500MW be shared between
them.

Tutorial - 4
1.diagram representation of a Isolated power system.
2. Derive the expression for steady state response and dynamic response of proportion plus integral load frequency control.
3. Obtain the block diagram of single area and two Area load frequency control

Tutorial - 5
1. What is load compensation and give its specifications
2.With neat diagrams discuss shunt and series compensation?
3. What are the specifications of load compensator?

XVI NEW TEACHING METHOD(S) TO BE IMPLEMENTED

1. POWER POINT PRESENTATION .

2.ANIMATED VEDIOS .
3. HANDOUTS .

XVII REMARKS / SUGGESTIONS

Student evaluation through class room performance.

Seminar topics are allotted to each student.
Class tests are conducted after completing every two units.
Giving assignments after completing 4 units.
"All in ones "are not suggested

Prepared By :
H KISHAN

7/7/2017

Approved By :

HOD Dept. of EEE

7/7/2017

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology 1

 Department Of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lesson Plan
2017-18 Sem I

LESSON PLAN

Mode of Refer Re
No of
Unit teaching
S.no Topic Week sessions
BB/PPT/O
ence mar
no planned
HP/MM * ks
1 Economic Operation of Power Systems
2 1 Introduction 1 1 BB A1
3 1 Heat rate curve, cost curve 1 1 BB A3
4 1 Incremental fuel & Production costs 1 2 BB A3
5 1 Input and Output characteristics 1 1 BB A3
6 1 Optimum generation allocation 2 1 BB A6
7 1 Problems 2 1 BB A3
8 1 Optimum generation allocation 2 1 BB A3
9 1 Loss coefficients 2 1 BB A6
1 1 General transmission line loss formula 3 2 BB B6
0 1 Problems 3 1 BB A3
11 2 Hydrothermal Scheduling
12 2 Optimal scheduling of Hydrothermal system 3 2 BB A3
13 2 Scheduling problems 3 2 BB A3
14 2 Short term hydro thermal scheduling problems 4 1 BB A3
15 2 Problems 4 2 BB A6
16 3 Modelling of Turbine, Generator and A. C
17 3 Introduction 4 1 BB A1
18 3 Modelling of Turbine, Generator and A. C 4 2 BB A3
19 3 Block diagram representation of steam turbines 5 1 BB A3
20 3 Modelling of Generator 5 1 BB A3
21 3 Model of synchronous machine 5 1 BB A6
22 3 Description of Swing Equation 5 1 BB B6
23 3 State space model of synchronous machine 6 1 BB A6
24 3 Mathematical model of speed governing system 6 1 BB A6
25 3 Modelling of Excitation system 6 1 BB A6
3 Block diagram of IEEE TYPE-1 model 7 1 BB A3
3 Problems 7 2 BB A3
26
4 Single Area Load Frequency Control
4 Need of keeping frequency constant 7 1 BB A1
27 4 Definition of single area control 7 2 BB A3
28 4 Representation of an isolated power system 8 1 BB A3
29 4 Steady state analysis 8 1 BB A3
30 4 Problems 8 1 BB A3
31 4 Load frequency control of 2 area system 8 1 BB A3
32 4 Uncontrolled case 9 1 BB A3
33 4 Controlled case 9 1 BB A3
34 4 Tie line bias control 9 1 BB A3
35 4 Problems 9 2 BB A6
36 4 P. I. Control of single area 10 1 BB A3
37 4 Block diagram representation 10 1 BB B6
38 4 Steady state response 10 1 BB A3
39 4 Load frequency control 10 1 BB A6
40 4 Economic dispatch control 11 1 BB A6
41 5 Reactive Power Control
42 5 Overview of Reactive power control 11 1 BB A1
43 5 Reactive power compensation in transmission lines 11 1 BB A3
44 5 compensating equipment for transmission systems 11 1 BB A3
45 5 Specifications of load compensator 12 1 BB A3
46 5 compensated and un comp transmission lines 12 1 BB B6
47 5 Shunt and series compensation 12 1 BB A3
48 5 Problems 13 2 BB A1
49 5 57
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

Mode of Refer Re
No of
Unit teaching
S.no Topic Week sessions
BB/PPT/O
ence mar
no planned
HP/MM * ks

BB Black Board
PPT Power Point Presentation
OHP Over Head Projector
MM Multimedia (Audio - Vedio )

Mode of Refer Re
No of
Unit teaching
S.no Topic Week sessions
BB/PPT/O
ence mar
no planned
HP/MM * ks

For the respective topics please choose the proper reference from the list of references (IX) in
* Academic Plan with appropriate page no. or chapter no.

Text Books A1 - A10

Websites or e-books B1 - B10
Journals C1 - C10

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology 2