iP Funday “aMantaly gp 20 The bar code reader uses the laser beam scanning technology The laser bean cross the pattern of bars of a bar code, Different bar codes having different pune, reflect the beams in different ways, which is sensed by light sensitive detector patterns are converted into electrical pulses and then, which convert it into an alphanumeric value. Reece MIION Logic ey, : ansmitted (0 recog, ‘The most widely used bar coding system is the Universal Product Code (UPC), 4; for recording the data and is based on the width of the bars and spaces between they es UPC bar code patterns are decoded as 10 digits. The frst five digits identity the manticiyg or supplier of the product and next five identify the specific product of manufacturer “ Advantages of bar code reader : The advantages ‘of bar code reader are as follows to pr (i) Commonly used in super markets and departmental stores. irl a sjectt (ji) Fast and reliable method for storing data. at Disadvantages of bar code reader : The disadvantages of bar code reader are is follon is di (i) Difficult to understand bar code. pixel volt (ii) Input is limited to codes only. of 8 65 1.7, OUTPUT DEVICES M Definition + /An Output device is an clectro-mechanical device that accepts data from whi computer and translates them into the form suitable for use by outside world if Output devices can adopt different shapes and styles, which are used to give the outpy a the processing of data. The output can be in any form i.e, typed, printed, sketched, visible lig audio, video etc, Output data may be obtained on a paper or microfilm or it may appear on es display terminal. When the ourput is obtained on a paper, it is called a hard copy and when it - is obtained on a display terminal, it is called a soft copy. The various output devices are Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker etc 1. Monitor or Video Display Unit (VDU) : Monitor is the popular output device for producing soft copy output. They display the generated output on a television like screen. TWo basic types of monitors are used with PCs. The first is typical monitor that we see on a desktop computer, which looks a lot like television screen and works the same way. This type of monitor uses a large vacuum tube, called a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). ‘The second type, known as a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor, is used primarily with a SS Portable computer system and desktop computer. LCD monitors use small crystal that can ive electric charge an et es. When they receive an electric charge, they tum different colours producing1" Basics of Computer (@) CRT monitor, (b) LED monitor. : Fig. 1.21. Different monitors. LCD stands for 1 Liquid Crystal Display. Liquid o1 1 ee iy. Liquid crystal displays use LCD display technology LCD displays are this ys fa Boe fe Oe ty te nies on one ks -between transparent glass dl n rodes are oppositely polarized. The crystals control the light passing through them, according to the current flowing through them. Each pixel or individual picture element is divided into three sub-pixels ; red, blue and green. Upon suitable illumination, these sub- pixels can produce a vast array of colours. The liquid crystals change colour according to the voltage applied. The screen is illuminated by a back light. LCDs are available in a wide range of screen sizes, from very small screens (about 5 inches in size) to magnificently large ones (65 inches). LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, differs from LCD in that LCDs use fluorescent lights while LEDs use those light emitting diodes. Also, the placement of the lights on an LED can differ. The fluorescent lights in an LCD are always behind the screen, On an LED, the light emitting diodes can be placed either behind the screen or around its edges, The difference in lights and in lighting placement has generally meant that LED can be thinner than LCDs. It has also meant that LEDs run with greater energy efficiency and can provide a clearer, better picture than LCD. Advantages of monitors : () LOD monitors provide desk space savings, consumption. (ii) Used for displaying text and graphics. (iif) Cheap and reliable. better display size and low power Disadvantages of monitors : (i) All CRT monitors are extremely bulky and heavy. (ii) Use large amount of energy. (iii) Generate excess heat. ; ‘ io 2, Printers : Printers are most common ouput device for producing hard copy eB Printers are classified into two categories ; Impact and Non-impact.eee ‘An impact printer creates an image by pressing an inked ribbon agama pone pins or hammer to shape the image. Impact printers are similar to typeuciten, MS P&P", wing hammers to strike the ribbon. The most common type of impact printer ig Hoy tot YS smal (DMP). The other impact printers are Chain priter, Drum primer, Daisy whee) Mat ine In non-impact primers, the character is formed on the paper by a nonmeonna €.8., using heat, laser technology, or photographic techniques. Thermal and Laser printers are examples of non-impact printers, A. Impact printers : (@ Dot Matrix Printers (DMP) : Dot matrix printers (DMP) are character form characters and alt kinds of images as pattern of dots. A dot matvix printer has x yin hhead that can move horizontally (left to right and right to lef) across the paper. A DMP erent an image by using a mechanism called a print head, which contains a cluster (or matty st short pins arranged in one or more columns. On receiving instructions from the PC, the priner / can push any of the pins out, in any combination. By pushing out pins in various combinations and can create alphanumeric characters. mechanical proc es Drier, inkjet pra Printers tha th be he P: a in Fig. 1.22. Dot matrix printers. When pushed out from the cluster, the pins ends strike a ribbon, which is held between the print head and paper. When the pins strike the ribbon, they press ink from the ribbon on to the piece of paper. When a single pin strikes the ribbon, a single dot of ink is printed on the page, hence the printer name, dot matrix. The more pins that a print head contains, the higher the printer resolution, Dot matrix printers vary in two important characteristics ; } (® Speed : It is measured in characters per second (cps). It can vary from about 50 10 over 500 eps. ' ( Print quality : It is determined by the number of pins (the mechanisms that print the : dots), it can vary from 9 to 24. The best dot matrix printers (24 pins) can produce near letter quality type. Advantages of DMP : (® Can print on multi-part stationery or make carbon-copies. di) Impact printers have one of the lowest printing costs per page.les of Computer GU) They ‘are able to use continuous paper rather dan ye Faia 55 iy) They are good, reliable worker poring iin ets. tore important thas sashctkheS Heal for use in sinations where printed content is (¥) The ink ribbon also docs not easily dry out D Rough and tough, reliable printers Disadvantages of DMP (® They are noisy, as they are impact printers 4G) The quality of printing is not as good as inkjet and laser printer: MEDEARY ype Of printer can jam, but dot matrix printers are more prone to jammin () They produce low-quality print, particularly for pictures () They can only print low resolution graphics, with limited colour performance, limited quality and comparatively low speed B. Non-impact printers : (@ Inkjet printers + inkjet printers create an image directly on the paper by spraying ink through tiny nozzle. The print head of inkjet printer contains up to 64 tiny nozzles, which can be selectively heated up in a few microseconds by an integrated circuit register. When heats up, the ink near it vapourizes and is ejected through the nozzle and mak de he paper placed in front of the print head. To print a character, the printer selectively heats the appropriate set of nozzles as the print head moves horizontally. The inkjet printers are show! in Fig. 1.23. Fa Fig. 1.23. Inkjet printers. Inkjet printers produce high quality output than dot matrix printers because they form Characters by tiny ink dots. A high resolution inkjet printer has as many as 64 nozzles within height of 7 mm, providing print resolution of around 360 dots per inch (dpi). pat we Advantages of inkjet printers (i) Produce good quality print. ii) Fast as compared to DMP. (iii) Cheap to buy. (i) Can produce coloured images also. (%) Print high resolution graphics.24 Fasle’s Fundamentals of 1 e asics Disadvantages of inkjet printers : G. = (Cartridges cost is more " oleh ‘ (i) If left unused for long time, cartridges get dry (i Gi) Slow as compared to laser printers. printers are more expensive than inkjet printers, th (®) Laser printers eit print qual nay is higher and are faster. Laser printers are page printers because they print one page at tan designe The main components of a laser printer a multi-sided s. | photoconductive dram and toner (tiny particles of oppositely charged ink), mirror siz In To print a page of the output, the laser beam is focused on the electro-statically ch can 70 rum by the spinning multi-sided mirror. The mirror focuses the laser beam on the surface mechan drum in such a manner that it creates the pattern of characters/images 10 be On the The pe page. As the drum is photo conductive, a difference in electric charge is created on those pars motion. of the drum surface that are exposed to the laser beam. As a result, the toner which is compo a ‘of oppositely charged ink particles, sticks to the drum in the places the laser beam has : or penc the drum surface. The toner is then permanently fused on the paper with heat a piece c generate the printed output, The drum is then rotated and cleaned with a rubb complic the toner sticking to its surface to prepare the drum for next printing. Fi printers Ady Fig. 1.24. Laser printers, cy Laser printers are non-impact printers because they do not have hammer striking on an inked @ ribbon or paper. Laser printers produce high quality output because they form characters bY Git tiny ink particles. The most common laser printers have resolution of 300 or 608 dpi but higher end models have resolutions of 1200 or 1800 dpi. Advantages of laser printers : () Faster in priming speed than other printers. (ii) Produce good quality print and high resolution, (ii) Can produce colored images also, (#) Print high resolution graphics, (%) Running cost is tow,es of Computer Disadys r = ‘antages of laser printers : 4) Expensive printers specially colored lase: ae ly colored laser. P Print continuous stationary ino te A ploer i a pec Mod cole Gscfacc ca ven aan designed to produce high quality graphics a ee eee we mm Heal ouput device fox chins SOY graphic Bee A eae rier eae ee ne ee ‘eraphic ourput of Varying nee ee 3 Drum plocer and Flatbed plower Comecearnetaincen — ei a the design has been made is placed over a drum that Teen eoe ras ce anti-clockwise directions 10 produce vertical motion. The ota holders mounted perpendicular to the drum's surface eee ee ee te oF right to left to produce horizontal Fabel pliners and pen are ‘controlled by the graph plotting program. we a erate rs ech of wll pals att of coloured ink pens, pens eee aah ‘ork in concert, operating at right angles as they draw on a stationary an ion to being complex and large, flatbed plotters are slow. A large fing can take several hours to print. Fig. 1.25 shows the plotter. Fig, 1.25. Plotter. Advantages of plotters = (i) Used for printing drawings. (ii) Can print large size of papers. (iii) Produce good quality print and high resolution Disadvantages of plotters : (i) Slow than printers. (ii) Expensive than printers. (iii) Not good for printing text. 4. Speaker : Microphones are input devices and speakers and their associated are key output devices. ‘Now-a-days, when you purchase a multimedia ae bees are Key onPihine that includes a CD-ROM (or DVD) drive, high quality oe gem, you of VRAM, sound card and speakers ules plentyThe speakers attached t© computer ate similar wo thy attached t0 stereo, The only difference is that they small and have small amplifier. Speakers transfer a Gonstantly charging electric current to a magnet, hig, Pushes the speaker cone back and Sorth. The moving speaker cone creates pressure vibration in air i.e. soune The sound card in computer translates digital sound's ing the eleciric current that is sent to the speakers. Fig, 1.26 shows a speaker. MEMORY Definition of memory : Computer memory is just like the human brain. It is data/information and instructions aes location or cell has a unique address that ranges from 0 to one less than mem memory unit, for example, contains 64*1024 = 65536 memory places if the m: words. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535, ory size. This achine has 64, Functions of memory : Following are the functions of a memory unit 1. The basic function of computer memory is essentially to store data on temporary Permanent basis. 2, Although all of the functions of memory device involve data storage, the RAM, ROM, flash memory and hard drives each perform a different and necessary function to keep 4 computer and its peripherals working. 3. In actual, depending on the type of data it stores and the role it plays in computer operation, memory performs several different functions 4. The RAM (Random Access Memory), which is the part of primary memory provides he temporary application data storage. Instead of going back and finding information on a hard drive every time a computer requires a portion of data, the computer be y stores frequently used files on RAM, making it easier to find. When the compuer sus down, all the data in RAM is erased or transferred to the hard drive, making spac the new data when the computer starts operating again. ae: is used to °. The Read Only Memory (ROM) which is another type of primary memory is ee fein Permanent data that controls the most basic computer functionality, such & detecting peripherals and operating the computer fan and clock. toma 6. A hard drive (secondary memory) is core of a computer's data en comment permanent memory space for system and user files including operating syste™ images, audio and videos. Types of memory used in a computer system : All computers ea memory to run operating system, programs and to store files. It is an essential P storage space and art of a compulet