hn ch ch ch ch ch

ic ni n ic ni ni n
w cw w cw cw
al al al al al
le le le le le

@ @ @ @ @

P.D.KALSAIT
po po po po po

J. M. RAWAL
Semester-II

S. H. DAHALE
ly ly ly ly ly
te te te te te
hn ch ch ch ch c
ni n ni ni hn

ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE
ic ic

ONIRALI
w cw w cw cw
al al al al al
le le le le le

M. B. PUJARI
B. M. PATEL
@
po
@
po
@
po O @
po
@
po

012345h749
ENGINEERING
ly ly ly ly ly
te te te te te
c

R. C. TIWARI
hn ch ch ch ch
n hn
(x)
ic ni ic ni ni
w cw w cw cw

P.B. BAHATKAR
MATHEMATICS-II
Dr. N. S. CHAVAN
As Per New Syllabus of SBTE, Jharkhand

al al al al al
le le le le le
First Year Diploma in Engineering and Technology

@ @ @ @ @
po po po po po
ly ly ly ly ly
te te te te te
hn ch ch ch ch c
ni n ni ni hn
NEW

ic ic
w cw w cw cw
REVISED
SYLLABUS

al al al al al
le le le le le
hn ch ch ch ch ch
ic ni n ic ni ni n
w cw w cw cw

8.
6.
al al al al al

7.
5.

6.
3.
le le le le le

2LIMITS
@ @ @ @ @
po po po po po
FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVES
ly ly ly ly ly
te te te te te
hn ch ch ch ch c
n hn

cOMPLEX NUMBERS
ic ni ic ni ni
w cw w cw cw
al al al al al

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
le le le le le

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

@ @ @ @ @
po po po po po
ly ly ly ly ly
te te te te te
hn ch ch ch ch c
n hn
Contents

ic ni ic ni ni
w cw w cw cw
al al al al al
le le le le le

@ @ @ @ @
po po po po po
ly ly ly ly ly
te te te te te
hn ch ch ch ch c
ic ni n ic ni ni hn
w cw w cw cw
6.1 6.17

al al al al al
5.1 5.22
4.1 4.34

7.1 7.16

8.1 8.44
3.1 3.85
2.1 2.57

le le le le le
1.1 1.25
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Unit -1: Function, Limit and Continuity
@

@
Chapter 1
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
FUNCTIONS
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
@

@
1.1 Introduction Contents
1.2 Definition of a Function (Function
as a Relation)
1.2.1 Value of a Function
le

le

le

le
1.2.2 Range and Domain of a Function
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
1.2.3 Representation of a Function
ni

ni

ni

ni
1.3 Types of Functions
ch

ch

ch

ch
1.3.1 Algebraic Functions
te

te

te
1.3.2 Logarithmic Functions
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
1.3.3 Exponential Functions
@

@
1.3.4 Transcendental Functions
1.3.5 Composite Functions
1.3.6 Inverse Functions
1.3.7 Parametric Functions
le

le

le

le
1.3.8 Explicit Functions
al

al

al

al
w

w
1.3.9 Implicit Functions
ic

ic

ic

1.3.10 Even Functions

ic
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
1.3.11 Odd Functions
te

te

te

1.3.12 Periodic Functions

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

llustrative Examples
@

Exercise
Answers
Miscellaneous Examples
le

le

le

le

1.1 INTRODUCTION
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

Functions are inseparable part of the calculus. Their applications are found in the study
of pure mathematics
ni

ni

ni

ni

and applied mathematics as well. The higher study in the fields of electronics, computer
ch

ch

ch

ch

technology, physical
sciences is impossible without the knowledge of functions.
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

Function is associated with the term variable. The variable is the quantity which changes
its value from time-
po

po

po

to-time. Normally, variables are denoted by letters x, y, Z,.

@

For examples,
) The temperature ofa city (T°C)
(ii) The velocity of a moving vehicle (V m/s)
le

le

le

le

1-1
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
Functions

te

te

te
1-2

ly

ly

ly
Engineering Mathematics I1 (F.Y. Dip.
Sem. I1)_

po

po

po
time.
of students in mathematics (x) and so on.
These quantities change with

@
aks are
called constant. Such quantities
its value with time and space is
quantity which do not change
denoted by letters a, b, c, ..
For examples,
le

le

le

le
(i) The area of a certain plot.
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
(ii) The weight of a, particular object.
ni

ni

ni

ni
arbitrary
quantities remain constant with time. They are further of two types, pure constants and
ch

ch

ch

ch
Se
constants.
te

te

te
study is called an
ly

ly

ly
he variable which has the fixed value in one place of study but different in another place of
po

po

po
arbitrary constant.
@

@
ror example, in the equation of a line, y = mx + c, m and c are fixed for one line but are different for the same
line in another position. Hence, m and c are called arbitrary constants.
Similarly, in the relation, y = ae + be a and b are arbitrary constants.
le

le

le

le
On the other hand, the variable which has fixed value anywhere, anytime, is called a pure constant.
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
For example,
ni

ni

ni

ni
(i) The counting numbers.
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
(11) The value of 7, that is, the ratio of circumference to the diameter of a circle, are pure constants.
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
In the study
of functions, the knowledge of intervals is very essential. The variable can have value from
following numbers (domains).
@

@
Numbers
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
Real numbers
Imaginary numbers
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
i= i or f=-1
n

E.g. 21,-3i
n
ch

ch

ch

ch
Irational numbers
te

te

te

Rational numbers
E.g. 2, 3,..
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

Complex numbers
@

E.g.x+ yi, x, y e R
Integers Non-integers
OR
Fractional numbers
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

Negative W
Set of whole
cw

cw

cw

cw

N = Set of natural
integers numbers
. nun nbe ers
ni

ni

ni

ni

E.g.-1,2, {0,1, 2, = {1,2,3,..}Terminating

ch

ch

ch

ch

Non-terminating
decimals
te

te

te

Eg0.3333
ly

ly

ly

E.g.0.2
po

po

po

= 0.3
@

0.25
Note: The set of integers is, I = {...-2,-1,0, 1,2,...
Depending upon the values of a variable between two
le

le

le

le

fixed values, e have the

following types
al

al

al

al

of intervals.
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering Mathematics I1 (FY. Dip. Sem.

ly

ly

ly
I) 1-3 Functicns

po

po

po
() Open interval: The variable
'x that takes all the values between 'a' and 'b' excluding them is called

@
open interval. It is written as
(a, b) = {x |x e R,
a<x<b}
Geometrically, it is shown as
below:
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
D Number line
ni

ni

ni

ni
Fig. 1.1
ch

ch

ch

ch
For example: (-2, 2)=
{x|x e R, -2<x <2}
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
(2) Closed interval : The
variable 'x' that takes all the values
po

po

po
closed interval. It is written between 'a' and "b' including them is called
as
@

@
[a,b] = {x|xeR, asxsb}
Geometrically, it is shown as below
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
Number line
cw

cw

cw

cw
Fig. 1.2
Forexample: [-1, 1]= {x|x
ni

ni

ni

ni
e R, -1sxs1}
ch

ch

ch

ch
(3) Semi-open interval: The
variable 'x* takes values between
te

te

te
aSx<b. They are called semi-open or semi-closed 'a' and "b' such that either a < x sb or
ly

ly

ly
intervals and denoted by (a, b] and [a, respectively.
po

po

po
(a, b] = {x |x e R, b) Thus,
a<xsb}
@

@
a, b) = {x |x e R, ax<b}
Geometrically, we show them as below
le

le

le

le
Number line
Number line
al

al

al

al
(a)
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
Fig. 1.3
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
(4) Other intervals: We summarize them as below:
te

te

te

(a) (a,o) {x|xeR, X> a}

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

(b)(-o, b) = {x|x e R, x<b}

@

(c) (-o, )= {x|x eR} =R, set of real numbers

(d) [a, o) {x

,
= |x e R, x2a}
=
(e) (-, b] {x|x e R, xsb}
le

le

le

le

0 a] {x]x eR, xsa}

al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

Further, to understand function, we need to understand the concept of relation.

ni

ni

ni

ni

A set is a list of numbers or things enclosed between a pair of curly brackets. For example,
ch

ch

ch

ch

A {1,3, 5, 7} is a set of numbers 1, 3,5,7.

te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

B {English, Hindi, Marathi} ... Set of three languages.

po

po

po

C {Thomas, Nitish, Akshar... Name of three persons.

@

In mathematics, we are more concerned with the relations between sets of numbers.
Thus, a relation from A and B is a rule or mathematical expression under which an element of A is related
to
an element of B.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
Engineernng

te

te

te
Mathenatios

ly

ly

ly
( Y Dip Sern 1)

po

po

po
1.4 Functions
D Ue
relation from a ,
@

@
eg to the relation setA to set Then, the set of all fint componets of the ordered pairs,
R, is called the which
pairs is called the domaln of the rclation and the set of all sccond conponcnts oI
range of the Du
rclation.
Domain of relntion,
R- Ixxe A. (x, y) e R
le

le

le

le
Range of rclation,
al

al

al

al
R - tylye B,
(x, y) « R)
where, R is a subsct
cw

cw

cw

cw
of Ax B (Catesian product).
ni

ni

ni

ni
We find diffcrent
relations and correspondences
ch

ch

ch

ch
as beclow.
Relations
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Relations
@

@
(i) One-to-one relation Correspondences
(0) Onc-to-onc corrcspondencc
(ii) One-to-many relation
(ii) One-to-many correspondence
(iii) Many-to-one rclation
(ii) Many-to-one correspondencc
le

le

le

le
(iv) Many-to-many relation
al

al

al

al
(iv) Many-to-many correspondence
cw

cw

cw

cw
1.2 DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
ni

ni

ni

ni
(FUNCTION AS A RELATION)
ch

ch

ch

ch
If A and B ure two non-cmpty
te

te

te
sets such that cvery clement the
of
ly

ly

ly
of the set B, then the relation is set A is relatcd to one and only one
called a function from the set A to clement
po

po

po
the set B.
Functions are denoted by letters f,
@

@
g, h, F, G, H, ... ctc. If'f is a
denoted by: f: A -> B or A function from the set A to the set B, then, it is
B
Let 'x' be an element of set A.
Then, by the function f, x is related to one and only one element,
set B. This is written as, f: x ->y say y of the
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
The clement 'y' is called the value of the function
'f at 'x' and is written by f (x).
.
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
y- f(x) is the relation between y and x or the equation
connecting y
n

with x. n
ch

ch

ch

ch
Since 'x can take any value of its interval, it is called
independent variable and the value y
te

te

te

the value of x, it is called dependent variable. of depends on

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
@

1.2.1 Value of a Function

In the functional rclation, y f(x), if we take x a, a e R, then at x = a, we get, y =
f(a) and is called the
value of f(x) at x =a.
le

le

le

le

For cxample:
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

) Let y- f()
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

Atx-2, f(2)
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

(ii)Let yf(x)

-
@

Atx-1, f(l)
In this case, we say, f(x) is not defined at x"i. when I (a) 1s linite, we say, f(x) is defined
at x= a.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering Mathematics
I(FY Dip Gem

ly

ly

ly
)
Funtflne

po

po

po
1.2.2 Range and Domain ofa Function

@
Suppose, the fiunctional
relation is y-f(N). Then, the
coresponding values set of values of 'x" is called domnin and
ofy is called range or co-domain the net or
Consider a funetional
of a lunetion.
le

le

le

le
rclation is
al

al

al

al
y-2x+1,
cw

cw

cw

cw
3sns5
Here, 'x can take any
ni

ni

ni

ni
value between
ch

ch

ch

ch
3 and 5, including botlh.
Domain offunetion- 13, 51
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
For each value of x in
po

po

po
[3, 5]. we obtain the
coresponding values ofy which
are between 7 and 11, inchunivo.
@

@
Range of funetion [7, 11].
Notes
(1) T denotes the function,
whereas f(x) denotes the
value of the funetion "T nt x.
le

le

le

le
(2) If the domain of the
al

al

al

al
funetion is not provided,
generally the set of real
cw

cw

cw

cw
domain of the function. numben (R) is oconsidered s tho
ni

ni

ni

ni
(3) In sonme cases, domain
of the funetion is decided fiom
ch

ch

ch

ch
the linetional relation.
For examples,
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
(i) If y= f(x)
po

po

po
V4-xi, then f (8)VNegative for x <-2 or x>2 which not
is defined.
@

@
Domain= -2 Sxs2 OR -2, 21
(ii) lf y -
f(x)= ,then f(x)- for x-2 whichis notdelined.
Domain {x|x e R, x*2}.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
1.2.3 Representation of a
ic

ic

ic

ic
Function
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
Functions may be represented by any
one of the following ways:
te

te

te

() By Arrow diagram : lt is as shown in Fig.

ly

ly

ly

14.
po

po

po
@

@
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

A B
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni

Fig. 1.4
ch

ch

ch

ch

(it) By Tabular form : Let f= {(1, 7), (2,9), (3, 11), (4, 13)}
te

te

te

This can be written in tabular form as below

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
@

Lf 7 9 11 13

(ii) By set of ordered pairs: This is as shown ubove.

f-{(1,7), (2, 9), (3, 11), (4, 13))
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Function

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
nation : tn the asve fiunctin, we ftind by inspovtinthat

@
here e 1,2,4}.

LLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
le

le

le

le
Emple 1.t:r f --+7, find f0) +f(C)
al

al

al

al
Solution : We have,
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
--2a7 (1)
ch

ch

ch

ch
To find f(0, take
x- 0 in the relation (1)
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
f)-0-0 7 7 (2
po

po

po
To find
f take a in the relation (1)
@

@
t) -20)
16-4+7
(3)
le

le

le

le
Adding resuls (2) and (3), we get,
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
f0)f)-7-19
ni

ni

ni

ni
Example 1.2:If f(a)
ch

ch

ch

ch
3x-51+7, show that f(-1) 3f(1).
te

te

te
Solution: Wehave, f(a) 3-57
.(1)
ly

ly

ly
To find f(-1), take x-1
po

po

po
in the relation (1)
@

@
f-)- 3(-1-5(-1)+7
3+5+7
f-)- 15
(2)
To find f(0) take x-1
le

le

le

le
in the relation (1)
al

al

al

al
f)- 3(-5(0)+7
w

w
ic

ic

ic

3-5 ic
= 7
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
f(1) 5
.3)
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

We observe thom results (2) and (3) that

po

po

po

f-) 15
@

3x5
3xf(1) .."f(1)=5
f-)= 3 f(1) Proved.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

Example 13:1If fa)= 16'- log: x, find f

cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni

Solution: We have f(x) =

16°-log:X()
ch

ch

ch

ch

x-
te

te

te

To find f take in the relation (1)

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

-(16-log:
@

(2-(log 4) . Note this step carefully loge log. a

2 log 2 ...4x1 by law of indices
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering Mathematics
lI (F.Y. Dip. Sem. )

ly

ly

ly
1-7 Functions

po

po

po
=
2+2 log?2 . log, m" =n log, m

@
2+2 (1) . loga a= 1

=2+2 = 4
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
Example 1.4:If f(x)= loge
(sin x), find
f
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
Solution: We have (x) =
f log. (sin x)
te

te

te
.(1)
To find
ly

ly

ly
f, take x in the relation (1)
po

po

po
@

@
= loge 1

**
sin 1
le

le

le

le
0
al

al

al

al
** log. 1
= 0
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
Example 1.5: If f(x)=x+ show that fx) =r
te

te

te
-
ly

ly

ly
Solution: We have f(*)=x+
po

po

po
(1)
@

@
To find f, take x= in therelation (1)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
-+f)
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

Thus,
f)- Proved.
@

Example 1.6: Find 'a', if f(x)= ax + 10 and f(1)= 15.

Solution : Given: f(x)=ax +10 (1)
To find f(1), we take x = 1
in the relation (1)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

f(1)= a (1) + 10
cw

cw

cw

cw

a+10
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

But f(1) = 15 .given)

te

te

te

a+10= 15
ly

ly

ly

a = 15-10
po

po

po

5
@

a 5.

Example 1.7: If f(x)=x+2x +5, find x for which f(x)=f(2x + 1).

Solution: We have, f(x)= x* +2x +5 (1)
le

le

le

le

To find f(2x +1), we take x= 2x+1 in above relation (1)

al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
Functions

te

te

te
Engineering Mathematics 1.8

ly

ly

ly
l (F.Y. Dip.Sem.

po

po

po
f(2x + (2x+1+2 (2x + 1)+ 5

@
1)

4x+ 4x + +4x +2+5

1
=

.. (2)
-4x +8x +8
But f(2x+ 1)
f(x)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
x+2x+5 - 4x+ 8x +8
cw

cw

cw

cw
Rewriting. we get,
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
3x +6x +3 0
te

te

te
Dividing throughout by 3, we get,
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
+2x+1 = 0
@

@
(x +1 = 0
x+1 = 0

X-1.
le

le

le

le
Example 1.8: If f)= ax+ bx + 3, f(1)=4,f(2)= 11, find a, b.
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
+ bx +3 .(1)
Solution: We have f (x) = ax*
ni

ni

ni

ni
f(1)=4 (2)
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
f(2) = 11 (3)
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
To find f(1), we take x=1 in the above relation (1)
@

@
f(1) = a+b+3
But f(1) = 4

a+b+3 = 4

a+b = 1 .(4)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
Further, to find f(2), we take x =2 in the above relation (1).
w

w
a(2+b(2)+3
ic

ic

ic

ic
f2)
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
= 4a+2b+3
te

te

te

But f(2) 11
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

4a+2b+3 11
@

4a + 2b = 8
Dividing throughout by 2, we get
(5)
2a +b =4
simultaneously. By equation (5) - Equation (4), we get,
To find a, b, we solve equations (4) and (5)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

4
2a+b =
cw

cw

cw

cw

1
=
a+b
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

Putting a=3 in equation (4), we

get,
@

3+b=1. b=1-3 b-2

Thus, a 3, b=-2.
Example 1.9: If f(x) = x'+4,
solve f(x+ 1)-f(x-1)- 12 = 0.
le

le

le

le

= x*+4 .(1)
Solution: We have, f(x)
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering Mathematics Il

ly

ly

ly
(Y, Dip. Sem I) Functone

po

po

po
f(x+ 1) 14

@
(x+ Taking (N+1) for N in (1)

-+2x+1+4
and
x2x +5
f(x-1)-(x-1+4
le

le

le

le
Taking (N-1) for N in (1)
al

al

al

al
N-2x+144
cw

cw

cw

cw
x-2x +5
ni

ni

ni

ni
f(x+1)- f(x- 1)-12- 0
ch

ch

ch

ch
gives,
.
te

te

te
(x+ 2x+ 5)-(x-2x +5)-12
ly

ly

ly
0
po

po

po
+2x+5-x+2x - -120
@

@
4x-120
4x 12
x 3
le

le

le

le
The solution ofthecquation is
al

al

al

al
x 3.
cw

cw

cw

cw
Example 1.10: If f()- 50 sin (100t +0.4), prove
r
ni

ni

ni

ni
that
-f.
ch

ch

ch

ch
Solution: We have ()
f
te

te

te
50 sin (100tt + 0.4) .(1
ly

ly

ly
Toget t),we

- take5+t) fortin f
po

po

po
@

@
50-sin 100 *1)*04}

-50 sin {2n + (100nt + 0.4)} .. Note this step

- 50
le

le

le

le
sin (100rt +0.4) .. By sin (2n +

0)sin 0 where, 0- 100t 0.4

al

al

al

al
+

f()
w

w
=
ic

ic

ic

0-o Proved
ic
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

Example 1.l1 :If f(a) log. x, ()=x,

ly

ly

ly

show that fl¢ (s)| 3 f().

po

po

po

Solution: We have f(x)= log x

@

log.x'
3 log. x
le

le

le

le

= 3 f(x)
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

flo (x)]= 3 f(x) Proved.

ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

EXERCISE (1.1)
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

) Do as indicated
po

po

po

:
@

(a) If f(x) =
x'-x + 1, find f(0), f(-1). (b) If f(x) x*+ 2x-5, find f(2), f(-3).
(e) If

() 1f f)
fo) ind
r-
Find f4)+f(5).
(d) If f(x) (x -
1)(2x +3), find f-2), N(3).

() If fx)=x-3x*+ 5, find f(0)+ f(3)

le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Functions

,
Engineering Mathematics

ly

ly

ly
Il(F.Y.Dip. Sem.11) 1-10

po

po

po
f(2).
f(x)- x*+x, find f(1)+

@
(8) If f(x) =
find f(1) +f-1). (h) If

find )-(
) If f(x)=x +6x + 10, find f(2)+f-2). 0)Ir f)-
le

le

le

le
=x' sx-4x + 20, show that f(0)-21f3).
(k) If fx) -
al

al

al

al
f(x) =x + 6x - 8, t= z+2, find f().
cw

cw

cw

cw
If
ni

ni

ni

ni
2) Do as indicated:
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
(a) 1f f)- 64"+ log3 x, find f(
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
@

@
(b) If fx)= 16*- log. x, find
f
(c)If f(x)=log. (cos x), find f(0).

() If fo)= log. (tan x), find f

le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
If f(«)= sin x, ¢ (x) = cos x, show that ¢ -
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
) If fx) = loge x, ¢ ) =x', show that fl¢ (x)] =n f(x).
te

te

te
() Find P, if f)=px' + 11 and f(-1)= 15.
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
(h) If f)=ax-bx-1, f(2) = 5, f(-2)= 10 find a, b.
@

@
) If fx)=x-3x+4, find x for which fx)= f(2x + 1).

) If f(9-x'-showthat f)+-
(k) If fx)=x*+1, solve f(x+1)+f(x-1)-12 .
le

le

le

le
=
al

al

al

al
r
w

w
) f)- x(-show that f-f-3).
ic

ic

ic

ic
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
(m)Solve: fx)=f(2x+ 1), if fo)=x +3.
te

te

te

(n) If f(x)=log x, g()=x, show that f[e (2)=3 f)

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

ANSWERS (1.1)
@

(1) (a) f(0) = 1,

f-1)=3 b) f2)-3, f-3)=-2 ( f-1)=-1
234
le

le

le

le

d) f(-2)=3, f(3)-18 V2 10
al

al

al

al

-
cw

cw

cw

cw

(6392 (h) 12 ) 28
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

()t+10z +8
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

(2) (a) 3 (b) 2+log 4 (c)0

@

(d) 0 (g) p=4

a-b
) x--1, (k)x 2 (m)x-1,-
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
-11 Functions

@
1.3 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
We shall sN) the following dittervnt fiunetions as they
eur trequently in the ficld of engincering.
le

le

le

le
1.3.1 Algebraic Functions
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
They
ntain algebraic expressionssueh as (x +1),+21+5, y-1. ete. For example,
ni

ni

ni

ni
f)-x++1
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
)y-f)-(x+3)(-2)
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
(iDy f)- on.
@

@
SO

1.3.2 Logarithmic Functions

The functions having logarithm are called
le

le

le

le
logarithmic fiunetions. For example,
-log x
al

al

al

al
y-f)
cw

cw

cw

cw
y-f log. (x+y-a)
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
(i)y - log (sin x)
te

te

te
Gv)y=f(x) = logo x+ log,
ly

ly

ly
10 + log x+ logio 10.
po

po

po
@

@
1.3.3 Exponential Functions
The functions involving exponential terms are called exponential
functions. They are inverse of logarithmic
fiunctions For example,
le

le

le

le
y-f(-*
al

al

al

al
w

w
()y=f(x)=a"
ic

ic

ic

11)y=f(x) = e+ e ic
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
(iv)y=f (x)= e
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

1.3.4 Transcendental Functions

@

Functions which are not algebraic are called transcendental functions. In other words, trigonometric,
logarithmic, exponential, inverse trigonometric functions and their combinations are called transcendental
functions. For example,
le

le

le

le

) y=f(x) = cos x-sin x

al

al

al

al

x
cw

cw

cw

cw

(i) y =f()=e+log.
ni

ni

ni

ni

ii) y = f(x) =x sin N+cos x

ch

ch

ch

ch

2 sin x +cosec x
te

te

te

(iv)y = f(x) =
ly

ly

ly

()y=f(x) =
3x*+x*-5-3 cos x+2 sinx.. so on.
po

po

po
@

1.3.5 Composite Functions

Let y f(x) = a*+1).
Inthis case, suppose, u=x*+1.
le

le

le

le

=u
al

al

al

al

Then. y f(u)
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
Engineering Mathenatica Functions

po

po

po
Il (
Y, Dip Gem 1 12

@
Wehave y- f(u)- u' and u x
a lunction of u and u in turn the function of x. So, y in a composite function oT x hrouRh u.
, We lind cases, where y is n componite function of u, v through x. For czanple,
y Vin (Zx *
)).
le

le

le

le
In this casc, Iet u sin (2x 1) and v- 2x
al

al

al

al
+ + I

yu, u-sin v
cw

cw

cw

cw
and v 2x+ 1
ni

ni

ni

ni
ORy f(u)yu, u- f(v)- sin v and v-f(x) 2x1.
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
The usc of composite functions is found in thc topic derivatives.
of
ly

ly

ly
Further, the composite of
po

po

po
and'g is written as (fog) (x) or fg or [[g (x))
(fog)(x)- fle (x)
@

@
Similarly, we have,
i) (gof) (x) gf (x)}
(i) (fof)(x) f[f)]
le

le

le

le
ii)
al

al

al

al
(gog) (x)- 8 ls (x).
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
1.3.6 Inverse Functions
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
If two functions (x) and g (x) are such that (fog) (x)- (gof) (x) =x, then 'f and 'g' are identity functions
f
ly

ly

ly
and inverse of cach other. Function 'g' is denoted by f
po

po

po
and is read as f-inversc.
@

@
If y- f(x) is a function, then its inverse is (y)= x. f
Forexamples, let f(x) 2x +3 and g (x)
Then, (fog) (x) -
fls()]- 2g (x)+3-2 +3 X
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
(go)(x) g lf(x)]-
w

w
and Taking
2 f(x) for x in g (x)
ic

ic

ic

ic
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
.. Writing for f(x)
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

X
po

po

po

Thus, (fog)(x)= (gof)(x) =x

@

f and 'g' are inverse of cach other.

Notes:
(1) For inverse functions fand g, Domain of f= Range of g and Range of f= Domain
of g.
le

le

le

le

(2) Both 'ff and 'g' arc one-one and onto functions.
al

al

al

al

(3) (F'y'- f, that is, inverse ofa inverse function is a function itself.
cw

cw

cw

cw

(4) If y =a, then x = loga y are inverse functions of cach other.

ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

1.3.7 Parametric Functions

te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

In mathematics, it is often convenient to express both y and x in terms of a third variable

such as 6, t, r, s, ... .
@

This third variable is called the parameter. Such funcions are relerred to as parametric functions.
,
,
For examples,
( x a cos 6, y a sin where "6 Is a parameter, represent the parametric
equations a
+ a?. We find that x a cos y a Sin satisty the cquation x' + y' = a'. Therefore, of circle,
they are also
co-ordinates of a point on the circle x* + y2= u.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering Mathamatikos

ly

ly

ly
Y. Dip Sem 1) 1-13 Functions

po

po

po
() Similarly, x at ,
@

@
y of a point on the parabola
- 2at, where is a parameter, represent co-ordinates
y-4ax
(11)xa cos e, y - b sin 0, where '0' is a parameter, represent co-ordinates
of a point on the ellipse
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
Note: By eliminating
cw

cw

cw

cw
parameter, we get the relation between variables
y and x.
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
1.3.8 Explicit Functions
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
f the variable y is expressed
in terms of x alone (explicitly),
po

po

po
called Explicit that is, in the form y = f(x), the function 1s
Function. For examples,
@

@
) If 2y-x+x-5 =0 is the relation, then we can rewrite as
it 2y= -x+5 ory = f(x) =;00*-x+5).
This is an explicit function.
le

le

le

le
i) Other examples are : y =
f(x) -2x-1, y= f(x) =tanx, y=f(x)= sin* x, ..
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
1.3.9 Implicit Functions
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
If the variables x and y are not separated
te

te

te
from each other from the function (x,
f y) = 0, it is called Implicit
ly

ly

ly
Function.
po

po

po
In other words, in implicit functions, one
@

@
cannot express y as x alone and vice-versa. For examples,
) x*+xy-y*=0,
(i) x+y= 3axy,
ii)x y sin (x + y),
=
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
(iv)x+y+2gx +2fy +c=0..
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
are all implicit functions. We will find their further study in the topic derivatives.
of
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

1.3.10 Even Functions

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

For y f(x), if f(-x) =

f(x) for all x e R, then f(x) is called an even function. For examples,
@

)y-f)x, then f(-x)-(--x=f).

f(x)= x is an even function.

(i)y=f) then f(-) +T**I- f)

le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

fx)= is an even function.

ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

(ii)y = f(x) = x sin x, then f(-x) =(-x) sin (-x)=x sin x =f(x)
te

te

te

f(x)= x sin x is an even function.

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

(iv)y= f(x)=3 cos x 5

@

3 cos (-x) +5 3 cos

f(-x) =
x+5 = f(x)
fx) = 3 cos x + 5 is an even function.
Note: An even function is symmetrical about y-axis.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Fun tieons

ly

ly

ly
Engineering Mathematics 14
1

po

po

po
Ii (FY.Dip Sem )

@
1.3.11 Odd Functlons
function. Vor cXntuplcs,
-f(x) for all R, then f(x) is called an odd
"*)= x e

0y-f- then f-x)- 1)

le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
f(x) an oddfunction.
is
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
i) y - f (x) = sin' x
tan x
ch

ch

ch

ch
f-x) [sin (-x)]' tan (-x)
te

te

te
sin x] -tan x
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
=-sin x tan x
@

@
sin' x+ tan x)= -f (x)
f-x)-f (x)
f(x)= sin'x +tan x is an odd function.
Note: An odd function is symmetrical about origin.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
1.3.12 Periodic Functions
ni

ni

ni

ni
-
ch

ch

ch

ch
a function f(x) is such that f(x + T) = f(x), where T e R, then (x) is called a periodic lunction and the
f
te

te

te
smallest positive value of T is called the fundamental period of the function. For cxamples,
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
)sin (x -2)= sin x
aperiodic function with period 27.
@

@
sin x is
(i) tan (x -7) = tan x
tan x is a periodic function with period r.
le

le

le

le
1LLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLES
al

al

al

al
w

w
=
3 f(x)-4.f (x)
ic

ic

ic

ic
Example 1.12: If f(x) = sin x, show that f(31)
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
Solution: Wehave, f(x) = sin x
nollonu1 n9v
te

te

te

f(3x) = sin (3x) .. Replacing x by 3x in f(x)

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

3 sin x-4 sin' x .. Formula for sin 3x

@

3 sin x-4 (sia x)

3f(x)-4 {f(x)}' ... Sin xf(x)
f(3x) 3f (x)-4 f(x) Proved.
le

le

le

le

T-
al

al

al

al

Example 1.13: If f() = ind f[f().

cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni

Solution: Wehave, f(x) = ... (1)

ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

To find f[f()]. we replace x by fx) in (1).

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

ff))T-f)
@

Writing for f(x) from (1)

1
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
ngineering Matternatizs B(FY Dg err, 1

po

po

po
Fundions
1-15

@
-x-1
(2)
le

le

le

le
Kxample 1.14: If f) :
al

al

al

al
showthat f[fff)}] = L
cw

cw

cw

cw
Solution: The solution till expression (2) is
ni

ni

ni

ni
same as above Example (2). Further, replacex by
f ().
ch

ch

ch

ch
fff) ()-1
te

te

te
f()
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
-
@

@
.. Writing for f(x)
le

le

le

le
z
al

al

al

al
f{f}]= Proved.
cw

cw

cw

cw
Example 1.15 : State whether the
ni

ni

ni

ni
function fz) = ,
ch

ch

ch

ch
is even or odd.
te

te

te
Solution: Wehave, f(x)
ly

ly

ly
. (1)
po

po

po
-
Replacing z by -z in above f(x), we gu,
@

@
f-x)- 2
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
f-x) fx)
w

w
This is
ic

ic

ic

ic
thec condition for an even function.
n

n
fx)- aE
ch

ch

ch

ch
is an even function.
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

Example 1.16 : If f(x) = log (z +1 +x),show that the function is odd.

po

po

po
@

Solution: We have, fx) = log (x +VI +*) (1)

Replacingx by -x in above (x), we get,
f
f-x)- log -x+y1+(-3]
log[V1+7-x]
le

le

le

le

.. Note this step

al

al

al

al

To solve further, we multiply and divide by (V1+* +x)

cw

cw

cw

cw

inside the bracket.

ni

ni

ni

ni

f-- log
+7-x.ž
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

In numerator, by (a-b) (a + b) = a-b

po

po

po

and cancelling like terms

@

-Iog xT+*]
le

le

le

le

.. By log -log. a
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Engineering Mathernatics
II (F.Y. Dip Sem. Function
1-16

@
)
-f(x)
f(-x) -f (x)
This is the condition
for an odd function.
le

le

le

le
f(x)=
al

al

al

al
log (x +y1+x) is an odd function.
cw

cw

cw

cw
XAmple 1.17 : If
f(x) = 3x+ x +5-3 x+ 2 sin? x,then show that
ni

ni

ni

ni
cos f(x) *+f(E)= 4
ch

ch

ch

ch
Solution: We have, f(x) = 3x
+x+5-3 cos x +2 sin'x .(0)
te

te

te
Replacingx by -x in above
ly

ly

ly
f (x), we get,
po

po

po
f(-x)= 3 (-x)+(-x)+5-3 cos(-x)+2 [sin (-xX)I
@

@
3x+x +5-3 cosx +2[-sinx} .sin (-x) =-sin x and cos (-x) = cos x
f(-x) =
3x +x+5 -3 cos x +2 sin x (2)
Adding results (1) and (2), we
get,
le

le

le

le
f(x)+f(-x) = 2 {3x +x* +5-3 cos x +2 sin .
al

al

al

al
x} Observe this carcfully
cw

cw

cw

cw
= 2 f(x)
ni

ni

ni

ni
fx)f-x) =
2f(x) Proved
ch

ch

ch

ch
Example 1.18 : If f (x) = x-5x cos x + x*
te

te

te
sin x, show that f(x) + [(-X)= 0.
ly

ly

ly
Solution : We have, f(x) = * 5x cos x+x* sin x
po

po

po
-
(1)
Replacingx by -x in above f(x), we get,
@

@
f-x)= (-x* 5 (-x) cos (-x) + (-x* sin (-x))
-

In this step, cos (-x) =

cos x, sin (-x) =-sin x, even powers of x are positive, odd powcrs of x are negative.
f(-x) =x+ 5x cos x* sin x x-
le

le

le

le
. (2)
al

al

al

al
Adding results (1) and (2), we get,
w

w
smx +
ic

ic

ic

ic
fx)+f(-x) = -
5xeos % + 5y eos xsimx
n

- - = 0 n
ch

ch

ch

ch
=
f(x)f-x) 0 Proved.
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

Example 1.19: If f(x) = log« x and g (x)= 6", find (i) (fog) (x), (ii) (go) (x).
po

po

po

6*
@

Solution: We have, f(x) = log, x and g (x) =

() (fog) ) =
f[e x)]
logs g (x) . Replacing x by g (x) in f(x)
= logs 6 .Writing for g x)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

= 3x logs 6 .. By log, m" =n - loga m

cw

cw

cw

cw

3x (1) log aF1

ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

= 3
x
te

te

te

(ii) (gof) x)= g[f(x)]

ly

ly

ly

63f)
po

po

po

.. Replacing x by f(x) in g (*)

@

= 6-os Writing for f(x)

= 6 lo
x .. In index, n log, m = log, m"
x . By aoeaP= P.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
Engineering Mathematics
lI (F.Y. Dip. Sem.II)

po

po

po
1-17 Functions

@
Example 1.20:If f(x) =log|i then prove that f(+ 2f().
Solution: Wehave, f(x) =
log- .(1)
le

le

le

le
To get
fl+we replace x
al

al

al

al
by in above f().
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
-log
@

@
Upon simplification

... Note this step carefully

1+2x+x=(1 +x
le

le

le

le
1-2x +x'= (1 x)
al

al

al

al
-
cw

cw

cw

cw
- 2 log By loge m" =n log, m
ni

ni

ni

ni
2-f(x)
ch

ch

ch

ch
(
te

te

te
2 Proved.
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
,
@

@
Example 1.21 : If f«) log
=
show that f()=[0)+f-y)
Solution : We have,

f- log (1)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
fo- lo( .(2) Replacing x by y in f(x)
w

w
ic

ic

ic

f)-log ic
n

and
n
ch

ch

ch

ch
... (3) Replacing x by y in f(x)
te

te

te

log
f)
ly

ly

ly

Replacing x by -y in f(x)
po

po

po
@

f) log .. (4) Upon simplification.

Adding results (3) and (A), we get,

1o
r)+- loz
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

)
cw

cw

cw

cw

- los .. On R.H.S., by logm+ log n = log (m x n)

ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

= f) .. From (2)
po

po

po
@

fy)= fy) +f) Proved.

Example 1.22:If fx)=log then show that f(a+1)+ f(a)=log

Solution:Wehave, fx) log( .(1)
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering

ly

ly

ly
Mathematics Functions

po

po

po
I (F.Y. Dip. Sem.)_ 1-18

@
Replacingx
by (a + 1) in above
f (x),we get,
T(a+ 1)= log(
log
le

le

le

le
(2)
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
Further, replacing x
by a in above f(x), we get,
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
f(a)- loga-T .3)
te

te

te
Adding results (2) and
ly

ly

ly
(3), we get,
po

po

po
f(a- 1)+ f(a) - Iog
@

log(i
@

@
"By loge m + log. n = loge (m x n) on R.H.S.
le

le

le

le
..
al

al

al

al
Cancelling 'a'.
cw

cw

cw

cw
f(a+1) +fa) =
log(
ni

ni

ni

ni
Proved.

,
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
Example 1.23: If f(x) =
and t = show that f()=x.
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Solution:We have, f(x) t=
@

@
x -
and
To get f(), we replace x by t in f (x).
le

le

le

le
5
al

al

al

al
3x
w

w
Writing for t
ic

ic

ic

ic
..

3x--4
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch

+4x +-15x - +
te

te

te

.. Upon simplification
ly

ly

ly

15+12% j2K 4
po

po

po
@

fO= x Proved.
Example 1.24: If y=f(x)
le

le

le

le

=
-2, then prove that x=f(y).
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

Solution: We have, y = f(x) =

3-2
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

We can write f (x) and y separately. To get fy), we

te

te

te

replace x by y in f(x).
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

f)-y
@

2-2-3
2x .. Writing for y
N--2
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
Engineering Mathematics Il (F.Y. Dip. Sem. 1) 1-19 Functions

po

po

po
=4x--9x +5
@

@
. Upon simplification
-9- K +4
le

le

le

le
f(y)= x
al

al

al

al
Proved.
cw

cw

cw

cw
Example 1.25: If f(x) =

_
ni

ni

ni

ni
and g(x) = 3show that (fog) (x) =x.
ch

ch

ch

ch
Solution:We have, f(x)
te

te

te
and g(x) =
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Now, (fog) ) =
f[g (x) . By definition of composite functions
@

@
. Replacing x by g (x) in f(x)
le

le

le

le
.. Writing for g (x)
s
-7
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
21x+2 +20x V2
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
35% +20- 35k +21 .Upon simplification
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
@

@
(fog) (x)= x Proved.
Example 1.26: Eliminate parameter 0 from the parametric equations,
x=4 cos 6, y=5 sin 8. OR
Establish the relation between x and y eliminating 6.
le

le

le

le
Solution: We have, x 4 cos 6 and y=5 sin 68
al

al

al

al
w

w
andsin
ic

ic

ic

ic
cos 6
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
Squaring, we get,
te

te

te

ces
-6
ly

ly

ly

and sin 0 =
po

po

po
@

Adding them, we get,

cos 0+sin 0 =
5
1- sin 6 +cos 0= 1
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

is the equation of relation of y with x.

cw

cw

cw

cw

5 1
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

EXERCISE (1.2)
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

(1) If f(x) = a", show that

@

(a) f(m +n) =

f(m).f (n) (6)f(m-n)- f(n)"
(2) If fx)=log. x, then show that

(a) f(m)+ f(n) = f(mn) (b) f(m)-f)- f (c) f(m")=n f(m).

le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
FunctionS

po

po

po
eerng Mathematics I 1-20

@
(FY. Dip. Som.
3) f fx)= tan x show that
f()+f(g
(a)f()- b) f(x+y) 1-f(x).fC)
le

le

le

le
) f(x) = cos x sthow that f(3x) = 4 f
(x)-3f(8).
al

al

al

al
=x sin x -3x+cos* x. show that f (x)+f(-)=2T
cw

cw

cw

cw
t)
Lf f(x) =x-
ni

ni

ni

ni
(6)
sinx+x- cosx-3x, show that f(x)+f(E
ch

ch

ch

ch
Stow that f(x) = 4+3 cos N +X - sin x + is an even function. 1
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
State whether the funetion f(x) cosX even or odd.
is
po

po

po
=
@

@
() If fx)-x-show that
()f(x) f(-) =
2f (X) (6) fx)=r
le

le

le

le
(10) IF f) =x- show that f )=f(x)+3f|
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
(11) if
f)-xsbow hat f (x)-f(x)-3f|)- 0.
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
fx)=¢.
te

te

te
(12) Lf show that f()-f (x+1) = f(x + x).
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
(15) If £()- log show that f(a)-f6) -
fiab
@

@
(14) LF f)- and t - showthat f()-x.

(15) 1f f) and t= show that f()-x

le

le

le

le
x
al

al

al

al
= show that
(16) If y =f(x)= 1, x=f()
w

w
ic

ic

ic

-
ic
n

17 1f y =f-, show that f)- n

ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

show that
Ify
=f- f)
ly

ly

ly

(18)
po

po

po

(19) If fx) = logis x and g (x) = 100", find

@

(a) (Fog)() (b) (go) (x).

(20) If f(x)- show that (fo) ()=x.

and g
le

le

le

le

(21) 1f f)= ) -3.showthat (go0 )=x.

al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

(22) If f)- show that f[f()]=x.

ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch

show that
(23) If f)-y-
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

(b) f[f)]=f(y).
po

po

po

(a) f(y)=x
equation f (x) = f(3x- 1).
@

(24) If f(x) =x-4x +11, solve the

y x by eliminating parameter.
(25) Establish the relationship of with
(a) xary =2at (b)xa cosec 0, y =b cot 0.
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
neeng

po

po

po
Mathematics HFY Dp Sem ) 1-21 Fura

@
ANSWERS (1.2)
8) Even function (19)(a) 2x b)*
(24)x- (25)()y4ax (b)
-1
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
Example 1.27: Whether the function f(x) =x-31 +sin x + x cos x is odd?
te

te

te
Solution: Given: f(x) =x-3x+sin x- x cos x
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Replacing x by -x, we get.
@

@
f-x) = (-x-3 (-x) + sin (-x) +()cos (-x)
We have sin (-x)= -sin x, cos (-x)= cos x

f(-)-x-3x -sinx-x cos x

le

le

le

le
-{x-3x
al

al

al

al
=
sin x +x cos x}
cw

cw

cw

cw
= -f(x)
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
Thus. f(x) = -f(x)
te

te

te
This is the condition for odd function.
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Givea function is odd.
@

@
Example 1.28 : If fa) = tan z, show that f(2x) =

Solution:
Given:f (x) = tan x
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
Replacing x by 2x, we get
ic

ic

ic

f(2x)= tan 2x ic
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
2 tan x
te

te

te

Formula for tan 2A, where A =x

1-tan x ..
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

2f(x)
T-[f()
@

Hence the result.

Example 1.29:If f()=log (show that f(a)+ fb)=-ab

le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al

Solution:
cw

cw

cw

cw

log
ni

ni

ni

ni

Given:f) = ..(1)
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

Replacing x by a in (1), we get,

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

fa) log .. (2)

@

Replacing x by b in (1), we get,

(1 .. 3)
f)-log
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering

ly

ly

ly
Mathematics Functions

po

po

po
1(F.Y.Dip.Sem.1) 1-22
Adding (2)

@
and (3), we get,

fa)+fb) log( log +b

le

le

le

le
... By log m+ log n = log mn
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
loga+5]
ni

ni

ni

ni
L(1- a) (1 -
b)]
ch

ch

ch

ch
Replacing x a+b n (1, we get
by
-ab
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
ab log1
atb|
@

@
log|ata+b
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
logta)1+b)
log
cw

cw

cw

cw
(1-a) (1-b . (5) factorizing expressions
From results (4) and
ni

ni

ni

ni
(5), by comparison, we get,
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
f(a)+ f(b) - f
ly

ly

ly
Hence the result.
po

po

po
@

@
Example 1.30 If f(x) = 2
3x-2 ,find
and t =
f ().
Solution: Given: f(x) -
and t t4x
le

le

le

le
To obtain f(t), replacing x by t in f(x).
al

al

al

al
w

w
f(0
t-4
ic

ic

ic

ic
n

Writing fort on R.H.S., we get

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

2 +5
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

4
@

Simplifying on R.H.S., we get,

+8x + 15x-
= 0
12K-J2
le

le

le

le

15+ +8
al

al

al

al

ft)= x
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni

Example 131 : If f(x)+16 + loga z, find (1

fland f).
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te

Solution: Given: fx)+16*+loga x . (1)

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

G) To find flá taking x= in equation (1), we get,

@

16 +log

= (2"- log 4 . log -log a

le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
Engineering Mathematics II (F.Y. Dip. Sem. 1)

ly

ly

ly
1-23 Functions

po

po

po
=
2-loga 2 (a")"=a"a
@

@
=
2-2 log 2 . log, m" =n log, m
2-2(1) .
0
loga a1
le

le

le

le
(i) To find f.
al

al

al

al
taking x in cquation (1), we get
cw

cw

cw

cw
-16+ log (1
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
=
(4*- 1loga 2
ly

ly

ly
. Observe this step carefully
po

po

po
= 4-1 3
@

@
Example 1.32: If f(x) =x-, then prove that |f(*)P =
f (x)+3f|
Solution: This is a problem (10) of Exercises
on Page 1.27.
Given: fX)
le

le

le

le
=
x- (1)
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
Cubing on both sides, we get,
ni

ni

ni

ni
-(
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
On R.H.S., using (a -b)' = a*
-b'- 3ab (a
po

po

po
-
b), we get,

---300H-
@

(2) @
oituloe
le

le

le

le
From equation (1), f(x) =
x'- . (3)
al

al

al

al
-x
w

w
r
ic

ic

ic

ic
and
4)
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
Using (3) and (4) in (2), we get,
te

te

te

Fo*)+3-
ly

ly

ly

:[f -
po

po

po
@

Hence the result.

Example 1.33 : If f(x) =x*+5, find f(x+2)-f(x-2).
Solution: Given: f) = x*+5
le

le

le

le

f(x +2) (x+2)+5

al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

= x*+ 4x+4+5
ni

ni

ni

ni

= x*+ 4x+9 . (1)

ch

ch

ch

ch

(x-2+5
te

te

te

and fx-2) =
ly

ly

ly

= x*-4x +4+5
po

po

po
@

= x*-4x+9 (2)
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1), we get
fx+2)-f(x -2) = (x* +4x +9) -(x-4x +9)
+4x+ s - +4x-S = 8x
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
Engineering Mathematics Funcions
II (F.Y. Dip. Sem.I1) 1-24

@
Example 1.34 If f(x) = log (1 +
tan x) show that -xlog 2-f().
Solution: Given:
f(x) = log (1 + tan x)
le

le

le

le
.. Note replacing x of f(x) by
-x-los 1 + tan
(-x)]
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
USing tan (A an A -tan B ,
ni

ni

ni

ni
- B) =
I+ tan A-tan B we get,
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
tan -tan x
ly

ly

ly
xlog log 1+
po

po

po
1+
tan x
@

@
1+tan
where,
tan-log1an
Simplify ing inside the brackets, we get,
le

le

le

le
t +1-ta
al

al

al

al
|1+
= log
logT+
cw

cw

cw

cw
tanx
1+tan X
ni

ni

ni

ni
Now, using the rule log( log m log n, we get,
ch

ch

ch

ch
-
te

te

te
= loge 2- log (1 + tan x)
ly

ly

ly
= loge 2-f(x)
po

po

po
Thus, x loge 2-f) Proved.
@

@
Example 1.35 If f (x)= cos x, show that f(3x)= 4.r(x)-3f (x).
Solution: Given: f() cos x
f(3x) = cos 3x
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
= 4 cos* x-3 cos x
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
4 [f(x)]*-3 f(x)
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
f(3x)4f)-3f()
te

te

te

Example 1.36 : If f(x) = sin x, g (x)= cos x, prove that:

ly

ly

ly
po

po

po

() fx+y) = f)-g)+g)-fo% i) g (m-n) = g (m) g (n) + f(m) f(n).

@

Solution: Since f (x) = sinx fy) =

sin y and f(m) =
sin m f(n) = sin n
and g (x) = cos x 8U) cos y
g (m) cos m, g(n) = cos n.
le

le

le

le

) f(x) = sin x
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw

f(x+y)= sin (x +y)

ni

ni

ni

ni

sin x cos y +coS X Siny

ch

ch

ch

ch

= f(x) g (V) +g (x) f)

te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

g(x)=cos x
po

po

po

i)
g (m-n) = cos (m -n)
@

= COS m cos n+ sin m Sin n

g (m) g(n)+f(m)-f(n)_
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn
 n

hn

hn

hn
ch

c
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
Engineering Mathematics I! (FY. Dip. Sem.

po

po

po
) 1-25 Funetions

@
Example 1.37 : State whether the function - *
f (x) is odd or even.

Solution:Since f(x)
le

le

le

le
We replace x by -x, Hence, we
get,
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
f(-x) = f(x)
te

te

te
This is the condition for even function.
ly

ly

ly
Thercfore, given f (x) iscven.
po

po

po
- f()
@

@
Example 1.38: If y -
31-2,hen prove that x - f(Y)
Solution: Given: y f(x) ,50 wecan write as,
y-
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
.. (1)
cw

cw

cw

cw
and
)3K-2
ni

ni

ni

ni
.. 2)
ch

ch

ch

ch
Now, replacing x by y in expression (2),
te

te

te
we get,
ly

ly

ly
f)-
po

po

po
3y . (3)
@

@
Again substituting fory from expression (1) in
the R.H.S. of expression (3), we get,

fO)
-2
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
The RH.S. is further simplifier as under
ic

ic

ic

ic
n

n
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly

Thus, fy)= x
po

po

po

Proved.
@

@
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
cw

cw

cw

cw
ni

ni

ni

ni
ch

ch

ch

ch
te

te

te
ly

ly

ly
po

po

po
@

@
le

le

le

le
al

al

al

al
w

w
ic

ic

ic

ic
hn

hn

hn

hn