Republika ng Pilipinas

KAGAWARAN NG EDUKASYON
Rehiyon I
Sangay ng Ilocos Sur

LESSON TITLE:
NUMBER SYSTEMS
Quarter 2- Week: 1

Name of Teacher: Edmar I. Alcarion- Teacher III

School: Sinait National High School
To the Students:

In this Self Learning Kit, you will be introduced to different learning

activities preparing you to be skillful before you take the plunge into the
world of work as a hardware service provider and to feel more confident
while providing support where needed. Indeed, as learners of hardware
servicing, you are a crucial link in the emergency response process.
Ideally, everyone should know what to do in an emergency situation, but
proper training can help an individual provide basic care.
To get the most from this Learning Kit, you need to do the following:
1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and
Performance
Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to
do at the end of this Module.
2. Do the required Learning Activities and Assessment tools. Please
have paper and a pen to write down your answers.
3. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity directs
you to do.
4. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another
activity or in real life situation.
5. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you
performed. Each Lesson also provides you with references and
definition of key terms for your guide. They can be of great help.
Use them fully.
6. This Learning Kit is good for 1 week. After mastering the lessons,
submit it and wait for the next Learning Kit.

I hope you enjoy it!

If you have questions, ask your teacher for

assistance.

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 At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
 Identify the different Number Systems,
 Manipulate particular set of data,
 Represent data in many different forms,
 Calculate each numerical data format in
different methods of arithmetic calculations, and
 Perform format conversions between data
format.

Direction: In your own way of researching, what is the definition of Binary,

Decimal, Octal, and Hexa-decimal number systems? Write your answers
in your notebook.

As humans, we generally count and perform arithmetic using the

decimal, or base 10, number system. The base of a number system is
simply the number of different digits, including zero that exist in the
number system. In any particular set of circumstances, a particular base

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might be chosen for convenience, efficiency, technological, or any other
reasons. Historically, it seems that the main reason we use base 10 is that
humans have ten fingers, which is as good a reason as any. Any number
can be represented equivalently in any base, and it is always possible to
convert a number from one base to another without changing its meaning
or actual value, although its appearance will be different.
Computers perform all of their operations using the binary, or base
2, number system. All program code and data are stored and manipulated
in binary form. Calculations are performed using binary arithmetic. Each
digit in a binary number is known as a bit (for binary digit) and can have
only one of two values, 0 or 1. Bits are commonly stored and manipulated
in groups of 8 (known as a byte), 16 (usually known as a halfword), 32 (a
word), or 64 bits (a doubleword). Sometimes other groupings are used.
The number of bits used in calculations affects the accuracy and
size limitations of numbers manipulated by the computer. The number of
bits used can actually be specified by the programmer in declaration
statements. In the programming language Java, for example, the
programmer can declare a signed integer variable to be short (16 bits), int
(32 bits), or long (64 bits) depending on the anticipated size of the number
being used and the required accuracy in calculations. The knowledge of
the size limits for calculations in a particular language is sometimes
extremely important, since some calculations can cause a numerical
result that falls outside the range provided for the number of bits used. In
some cases this will produce erroneous results, without warning to the
end user of the program.
It is useful to understand how the binary number system is used
within the computer. Often, it is necessary to read numbers in the
computer in their binary or equivalent hexadecimal form. For example,
colors in Visual Basic, Java, and many other languages can be specified
as a six-digit hexadecimal number, which represents a 24-bit binary
number. This lesson looks informally at number systems in general and
explores the relationship between our commonplace decimal number
system and number systems of other bases. Our emphasis, of course, is
upon base 2, the binary number system. The discussion is kept more
general, however, since it is also possible, and in fact common, to
represent computer numbers in base 8 (octal) or base 16 (hexadecimal).
Occasionally, we even consider numbers in other bases, just for fun, and
also, perhaps, to emphasize the idea that these techniques are completely
general.

COUNTING IN DIFFERENT BASES

Let’s consider how we count in base 10, and what each digit means.
We begin with single digits- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. When we reach 9,

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we have exhausted all possible single digits in the decimal number
system; to proceed further, we extend the numbers to the 10’s place: 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, and so on. It is productive to consider what “the 10’s place”
really means. The 10’s place simply represents a count of the number of
times that we have cycled through the entire group of 10 possible digits.
Thus, continuing to count, we have
1 group of 10 + 0 more
1 group of 10 + 1 more
1 group of 10 + 2
.
.
.
1 group of 10 + 9
2 groups of 10 + 0
.
.
.
9 groups of 10 + 9
At this point, we have used all combinations of two digits, and we
need to move left another digit. Before we do so, however, we should note
that each group shown here represents a count of 10, since there are 10
digits in the group. Thus, the number 43 really refers to
4 × 10 + 3
As we move leftward to the next digit, that is, the hundreds place,
we are now counting cycles of the rightmost two digits or, in other words,
groups of 10 × 10, or 102, or hundreds. Thus, the number 527 really
represents
five groups of (10 × 10) + two groups of 10 + 7

This is also represented as

5 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 7 × 100
.
This method can, of course, be extended indefinitely. The same
method, exactly, applies to any number base. The only change is the size
of each grouping. For example, in base 8, there are only eight different
digits available (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Thus, each move left represents
eight of the next rightmost grouping. The number 6248 corresponds to
6 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 4 × 80.
Since 82 =6410, 81 =810, and 80 =1,
6248 = 6 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 4 = 40410.
Each digit in a number has a weight, or importance, relative to its
neighbors left and right. The weight of a particular digit in a number is the
multiplication factor used to determine the overall value of the particular

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digit. For example, the weights of the digits in base 8, reading from right
to left are 1, 8, 64, 512, . . . , or, if you prefer, 8 0, 81, 82, 83, . . . . Just as
you would expect, the weight of a digit in any base n is n times as large
as the digit to its right and (1/n)th as large as the digit to its left. Table 1
shows the corresponding method of counting in base 2. Note that each
digit has twice the weight of its next rightmost neighbor, just as in base 10
each digit had ten times the weight of its right neighbor. This is what you
would expect if you consider that there are only two different values for
digits in the binary cycle. You should spend enough time studying this
table until you understand every detail thoroughly.

TABLE 1.
Counting in Base 2
NUMBER EQUIVALENT OCTAL DECIMAL HEXA-
EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT DECIMAL
(Base 8) (Base 10) EQUIVALENT
(Base 16)
0 0 × 20 0 0 0
1 1 × 20 1 1 1
10 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 2 2 2
11 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 3 3 3
100 1 X 22 + 0 + 0 4 4 4
101 1 × 22 + 0 × 20 5 5 5
110 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 6 6 6
111 1 × 22 + 1 × 7 7 7
21+ 1 × 20
1000 1 × 23 + 0 + 0 8 8
+0
1001 1 × 23 + 0 + 0 9 9
+ 1 × 20
1010 1 × 23 + 0 + 1 A (10)
× 21 + 0
1011 1 × 23 + 0 + 1 B (11)
× 21 + 1 x 2 0
1100 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 C (12)
+0+0
1101 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 D (13)
+ 0 + 1 x 20
1110 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 E (14)
+ 1 x 21 + 0
1111 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 F (15)
+ 1x 21 + 1 x
20
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As an example,
1100101002 =
1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22+ 0 × 21 + 0 x 20
8 7 6

=
256 + 128 + 16 + 4 = 40410

You should probably work out this example and check your results.

PERFORMING ARITHMETIC IN DIFFERENT NUMBER BASES

Binary Numbers
A number system which has a base of 2 and has values 1 and 0.
These values has an equivalent of True (1) or False (0) or Yes (1) or No
(0). Examples are 102, 112, 1012, and so on.

Binary Addition
0+0= 0
0+1= 1
1+0= 1
1+1= 0 with a carry-over of 1

Example:

A. 102 B. 1102 C. 11102

+112 +1012 1012
1012 10112 + 1112
110102

Binary Subtraction
0-0= 0
0-1= 1 with a borrow of 1
1-0= 1
1+1= 0

Example:

A. 112 B. 1102 C. 11102

- 102 +1012 1012
12 12 - 1112
102

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Numeric Conversion between Number Bases
A. Binary (base 2) to Decimal (base 10)
Conversion of binary to decimal (base-2 to base-10) numbers and
back is an important concept to understand as the binary numbering
system forms the basis for all computer and digital systems.

Table 1.
MSB Binary digit LSB
2n 28 27
2 6
25 24 23
2 2 1
2 20
N 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

*MSB= Most Significant Bit (the highest place of given number)

*LSB= Least Significant Bit (the lowest place of given number)

MSB LSB
100012
In the binary number system, the weight of each digit increases by
a factor of 2 as shown (Table 1). Then the first digit has a weight of 1 ( 20 ),
the second digit has a weight of 2 ( 21 ), the third a weight of 4 ( 22 ), the
fourth a weight of 8 ( 23 ) and so on.

To do this, each digit of the given binary number will be multiplied to

n
2 starting from the LSB and get the sum of all answers of the multiplied
digit to come up with the final decimal answer.

Example:
Convert, 100012 = ____________ 10

Solution;
1 X 20 = 1
0 X 21 = 0
0 X 22 = 0
0 X 23 = 0
1 X 24 = 16

Where, 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 16 = 17, 1710 is the decimal equivalent of 100012.

Table 2.
Decimal digit value
16 8 4 2 1
Binary digit value
1 0 0 0 1

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B. Decimal (base 10) to Binary (base 2)
The decimal or “denary” counting system uses the Base-of-10
numbering system where each digit in a number takes on one of ten
possible values, called “digits”, from 0 to 9, eg. 21310 (Two Hundred and
Thirteen).

To be able to get the Binary equivalent, follow the steps below.

1. Divide the given decimal number by 2.
2. Take note of the remainder either 1 or 0 (zero).
3. Divide the new quotient by 2 and again take note of the remainder.
4. Repeat step 3 until quotient becomes 0 (zero).
5. To get the final binary answer, copy the remainders from the last
obtained remainder until the first obtained remainder.
Example:
Convert, 6510 = ____________ 2

Solution;
65 / 2 = 32 r. 1
32 / 2 = 16 r. 0
16 / 2 = 8 r. 0
8 / 2 = 4 r. 0 Step 5.
4 / 2 = 2 r. 0
2 / 2 = 1 r. 0
1 / 2 = 0 r. 1

Therefore, 10000012 is the final answer.

C. Binary (base 2) to Octal (base 8)

To do this, group the given binary number into group of 3 starting
from the rightmost part (LSB) and get the octal equivalent from Table 3.
Copy the equivalent number on each group starting from MSB to get the
final octal answer.

Table 3.
Binary number Octal number
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
9
 110 6
111 7

Example:

Convert, 10011012 = ____________ 8

Solution;
1 = 1, 001 = 1, 101 = 5
Copy 1, 1 and 5. Final answer is 1158.

D. Octal (base 8) to Binary (base 2)

Octal number is one of the number systems which has value of base
is 8, that means there only 8 symbols − 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
There are various direct or indirect methods to convert an octal
number into binary number. In an indirect method, you need to convert an
octal number into other number system (e.g., decimal or hexadecimal),
then you can convert into binary number by converting each digit into
binary number from hexadecimal system and using conversion system
from decimal to binary number.

Example:
Convert Octal number 205 into binary number.

Solution:
First convert it into decimal or hexadecimal number,
= 2058
= (2x82+0x81+5x80)8 or (010 000 101)2

Because base of octal and hexadecimal are 8 and 16 respectively.

= 13310 or (0 1000 0101)2
= 13310 or 8516

Then convert it into binary number by converting each digit.

= (1x27+0x26+0x25+0x24+0x23+1x22+0x21+1x20)2 or (1000 0101)2

= 100001012, final answer.

For simpler method (direct method), use the Table 3 for your reference.

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E. Binary (base 2) to Hexadecimal (base 16)
To do this, group the given binary number into group of 4 starting
from the rightmost part (LSB) and get the hexa-decimal equivalent from
Table 4. Copy the equivalent number on each group starting from MSB to
get the final octal answer.

Table 4.
Binary number Hexa-Decimal number
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 A (10)
1011 B (11)
1100 C (12)
1101 D (13)
1110 E (14)
1111 F (15)

Example:

Convert, 10011012 = ____________ 16

Solution;
100 = 4, 1101 = D
Copy 4 and D. Final answer is 4D8.

F. Hexadecimal (base 16) to Binary (base 2)

The “Hexadecimal” or simply “Hex” numbering system uses
the Base of 16 system and are a popular choice for representing long
binary values because their format is quite compact and much easier to
understand compared to the long binary strings of 1’s and 0’s.
Being a Base-16 system, the hexadecimal numbering system
therefore uses 16 (sixteen) different digits with a combination of numbers
from 0 through to 15. In other words, there are 16 possible digit symbols.

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 However, there is a potential problem with using this method of digit
notation caused by the fact that the decimal numerals of 10, 11, 12, 13,
14 and 15 are normally written using two adjacent symbols. For example,
if we write 10 in hexadecimal, do we mean the decimal number ten, or the
binary number of two (1 + 0). To get around this tricky problem
hexadecimal numbers that identify the values of ten, eleven, . . . , fifteen
are replaced with capital letters of A, B, C, D, E and F respectively.
Example:

Convert, A5116 = ____________ 2

Solution: (Use Table 4 as your reference.)

A = 1010, 5 = 0101, 1 = 0001

Final answer is 1010010100012

G. Octal (base 8) to Decimal (base 10)

This conversion can be done by adding the multiplication of each
digit of octal number with its increasing power of 8 from right to left. Follow
the steps below to convert the octal number to decimal.

Step 1: Separate the digits of the given octal number, if it contains more
than 1 digit.
Step 2: Multiply each digit of octal number with its increasing power of 8
from right to left.
Step 3: Add all the individual results provides the equivalent decimal
number.

Example:

Convert, 1438 = ____________ 10

Solution:
= 1 4 3
= 1 X 82 + 4 X 81 + 3 X 80
= 64 + 32 + 3
= 99910

H. Decimal (base 10) to Octal (base 8)

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are the decimal numbers, generally

represented by base-10 notation in digital electronics & communications.
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Whereas, the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are known as octal numbers
generally represented by base-8 notation. The decimal to octal conversion
can be done by using the MOD-8 operation. The below method and step
by step conversion may useful to learn and practice how to do decimal to
octal conversion manually.

1. Divide the given decimal number by 8.

2. Take note of the remainder either.
3. Divide the new quotient by 8 and again take note of the remainder.
4. Repeat step 3 until quotient becomes 0 (zero).
5. To get the final octal equivalent, copy the remainders from the last
obtained remainder until the first obtained remainder.

Example:

Convert, 14310 = ____________ 8

Solution:
= 143 / 8 = 17 r. 7
= 17 / 8 =2 r. 1
=2/8 =0 r. 2

Therefore, 21710 is the final answer.

H. Octal (base 8) to Hexa-Decimal (base 16)

Similarly, the octal to hex number conversion can be done by
following the below steps.

Step 1: Separate the digits of the given octal number, if it contains more
than 1 digit.

Step 2: Find the equivalent binary number for each digit of octal
number. Add 0's to the left if any of the binary equivalent is shorter than
3 bits.
Step 3: Write the all groups binary numbers together, maintaining the
same group order.
Step 4: Separate the binary digits into groups, each containing 4 bits or
digits from right to left. Add 0s to the left, if the last group contains less
than 4 bits.
Step 5: Find the hex equivalent for each group.
Step 6: Write all hex equivalent of each digit together where keeping the
same order provides the hexadecimal equivalent for the given octal
number.
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Example:

Convert, 7528 = ____________ 16

Solution:
= 7 5 2
= 111 101 010
= 111101010
= 1 1110 1010
= 1 E A

Therefore: 7528 = 1EA16

I. Hexa-Decimal (base 16) to Octal (base 8)

One of the easiest conversion in digital electronics &
communications. Follow the below steps to perform hex to octal number
conversion.

Step 1: Separate the digits of the given hex number, if it contains more
than 1 digit.
Step 2: Find the equivalent binary number for each digit of octal number.
Add 0's to the left if any of the binary equivalent is shorter than 4 bits.
Step 3: Write the all groups binary numbers together, maintaining the
same group.
Step 4: Separate the binary digits into groups, each containing 3 bits or
digits from right to left. Add 0s to the left, if the last group contains less
than 3 bits.
Step 5: Find the octal equivalent for each group.
Step 6: Write all octal equivalent of each digit together where keeping
the same order provides the octal equivalent for the given hexadecimal.

Example:

Convert, B5A16 = ____________ 8

Solution:
= B 5 A
= 1011 0101 1010
= 101101011010
= 101 101 011 010
= 5 5 3 2

Therefore: B5A16 = 55328

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J. Hexa-Decimal (base 16) to Decimal (base 10)

This conversion can be done by adding the multiplication of each

digit of Hexa-decimal number with its increasing power of 16 from right to
left. Follow the steps below to convert the octal number to decimal.

Step 1: Separate the digits of the given hexa-decimal number, if it

contains more than 1 digit.
Step 2: Multiply each digit of hexa-decimal number with its increasing
power of 16 from right to left.
Step 3: Add all the individual results provides the equivalent decimal
number.

Example:

Convert, 3B16 = ____________ 10

Solution:
= 3 11 (B)
= 3 X 161 11 X 160
= 48 + 11
= 5910

GENERALIZATION

Counting in bases other than 10 is essentially similar to the familiar

way of counting. Each digit place represents a count of a group of digits
from the next less significant digit place. The group is of size B, where B
is the base of the number system being used. The least significant digit,
of course, represents single units. Addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division for any number base work similarly to base 10, although the
arithmetic tables look different.
There are several different methods that can be used to convert
whole numbers from base B to base 10. The informal method is to
recognize the base 10 values for each digit place and simply to add the
weighted values for each digit together. A more formal method converts
from base B to base 10 using successive multiplication by the present
base and addition of the next digit. The final total represents the base 10
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solution to the conversion. Similar methods exist for converting from base
10 to a different number base.
The conversion of number bases in which one base is an integer
power of the other may be performed by recognizing that multiple digit
places in the smaller base represent a single-digit place in the larger.
Conversion is then done by grouping and converting each multiple set of
digits individually.

Exercise 1: Direction. Answer the following. Show your solutions in your

answer sheets.
1.) 10101 2.) 11001 3.) 10001 4.) 110101
+11101 + 111 + 11101 + 10111

5.) 1011011 6.) 111 7.) 110 8.) 1100

- 10010 - 101 - 11 - 101

9.) 14510 = _____________ 2 10.) 11210 = _____________2

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 ASSESSMENT

I. Direction. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it in your

answer sheets.

_____ 1. What Number system uses 1 and 0 values?

A. Binary B. Decimal C. Octal D. Hexa-decimal

_____ 2. It stands for Binary Digit.

A. Byte B . Kilobyte C. MB D. Bit

_____ 3. A number system that contains the values 0-9.

A. Binary B. Decimal C. Octal D. Hexa-decimal

_____ 4. In hexa-decimal number, A has the equivalent value of ____.

A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12

_____ 5. In binary system, 100000 is equivalent to 32.

A. TRUE B. FALSE

_____ 6. A number system that uses 0-8 values.

A. Binary B. Decimal C. Octal D. Hexa-decimal

_____ 7. LSB stands for Least Significant Byte.

A. TRUE B. FALSE

_____ 8. This number system uses F as equivalent for the number 15.
A. Binary B. Decimal C. Octal D. Hexa-decimal

_____ 9. What is 1 + 1= in binary system?

A. 2 B. 1 C. 0 D. 0 with a carry-over of 1
_____ 10. Octal number uses 8 as its value.
A. TRUE B. FALSE

II. Direction: Answer the following. Show your solutions in your answer
sheets.
A.
1.) 111 + 100 = 3.) 1111 + 111 =
2.) 101 + 110 = 4.) 11 + 1 =
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5.) 11 – 10 = 7.) 110 – 10 =
6.) 1111 – 110 = 8.) 100 – 11 =

B. Convert the following (2 points each).

9.) 4910 = ________ 16 12.) 10101012 =___________ 8

10.) 122810 = ______ 16 13.) 1258 = ___________10

11.) 10102 = _____ 16 14.) 7DE16 = _________ 10

REFERENCES

1. The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software, &

Networking, 5th Edition, Irv Englander, Wiley, pp. 72-95
2. https://www.vedantu.com/maths/decimal-to-binary
3. https://www.cimt.org.uk/projects/mepres/book9/bk9i1/bk9_1i2.html
4. http://sandbox.mc.edu/~bennet/cs110/pm/sub.html

Well Done!
Congratulations! You did a great
job! Rest and relax while you wait
for the next lesson. Good luck!

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 ANSWER KEYS

Exercise 1: Assessment
1. 110000 I.
2. 100000 1. A
3. 101110 2. D
4. 1001100 3. B
5. 1001001 4. B
6. 10 5. A
7. 11 6. C
8. 111 7. B
9. 100100012 8. D
10. 11100002 9. D
10. B
II. A.
1.1011
2.1011
3.10110
4.100
5.1
6.1001
7.100
8.1
B.
9. 3116
10. 4CC16
11. A16
12. 1258
13. 8510
14. 201410

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